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CICERO 

From a bust in the Royal Gallery at Madrid. 



GILDERSLEEVE-LODGE LATIN SERIES 



ELEVEN 

ORATIONS OF CICERO 

With Introduction, Notes 
and Vocabulary 



ROBERT W. TUNSTALL 

CLASSICAL MASTER IN JACOB TOME INSTITUTE 



Second Edition 



UlSriVEESITY PUBLTSHIIS^G COMPA^^^Y 
NEW YORK . : • BOSTON . : • NEW ORLEANS 






LIBRARY nf CONGRESS 
Two CoDles Received 

JUN 8 1904 

Coo.vrleht Entry 
GLASS Q, /xc. No. 
'COPY B 



COPYRIGHT, 1899 ^^^ I9°4 ^Y 

UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY 



*2737 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 

For this edition^ the Introduction has been in part re- 
written in order to combine^ for convenience of reference, 
all the matter that was formerly divided between the In- 
troduction and the Appendices ; in deference to the 
wishes of some who are using the book, the long vowels 
have been marked in the four speeches against Catiline ; 
illustrations and maps have been added ; and many mis- 
takes that had crept into the first edition have been cor- 
rected. 

A word should be said about the character of the In- 
troduction. It is a familiar complaint among college 
examiners that school graduates often betray a pitiful 
lack of exact knowledge of the most elementary facts of 
ancient history. Every class in Latin, however, if the 
instructor does his duty, receives during the last three 
years of the school course information enough to make up 
a considerable body of historical knowledge. The trouble 
seems to lie in the fragmentary manner in which the in- 
formation is imparted. The effort has here been made, 
therefore, to supply in the introductory pages the neces- 
sary historical background in a systematic form. This is 
given under the caption ^^ The Last Century of the Ee- 
public.^^ Though only a summary, it at least provides a 
historical perspective along with the essential facts in the 
development and decay of the republicL,n constitution. 
With a few alterations and additions, the material for this 
summary comes mainly from the article on ^^ Kome '' in 
Johnson^s Universal Cyclopaedia. It is believed that this 



iv PREFACE 

is the first attempt of the kind ever made in a school 
edition of an ancient classic. 

In this, as in other ways, the aim has been to make 
the book as practical as possible. With this end in view, 
and because of a conviction that for young students the 
main emphasis should be laid on the linguistic side of the 
subject, the Notes are largely grammatical in character. 
Help is given wherever experience has shown that help is 
really needed. Particular attention has been given to the 
running argument that breaks the Latin text. This has 
been expanded beyond the usual limits, and thus, it is be- 
lieved, the coherence of each speech made so plain as to 
be easily seen and felt by the student, whose appreciation 
of the speech as a whole will be correspondingly increased. 
For rhetorical instruction, the oration for the Manilian 
Law has been treated in the Notes with especial reference 
to its rhetorical structure. 

As was said in the preface to the first edition, the 
speeches in this selection are given in their chronological 
order. Each teacher will naturally require his class to 
read them in the order of his choice. Since it is usual, 
however, to begin with the Catilinarians, the Notes on 
these are more elementary than those on the other 
speeches. 

The editor would thank the friends whose generous 
words on the first appearance of the book have been of 
great help and- encouragement to him. 

The Jacob Tome Institute 
May 5, 1904 



CONTENTS 



Introduction . . . . , . 

The Last Century tf the Republic 

The Roman Government in Cicero's Time 

A. The Popular Assemhlies 

B. The Magistrates 
C The Senate 

Outline of Cicero's Life 
Leading Facts in Cicero's Life 
Ancient Rhetoric . 
Cicero's Works 
' Impeachment of Verres, Actio Prima 
The Manilian Law . 
First Oration against Catiline 
Second Oration against Catiline 
Third Oration against Catiline 
Fourth Oration against Catiline 
Defence of Archias . 
'' Defence of Milo 
w Oration for Marcellus . 
Defence of Ligarius 
•^ The Ninth Philippic 

Notes 

Vocabulary .... 



PAGE 

vii 
ix 

XX 

xxii 

XXV 

xxxiii 

XXXV 

xl 

xlii 

xliv 

1 

23. 

51 

69 

85 

101 

117 

133 

177 

191 

207 

219 

427 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS. 

Cicero. Bust in the Royal Gallery at Madrid. Photograph 

Frontispiece 

PAGE 

The Roman Forum as it looks to-day. Photograph . viii 
Ground Plan of the Forum and surrounding build- 
ings. Eichter ix 

Restoration of the Forum, voji Faike .... xxii 

Map of the City of Rome xxxviii 

Map of Rome and the surrounding country . . . xxxix 

Map of Asia Minor 26 

Map of Italy 55 

Cicero addressing the Senate. Photograph ... 60 

Theatre at Faesulae (Fiesole). Photograph ... 77 

The MuLVLiN Bridge Photograph 89 

Section of the Tullianum. Middleton . . , , 108 
The Acropolis at Athens. Photograph. . . , 129 
The APPLA.N Way near Rome Photograph . , . 142 
Julius Caesar. Marble bust in the British Museum. Pho- 
tograph . . 180 

Mark Antony. Bust in the Vatican Museum, Rome. Pho- 
tograph 207 



INTRODUCTION 



I. < 



1. The eleven Orations of Cicero contained in this 
book practically cover his whole public career.* They 
may be divided and described as follows : 

Cicero's 
Subject. Date. Age. Kind. 

^Against Verves, impeached for his dis- 
honest government of Sicily, a 

Roman province 70 B.C. 36 legal. 

For the Manilian Laii\ proposing to 
place Pompey in command against 

Mithridates 66 *' 40 political. 

Against Catiline, a conspirator against 
the Roman government — four 
speeches 63 '' 43 political. 

For Archias, a naturalized Greek, 

charged with unlawfully using the 

rights of citizenship. 62 '* 44 legal 

(in part). 

^ For MilOy accused of murder 53 " 54 legal. 

For Marcellus, Caesar's enemy, for 

whose pardon Cicero thanked 

Caesar 46 *' 60 legal. 

For Ligarius, another enemy of Caesar's 

in behalf of whom Cicero spoke.. 46 '' 60 legal. 
The Ninth Philippic, one of fourteen 

speeches delivered against Mark 

Antony 43 '' 63 political. 



II. 



III. 



2. This method of presenting the speeches^ giving as it 
does a bird^s-eye view of all, will repay a careful examina- 

* His first important speech was made ten years earlier than the 
first in this book, and his official career began in 75 B.C. 



Vlll INTRODUCTIOK 

tion. The first division contains five political speeches 
and one legal. The second division is represented by a 
single speech, usually called legal, although only about 
one-third of it is devoted to the legal question involved. 
The third division includes three legal speeches and one 
political. In this arrangement we have a fairly accurate 
outline of Cicero's public life. 

3. First Division. — The period of his greatest political 
importance is represented by the first division, in which 
all but one of the speeches are of a political character. 
This group is in fact contemporaneous with his rise to tlie 
consulship, the goal of every Eoman's political ambition. 

4. Second Division. — In the speech For Archias there is 
a change in the orator's tone. Nominally a speech on a 
matter of law, it contains little reference to law and less 
to politics, being really a panegyric in praise of the liter- 
ary life, suggested by the life and character of his client 
and friend, the poet Archias. From this time on, Cicero's 
political influence began to wane, and as political life Avas 
growing distasteful to him, he found more congenial em- 
ployment in the study of literature and philosophy. 

5. Third Division. — The third division belongs to the 
last decade of his life, during which he became more and 
more devoted to his books. In the stormy and troubled 
politics of this epoch, the man of peace, such as Cicero 
was, counted for little. Hence, the speeches of this period 
are chiefly of the legal sort, and had for their object the 
defence of personal friends. 

6. This rapid survey sufficiently indicates the many- 
sided character of the greatest orator of ancient Kome. It 
will have been observed, however, that while something 
has been intimated of his character as orator, politician, 
statesman, man of letters, and philosopher, yet the greatest 
stress has been laid upon the political side of his career. 
The reason for this is, that these Orations, even those 
called legal, are indissolubly associated with the politics of 




Mum 



.^SBTL :-..-■ 



INTRODUCTIOK IX 

his times. To understand tL *m it is essential that the 
student be familiar with the history of Kome for the period 
concerned. 

THE LAST CENTUEY OF THE EEPUBLIC 

7. The Early Republic. — The history of Eome after the 
expulsion of the kings (509 B.C.) is a story, first, of social 
controversies in which the plebeians in the course of 
about two centuries finally triumphed in their struggle 
with the patricians for civil and political equality ; then, 
of military conquests by which Eome, once a small town, 
enlarged her territory, until she had extended her do- 
minion successively through Latium, through the re- 
mainder of the Italian peninsula, and finally through 
almost the whole circuit of the Mediterranean. 

8. Condition of Rome. — This rapid extension of terri- 
tory was followed by a gradual absorption of the public 
land in the hands of a favored few. Italy, once a land of 
small farms and peasant homesteads, became in time a 
land of large plantations, owned by rich speculators and 
worked by imported slaves. The farmers thus dispos- 
sessed flocked in crowds to the streets of Eome, where, 
together with the large numbers of foreigners attracted to 
the capital from every quarter, they formed a dangerous 
class of idlers, whose presence was a constant menace to 
the welfare of the state. The provinces meanwhile had 
no share in the government, and were plundered by 
Eoman officials and taxgatherers. The Senate, which as 
the controlling power in the commonwealth had once 
stood for all that was best in Eoman statesmanship, had 
degenerated into an ^'^ order of lords, filling up its ranks 
by hereditary succession, and exercising collegiate mis- 
rule. ^^ In its degradation the Senate typified the general 
decadence that had taken place in the Eoman character. 

9. The causes of this decadence may be summed up as 



X INTRODUCTION 

follows : the rapid increase of wealth and luxury ; the 
spread of slavery of the most degraded sort^ driving out 
free labor ; the presence in the city of a large class of 
citizens '^without occupation except in politics and with 
no property save in their votes ^^ to be sold to the highest 
bidder ; and the poverty of ancient society in forms of 
industrial employment.* Here should also be noted the 
inefficiency of the constitution, which, while well enough 
adapted to the needs of a small town, was altogether in- 
adequate for the government of a people who had now 
overrun the whole of the then known world. 

10. Parties. — Largely through the workings of the land 
system above described, the Eoman people in the last 
century of the Kepublic were divided into two great 
classes, consisting of the rich on one side and the poor 
on the other. Eoman society was now made up of princes 
and paupers. We hear little at this time of patricians 
and plebeians. As political factions, the two classes are 
usually designated as the optimates, or the party of the 
nobles, who acted regularly in the interest of the Senate, 
and the populai^es, or democrats, who advocated the 
cause of the people. The nobles were those whose an- 
cestors had held curule offices (§ 55), and included in their 
ranks both patricians and plebeians. This new nobility, 

* '*Here we touch upon the fatal and irremediable defect of an- 
cient society — the absence of industry as a social power, a necessary 
consequence of slave labor. The economic changes through which 
Kome had passed are in certain particulars strikingly like those of 
modern England — in the disappearance of peasant properties and the 
building up of a great landed aristocracy. What has saved England 
from the fate of Kome has been the absence of slavery and the mar- 
vellous development of new forms of productive industry, the great 
manufacturing and commercial interests of modern society. . . . 
It [Rome] lived upon the spoils of conquered nations, and its only 
large industries were farming the revenues, carrying on speculative 
operations, and dealing in money." — Allen*s Short History of the 
Roman People^ p. 187. 



INTRODUCTION XI 

being in virtual control of the government, monopolizing 
all the higher offices, was an aristocracy of wealth and 
office, taking the place of the old nobility, which had 
been an aristocracy of birth.* 

11. Orders. — To be distinguished from the political fac- 
tions mentioned in the preceding paragraph are the so- 
called ^'^ orders ^^ {ordi?ies), often mentioned in Cicero^s 
orations. These were classes of citizens considered with 
reference to their constitutional and social standing in 
the community. The senators, for example, were spoken 
of collectively as the ordo senatorius, or senatorial order. 
Members of this order enjoyed special distinctions, such 
as the right to wear the clavus lahts (a broad stripe of 
l^urple, either sewn on the tunic or woven into it), to 
have reserved seats at shows, etc. At the same time they 
were excluded by law from trade and banking, and espe- 
cially from transactions connected with state contracts. 

12. Hence there grew up another class, called equites, 
or knights, consisting of wealthy traders, speculators, and 
capitalists. They borrowed their name from the centuries 
of knights which had formerly constituted the cavalry of 
the state, for whichajTigh property qualification was re- 
quired. In Cicero's h;^ ie the term was applied to any 
Eoman family that was not noble, and that possessed 
property worth 400,000 sesterces (between $16,000 and 
$20,000). Their numbers were from time to time aug- 
mented by accessions from the lower classes, as these 
prospered sufficiently to reach the necessary property 
qualification. The knights constituted the ordo equester, 
or equestrian order, and, like the senators, enjoyed special 

* The number of patrician gentes (clans, or groups of families) was 
greatly reduced in Cicero's day. ''During the last years of the Re- 
public, we hear of only fourteen still in existence, including thirty 
families." — Harpers Dictionary of Classical Literature and Anti- 
quities. A man might, of course, be a noble without being a patri- 
cian. 



XU IlSTTRODUCTIOlSr 

privileges to distinguish them from those beneath them 
in dignity. Among these badges of distinction were the 
gold ring and the clavus angusttis (a narrow stripe of 
pur-^le). They also had special seats at the shows, im- 
mediately .^ehind the senatorial stalls. 

13. While politically they formed an independent class, 
yet as men of substance with large financial interests at 
stake, the knights regularly sided with the party that 
promised best for those interests. When the democrats, 
to gain their ends, resorted to violence, the knights, as 
the friends of law and order, sided with the Senate ; but 
when the Senate through apathy neglected equestrian in- 
terests (as, for example, when they allowed the pirates 
for a long time to interrupt Koman commerce on the 
Mediterranean), then the knights were on the side of the 
democrats. 

14. The commercial importance of the knights was the 
basis finally of their political importance in the state. As 
the wealthy class they were enabled to farm the public 
taxes, i.e. for a round sum to buy the privilege of collect- 
ing the taxes laid upon the subject provinces of Rome. 
To increase their gains as much as possible, these publi- 
cani, as they were called, practised the most grievous op- 
pression towards the provincials, whose only recourse was 
to the provincial governors. The governors, however, 
were members of the Roman nobility, who were quite as 
bad as the puhlicani. Official misconduct, however, ren- 
dered the governors liable to prosecution at the close of 
their terms of office. Hence the question who should sit 
on the juries that tried the governors on their return to 
Rome was equally important to the governors themselves 
and to the knights, whose interests in the provinces were 
in a measure dependent upon the disposition of the gov- 
ernors. Until the time of Gains Gracchus (123 B.C.) the 
jurymen had been taken exclusively from senatorial ranks, 
i.e. from the same class to which the governors belonged. 



INTRODUCTION Xlll 

As a consequence the courts had been notoriously partial 
to the offenders. If the student will glance ahead at sec- 
tions 17, 23, and 26 below (under the Gracchi, Sulla, and 
Pompey), he will see that the question of the courts,, was 
for a long time one of the great issues in Kom*ixi politics. 
In the trial of Verres (see the first oration in this book), 
Cicero lays great stress on this matter, although loyalty 
to his own class, or order, makes him overstate the purity 
of the knights as jurymen. 

. 15. While the senatorial class was spoken of as the or do 
senatorius and the knights as the ordo equester, the pop- 
ulace was not dignified by any such title as ordo at all, 
but was simply called popidus, a term applied in a wider 
sense to the whole people also. 

The importance of the distinction between orders and 
factions may be illustrated with examples. Caesar was 
not only a member of one of the few patrician families 
still left in Eome, but he was also of the ordo senatorius. 
Hence we should expect him to belong to the party of the 
optimates. On the contrary, it suited his purpose to act 
with the pojjulares, a party to which he was also bound by 
family ties, Marius (§ 18) having married his aunt, while 
he himself married Cinna^s (§ 21) daughter. Cicero, on 
the other hand, was of equestrian birth, and throughout 
his career was loyal to the interests of the knights. Now 
the knights, as we have already seen, owed political allegi- 
ance to neither party, and hence Cicero^s loyalty to them, 
coupled with his naturally conservative temperament, 
makes him sometimes appear inconsistent in his conduct. 
Nevertheless, after entering the Senate he acted, as a rule, 
with the Senate and the party of the optimates. 
^ 16. The Gracchi. — As the champion of the people Tiie- 
rius Gracchus (tribune* in 133 B.C.) sought to remedy 

* The tribunate was the usual organ of opposition to the Senate 
and the optimates. Abuse of its powers often led to revolution. For 
the powers of the tribunes, see § 64. 



Xll IlS'TRODUCTIOISr 

privileges to distinguish them from those beneath them 
in dignity. Among these badges of distinction were the 
gold ring and the clavus angustiis (a narrow stripe of 
pur-^le). They also had special seats at the shows, im- 
mediately ^ehind the senatorial stalls. 

13. While politically they formed an independent class, 
yet as men of substance with large financial interests at 
stake, the knights regularly sided with the party that 
promised best for those interests. When the democrats, 
to gain their ends, resorted to violence, the knights, as 
the friends of law and order, sided with the Senate ; but 
when the Senate through apathy neglected equestrian in- 
terests (as, for example, when they allowed the pirates 
for a long time to interrupt Koman commerce on the 
Mediterranean), then the knights were on the side of the 
democrats. 

14. The commercial importance of the knights was the 
basis finally of their political importance in the state. As 
the wealthy class they were enabled to farm the public 
taxes, i.e. for a round sum to buy the privilege of collect- 
ing the taxes laid upon the subject provinces of Kome. 
To increase their gains as much as possible, these publi- 
cani, as they were called, practised the most grievous op- 
pression towards the provincials, whose only recourse was 
to the provincial governors. The governors, however, 
were members of the Roman nobility, who were quite as 
bad as the puilicani. Official misconduct, however, ren- 
dered the governors liable to prosecution at the close of 
their terms of office. Hence the question who should sit 
on the juries that tried the governors on their return to 
Rome was equally important to the governors themselves 
and to the knights, whose interests in the provinces were 
in a measure dependent upon the disposition of the gov- 
ernors. Until the time of Gains Gracchus (123 B.C.) the 
jurymen had been taken exclusively from senatorial ranks, 
i.e. from the same class to which the governors belonged. 



INTRODUCTION Xlll 

As a consequence the courts had been notoriously partial 
to the offenders. If the student will glance ahead at sec- 
tions 17, 23, and 26 below (under the Gracchi, Sulla, and 
Pompey), he will see that the question of the courts,, was 
for a long time one of the great issues in Eomi.^x politics. 
In the trial of Verres (see the first oration in this book), 
Cicero lays great stress on this matter, although loyalty 
to his own class, or order, makes him overstate the purity 
of the knights as jurymen. 

s 15. While the senatorial class was spoken of as the or do 
senatorius and the knights as the ordo equester, the pop- 
ulace was not dignified by any such title as ordo at all, 
but was simply called popidus, a term applied in a wider 
sense to the whole people also. 

The importance of the distinction between orders and 
factions may be illustrated with examples. Caesar was 
not only a member of one of the few patrician families 
still left in Rome, but he was also of the ordo senatorius. 
Hence we should expect him to belong to the party of the 
optimates. On the contrary, it suited his purpose to act 
with the populares, a party to which he was also bound by 
family ties, Marius (§ 18) having married his aunt, while 
he himself married Cinna^s (§ 21) daughter. Cicero, on 
the other hand, was of equestrian birth, and throughout 
his career was loyal to the interests of the knights. Now 
the knights, as we have already seen, owed political allegi- 
ance to neither jjarty, and hence Cicero^'s loyalty to them, 
coupled with his naturally conservative temperament, 
makes him sometimes appear inconsistent in his conduct. 
Xevertheless, after entering the Senate he acted, as a rule, 
with the Senate and the party of the optimates. 
^ 16. The Gracchi. — As the champion of the people Tibe- 
rius Gracchus (tribune* in 133 B.C.) sought to remedy 

* The tribunate was the usual organ of opposition to the Senate 
and the optimates. Abuse of its powers often led to revolution. For 
the powers of the tribunes, see § 64. 



XIV INTRODUCTION 

the evils of the land system (§ 8) by enforcing certain old 
laws (the Licinian) which had fallen into neglect. These 
laws limited the amount of land which any individual 
might hold, and required all landholders to employ a 
certain proportion of free laborers. Eighty thousand citi- 
zens were thus provided with homesteads before the 
measure was suspended. At the end of his term of office, 
foreseeing the impossibility of the reelection which he 
sought, he resorted to violent methods, and was slain 
with three hundred of his followers by a mob with P. 
Scipio Nasica at its head. 

1 7. Ten years later his younger brother. Gains Gracchus 
(tribune in 123-122 B.C.), saw the need of reform in the 
Senate itself as the supreme power in the state. Accord- 
ingly, after reenacting his brother^s agrarian measures, 
he aimed his legislation directly at the Senate, restricting 
its powers both at home and in the provinces, while as a 
counterpoise to senatorial influence he raised the knights 
to a position of importance by transferring to them the 
functions of jurymen, which had hitherto belonged exclu- 
sively to the Senate (§ 14). With the lower classes he won 
popularity by regular distributions of grain at greatly 
reduced prices, a mischievous measure in that it attracted 
to the capital thousands of thriftless persons who fed at 
the public expense. Eeelected tribune (122 B.C.), Gains 
proposed to extend the franchise to the Italian allies (socii). 
Although the proposal was not carried, it lost for him his 
popularity, and in the disorder which followed he perished, 
like his brother, by a violent d^ath (121 B.C.). Most of 
his laws were speedily reversed by the Senate, which body 
once more resumed its sway of misrule. 

18. Marius (b. 157, d. 86 B.C.).— The rise of C, Marius 
marks the beginning of a new force in Eoman politico. 
Indebted for his fame chiefly to the crushing defeat with 
which he repulsed the Teutones and the Cimbri (102-101 
B.C.), Marius was ''the first of a line of military heroes 



INTRODUCTIOK XV 

under whom the Kepublic went out and the Empire came 
in/^ Under him military service became a regular pro- 
fession, and sacramentuniy or oath of military obedience, 
in which the soldier identified his own interests with those 
of his general, became a stronger bond of allegiance than 
was loyalty to the state. The citizen soldier was super- 
seded by the mercenary. Marius himself, a simple-minded 
soldier, without political ability, and without any atoning 
social qualities, was easily led by the intriguing politicians 
who traded on his popularity. 

19. In 100 B.C. the two diemdigogViQ^ L,Appuleius Sat ur- 
ninus and C. Servilius Glaucia, aiming to carry out cer- 
tain radical measures in the democratic cause, procured 
for this purpose the election of Marius as consul (for the 
sixth time), and of themselves as tribune and praetor 
respectively. They were both killed, however, in the 
outbreak caused by their revolutionary methods (99 B.C.), 
Marius having withdrawn his support from them, and, as 
the chief executive of the government, leading the sena- 
torial forces that crushed his former associates. 

20. A period of comparative quiet followed, interrupted 
only by the demands of the Italian allies (socii) for the 
rights of suffrage. This cause was opposed by both the 
Senate and the people, but was boldly advocated by. the 
tribune M, Livius Drusus (91 B.C.), whose cowardly assas- 
sination was the signal for an insurrection of the Italian 
communities. In the struggle that ensued, known as the 
Social War (90-88 B.C.), the Italians waged an unequal 
fight against the veterans of Eome, and though conquered 
in the end, won by their display of spirit the point at issue, 
since the suffrage was extended (89 B.C.) to all of Italy 
€Outh of the Po. 

21. Sulla (b. 138, d. 78 B.C.).— Scarcely was this war 
ended, when i\ie First Mithridatic War (88-86 B.C.) broke 
out in Asia. The command against Mithridates was in- 



XVI IKTKODUCTION 

trusted to L. Cornelius Sulla, a member of the aristocracy, 
who had already distinguished himself, first, as lieutenant 
to Marius in the war with Jugurtha (111-106 B.C.), and 
later in the Social War mentioned above (§20). While 
Sulla was with his army in Asia, his democratic rivals, 
Marius, Cinna, and Carbo, raised a revolt in Eome, putting 
to death many of their opponents. These events marked 
the beginning of the first civil war. 

22. On his return to Eome, in 83 b.c.^ Sulla in re- 
taliation infiicted a terrible punishment upon his political 
enemies. He introduced a system of legalized murder, 
known as " proscriptions.^^* It was near the close of this 
reign of terror that Cicero, a young advocate, twenty-six 
years of age, delivered his maiden speech in a criminal 
cause (Pro Sex, Roscio-f) and, by opposing one of Sulla's 
favorites, laid the foundation of his reputation as a bold 
and adroit pleader. 

23. Sulla soon addressed himself to the task of restor- 
ing the shattered government. He reestablished the powers 
of the Senate, restored its former control of the jury- 
courts, which Gains Gracchus had given to the knights 
(§17), and restricted the powers of the tribunes. The 
SuUan restoration had the merit of substituting orderly 
government for the anarchy which had preceded it, but it 
was not strong enough to withstai^d the strain of factional 
strife that followed. 

24. Pompey (b. 106, d. 48 B.C.).— After Sulla's death 
(78 B.C.) the most prominent figure in Eome was Cn. Pom- 

* ' ' Every morning a list was posted ( proscriptum) of the names 
of those whose lives were forfeited, and who might be put to death 
by any one with impunity. As the property of the proscribed was 
confiscated, the proscription was an invitation to crime, very accept- 
able to private enemies, or to those who hoped to buy the estates of 
the attainted at a low rate." — Allen's Short History of the Roman 
People. 

t See § 80, footnote. 



INTRODUCTIOI^ XVll 

peius Magnus. Like Marius^ Pompey had military abilities 
of a high order^ but was no politician. His public career^ 
covering a period of forty years, during thirty of which he 
occupied a position of considerable eminence, exhibits many 
possibilities of exceptional promise in the political world, 
but these he failed to appreciate. Jf evertheless, his popu- 
larity with the people and with the soldiers was founded 
on genuine merit of a personal and a military sort. 

25. At the age of seventeen he served in the Social War 
(§20). In the civil war between Marius and Sulla (§§21, 
22) he sided with the aristocratic party. A few years later, 
however, as a candidate for the consulship, he won the prize 
only by pledging himself to certain reforms demanded by 
the democrats, thus overthrowing the SuUan constitution 
in some important respects. 

26. He restored the powers of the tribunes, divided the 
control of the jury-courts between the senate, the knights, 
and the tribuni aerarii,^ and revived the censorship, which 
Sulla had quietly ignored. This was in the year 70 b.c.^ a 
year made memorable also by the oration which Cicero de- 
livered against Verres^ the arch-criminal among Eoman 
provincial governors. 

27. The brilliant success of Pompey in clearing the 
Mediterranean of pirates (67 B.C.), supplemented by 
Cicero's eloquence, led to the passage of the Manilian Law 
(66 B.C.), giving Pompey the command in the Third 
Mithridatic War, which had begun eight years before. In 
two years he drove Mithridates into exile, and annexed the 
most important part of his kingdom as a Eoman province. 

* Who the tribuni aerarii were, is not clear. They appear to 
have been originally officers responsible for the collection of the tri- 
hutum (war-loan) and for the payment of the troops. They probably 
ranked just below the equestrian order. Hence, by Pompey's legis- 
lation, two-thirds of the jury-panels were to be chosen from non- 
senatorial ranks. 



XVlll INTRODUCTION 

Under the same commission he annexed the province of 
Syria also. While he was still absent in the East with his 
army, the dangerous conspiracy of Catiline was crushed by 
the vigorous policy of Cicero as consul for the year 63 B.C. 

28. In the following year an instance of the political 
jealousies of the time, and of the lengths to which they 
carried rival politicians, wa^ afforded in the trial of 
Archias, a naturalized Greek, who was charged with having 
improperly assumed the rights of Eoman citizenship 
twenty-seven years before. The case probably grew out of 
the rivalry between the two generals L. Lucullus and Pom- 
pey. When Pompey was appointed to conduct the war 
against Mithridates (§27), he supplanted Lucullus, and 
each man had his supporters. Archias was a personal 
friend of Lucullus, and the charge now trumped up against, 
the poet was one of the little intrigues so often in- 
spired by political animosities. Archias was (probably 
successfully) defended by Cicero in one of his most agree- 
able speeches {Pro Archia). 

29. Caesar (b. 102, d. 44 B.C.). — Upon Pompey's return 
from the East, the indifference of the Senate to his claims 
led to his forming a coalition with C. Julius Caesar and 
M. Licinius Crassus, leaders of the democracy, in the so- 
called First Triumvirate (60 B.C.). A few years later 
Crassus perished in a war with the Parthians in Asia (53 
B.C.), and, the Triumvirate being thus dissolved, Caesar 
and Pompey soon became estranged. 

30. Eome was now the scene of continual disorder. 
Street brawls, murder, besiegings of houses, and acts of 
incendiarism were frequent. Conspicuous rivals for 
supremacy in the streets were the two political adven- 
turers T, Annius Milo and P, Clodius Pulcher. The 
murder of Clodius by Milo and his followers furnished 
the occasion of Cicero's speech in defence of the latter 
{Pro Milone) in 52 B.C. 



INTRODUCTION XIX 

31. At this time Caesar's achieyements in Gaul were 
causing the Senate much uneasiness on account of the 
growth of his power^ while his fame was fast eclipsing 
that of Pompey. Accordingly Pompey^ who had remained 
in the city^ once more drifted over to the senatorial party, 
thus breaking with Caosar, and precipitating the second 
Civil War. Defeated at PTiarsalus (48 B.C.) Pompey fled 
to Egypt, where he was shortly afterwards treacherously 
murdered. The battles of Thapsus and Miinda com- 
pleted the overthrow of the Pompeian party, and Caesar 
was x3reated perpetual dictator with the title of Im- 
perator. 

32. In the struggle between Caesar and Pompey, Cicero 
had sided with Pompey. At its conclusion, Caesar had 
given orders that no Pompeian should return to Italy 
without leave. He made an exception, however, in 
Cicero's favor, and invited him to return at once. Hence, 
in 46 B.C., when Ceasar was at the height of his power, 
Cicero on several occasions acted the part of mediator 
between the dictator and the exiled Pompeians. In the 
speech Pro M, Marcello delivered in the Senate, he 
thanked Caesar for permitting M, Claudius MarcelluSy a 
political opponent, to return to Eome. In November of 
the same year he successfully defended, before Caesar, 
Quintus Ligarius, also a political enemy, in the speech. 
Pro Q, Ligario. 

33. Caesar's regency was marked by great legislative 
activity in reforming existing evils, but his career was cut 
short by his assassination (March 15, 44 B.C.). His friend, 
Marh Autony, stirred up the popular wrath against 
Brutus and Cassius, leaders in the plot against Caesar. 

34. In the ensuing strife between Antony and the 
Senate, Cicero with his fourteen orations against Antony, 
called the Philippics, closed his career, for he was shortly 
afterwards murdered by Antony's soldiers (December 7, 
43 B.C.). 



XX INTRODUCTION 

35. Augustus (b. 63 B.C., d. 14 a.d.). — Cicero's death 
had been procured with the consent of Antony's colleagues 
in the Second Triumvirate, Octavian (adopted son and 
heir of Caesar) and Lepidus, In the following year (42 
B.C.) Brutus and Cassius, Caesar's murderers, were defeated 
by Octavian and Antony at Philippi (in Macedonia). 
Lepidus, the third member of the Triumvirate, was set 
aside by his more energetic colleagues, Octavian and 
Antony, who were themselves soon engaged in a contest 
for supremacy. The defeat of Antony at Actium (31 B.C.) 
made Octavian master of the world, and under the name 
of AiigiistuSy conferred by the senate, he began his reign 
(27 B.C.) as the first Koman emperor. 

THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT IN CICERO'S 
TIME 

36. The Governed. — Under the kings the population of 
Rome was made up of citizens, plebeians, clients, slaves, and 
resident foreigners. The citizens were called patricians, 
probably because related to the patres, or original house- 
holders, of Rome. Patrician families claiming descent 
from the same ancestor formed a clan {gens). To each 
family was attached a number of dependent persons, called 
clientSy who bore the clan name, and cultivated the lands. 
When a slave was emancipated, he was called a freedman, 
and became the client of his former master, who was then 
called the client's patron {patronus). Probably not all 
clients were ex-slaves ; some may have been strangers 
attracted to the city for one reason or another, who at- 
tached themselves to the great families for the protection 
they thus secured at the hands of patrons. The origin of the 
plebeians is not clear. They were possibly a peasant class, 
natives of Latin towns conquered by the Romans, but re- 
taining their personal independence. In these early times 
only the patricians had any political rights. 



INTRODUCTION XXI 

37. With the lapse of time, the plebeians grew in num- 
bers and wealth. They thus acquired a position of ever- 
increasing importance, until, under the Kepublic and 
long before Cicero's time, they had by persistent effort 
won all the rights of citizenship (§ 7). Thereafter the law 
recognized no distinction between patrician and plebeian ; 
each had the right to vote {ius suffragii) and each had 
the right of election to office {ius lionorum). 

38. This does not mean, however, that every citizen 
had an equal chance in the political world. It is true, the 
old aristocracy, based on blood, with their political privi- 
leges sanctioned by the law, had as such disappeared ; but 
in their place had sprung up meanwhile a new aristocracy, 
known as the nobility, based on descent from a curule 
magistrate (§ 55). This new aristocracy, composed of 
both patricians and plebeians, practically, though without 
the law's sanction, controlled the government. 

39. After the Romans had spread their dominion 
throughout Italy, the inhabitants of the conquered towns 
stood in various relations to the central government. 
Some of them were allowed to have their own municipal 
government, and at the same time to enjoy Roman citizen- 
ship. Others were less fortunate. However, at the close 
of the Social War (89 B.C.) all free inhabitants of Italy, 
south of Cisalpine Gaul, became Roman citizens (§ 20) 
It must be remembered, however, that the Romans knew 
nothing of the modern principle of representation, and 
that those who enjoyed the Roman franchise had to go to 
Rome in order to vote. As this was inconvenient for those 
living at a distance from the city, the citizens in these 
distant cohimunities had after all little share in the gov- 
ernment. 

40. In 264 B.C. the Romans sent an army over into 
Sicily to drive the Carthaginians out of that island. They 
thus entered upon a new era in their history, one of 
foreign conquest outside of Italy, which did not end until 



XXII iKTtlODUCTlOK 

they had practically conquered the whole Mediterranean 
world. The new territory thus acquired was organized 
into '^ provinces/'' whose inhabitants were excluded from 
the rights of citizenship^ and were ruled, usually with 
great cruelty, by the governors sent out every year from 
Eome. 

41. The Government. — The Eepublic of Rome was ad- 
ministered jointly by 

A. Popular Assemblies {comitia), 

B. Magistrates {magistratus), and a 

C. Senate {senatus). 



A. THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES 

42. General Powers. — The Assemblies are mentioned 
first, because from them all power was supposed to be 
derived. Their functions were to elect the magistrates, 
to accept or reject the laws proposed to them by the 
magistrates, and to hear appeals made to them from the 
decisions of the magistrates in important cases. 

43. Contio and Comitia. — There were two kinds of 
popular assembly : the contio and the comitia. The con- 
tio was a mass-meeting, the comitia was a meeting in 
political groups or divisions. Each could be summoned 
only by a magistrate. In the contio the object was to 
hear announcements from magistrates, or, in a stricter 
sense, to hear a public question debated by a magistrate 
and such others as the magistrate allowed to speak. Such 
a debate was regularly followed by the comitia, in which 
the question previously debated was voted on. In other 
words, the contio was a debating body, the comitia a 
voting body. A speech made at a contio was also itself 
called a contio, so that contionem Jiaiere meant either 
*^to call a mass-meeting^' or ^^ to make a speech ^^ before 
such a meeting. There were three classes of comitia : the 



iNTRODucTioi;r xxiii 

Comitia Curiata, the Comitia Centuriata, and the Co7nitia 
Tributa. 

44. Comitia Curiata. — In this assembly the voters met 
by curiae, or wards. A curia was a group of gentes, or 
clans, united by the ties of a common worship ; just as 
the ge7is was a group of families bound together by descent 
from a common ancestor (§ 36). There were thirty curiae, 
ten from each of the three original tribes comprising the 
whole people. This, the only political assembly in the 
days of the kings, was superseded in importance by those 
that were developed in later times. It now met chiefly 
for the purpose of conferring the imperium (§ 56) on 
certain magistrates, as it had formerly conferred it on 
the kings. 

45. Comitia Centuriata. — The three original Koman 
tribes were based on birth and descent, and included only 
patricians. Patricians alone served in the army and paid 
taxes. After the development of a large and well-to-do 
plebeian class, Servius TuUius made a new distribution of 
the people in order to increase the military strength of 
Eome. He divided the people into four local tribes, in- 
cluding the plebeians as well as the patricians. He also 
divided all freeholders into five classes on a basis of landed 
property. Twenty acres formed the property qualifica- 
tion for admission to the first class, fifteen to the second, 
ten to the third, five to the fourth, and two to the fifth. 
Then each class was subdivided into companies, called 
centuries, of infantry — the term ^' century ^^ at first prob- 
ably meaning a hundred men, but later losing this numer- 
ical meaning. The richest young men in the community 
furnished eighteen centuries of cavalry, while the poorest 
ranks made up five centuries of carpenters, musicians, 
and substitutes. The following table shows these divi- 
sions in a convenient form : 



XXIV 





liq^TRODUCTIOiq- 




Classes 


Property Centuries 


Cavalry 


20 acres 


18 


1st 


20 ** 


80 


2d 


15 ^^ 


20 


3d 


10 '' 


20 


4th 


5 '* 


20 


5th 


2 *' 


30 


Carpenters, 


musicians, and substitutes 


5 



193 

46. This organization, originally military in character, 
acquired under the Republic a political character as well, 
and became a voting body. Each century had one vote, 
determined by a majority of individual votes in the cen- 
tury. As a voting body, however, it gave an undue ad- 
vantage to the rich, since the first class with the cavalry 
commanded 98 votes against the 95 of all the other classes. 
Many years later (about 241 B.C.) this advantage was taken 
away by a reform consisting in equalizing the number of 
centuries in each class. At this time there were thirty-five 
tribes. Each was divided, as before, into five classes 
based on wealth (in money), but each class was subdivided 
into only two centuries. This made 350 centuries. The 
eighteen centuries of cavalry and five of carpenters, etc., 
increased this number to 373. Both before and after the 
reform, each class contained an equal number of centuries 
of iumores, or men of military age, and seniores, or men 
too old for active service. 

47. The centuriate assembly elected the consuls, prae- 
tors, and censors (§ 52), and also had legislative powers. 
On account of its military origin it could be summoned 
only by a magistrate possessing the imperium (§ 66) ; for 
the same reason it always met outside of the city, 
usually in the Campus Martins. 

48. Comitia Tributa. — In this assembly the people were 
grouped and voted by tribes. The tribal assembly grew 
out of an old plebeian assembly, the concilium plebis. 



IKTRODUCTIOK XXV 

which had been summoned from time to time by its 
tribunes to discuss matters affecting plebeian interests 
only. The concilium plebis was at first without legislative 
powers, its resolutions (pleMscita) being binding only on 
the plebeians themselves. Since, however, it could meet 
within the city, and also in its organization was more 
convenient than the centuriate assembly, in time it came 
to be attended by patricians also, and gradually acquired 
the power to make laws for the whole people. Under the 
name of the Comitia Tributa it grew in influence and 
power, until in the later years of the Republic it became 
the chief legislative assembly of the people. 

49. The Comitia Triluta elected the four aediles, the 
tribunes, and the quaestors. It was summoned by a 
consul, a praetor, or a tribune. It usually met in the 
Forum. 



B. THE MAGISTRATES 

50. Functions. — The Magistrates were the executive 
branch of the government, but with a larger field of action 
than we now understand by the term ^^ executive ^^ ; the 
praetors, for example, were the judges of Rome. See the 
table below. 

51. Kinds of Magistrates. — Magistrates elected at regular 
intervals were called ^^ ordinary ; '' those appointed only 
on exceptionally grave occasions were called ^^ extraordi- 
nary.^^ Again, according to their relative rank and impor- 
tance, they were called ^^ higher ^^ {maiores) or ^^ lower ^' 
{minores). One board of Magistrates was peculiar to 
Rome in possessing originally only a negative kind of 
power, namely, the right of veto {intercessio). These were 
the ten tribunes of the people. 



XXVI 



INTKODUCTIOK 



52. The following table should be studied carefully 



■4-3 

HH bo 

9 s 
o <^ 

■+J 

o 



HIGHER ^ 
(maiores). 



LOWER 



PECULIAR. \ 



EXTRAORDINARY 

(appointed on excep- J 
tional occasions). 



2 Consuls, executive heads of the gov- 
ernment (§§ 58-60). 

8 Praetors, judges (§ 61). 

2 Censors, with duties chiefly financial 
(§ 65). 

2 CuRULE Aediles, supervisors of mar- 
kets, police, etc. (§ 62). 

2 Plebeian Aediles, differing little from 
the curule aediles, but always ple- 
beians (§ 62). 

20 Quaestors, treasurers, paymasters, and 
quartermasters (§ 68). 

10 Tribunes, plebeians, each with veto 
power over any ordinary Magistrate, 
including his fellow-tribunes (§ 64). 

Dictator, with kingly powers (for six 
months only) (§ 66). 

The dictator's Magister Equitum, or mas- 
ter of horse (§ 66). 

Interrex, provisional head in case of con- 
sular vacancies (appointed for five 
days at a time) (§ 67). 



53. Terms of Office. — All ordinary Magistrates (except 
the censors) were elected for terms of one year ; the cen- 
sors were elected every fifth year, and served for eighteen 
months. When the censors could not finish the work of 
their office in this time, the unfinished business was at- 
tended to by the consuls and aediles. The regular day 
for Magistrates to enter office was January 1, except for 
the tribunes, who began their duties December 10, and 
for the quaestors, who began theirs December 5. 

54. Cursus Honorum. — In Cicero^s time a citizen was 
not eligible to the consulship before he had been praetor, 
nor to the praetorship before he had been quaestor. This 
succession of office was known as the mirsus honorum. 
The earliest age at which one might be quaestor was 30 ; 
praetor, 40 ; consul, 43. The lowest of these offices ad- 



INTRODUCTION XXVli 

mitted the incumbent at the close of his term to member- 
ship in the Senate^ practically for life. 

55. The Nobility. — The higher Magistrates were known 
as curule Magistrates, because they were entitled, while 
performing their official duties, to sit in the sella curulis, or 
chair of state, a folding stool inlaid with ivory. Their 
descendants formed the class called nohiles (nobles), who 
not only enjoyed peculiar social distinctions, but espe- 
cially controlled and monopolized the important offices of 
the government. A man who was the first of his family 
to hold a curule office was called a novus homo, or self- 
made man. Cicero was a novus homo. It was next to 
impossible ior such a man to get elected to the consulship. 

56. Imperium. — The Magistrates were distinguished 
largely by the degree rather than the kind of power each 
exercised. All Magistrates had the potestas, that is, au- 
thority sufficient for the discharge of their duties. Impe- 
rium, however, is the technical name for general power 
(military, civil, and judicial) exercised by some Magis- 
trates. In principle it was the sovereign power formerly 
exercised by the kings. While primarily it meant military 
power, it also included '' all governmental power not dis- 
tinctly withheld by custom or law.^^ In practice it was 
limited, however, by the multiplication of Magistrates, by 
their short terms^ by their accountability to the people after 
the expiration of their terms, and in the city by the right 
of appeal as well as by the tribunician veto. Outside of the 
city the Magistrates possessing imperium had absolute 
power, free from the interference of the tribunes. In the 
city the dictator alone had unrestricted imperium. The 
symbol of this authority was the axe and fasces borne by 
the lictors (§68 below). 

57. Consuls and praetors alone (of the ^^ ordinary ^^ 
Magistrates) possessed imperium , but in different degrees. 
While the consular imperium was inferior to that of 



XXVlll II^TRODUCTIOH 

the dictator or his master of horse ("extraordinary^^ 
Magistrates), it was superior to that of the praetors. 
The other Magistrates (censors, tribunes, aediles, etc.) had 
not imperiumj that is, their powers were not general, but 
special. Neither tribunes nor censors, however, were sub- 
ject to the commands of Magistrates having imperium, 

58. Consuls. — The two consuls were elected annually 
by the Comitia Centuriata with a consul presiding. They 
were the chief Magistrates and had equal powers. In ad- 
ministering the government they changed duties every 
month, and in the field they changed commands from day 
to day, if in the same locality. In emergencies a decree 
of the Senate {Senatus consultum) gave them dictatorial 
authority in the interest of the general welfare (according 
to the usual formula, ne quid res publica detrimenti ca- 
piat). The consuls had the right to summon the Senate and- 
the Comitia Centuriata, over which they then presided. 

59. A consul-elect was called consul designatus; an ex- 
consul, consularis. When a consul died in office, his suc- 
cessor, who served for the unexpired term, was called con- 
sul suffectus. Each year was known by the names of the 
consuls for that year. Thus, Cicero^s birth-year (106 B.C.) 
would be expressed in Latin as " coss. (7. Atilio Serrano, Q, 
Servilio Caepione/' the abbreviation '' coss/' standing for 
consulihus (in the Ablative Absolute construction). 

60. At the end of his term of office each consul might 
be assigned by lot to one of the provinces, thus having his 
term prolonged by an extension technically known as pro- 
rogatio. He was then called a proconsul. The power of 
these provincial governors Avas far greater, however, than 
that of the consuls, because being outside of the city they 
were unrestricted in the exercise of the imperium (§56 
above). For the time, therefore, they exercised judicial 
and military powers without limit over both Eoman citi- 
zens and provincials. As a rule they abused this power by 



IJSTTRODUCTION XXIX 

extortion and cruelty. Although liable to impeachment 
after their return to Eome^ they usually escaped punish- 
ment. It was a common saying that every provincial gov- 
ernor hoped to make three fortunes out of the provincials : 
one for his creditors^ another for the jury that might try 
him on his return^ and the third for himself. 

61. Praetors. — The eight praetors administered the 
courts of justice^ the department of justice to which each 
was assigned being determined by lot. They were elected 
annually by the Comitia Centuriata with a consul presid- 
ing. The praetor urianus (^ city praetor ^) heard civil cases 
between citizens and was the most important. In the ab- 
sence of the two consuls^, he acted as consul. The praetor 
peregrinus heard civil cases arising between foreigners or 
between citizens and foreigners. The remaining six praetors 
presided over the quaestiones perpetuae (^ permanent 
courts^), which had jurisdiction in important criminal 
cases. At the close of his term^ each praetor^ like each con- 
sul^ went to one of the provinces as propraetor^ in which 
sphere he had full consular power. The trial of Verres 
was due to his abuse of his power as propraetor in Sicily. 

62. Aediles. — The four aediles had the general super- 
intendence of the police^ organized and superintended the 
public games^ took care of the public buildings^ streets^ etc.^ 
and supervised the markets (watching the trafSc^ testing 
weights and measures^ etc.). Two were called plebeian 
aediles because elected from plebeian ranks^ while the re- 
maining twO;, the curule aediles, might be either patricians 
or plebeians. The age of eligibility was thirty-seven. The 
only importance of the office lies in the opportunities it 
afforded the incumbent to humor the populace with the 
splendor of the games^ and so pave the way to future suc- 
cess in political life. 

63. Quaestors.— The twenty quaestors were the finan- 
cial officers of the government. Two of them^ the most im- 



XXX INTKODUCTION 

portant^ always remained in the city^ and hence were called 
quaestores urbani. They had charge of the state treasury. 
In the administration of their office they employed many 
clerks, accountants, and secretaries {scribae). The re- 
maining eighteen quaestors assisted the provincial govern- 
ors (proconsuls and propraetors) as quartermasters and 
paymasters. 

64. Tribuni Plebis. — The ten tribunes of the people were 
originally no more than protecting officers, created for the 
purpose of protecting plebeians against patrician Magis- 
trates in earlier days. At the same time their persons 
were inviolable (sacrosancti) , Out of this original right 
of rescue (ius auxilii) grew the all important power of 
veto {intercessio) , which they exercised over the acts of 
other Magistrates, even of their own colleagues. A single 
tribune could thus block the machinery of the government 
by interposing his veto. This obstructive power was soon 
stretched so as to include the judicial power to punish by 
fine, and at first by chastisement or even death. Long be- 
fore Cicero^s day, however, this jurisdiction was confined 
to cases punishable only by fine, the Comitia Centuriata, 
dealing with graver cases. Although the office represented 
the whole people, yet only plebeians were eligible to it. 
Through abuse of its functions the tribunate became in 
time merely an organ of revolution. 

65. Censors. — The two censors were elected every five 
years (the period called lustrum), but served only eighteen 
months. They were usually consulares (ex-consuls). Their 
duties at first were simply to assess the property of each 
citizen, and to draw up registers of the tribes, classes, 
and centuries. Later they exercised a general supervision 
over morals (regimen morum). They also entered into 
contracts for ^^ farming''^ the taxes (i.e., selling them for 
a lump sum to the highest bidder) and for performing 
public works, such as building and maintaining the tern- 



IKTKODUCTIOK XXXI 

pies, bridges, sewers, etc. The power of the censors to 
interfere in matters of private conduct led Sulla in his 
constitution (80 B.C.) to ignore, if not abolish, the office. 
Ten years later it was restored by Pompey. After the 
time of Marius, however, it lost its political impor- 
tance in consequence of constitutional changes, free- 
ing Eoman citizens from taxation, and making military 
service general, thus rendering the census no longer 
necessary. 

66. Dictator. — The dictator was an extraordinary magis- 
trate, appointed by a consul under senatorial advice, and 
possessing supreme power, but only for a period of six 
months, and only in times of stress and danger. He 
nominated his own master of horse {magister equitum). 
In Cicero^s time the dictatorship had lost its original sig- 
nificance, the dictatorship of Sulla and later that of Caesar 
being perpetual, and otherwise unconstitutional. As was 
said above (§ 58), the consuls were in the later Eepublic 
sometimes clothed with dictatorial powers by senatorial 
decree. Mark Antony abolished the office in 44 B.C. 

67. Interrex. — The interrex was a provisional chief 
Magistrate, appointed by the Senate to hold the consular 
elections when the consuls had died or resigned, or when 
the election had not been completed by the end of the 
year. He served for five days. It in that time the 
vacancy was not filled, the interrex nominated his succes- 
sor. In this way several successive interreges might be 
created. During the civil war between Sulla and the 
people both consuls were killed in the year 82 B.C., and 
an interrex had to be appointed. 

68. Insignia, etc. — The higher Magistrates had certain 
insignia, or marks of distinction. The dictator, the con- 
suls, and the praetors, for example, and among the lower 
Magistrates the quaestors, were attended in public by 
lictors, men who bore the fasces (bundle of rods) as the 
symbol of their power. The dictator had twenty-four 



XXXll INTRODUCTION 

lictors^ the consul twelve, the praetor two (six when out- 
side of Kome), while the quaestor had five. On the 
approach of a Magistrate, citizens, as well as Magistrates 
of ' rank lower than the one to whom such respect was 
shown, rose from their seats, dismounted if riding, or 
descended from their carriages. During the transaction 
of public business the Magistrate was seated, while the 
people remained standing. The sella curuUs, or chair of 
state, has already been referred to (§ 55). Nobility con- 
ferred the ius imagiimm'^ (right of images), and ^'he was 
most noble whose hall showed the greatest number of 
family portraits of consuls and censors. ^^ 

69. Auspices. — Before taking any important step (sum- 
moning the Assemblies or the Senate, entering upon 
office, setting out on a military campaign, etc.), a Magis- 
trate was always required to ascertain the will of the 
gods concerning the act in contemplation. This he did 
through one of the board {collegium) of priests called 
^^augurs,^^who were the hereditary guardians of the rules 
governing the science of augury. The augur thus com- 
missioned took the auspices (a^^5;?^c^a, "^ bird watching ^) 
by observing the omens given by birds within a certain 
consecrated space {templum). If different Magistrates on 
consulting the augurs obtained different answers, the re- 
sult was determined by the relative rank of the consulting 
Magistrates, so that maiora auspicia (auspices taken at 
the request of a Magistrate with maior potest as, greater 
authority) outweighed minora auspicia. In the case of 
Magistrates with equal authority, a disagreement was in- 
terpreted as unfavorable. 

* These images were waxen portrait-masks of deceased members 
of the family, and were kept in shrines in the alae (wings) of the 
atrium (reception-hall) of the Eoman house. At family funerals these 
masks were worn in the procession by persons specially appointed for 
the purpose; the insignia of the rank which the deceased had helcj, 
when alive were also borne by the same persons. 



INTRODUCTION XXXlll 

70. Since any public act of questionable constitution- 
ality might thus be settled by a reference to omens^ the 
augurs played at times an important, if not always a 
creditable part, in Koman politics. In the latter years 
of the Kepublic especially, the political uses to which 
augury was put brought it into bad odor. '' An omen/^ 
says Mr. Strachan-Davidson, ^^was held to be significant, 
not as it occurred in nature, but as it caught the atten- 
tion of the person concerned, and this doctrine admitted 
of many developments. If anything happened which 
it was inconvenient for the Magistrate to see, he might 
refuse to notice it ; much as Nelson put the telescope to his 
blind eye to look for the signal ordering him to retreat/'' 
By the abuse of augury in this way, a consul possessed a 
kind of veto-power even against a tribune. 

C. THE SENATE 

71. Membership. — The Senate was the great council 
of state, giving advice to Magistrates, when summoned 
to do so, on difficult questions. Its membership had 
formerly been nominally 300, but this number was often 
reduced by wars and other causes. By SulWs reforms 
(80 B.C.), about three hundred new members were ad- 
mitted, raising the membership to a number varying from 
500 to 600. 

72. Composition. — Before Sulla, the Senate was com- 
posed largely of ex-Magistrates — former consuls, praetors, 
aediles, and tribunes — nominated by the censors. In his 
legislation Sulla ignored the censors, making the law 
operative independently of their approval. At the same 
time he increased the number of quaestors to twenty, and 
admitted all ex-quaestors also to the Senate. In this way 
the Senate became a body exclusively of ex-Magistrates, 
its membership was automatically maintained at about 
600, and the tenure was for life. 



XXXIV INTRODUCTION^ 

73. Strength of the Senate. — In its permanence of char- 
acter^ and in the fact that it was composed of men of tried 
experience and wisdom, lay the strength of the Senate. 
In power and influence it came to overshadow both the 
Magistrates and the Assemblies. In contrast with it, the 
Magistrates were elected for short terms (§ 53), and thus 
were in a measure dependent upon it for guidance. Be- 
sides, the higher Magistrates had before them the prospect 
of becoming senators themselves, and would hardly care 
to disregard the advice of a body to which they would 
soon belong. The Magistrates, therefore, were little more 
than the instruments of the will of the Senate. Again, 
the Assemblies, made up as they largely were of the igno- 
rant masses, were incompetent to decide the weightier 
questions of state policy, were unwieldy, and often subject 
to demagogic influence. Hence it will readily be under- 
stood how it happened that the Senate, originally only an 
advisory body, without positive powers (since its advice 
was not binding), became more and more active as 
the governing organ of the state. Its decrees (senatus 
considta), if accepted, as they usually were, by the consult- 
ing Magistrate, and not vetoed by another Magistrate 
with this power, became law. Even when vetoed, these 
decrees carried great moral weight as expressing the sense, 
or ^^ authority, ^^ of the Senate {senatus auctoritas) on 
matters about which it had been consulted. 

74. Powers. — Among the powers of the Senate were : 
the preliminary discussion of legislation before it was 
submitted to the Assemblies ; the revision of the lists of 
candidates for the higher magistracies ; the suspension of 
all ordinary laws, in times of peril, by means of its senatus 
consultum ultimum. It also controlled the public finances 
(fixing the taxes, voting appropriations, etc.) and directed 
the state religion in concert with the priestly boards. In 
the management of the provinces, and in all foreign and 
diplomatic relations, it was supreme, while questions of 



INTROBUCTIOK XXXV 

peace and war^ although they rested constitutionally with 
the Assemblies^ could not in the later Republic be brought 
before the people except with the approval of the Senate. 
75. Sessions. — The Senate met at the call of any Magis- 
trate possessing imjwrium (§ 56) or of a tribune. Its 
sessions were usually held in the Curia Hostilia at the 
northeast corner of the Forum. The Magistrate who 
summoned it acted as its chairman. When necessary to 
ask for the opinions of members on public business^ he 
usually did so in the order of their relative rank : the 
princepSy or dean^ of the Senate first of all^ then the ex- 
consuls^ ex-praetors, ex-aedileS;, ex-tribunes, and ex-quaes- 
tors. The princeps senatus was that member who by 
general consent or in the discretion of the chairman was 
deemed most worthy of the distinction. In the interval 
between election and entrance upon office. Magistrates- 
elect had precedence over ex-Magistrates. Magistrates 
in office were not asked for their opinions and did not 
vote. The Senate was collectively addressed as patres 
conscrip)ti (conscript fathers). 



OUTLINE OF CICERO^S LIFE 

106-43 B.C. 
76. For our purposes the life of Cicero may be divided 
into three periods : 

The period of preparation, 106-81 B.C. 
The political period, 80-63 B.C. 
The literary period, 62-43 B.C. 

But these divisions are only approximately accurate. 
Since everything that Cicero wrote had the literary 
quality, the second period, in which he made some of his 
best speeches, might also be called literary; but the aims 
of this period were distinctively political, as those of the 
third period were distinctively literary. 



XXXVl INTRODUCTION" 

77. The Period of Preparation (106-81 B.C.).— Marcus* 

Tullius Cicero was born at Arpinum^ among the Volscian 
hills^ January 3^ 106 B.C.J Time and place are both im- 
portant to remember. For the place : the Arpinates were 
a sturdy rustic race, living a quiet, rugged life, almost as 
unchanging || as their own everlasting hills. They rarely 
visited the city, except when local pride carried them 
there to cast their votes for a fellow- Volscian as a can- 
didate for office. In the midst of this rural population, 
Cicero passed his childhood, learning ^^to love the past 
more than to know the present.''^ For the time : Cicero^s 
townsman. Gains Marius, a man of obscure origin, had 
proved himself to be a great military genius. He had just 
conquered Jugurtha, and for the next five years (104-100 
B.C.) was reelected consul each year, during which period 
he achieved the crowning deed of his life by crushing the 
German hordes that threatened Eome to the north. Of 
the skill and prowess of Marius no doubt the honest Arpi- 
nates knew many a tale, and it is easy to imagine the im- 
pression such stories must have made upon the mind of 
the boy at the most impressionable age of his life. 

78. To these influences in a measure may be attributed 
two traits of Cicero's character that were conspicuous in 
his future conduct: his political conservatism and his ambi- 
tion. Moreover, his ambition was fostered by an ambitious 
father, a cultivated man of quiet tastes. The family was 

* The Romans regularly abbreviated the praenomen. Thus, M. 
Tullius Cicero is the way it would appear in Latin. 

f A small country town, about seventy miles southeast of Rome. 
At Arpinum the great Marius was also born (155 B.C.). 

X Pompey the Great was born in the same year (September 30). 

11 Cicero's grandfather was a typical Arpinate. All his life he 
opposed the introduction of the ballot in voting, an innovation 
advocated by his brother-in-law. He also resisted the influx of Greek 
influence just then beginning to be felt throughout Italy. One of his 
sayings was ut quisque optime Oraece sciret, ita esse nequissimum, 
"' the better a man knew Greek, the greater rogue he was." 



INTRODUCTIOK XXXVll 

of equestrian rank^* although his mother — whose name 
was Helvia — may have been connected with the Eoman 
nobility. A second son, Quintus, four years younger than 
Cicero, afterwards distinguished himself as a soldier in 
Caesar^s Gallic campaigns. 

79. At an early age the two boys were sent to school in 
Rome^ where they had the best masters, both Greek and 
Eoman. Cicero himself was always an omnivorous reader, 
believing that the orator, to excel, should know something 
of everything. Besides the theoretical knowledge thus ac- 
quired, however, he was diligent in his attendance upon 
the great orators of his times, constantly taking notes, 
while he never allowed a day to pass without some exercise 
in oratory. 

80. The Political Period (80-63 B.C.). — His success as an 
orator won for him immense popularity from the begin- 
ning of his career. His first important speech [Pro Sex, 
Roscio f ), made in a criminal case, was delivered in 80 B.C., 

* Cicero's equestrian origin often influenced Ms political conduct. 
For the political position of the Knights (equites, or oi^do equesfer), 
read g§ 11-15, under the heading *' Orders.'* 

f See § 22. The chief merit of this speech lay in the masterly 
tact displayed by the orator in a delicate situation. His client, 
Sextius Roscius, had been accused of murdering in the streets of 
Rome his own father, a wealthy citizen of Ameria, a neighboring 
town. The charge was preposterous, and easily disproved, but the 
plot that underlay it was such as to make the position of the defence 
one of extreme danger. The true murderers were neighbors and kins- 
men of Roscius. To cover their crime they accused the son of parri- 
cide, expecting at the same time to profit in a substantial way by the 
usual confiscation and auction sale of the murdered man's estate, if 
only his name could be entered on the proscription lists (§ 22). This 
was to be accomplished through one Chrysogonus, who, as a favorite 
of the all-powerful Sulla, possessed the needed influence, and in 
return for the service was to receive a share of the spoils. Cicero 
was the only man in Rome willing to undertake the defence. In 
doing this he attacked Chrysogonus, and by implication the dreaded 
Sulla himself, but all in a manner so adroit that under the veil of a 



Xxxvill iKTRODtJCTlOK 

when he was in his twenty-seventh year. It cannot be 
doubted that only his youthfulness prevented his reaping 
the immediate reward of this success in the official world. 
Although the law did not permit his election to the quaes- 
torship * until five years later, he was from the date of this 
speech a marked man with an assured future in the field 
of politics. It is proper, therefore, that his political life 
should be dated from this year. As soon as he reached 
the legal age, he was always successful as a candidate. He 
thus managed to do what no other Eoman had done be- 
fore, for without belonging to the office-holding class 
(§§ 38, 55), and without being a great soldier, as was his 
townsman Marius, he yet reached the highest dignities of 
the state through his gifts as an orator and his integrity 
as a magistrate. He was successively quaestor, curule 
aedile, praetor, and consul, each at the earliest age per- 
mitted by the constitution. In his consulship (63 B.C.) he 
had a troublesome constitutional question to settle, one 
that the world is still debating — how to deal with a great 
conspiracy against the state f — and his failure to solve the 
problem in an acceptable way, coupled with his opposition 
to the politicians J then uppermost in infiuence, soon led to 
his temporary exile (58 B.C.). 

81. The Literary Period (62-43 B.C.). — Four years before 
his banishment, Cicero had in his speech Pro Archia (62 
B.C.) uttered words that seemed to foreshadow a change in 

modesty befitting his position as an obscure young lawyer he gave 
voice to thoughts that no other man had dared to utter, while they 
echoed the secret sentiments of everybody in Eome. 

* The lowest magistracy in the cursus honorum. See § 54 above. 

f The conspiracy of Catiline. 

X The democratic ring led by Caesar and known as the First Tri- 
umvirate. (See § 29.) Caesar made many overtures to Cicero in 
the effort to win him over to the plans of the Triumvirate, but 
Cicero found it impossible to trust Caesar, who had often shown 
that he had little respect for constitutional checks that stood in his 
way. 








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IHTRODUCTIOK XXxix 

his life. As if satisfied with the political success that he 
had attained in winning the consulship, and as if foresee- 
ing that yet greater rewards awaited him in a different 
field, he disclosed in that speech his true character as a man 
of letters. A great politician he could hardly be called, his 
political success thus far having been due to his marvellous 
gifts of oratory, his clean record in office, and largely to 
good luck in the circumstances attending his candidature 
for the consulship* rather than to any unusual insight or 
tact that he had exhibited in dealing with men or the 
political conditions of his times. Hence after his recall 
from exile (57 B.C.), eighteen months from the time of his 
banishment, his political infiuence began to wane. As a 
man of peace, he was sadly out of place in the political life 
of Eome at this time. ^^ Public issues, it became more 
and more plain, waited for their determination, not on the 
Senate-house or the Forum, but on the sword. ^^ The 
coalition known as the First Triumvirate (60 B.C.) was 
only the beginning of a long series of events in the great 
game of politics which culminated in the open struggle 
between the two rivals, Caesar the democrat and Pompey 
the representative of the Senate. 

82. Cicero^s loss of political prestige was followed by 
great though intermittent activity in literary work. Be- 
sides many orations, chiefly legal, nearly all his works on 
rhetoric, those on philosophical subjects, and the greater 
part of his voluminous correspondence belong to this 
period. 

83. After Caesar^s assassination (March 15, 44 B.C.), 
four years after the murder of Pompey in Egypt, Cicero 
was again for a few months the most conspicuous man in 
Eome. Once more called to lead the Senatorial party, 
now against the tyranny of Mark Antony, he delivered 

* His chief competitors being Catiline and Gaias Antonius, two 
political desperadoes. See the Prefatory Note to the The First 
Oration against Catiline, 



xl IKTRODUCTIOH 

his famous ^^ Philippics/^ so called from their supposed 
resemblance to the speeches delivered by Demosthenes 
against the Macedonian Philip. Cicero's Philippics 
proved to be his death-warrant, for shortly after the for- 
mation of the Second Triumvirate he was murdered by 
Antony's soldiers, December 7, 43 B.C., just a few weeks 
before reaching the sixty-fourth year of his age. 

LEADING FACTS IN CICERO'S LIFE 

FIRST PERIOD 
B.C. Age. 

106 Born January 3, at Arpinum (70 miles 
S. E. of Rome). 

90 Studies law under Q. Mucins Scaevola, the 

augur 16 

89 Serves a short while in the Social War 
under Pompeius Strabo, father of 
Pompey the Great . . . .17 

88 Studies philosophy and rhetoric under 
Philo and Molo, respectively, at 
Rome 18 

81 First extant speech {Pro P. Quinctio) . 25 

SECOND PERIOD 

80 First speech in a criminal case {Pro Sex. 
Roscio), the foundation of his future 
success ...... 2^ 

79-78 Tour of Greece and Asia Minor, studying 
under Greek masters at Athens and 
Rhodes, being absent two years . 27-28 

77 Returns to Rome ; marries Terentia . 29 

75 His official career begins with his quaes- 

torship in Sicily . . . .31 

74 Returns to Rome, and is admitted to the 

Senate 32 

70 Impeachment of Verres {In C. Verrem) 
for corrupt administration as praetor 
of Sicily ..... . 36 

69 Is curule aedile 37 



INTRODUCTION^- xli 

B.C. Age. 

66 Is praetor ; makes his first political speech, 
in favor of the Manilian Law {Pro 
Lege Manilla, or De Imperio Cn. 
Pompei) 40 

65 His son Marcus born. (His favorite child, 
a daughter named TuUia, was older 
than the son — how much, is uncer- 
tain.) ...... 41 

63 Is consul ; four speeches against Catiline 

{In Catilinam /., //., ///., IV.) . 43 



THIRD PERIOD 

62 Speech in favor of Archias {Pro Archia), 

marking a turning point in his career. 44 

61 As a witness against Clodius on trial for 
sacrilege, he incurs that demagogue^s 
lasting hatred . . . . .45 

58-57 In exile from March, 58, to September, 57, 

eighteen months .... 48-49 

55 Begins his series of works on oratory with 

the De Oratore . . . .51 

54 Begins his series on political philosophy 

with the De Repitilica . . .52 

53 Succeeds the son of Crassus (killed with 

his father at Carrhae) as augur . 53 

52 In the midst of anarchy at Eome, he at- 
tempts to defend Milo {Pro Milone), 
charged with murdering Clodius . 54 

51 Is sent to Cilicia as proconsul . . 55 

50 Eeturns to Italy on the eve of the Civil 

War between Caesar and Pompey . 56 

49 Joins Pompey in Greece . . .57 

48 After Pompey^s defeat at Pharsalus, he re- 
turns to Italy, remaining at Brundi- 
sium for a year . . . .58 

47 Is permitted by Caesar to return to Eome. 59 

46 Continues his works on oratory {Brutus 
and Orator) ; delivers the speeches 
Pro Marcello and Pro Ligario ; di- 
vorces Terentia : marries Publilia . 60 



xlii IKTRODUCTIOK 

B.C. Age. 

45 Death of his daughter Tullia and divorce 
of Publilia ; writes several works on 
philosophy {De Fiiiibics, Academi- 
cae QiiaestioneSy Tusciilanae Disputa- 
Hones, etc.) ..... 61 

44 Writes other works on philosophy {De 
Natura Deorum, De Senectute, De 
Amicitia, De Divinatione, De Of- 
ficiis) ; delivers his First and Third 
Philippic, publishing the Second . 62 

43 Delivers the remainder of his fourteen 
Philippics; shortly after the forma- 
tion of the Second Triumvirate he is 
murdered by Antonyms orders, Decem- 
ber 7, in the grounds of his villa near 
Formiae (on the coast of Latium) . 63 

ANCIENT EHETORIC 

84. Roman Oratory. — The Eomans were essentially a 
race of conquerors and governors. For the first five cen- 
turies of their history they had little time for the develop- 
ment of a literature, except of a rude sort. Their first 
inspiration came from contact with the Grecian world. 
Hence, Roman beginnings in poetry and history were imi- 
tations of Greek models, sometimes mere translations. 
Roman oratory, however, has a different history. The 
growth of Roman power brought with it the practical 
problems of government and diplomacy, in the solution of 
which oratory played an important part. Moreover, for 
the ambitious Roman there were only two ways in which 
to gain distinction — one by a military career, the other in 
politics — and in the latter field the gift of oratory was 
essential to success. In its beginnings Roman oratory 
was like the Roman character, vigorous and direct, but 
lacked the equally important qualities of grace and 
artistic method : these came only after a closer acquaint- 
ance with the literature of Greece, and after the develop- 



INTRODUCTION xliii 

ment of a leisure class of citizens^ under whose leadership 
''an intelligent interest in art and literature became the 
fashion of good society/^ 

85. Varieties of Oratory. — There are three kinds of ora- 
tory : i\\e forensic (judicial^ legal)^ the deliierative (legis- 
lative, political), and the demonstrative. Forensic oratory 
is that of the law-courts ; deliberative, that heard before 
law-making bodies ; demonstrative oratory is confined to 
no particular place or occasion, meaning the oratory of 
display, such as is heard in a speech of public compliment, 
called ''eulogy" or "panegyric." The speech against 
Verres, the first in this book, is forensic ; that in favor of 
the Manilian Law, the second in the book, is partly delib- 
erative, but largely a panegyric of Pompey ; the speech in 
favor of Archias, the seventh in the book, is at first foren- 
sic, but for the most part demonstrative, holding up for 
our admiration the charms of the literary life. 

86. Divisions of the Oration. — Every student of rhetoric 
knows that a finished literary production must have a plan, 
that this plan is a matter of studied calculation, and that 
it comprises three parts : an Introduction, a Discussion (or 
Development), and a Conclusion. These are the parts 
into w^hich the oration — particularly the forensic oration — 
is divided, but with a further subdivision of the Discussion 
into three parts. The five main parts of the oration are 
named as follows : 

I. Exordium {Proemiiim), or Introduction. Its ob- 
ject was to render the hearer well disposed {ienevolus), 
attentive {attentus), and eager to learn {docilis). 

II. ISTarratio, or Statement of the Case. The merits 
of a good Narratio were brevity, clearness, and probability. 
It sometimes included such subdivisions as the Propositio, 
or statement of the main theme ; the Partitio, or division 
into heads, etc. 

III. Probatio {ArgumeiitatiOy Confirmatio), or Dis- 
cussion of the Case in detail. 



Xliv INTRODUCTION 

IV. Kefutatio {Confutatio, Reprehensio), or Eefuta- 
tion of Objections, etc., raised by the other side. 

V. Peroratio, or Conclusion, amplifying and en- 
forcing what was in the speaker^s favor, weakening the 
opposite, appealing to the moral sense of the court, etc. 

The speech For the Manilian Laiv has received formal 
treatment in this book according to these principles. 

CICEEO^S WOKKS * 

ORATIONS 

Of 107 Orations attributed to Cicero, we now possess 
only 57, some in a more or less incomplete condition, 
while the authorship of a few is questioned ; 20 are frag- 
mentary ; of the remaining 30 we know only the titles. 

PHILOSOPHY f 

Political : De Republica,X 6 books (on the ideal 
state). 

De Legibus,X 3 books (supplementary to 
the De Repuhlica), 
Speculative : Paradoxa (a discussion of six Stoic para- 
doxes). 

HortensiusX (in praise of philosophy). 

De Finibus Bonortim et Malorum, 5 
books (on various theories of the 
highest good). 

Academicae Quaesti07ies,l 2, in a later 
edition 4, books (giving an account of 
the teachings of certain philosophers). 

* Based on the Student's Companion to Latin Authors, by Middle- 
ton and Mills (Macmillan), pp. 73-89. 

f Besides the philosophical works here named, there are traces of 
two others, De Virtutihus and De Auguriis, and fragments of a 
translation of Plato's Protagoras and Timaev>s, 

X Only fragments remain. 



i:ntkobuction xlv 

Tusculanae Disputationes, 5 books (on the 

chief essentials of happiness). 
De Katura Deorum, 3 books. 
De Divinatione, 2 books (supplementary to 

the preceding). 
De Fato * (on destiny). 
Ethical : Consolatio * (written after his daughter's 

death). 
De Senectute, or Cato Maior (on old age). 
De Amicitia, or Laelius (on friendship). 
De Gloria,\ 2 books. 
De Officiis, 3 books (on duty, written for 

the instruction of his son). 

KHETORIC 

De Inventione, 2 books (a youthful work, on rhetorical 
invention). 

De Oratore, 3 books (giving the results of his own expe- 
rience in public speaking). 

Brutus, or De Claris Oratoriius (tracing the history of 
oratory down to his own times). 

Orator (a sequel to the two preceding works). 

Partitiones Oratoriae (a catechism on rhetoric, written 
for his son). 

Topica (a summary, based on the work by Aristotle on 
rhetorical commonplaces). 

De Optimo Genere Oratoritm (written as the preface to a 
Latin version of the speech of Aeschines against 
Ctesiphon and the reply of Demosthenes). 

LETTERS 

774 Letters written by Cicero, with 90 addressed to 
him by friends^ collected as follows : 

Epistulae ad Atticum, 16 books ; 

^ Only fragments remain. f Now lost. 



xlvi INTRODUCTIOIT 

Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, 3 books ; 

Epistiilae ad Brutiim, 2 books ; 

Epistulae ad Familiares, 16 books. 
The extant correspondence of Cicero begins in the 
year 68 B.C. and ends July, 43 B.C. (a few months before 
his death). Those addressed to his intimate friend Atti- 
cus are especially valuable for their historical importance^ 
as well as for the insight they give into Cicero^s private 
life and character. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

(now lost) 

Prose : Panegyrics on Porcia and Cato^ and funeral 
orations written for others to deliver ; memoirs of his 
consulship (in both Greek and Latin) ; Anecdota, a secret 
history ; Admiranda, a book of wonders ; Chorographiay 
a treatise on geography ; De lure Civili in Art em Redi- 
gendo, a treatise on law ; a translation of Xenophon^s 
Oeconomicus. 

Poetry * : Pontius Glaucius (an early effort) ; trans- 
lations of the astronomical poems of Aratus ; De Suo 
Consulatu (three books^ on his consulship) ; De Tempo- 
ribus Suis (also three books^ about his troubles^ written 
probably after his return from exile) ; Ad Caesar em; a 
poem on his great townsman Marius. 

* Cicero's poetry was never, except by a few admirers, rated high, 
and was often ridiculed. One of his enemies facetiously said that 
Cicero owed his banishment, not to his having put Roman citizens to 
death without a trial, but to the poor verses he had written on the 
subject. Juvenal, after quoting a line of Cicero's poetry, remarked 
that he might have scorned the swords of Antony if everything he 
wrote had been like that. It is the only form of composition which 
he essayed without success. 



IMPEACHMENT OF VEERES 
ACTIO PEIMA 



Verres' friendship is his who when Verres accusing 
Brings trial in the year of Verres' own choosing. 
— Paraphrase of Juvenal, IIT. 53, 54. 



IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 
ACTIO PKIMA 

You have noiv, gentlemen of the jury ^ a golden opportunity to redeem 
the reputation of the senatorial juries. If Verres he acquitted, his 
escape will only confirm the prevailing impression that no rich 
man can he convicted in our courts as now constituted. 

Quod erat optandum maxime^ indices^ et quod uniim 
ad inyidiam vestri ordinis infamiamqne iudiciorum sedan- 
dam maxime pertinebat^ id non humano consilio^, sed 
prope divinitus datum atqiie oblatiim vobis siimmo rei 
pnblicae tempore yidetnr. InYeterayit enim iam opinio 5 
perniciosa rei pnblicae nobisqne pericnlosa^ qnae non modo 
apnd popnliim Eomannm, sed etiam apnd exteras nationes 
omnium sermone percrebruit^ his iudiciis^ quae nunc sunt^ 
pecuniosum bominem^ quamvis sit nocens^ neminem posse 
damnari. 10 

Questions {for the answers see the Xotes). — 1. Who was Yerres ? 
2. What was his earlier record ? 3. By what right did he go as pro- 
praetor to Sicily? 4. What is the name of the charge on which the 
Sicilians brought him to trial? 5. Why did they choose Cicero to con- 
duct the prosecution? 6. From which order was the jury selected for 
the trial ? 7. What magistrate presided ? 8. What was the reputa- 
tion of the courts at this time? 9. What legislation was now pendiug 
ia the matter ? 10. Give the date of the speech. 11. Cicero's age 
then. 12. What was the result of the speech ? 13. Describe the so- 
called Verrine series of speeches. 14. How many and which were 
actually delivered? 15. Did Cicero hold any magistracy at this time? 



4 CICERO S ORATIOKS 

2. jSTuuc ill ipso discrimine ordinis iudiciorumque ve- 
strorum^ cum sint parati qui contionibus et legibus banc 
invidiam senatus inflammare conentur^ reus in iudicium 
adductus est C. Yerres, bomo vita atque factis omnium 

15 iam opinione damnatus, pecuniae magnitudine sua spe et 
praedicatione absolutus. Huic ego causae^ indices^ cum 
summa voluntate et exspectatione populi Eomani actor 
accessi^ non ut augerem invidiam ordinis^ sed ut infamiae 
communi succurrerem. Adduxi enim bominem in quo 

20 reconciliare existimationem iudiciorum amissam^ redire in 
gratiam cum populo Komano^ satis facere exteris nationi- 
bus^ possetis : depeculatorem aerari^ vexatorem Asiae atque 
Pampbyliae^ praedonem iuris urbani^ labem atque perni- 
ciem provinciae Siciliae. 3. De quo si vos vere ac religiose 

25 iudicaveritis, auctoritas ea^ quae in vobis remanere debet, 
baerebit ; sin istius ingentes divitiae iudiciorum religionem 
veritatemque perfregerint, ego boc tamen adsequar, ut 
iudicium potius rei publicae quam aut reus iudicibus aut 
accusator reo def uisse videatur. 

More alarming than ever are the plots that Verres is noiv laying. He 
openly boasts of the power that his ivealth gives him ; and yet his 
very impudence must insure his defeat. Dreadi7ig a trial during 
the present year, he contrived a moch prosecution, hoping thus to 
sec^ire precedence over his own trial in the courts and compel a 
postponement to a more favorahle time. This plot I have, how- 
ever, defeated by the despatch with which I collected my evidence. 

30 II. Equidem, ut de me confitear, indices, cum multae 
mibi a C. Verre insidiae terra marique factae sint, quas 
partim mea diligentia devitarim, partini amicorum studio 
officioque reppulerim, numquam tamen neque tantum peri- 
culum mibi adire visus sum neque tanto opere pertimui, 

35 ut nunc in ipso iudicio. 4. Neque tantum me exspectatio 
accusationis meae concursusque tantae multitudinis, qui- 
bus ego rebus vebementissime perturbor, com mo vet quan- 
tum istius insidiae nefariae ; quas uno tempore mibi, vobis, 



IMPEACHMENT OF YEPvRES 5 

M\ Glabrioni, populo Eomano^ sociis^ exteris nationibus^ 
ordini^ nomiiii cleniqne senatorio facere conatur. Qui ita 40 
dictitat, eis esse metuendum, qui quod ipsis solis satis esset 
surripuissent ; se tantum eri23uisse^ ut id multis satis esse 
possit : nihil esse tarn sanctum quod non violari^ nihil tarn 
munitum quod non expugnari pecunia possit. 5. Quodsi 
quam audax est ad conanduni;, tarn esset obscurus in agendo, 45 
fortasse aliqua in re nos aliquando fefellisset; verum hoc 
adhuc percommode cadit, quod cum incredibili eius audacia 
singularis stultitia coninncta est. 

Xam^ ut apertus in corripiendis pecuniis fuit^ sic in spe 
corrumpendi iudici perspicua sua consilia conatusque omni- 50 
bus fecit. Seme] ait se in vita pertimuisse^ turn cum 
primum a me reus factus sit, quod, cum e provincia recens 
esset, invidiaque et infamia non recenti, sed vetere ac diu- 
turna flagraret, tum ad iudicium corrumpendum tempus 
alienum offenderet. 6. Itaque, cum ego diem inquirendi 55 
in Siciliam perexiguam postulavissem, inyeuit iste qui sibi 
in Achaiam biduo breviorem diem postularefc: non ut is 
idem conficeret diligentia et industria sua, quod ego meo 
labore et yigiliis cousecutus sum. Etenim ille Achaicus in- 
quisitor ne Brundisium quidem pervenit; ego Siciliam totam 60 
quinquaginta diebus sic obii, ut omnium populorum priva- 
torumque litteras iniuriasque coguoscerem; ut perspicuum 
caivis esse posset, hominem ab isto quaesitum esse non qui 
reum suum adduceret, sed qui meum tempus obsideret. 

Strong as the case is against him, he has counted on his ahility to huy 
his oicn time for this trial. With no honoralle means of escape, 
he has in all his designs shown only contempt for right-thinking 
m^en, ivhile he strangely underestimates the character of the pres- 
ent jury. 

III. 7. ]^unc homo audacissimus atque amentissimus 65 
hoc cogitat: intellegit me ita j^aratum atque instructum iu 
iudicium venire, ut non modo in auribus vestris, sed in 
oculis omnium sua furta atque flagitia defixurus sim; videt 



6 CICERO S ORATIONS 

senatores multos esse testis audaciae suae; videt rnultos 

70 equites Romanes^ freqaeiitis praeterea cins atque socios, 
quibns ipse insiguis iuiurias fecerit; videt etiam tot tarn 
gravis ab amicissimis civitatibiis legationes cum publicis auc- 
toritatibus convenisse. 8. Quae cum ita sint, usque eo de 
omnibus bonis male existimat^ usque eo senatoria indicia 

75 perdita profligataque esse arbitratur, ut hoc palam dictitet^ 
non sine causa se cupidum pecuniae fuisse, qnoniam in 
pecunia tantum praesidium experiatur esse: sese (id quod 
difficillimnm fuerit) tenipus ipsum emisse iudiei sui, quo 
cetera facilius emere postea posset; ut^ quoniam criminnm 

80 vim subterfugere nulla modo poterat, procellam temporis 
devitaret. 9. Quod si non modo in causa, verum in aliquo 
lionesto praesidio aut in alicuius eloquentia aut gratia spem 
aliquam conlocasset^ prof ec to non haec omnia conligeret 
atque aucuparetur ; non usque eo despiceret contemneretque 

85 ordinem senatorium, ut arbitratu eius deligeretur ex senatu 
qui reus fieret; qui, dum Lie quae opus esseut compararet, 
causam interea ante eum diceret. 10. Quibus ego rebus, 
quid iste speret et quo animum intendat, facile perspicio. 
Quam ob rem vero se confidat aliquid proficere posse, hoc 

90 praetore et hoc cousilio, intellegerc nou possum. Unum 
illud intellego, quod populus Romanus in reiectione iudicum 
iudicavit : ea spe istum fuisse praeditum, ut omnem rationem 
salutis in pecunia constitueret; hoc erepto praesidio, ut nul- 
lam sibi rem adiumento fore arbitraretur. 

It would be impossible to do justice to tlie crimes of the accused. As 
quaestor to Carbo, as legatus and later as quaestor to Dolabella, 
and as city praetor^ lie has successively betrayed every trust in his 
career, ivhile the crowning period of his villanous life began with 
his praetorship in Sicily. 

95 IV. Etenim quod est ingenium tantum, quae tauta 
facultas dicendi aut cop.ia, quae istius vitam, tot vitiis flagi- 
tiisque convictam, iam pridem omnium voluutate iudicioque 
damnatam, aliqua ex parte possit defendere ? 11. Cuius ut 



IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 7 

adiilescentiae maculas ignomitiiasque praeteream, quaestura, 
primus gradus honoris^ quid aliud habet in se^ nisi Cn. Car- 100 
bonem spoliatum a quaestore suo pecunia publica, nuda- 
tum et prodifcum consulem^ desertum exercitum^ relictam 
provinciam^ sortis necessitudinem religionemque violatam ? 
Cuius legatio exitium fuit Asiae totius et Pampbyliae; qui- 
bus in provinciis multas domos, plurimas urbis, omnia fana 105 
depopulatus est tum, cum in Cn. Dolabellam suum scelus 
illud pristinum renovavit et instanravit quaestorium; cum 
eum^ cui et legatus et pro quaestore f uisset, et in invidiam 
suis maleficiis adduxit et in ipsis periculis non solum de- 
seruit, sed etiam oppugnavit ac prodidit. 12. Cuius prae- 110 
tura urbana aedium sacrarum fuit publicorumque operum 
depopulatio, simul in iure dicundo bonorum possessionum- 
que^ contra omnium instituta^ addictio et condonatio. 

lam vero omnium yitiorum suorum plurima et maxima 
constituifc monumenta et indicia in j^rovincia SiciHa, quam 115 
isLe per triennium ita vexavit ac perdidit, ut ea restitui in 
antiquum statum nuUo modo possit; vix autem per multos 
anuos innocentisque praetores aliqna ex parte recreari ali- 
qnnndo posse videatur. 13. Hoc praetore, Sicnli neque suas 
leges neque nostra senatus consulta neque communia iura 120 
tenuernnt. Tantum qnisque habet in Sicilia, quantum 
liominis avarissimi et libidinosissimi aut imprudentiam sub- 
terfugib aut satietati superfuit. 

I7i Sicily neither life nor property tvas secure against his greed, his 
lust, and his cruelty. With equal recklessness he robbed and in- 
sulted private citizens, and plundered the temples and other public 
buildings, 

V. Nulla res per triennium, nisi ad nutum istius, iudi- 
cata est. Nulla res cuiusquam tam patria atque avita fuit 125 
quae non ab eo, imperio istius, abiudicaretur. Innumera- 
biles pecuniae ex aratorum bonis novo nefarioque institute 
coactae; socii fidelissimi in liostium numero existimati; 
cives Komani servilem in modum cruciati et necati; homines 



8 CICERO S ORATIO]S[S 

130 Jiocentissimi propter pecunias iudicio liberati; honestissimi 
atque iiitegerrimi^ absentes rei facti, indicta causa, darnnati 
et eiecti; portus miinitissimi, maximae tutissimaeque urbes 
piratis praedonibusque patefactae; naiibae militesqiie Sicii- 
loriim, socii iiostri atque amici, fame necati ; classes optimae 

135 atque opportunissimae^ cum magna ignomiiiia populi Eo- 
mani, amissae et perditae. 14. Idem iste praetor monu- 
menta antiquissima, partim regum locupletissimorum, quae 
illi ornamento urbibus esse voluerunt, partim etiam nostro- 
rum imperatorum, quae victores civitatibus Siculis aut dede- 

140 runt .aut reddiderunt, spoliavit nudavitque omnia. Neque 
hoc solum in statuis ornamentisque publicis fecit, sed etiam 
delubra omnia, sanctissimis religionibus consecrata, depecu- 
latus est. Deum denique nullum Siculis, qui ei paulo magis 
adfabre atque antique artificio factus videretur, reliquit. In 

145 stupris vero et flagitiis, nefarias eius libidines commemorare 
pudore deterreor. Simul illorum calamitateni commemo- 
rando augere nolo, quibus liberos coniugesque suas integras 
ab istius petulantia conservare non licitum est. 15. ' At 
enim liaec ita commissa sunt ab isto, ub non cognita sint ab 

150 liominibus.' Hominem arbitror esse neminem, qui nomen 
istius audierit, quin facta quoque eius nefaria commemorare 
possit; ut mihi magis timendum sit, ne multa crimina prae- 
termittere quam ne qua in istum fingere existimer. ISTeque 
enim mibi videtur liaec multitude, quae ad audiendum con- 

155 venit, cognoscere ex me causam voluisse, sed ea quae scit 
mecum recognoscere. 

Sis boast that he had friends of powerful influence was a mere blind} 
intended to intimidate me, and enable him meanwhile to complete 
his schemes of bribery ; but the jury was not to be bribed. 3Iore 
recently, hoivever, his hopes revived upon the election of his friends 
as consuls for next year. 

VI. Quae cum ita sint, iste homo, aniens ac perditus, 

alia mecum ratione pugnat. N"on id agit, ut alicuius elo- 

quentiam mihi opponat; non gratia, non auctoritate cuius- 

160 quam, non potentia nititur. Simulat hisse rebus confidere, 



IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 9 

sed video quid agat^ neque enim agit occultissime. Proponit 
inania mihi nobilitatis — hoc est^ hominum adrogaiitiiim 
nornina : qui non tarn me impediunt quod uobiles sunt, 
quam adiuvant quod noti sunt. Simulat se eorum praesidio 
confidere, cum iuterea aliud quiddam iam diu machine fcur. l6o 

16. Quam spem nunc habeat in manibus et quid moliatur, 
breviteriam, indices, vobis exponam; sed prius, ut ab initio 
res ab eo constituta sit, quaeso, cognoscite. Ut primum e 
j)rovincia rediit, redemptio est huius iudici facta grand i 
pecunia. Mansit in condicione atqne pacto usque ad eum 170 
finem, dum indices reiecti sunt. Postea quam reiectio iudi- 
cnm facta est (quod et in sortitione istius spem fortuna 
populi Eomani, et in reiciendis iudicibus mea diligentia, 
istorum impndentiam vicerat) renuntiata est tota condicio. 

17. Praeclare se res habebat: libelli nominum vestrorum ITS 
consilique huius in manibus erant omnium. Nulla nota, 
nullus color, nullae sordes videbantur his sententiis adlini 
posse, cum iste repente ex alacri atqne laeto sic erat humilis 
atque demissus, nt non modo populo Romano, sed etiam sibi 
ipse condemnatus videretur. 180 

Ecce autem repente, his diebus pancis, comitiis consula- 
ribus factis, eadem ilia Vetera consilia pecunia maiore repe- 
tuntur; eaedemque vestrae famae fortunisque omnium in- 
sidiae per eosdem homines comparantur. Quae res primo, 
iudices, pertenni nobis argumento indicioque patefacta est; 185 
post, aperto suspicionis introitu, ad omnia intima istorum 
consilia sine ullo errore pervenimus. 

The result of the consular elections ivas regarded as the best guarantee 
of Verves^ acquittal ; so true is this that his friend Curio on the 
occasion congratulated, not Hortensius the consul-elect, as might 
have teen expected, hut — Verres himself. This means that the 
charges against the accused, the testiinony of witnesses, and pub- 
lic opinion ivere to prove powerless. 

VII. 18. Nam ut Hortensius consul designatus domum 
reducebatur e campo cum maxima frequentia ac multi- 
tudine, fit obviam casu ei multitudini C. Curio; quem ego 190 



lO CICERO S OEA^TIOlSrS 

liominem honoris potius quam contumeliae causa nomina- 
tiim volo. Etenim ea dicam^ quae ille, si comiiiemorari 
noluisset, noii tanto in conventii tarn aperte palamqiie dixis- 
set; quae tameri a me pedetemptim cauteque dicentur, at 

195 et amicitiae nostrae et dignitatis illius liabita ratio esse in- 
tellegatur. 19. Videt ad ipsum fornicem Pabianum in 
turba Verreni. Appellat liominem^ et ei voce maxima gratii- 
latur. Ipsi Ilortensio, qui consul erat factus, propinquis 
necessariisque eius, qui tum aderant, verbum nullum facit. 

200 Cum hoc consistit; hunc amplexatur; hunc iubet sine cura 
esse. / Eenuntio/ inquit^ Hibi te hodiernis comitiis esse 
absolutum.' Quod cum tam multi homines honestissimi 
audissent, sfcatim ad me defertur: immo yero^ ut quisque 
me viderat, narrabat. 

205 Aliis illud indignum, aliis ridiculum videbatur: ridicu- 
lum eis qui istius causam in testium fide, in criminum 
ratione, in iudicum potestate, non in comitiis cousularibus 
positam arbitrabantur; indignum eis qui altius aspiciebant, 
et banc gratulationem ad iudicium corrumpendum spectare 

210 videbant. 20. Etenim sic ratiocinabantur, sic honestissimi 
homines inter se et mecum loquebantur: aperte iam et per- 
spicue nulla esse indicia. Qui reus pridie iam ipse se con- 
demnatum putabat, is, postea quam defensor eius consul est 
fact us, absolyitur. Quid igitur ? quod tota Sicilia, quod 

215 omnes Siculi, omnes negotiatores, omnes publicae priva- 
taeque litterae Komae sunt, nihilne id valebit ? Nihil, in- 
vito consule designate. Quid ? iudices non crimina, non 
testis, non existimationem populi Komani sequentur ? Non : 
omnia in unius potestate ac moderatione vertentur. 

Further cause for alarm was furnished in the appointment 'by lot of 
his friend M. Metellus as presiding judge of this court for next 
year. At the same time, in order to diimi my attention, schemes 
of bribery on a large scale ivere set afoot in a plot to defeat my 
election as curule aedile, 

220 VIII. Vere loquar, iudices: vehementer me haec res 
commovebat. Optimus enim quisque ita loquebatur: ' Iste 



impeach:mekt of terres il 

quidern tibi eripietui% sed nos non teiiebimus indicia diutius. 
Eteiiim qiiis poterit^ Verre absoluto^ de transferendis iudiciis 
recusare?' 21. Erat omnibus molestum: neque eos tarn 
istius bomiiiis perditi subita laetitia, qiiam hominis amplis- 225 
simi nova gratulatio^ commovebat. Cupiebam dissimulare 
me id moleste ferre. Cupiebam animi dolorem voltu tegere^ 
et taciturnitate celare. Ecce autem, illis ipsis diebus^ cum 
praetores designati sortirentur, et M. Metello obtigisset, ut 
is de pecuniis re2)etandis quaereret^, nimtiatur milii tantam 230 
isti gratulationem esse factam^ nt is domum quoque pueros 
mitteret qui uxori suae nuntiarent. 

22. Sane ne haec quidem milii res placebat : neque tamen 
tanto opere quid in hac sorte metuendum mi hi esset^ intel- 
, legebam. Unum illud ex liominibiis certis^, ex quibus omnia 235 
comperi, rej)eriebam: fiscos compluris cum pecunia Siciliensi 
a quodam senatore ad equitem Komanum esse translatos; ex 
his quasi decem fiscos ad senatorem ilium relictos esse comi- 
tiorum meorum nomine; divisores omnium tribuum noctu 
ad istum vocatos. 23. Ex quibus quidam^ qui se omnia 240 
mea causa debere arbitrabatur^ eadem ilia nocte ad me venit. 
Demonstrat qua iste oratione usus esset: commemorasse 
istum quam liberaliter eos tractasset etiam antea^ cum ipse 
praeturam petisset^ et proximis consularibus praetoriisque 
comitiis; deinde coutinuo esse poUicitum quantam vellent 245 
pecuniam, si me aediiitate deiecissent. Hie alios negasse 
audere, alios respondisse, non putare id perfici j^osse; inven- 
tum tamen esse fortem amicum ex eadem familia, Q, Ver- 
rem^ Eomilia^, ex optima divisorum disciplina, patris istius 
discipulum atque amicum, qui, HS quingentis milibus de- 250 
positis, id se perfecturum polliceretur; eb fuisse tum non 
nuUos qui se una facturos esse dicerent. Quae cum ita 
essent, sane benevolo animo me, ut magno opere caverem, 
praemonebat. 



12 CICERO S ORATION'S 

Harassed as I ivas hy the presence of these two danger's, I ivas m spite 
of all triumpha7itly elected. Wlien thus free to give my whole 
time to this case, I discovered that the consuls-elect were tamper- 
ing with the Sicilia7i witnesses in an effort to have the trial post- 
poned. 

255 IX. 24. SoUicitabar rebus maximis uno atque eo per- 
exiguo tempore: iirgebant comitia, et in eis ipsis oppugna- 
bar grandi pecunia; iostabat iudiciuni; ei quoque negotio 
fisci Sicilienses minabaQtur. Agere quae ad iudiciiim per- 
tinebant libere^ comitiorum metu deterrebar; petitioni toto 

260 animo servire propter iudicium non licebat. Minari denique 
divisoribiis ratio non erat, propterea quod eos intellegere 
videbam, me hoc iudicio district um atque obligatum futu- 
rum. 25. Atque hoc ipso tempore Siculis denuntiatum esse* 
audio, primum ab Hortensio, domum ad ilhim ut yenirent; 

265 Siculos in eo sane liberos fuisse^ qui quam ob rem arcesse- 
rentur cum intellegerent^ non venisse. 

Interea comitia nostra^ quorum iste se, ut ceterorum hoc 
anno comitiorum^ dominum esse arbitrabatui% haberi coepta 
sunt. Cursare iste homo potens, cum filio blando et grati- 

270 oso^ circum tribus; paternos amicos — hoc est, divisores — 
appellare omnis et convenire. Quod cum esset intellectum 
et animadversum, fecit animo libentissimo populus Eoma- 
nus, ut cuius divitiae me de fide deducere non potuissent, 
ne eiusdem pecunia de honore deicerer. 

275 26. Postea quam ilia petitionis magna cura liberatus sum, 
animo coepi multo magis vacuo ac soluto nihil aliud nisi de 
iudicio agere et cogitare. Eeperio, indices, haec ab istis 
consilia inita et constituta, ut, quacumque posset ratione, 
res ita duceretur, ut apud M. Metellum praetorem causa 

280 dicerefcur. In eo esse haec commoda: primum M. Metel- 
lum amicissimum, deinde Hortensium consulem non solum, 
sed etiam Q. Metellum, qui quam isti sit amicus attendite : 
dedit enim praerogativam suae voluntatis eius modi, ut isti 
pro praerogativis eam reddidisse videatur. 27. An me taci- 

285 turum tantis de rebus existimavistis ? et me, in tanto rei 



IMPEACHMENT OF YEREES 1 3 

publicae existimationisque meae j^^i'iciilO;, cuiquam consiil- 
turum potius quam officio et dignitati meae ? Arcessit alter 
consul designatus Siculos; veniunt non nulli, propterea 
quod L. iletellus esset praetor in Sicilia. Cum his ita 
loquitur: se consulem esse; fratrem suum alterum Siciliam 290 
provincial obtinere^ alterum esse quaesiturum de pecuniis 
repetundis; Verri ne noceri possit, multis rationibus esse 
provisum. 

Verres has good reason to imsh for a postponement of the trial to next 
year. He would then have the two consuls and the judge on his 
side with a new jury to try him. Nor are his hopes icithout some 
foundation, sijice the holiday season will soon he at hand. 

X. 28. Quid est, quaeso, Metelle, iudicium corrumpere, 
si hoc non est ? testis, praesertim Siculos, timidos homines 295 
et adflictos, non solum auctoritate deterrere, sed etiam con- 
sulari metu et duorum praetorum potestate ? Quid faceres 
pro innocente homine et propinquo, cum propter hominem 
perditissimum atque alienissimum de officio ac dignitate 
decedis, et committis, ut, quod ille dictitat, alicui, qui te 300 
ignoret, verum esse videatur ? 

29. Xam hoc Yerrem dicere aiebant: te non fato, ut 
ceteros ex yestra familia, sed opera sua consulem factum. 
Duo igitur consules et quaesitor erunt ex illius voluntate. 
'Xon solum efEugiemus/ inquit, * hominem in quaerendo 305 
nimium diligentem, nimium servientem populi existima- 
tioni, M'. Glabrionem. Accedet etiam nobis illud: index 
est M. Caesonius, conlega nostri accusatoris, homo in rebus 
iudicandis spectatus et cognitus, quem minime expediat esse 
in eo consilio, quod conemur aliqua ratione corrampere, 310 
propterea quod iam antea, cum index in luniano consilio 
fuisset, turpissimum illud facinus non solum graviter tulit, 
sed etiam in medium protulit. Hunc iudicem ex Kal. lanu- 
ariis non habebimus. 30. Q. Manlium et Q. Cornificium, 
duos severissimos atque integerrimos indices, quod tribuni 315 
plebis turn erunt, indices non habebimus. P. SuliDicius, 



14 ClOERO^S ORATIONS 

index tristis et integer, magistratnm ineat o|)ortet Nonis 
Decembribuis. M. Crepereius ex acerrima ilia equestri 
familia et disciplina; L. Cassius ex familia, cum ad ceteras 

320 res, turn ad iudicandum, severissima; On. Tremelliiis, homo 
summa religione et diligentia, — tres hi homines vetere& 
tribuni militares sunt designati: ex Kal. laniiariis non 
iudicabunt. Subsortiemur etiam in M. Metelli locum, qno- 
niam is liuic ipsi quaestioni praef uturus est. Ita secundum 

325 Kalendas lanuarias, et praetore et prope toto consilio com- 

mutato, magnas accusatoris minas magnamque exspecta- 

tionem iudici ad nostrum arbitrium libidinemque eludemus. ' 

31. Nonae sunt hodie Sextiles. Hora yiii. convenire 

coepistis. Hunc diem iam ne numerant quidem. Decem 

330 dies sunt ante ludos votivos, quos Cn. Pompeius facturus 
est. Hi ludi dies quindecim auferent; deinde continue 
Komani consequentur. Ita prope XL. diebus interpositis, 
turn denique se ad ea quae a nobis dicta erunt, responsuros 
esse arbitrantur; delude se ducturos, et dicendo et excii- 

335 sando, facile ad ludos Victoriae. Cum his plebeios esse 
coniunctos; secundum quos aut nuUi aut perpauci dies ad 
agendum f uturi sunt. Ita defessa ac ref rigerata accusatione, 
rem integram ad M. Metellum praetorem esse venfcuram. 
Quem ego hominem, si eius fidei diffisus essem, iudicem non 

340 retinuissem. 32. Nunc tamen hoc animo sum, ut eo iudice 
quam praetore hanc rem transigi malim, et iurato suam 
quam iniurato aliorum tabellas committere. 

I am therefore forced to dispense with the usual elaoorate speech in 
opening, and malce it my chief aim to defeat the trickery of Verres 
and his counsel Hortensius. 

XI. Nunc ego, indices, iam vos consulo quid mihi facien- 
dum putetis. Id enim consili mihi profecto taciti dabitis, 
345 quod egomet mihi necessario capiendum intellego. Si utar 
ad dicendum meo legitime tempore, mei laboris, industriae 
diligentiaeque capiam fructum; et ex accusatione perficiam 
ut nemo umquam, post hominum memoriam, paratior, vigi- 



impeachme:n"t of terkes 15 

lautior, compositior ad indicium venisse videatur. Sed in 
hac laude industriae meae^ reus ne elabatur, summum peri- 350 
culum est. Quid est igibur quod fieri possit? Non obscu- 
rum^ opinor, neque absconditum. 33. Fructum istum laudis, 
qui ex perpetua oratione percipi potuit, in alia tempora 
reservemus: nunc hominem tabulis^ testibus, privatis pu- 
blicisque litteris auctoritatibusque accusemus. Res omnis 355 
mihi tecum erit^, Hortensi. Dicam aperte. Si te mecum 
dicendo ac diluendis criminibus in hac causa contendere 
putarem, ego quoque in accusando atqae in explicandis 
criminibus operam consumerem. Nunc, quoniam pugnare 
contra me instituisti, non tam ex tua natura, quam ex istius 360 
tempore et causa malitiose, necesse est istias modi ratio ni 
aliquo consilio obsistere. 34. Tua ratio est ut secundum 
binos ludos mihi respondere incipias; mea^ ut ante primos 
ludos comperendinem. Ita fiet ut tua ista ratio existimetur 
astuta, meum hoc consilium necessarium. 365 

Honored as I feel hy the confidence which the Sicilians have shown in 
me, I have yet higher aims than the task merely of bringing Verres 
to justice. In this great state trial I intend to strihe at the very 
root of the matter hy dealing with Hortensius as the representative 
of a thoroughly corrupt cause, 

XII. Verum illud, quod institueram dicere — mihi rem 
tecum esse — huius modi est. Ego cum hanc causam Sicu- 
lorum rogatu recepissem, idque m_ihi amplum efcpraeclarum 
existimassem^ eos Telle meae fidei diligentiaeqne periculum 
facere, qui innocentiae abstinentiaeque fecissent; tum, sus- 370 
cepto negotio, mains quiddam mihi proposui, in quo meam 
in rem publicam vohmtatem populus Eomanus perspicere 
posset. 35. Nam illud mihi nequaquam dignum industria 
conatuque meo videbatur, istum a me in indicium, iam om- 
nium iudicio condemnatum, vocari, nisi ista tua intolerabilis 375 
potentia et ea cupiditas, qua per hosce annos in quibusdam 
iudiciis usus es, etiam in istius hominis desperati causa in- 
terponeretur. Nunc vero, quoniam haec te omnis dominatio 



l6 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

regnumque iudiciornm tanto opere delectat^ et sunt homines 

380 quos libidinis infamiaeque suae iieqiie pudeat iieque taedeat 
(qui, quasi de industria, in odium offensionemque populi 
Romani inruere videantnr) hoc me profiteor suscepisse ma- 
gnum fortasse onus et mihi periculosissimum, verum tamen 
dignum in quo omnis nervos aetatis industriaeque meae 

385 contenderem. 

36. Quoniam totus ordo paucorum improbitate et auda- 
cia premitur, et urgetur infamia iudiciorum, profiteor huic 
generi hominum me inimicum accusatorem, odiosum, ad- 
siduum, acerbum adversarium. Hoc mihi sumo, hoc mihi 

390 deposco, quod agam in magistratu; quod agam ex eo loco, 
ex quo me popuhis Romanus ex Kal. lanuariis secum agere 
de re publica ac de hominibus improbis voluit. Hoc munus 
aedilitatis meae populo Romano amplissimum pulcherri- 
mumque polliceor. Moneo, praedico, ante denuntio: qui 

395 aut deponere aut accipere aut recipere aut polliceri, aut 
sequestres aut interpretes corrumpendi iudici solent esse, 
quique ad hauc rem aut potentiam aut impudentiam suam 
professi sunt, abstineant in hoc iudicio manus animosque 
ab hoc scelere nefario. 

Next year Hortensius ivlll he consul, I only aedile ; yet the strength of 
my cause gives me all the advantage. I intend to expose in detail 
the corruption of the courts for the last ten years in contrast with 
their pnrity for forty years of equestrian control. 

400 XIII. 37. Erit tum consul Hortensius, cum sum mo im- 
perio et potestate; ego autem aedilis, — hoc est, paulo am- 
plius quam privatus. Tamen huius modi haec res est, quam 
me acturum esse polliceor, ita populo Romano grata atque 
iucunda, ut ipse consul in hac causa prae me minus etiam, 

405 si fieri possit, quam privatus esse videatur. Omnia non 
modo commemorabuntur, sed etiam, expositis certis rebus, 
agentur, quae inter decem annos, postea quam indicia ad 
senatum translata sunt, in rebus iudicandis nefarie flagi- 
tioseque facta sunt. 



IMPEACHMENT OF YEEBES 1 7 

38. Cognoscet ex me populus Eomanus quid sit quam 410 
ob rem^ cum equester ordo iudicaret, annos prope quiuqua- 
giuta continues^ in nuUo iudice, equite Eomano iudicante, 
ne tenuissima quidem suspicio acceptae pecuniae ob rem 
iudicandam constituta sit; quid sit quod^ iudiciis ad sena- 
torium ordinem translatis, sublataque populi Komani in 415 
unum quemque vestrum potestate^ Q. Calidius damnatus 
dixerit^ minoris HS triciens praetorium hominem honeste 
non posse damnari; quid sit quod, P. Septimio senatore 
damnato, Q. Hortensio praetore, de pecuniis repetundis lis 
aestimata sit eo nomine, quod ille ob rem iudicandam pecu- 420 
niam accepisset; 39. quod in C. Herennio, quod in C. Po- 
pilio (senatoribus, qui ambo peculatus damnati sunt), quod 
in M. Atilio (qui de maiestate damnatus est), hoc planum 
factum sit, eos pecuniam ob rem iudicandam accepisse; 
quod inyenti sint senatores qui, C. Verre praetore urbano 425 
sortiente, exirent in eum reum quem, incognita causa, con- 
demnarent; quod inventus sit senator, qui, cum index esset, 
in eodem iudicio et ab reo pecuniam acciperet quam iudicibus 
clivideret, et ab accusatore ut reum condemnaret. 40. lam 
vero quo modo ego illam labem, ignominiam, calamitatem- 430 
que totius ordinis conquerar, hoc factum esse in hac civitate, 
cum senatorius ordo iudicaret, ut discoloribus signis iura- 
torum hominum sententiae notarentur? Haec omnia me 
diligenter severeque acturum esse polliceor. 

Li the present case, evidence of the rascally aims of Verves is clear 
from the undisguised maimer m tvhich he spoJce in Sicily of '* the 
three fortimes which he needed to make," Foreign nations ivill 
soon he petitioning the Roman people to aholish altogether the 
court de repetundis, since it has only served to treble the extortion 
practised by Roman governors, 

XIV. Quo me tandem animo fore putatis, si quid in hoc 435 
ipso iudicio intellexero simili aliqua ratione esse violatum 
atque commissum ? cum planum facere multis testibus pos- 
sim, C. Yerrem in Sicilia, multis audientibus, saepe dixisse, 
2 



1 8 CICERO's OHATIOKS 

se habere liominem potentem ciims fiducia provinciam spoli- 
440 aret; neqiie sibi soli pecuniam qnaerere, sed ita trienniimi 
illud praeturae Siciliensis distribntam habere^ ut secum 
praeclare agi diceret^ si unius anni quaestum in rem suam 
converteret ; alterum patronis et defensoribus traderet; 
tertium ilium iiberrimum quaestuosissimumque annum 
445 totum iudicibus reservaret. 

41. Ex quo milii venit in mentem illud dicere, quod 
. apud M'. Glabrionem nuper cum in reiciundis iudicibus 

commemorassem^ intellexi veliementer populum Romanum 
commoveri: me arbifcrari fore uti nationes exterae legates 

450 ad populum Romanum mitterent, ut lex de pecuniis repe- 
tundis iudiciumque tolleretur. Si enim indicia nulla sint, 
tantum unum quemque ablaturum putant, quantum sibi ac 
liberis suis satis esse arbitretur; nunc, quod eius modi indi- 
cia sint, tantum unum quemque auferre, quantum sibi, 

455 patronis, advocatis, praetori, iudicibus satis futurum sit; 
hoc profecto infinitum esse : se avarissimi liominis cupiditati 
' satis facere posse, nocentissimi victoriae non posse. 

42. commemoranda indicia praeclaramque existima- 
tionem nostri ordinis! cum socii populi Romani indicia de 

460 pecuniis repetundis fieri nolunt, quae a maioribus nostris 
sociorum causa comparata sunt! An iste umquam de se 
bonam spem habuisset, nisi de vobis malam opinionem 
animo imbibisset? Quo maiore etiam, si fieri potest, apud 
vos odio esse debet, qnam est apud populum Romanum, cum 

465 in avaritia, scelere, periurio vos sui similis esse arbitretur. 

Owing to the had name of the senato7^ial juries, the whole senatorial 
order has fallen into disrepute. Hence the popular demand for a 
restoration of the tribunician poivers as recently manifested at 
the contio held by Pompey. 

XV. 43. Cui loco, per deos immortalis! indices, con- 
sulite ac providete. Moneo praedicoque id quod intellego: 
tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse, ut odio, invidia, 
infamia, turpitudine totum ordinem liberetis. Nulla in 



IMPEACHMEis^T OF YERRES I9 

iudiciis severitas, nulla religio^ nulla denique iam existiman- 470 
tur esse indicia. Itaque a poj)ulo Eomano contemnimnr, 
despicimur. Gravi diuturnaque iam flagramus infamia. 
44. Ifeque enim nllam aliam ob causam populus Romanns 
tribuniciam potestatem tanto studio requisivit; quam cum 
poscebat, verbo illam poscere videbatur, re vera indicia po- 475 
scebat. Xeqne hoc Q. Catulnm^ bominem sapientissimum 
atqne amplissimum, fugit; qui, On. Pompeio viro fortissimo 
eb clarissimo de tribunicia potestate referente, cum esset 
sententiam rogatus, hoc initio est snmma cum anctoritate 
usus : Patres conscriptos indicia male et flagitiose tneri : quod 480 
si^ in rebus indicandis^ populi Romani existimationi satis 
facere Yoluissent, non tanto opere homines f uisse tribuni- 
ciam potestatem desideraturos. 45. Ipse denique Cn. Pom- 
peius, cum primum contionem ad nrbem consnl designatus 
habuit, ubi (id quod maxime exspectari videbatur) ostendit 485 
se tribnniciam potestatem restituturum, factus est in eo 
strepitus et grata contionis admnrmnratio. Idem in eadem 
contione cum dixisset, populatas yexatasqne esse provincias; 
indicia autem turpia ac flagitiosa fieri: ei rei se providere 
ac consulere velle, turn vero non strepitu^ sed maximo cla- 490 
more suam populns Romanns significavit volnntatem. 

The sejiatorial order itself is now on trial. If Verves with all his 
guilt he acquitted hy such a jury as this, then the juries of the 
future must he chosen from some other order. 

XVI. 46. N"unc autem homines in speculis sunt. Ob- 
servant quem ad modum sese nnus quisque nostrum gerafc 
in retinenda religione conservandisqne legibus. Yident 
adhuc, post legem tribuniciam, nnum senatorem hominem 495 
vel tenuissimum esse damnatum: quod tametsi non repre- 
hendunt, tamen magno opere quod laudent non habent. 
Nulla est enim laus, ibi esse integrum, ubi nemo est qui aiit 
possit ant conetur corrnmpere. 47. Hoc est indicium in 
quo vos de reo, populus Romanns de vobis iudicabit. In 500 



20 CICERO S ORATIONS 

hoc liomiue statuetur^ possitne, senatoribus iudicantibus, 
liomo nocentissimus pecuniosissimusque damnari. Deinde 
est eius modi reus^ in quo liomine nihil sit, praeter summa 
peccata maximamque pecuniam; ut, si liberatus sit, nulla 

505 alia snspicio, nisi ea quae turpissima est, residere possit. 
Non gratia, non cognatione, non aliis recte factis, non de- 
nique aliquo mediocri vitio, tot tantaque eius yitia suble- 
vata esse videbuntur. 48. Postremo ego causam sic agam, 
iudices; eius modi res, ita notas, ita testatas, ita magnas, ita 

510 manifestas proferam, iit nemo a vobis, ut istum absolvatis, 
per gratiam conetur contendere. Habeo autem certam viam 
atque rationem, qua omnis illorum conatus investigare et 
consequi possim. Ita res a me agetur, ut in eorum con- 
siliis omnibus non modo aures hominum, sed etiam oculi 

515 popnli Eomani interesse videantur. 49. Vos aliquot iam 
per annos conceptam huic ordini turpitudinem atque in- 
famiam delere ac toUere potestis. Constat inter omnis, post 
liaec constituta indicia quibus nunc utimur, nullum hoc 
splendore atque hac dignitate consilium f uisse. Hie si quid 

520 erit offensum, omnes homines non iam ex eodem ordine 
alios magis idoneos, quod fieri non potest, sed alum omnino 
ordinem ad res iudicandas quaerendum arbitrabuntur. 

May Verves prove the only criminal in this trial, and may the iwe- 
siding judge, remembering the noUe examples of his father and 
grandfather, use his every effort to secure a righteous verdict. 

XVII. 50. Quapropter, primum ab dis immortalibus, 
quod sperare mihi videor, hoc idem, iudices, op to, ut in hoc 

525 iudicio nemo improbus praeter eum qui iam pridem inven- 
tus est, reperiatur; deinde, si plures improbi fuerint, hoc 
vobis, hoc populo Eomano, iudices, confirmo, vitam meher- 
cule mihi prius quam vim perse verantiamque ad illorum 
improbitatem persequendam defuturam. 

530 51. Verum quod ego laboribus, periculis, inimicitiisque 
meis tum, cum admissum erit, dedecus severe me persecu- 



IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 21 

turum esse polliceor, id ne acciclat, tii tua auctoritate^ saj)!- 
entia^, diligeutia^ M'. Glabrio^ potes providere. Sascipe 
causam iudiciorum; suscipe causam veritatis, integritatis^ 
lidei^ religionis; suscipe causam senatus^ ut is^ hoc iiidicio 535 
probatiis, cum populo Romano et in laude et in gratia esse 
possit. Cogita qui sis, quo loco sis, quid dare populo Ro- 
mano, quid reddere maioribus tuis debeas. Fac tibi pater- 
nae legis Aciliae veniat in mentem, qua lege populus Ro- 
maniis de pecuniis repetundis optimis iudiciis severissimisque 540 
iudicibus usus est. 52. Circumstant te summae auctori- 
tates, quae te oblivisci laudis domesticae non sinant, quae 
te noctis diesque commoneant, fortissimum tibi patrem, sapi- 
entissimum avum, gravissimum socerum fuisse. Qua re, si 
Glabrionis patris yim et acrimoniam ceperis ad resistendum 545 
liominibus audacissimis ; si avi Scaevolae j)rudentiam ad pro- 
spiciendas insidias, quae tuae atque horum famae compa- 
rantur; si soceri Scauri constantiam, ut ne quis te de vera 
et certa possit sententia demovere; intelleget populus Ro- 
manus, integerrimo atqae lionestissimo praetore, delectoque 550 
consilio, nocenti reo magnitudinem pecuniae plus habuisse 
momentiad suspicionem criminis quam ad rationem salutis. 

Neither praetor nor jury shall he changed in this case : on this point 
I have made up my mind, for every consideration points to the 
importance of a speedy trial. I ivill, therefore, simply state the 
charge, and proceed immediately to introduce the witnesses. 

XVIII. 53. Mihi certum est non committere, ut in hac 
causa praetor nobis consiliumque mutetur. Xon patiar 
rem in id tempus adduci, ut Siculi, quos adhuc servi desi- 555 
gnatorum consulum non moverunt, cum eos novo exemplo 
univ^ersos arcesserent, eos tum lictores consulum vocent; ut 
homines miseri, antea socii atque amici populi Romani, 
nunc servi ac supplices, non modo ius suum fortunasque 
omnis eorum imperio amittant, verum etiam deplorandi 560 
iuris sui potestatem non habeant. 54. Xon sinam profecto, 
causa a me perorata, quadraginta diebus interpositis, tum 



22 CICERO S ORATIONS 

nobis denique responderi, cum accusatio nostra in oblivio- 
nem diurnitate addacta sit. Non committam ui turn haec 

565 res iadicetur, cum haec frequentia totius Italiae Eoma dis- 
cesserit, quae convenit uno tempore undique comitiorum, 
ludorum, ceiisendique causa. Huias iudici et laudis fruc- 
tum, et offensionis periculum, vestrum; laborem sollicitu- 
dinemque^ nostram; scientiam quid agatur, memoriamqae 

570 quid a quoque dictum sit^ omnium puto esse oportere. 

55. Faciam hoc non novum^ sed ab eis, qui nunc prin- 
cipes nostrae civitatis sunt, ante factum, ut testibus utar 
statim: illud a me novum, indices, cognoscetis, quod ita 
testis constituam, ut crimen totum explicem, ut ubi id in- 

575 terrogando argumeutis atque oratione firmavero, tum testis 
ad crimen adcommodem; ut nihil inter illam usitatam accu- 
sationem atque hanc novam intersit, nisi quod in ilia tunc, 
cum omnia dicta sunt, testes dantur, hie in singulas res 
dabuntur: ut illis quoque eadem interrogandi facultas, 

580 argumentandi dicendique sit. Si quis erit qui perpetuam 
orationem accusationemque desideret, altera actione audiet. 
Nunc id, quod facimus — ea ratione facimus, ut malitiae illo- 
rum consilio nostro occurramus — necessario fieri intellegat. 
Haec primae actionis erit accusatio. 

585 56. Dicimus C. Yerrem, cum multa libidinose, multa 
crudeliter in civis Komanos atque in socios, multa in decs 
hominesque nefarie fecerit, tum praeterea quadringentiens 
sestertium ex Sicilia contra leges abstulisse. Hoc testibus, 
hoc tabulis privatis publicisque auctoritatibiis ita vobis pla- 

590 num faciemus, ut hoc statuatis: etiam si spatium ad dicen- 
dum nostro commodo vacuosque dies habuissemus, tamen* 
oratione longa nihil opus f uisse. Dixi. 



J 



THE MANILIAN LAW 



23 



The speech known as the Pro Lege Ilaiiilia, which should really 
be described as the panegyric of Pompeius and of the Roman people, 
does not show any profound appreciation of the problems which then 
confronted the Republic; but the greatness of the Republic itself 
never found a more august interpreter. The stately passage [§§ 29-32] 
in which Italy and the subject provinces are called on to bear witness 
to the deeds of Pompeius breathes the very spirit of an imperial race. 
Throughout this and the other great speeches of the period "the 
Roman people " is a phrase that keeps perpetually recurring with an 
effect like that of a bourdon stop. As the eye glances down the page, 
consul populi Eomani, imperium populi Romani, fortuna popidi 
Eomani, glitter out of the voluminous periods with a splendor that 
hardly any other words could give. — Mackail's Latin Literature, 
page 67. 



24 



THE MANILIAN LAW* 



This is a great honor, fellow-citizens , hut it is one which the plans of 
my life have hitherto prevented my enjoying. Your approbation^ 
hoivever, and the nature of my theme inspire me now to speak. 

QuAMQUAM mihi semper freqiiens conspectus vester 
multo iucundissimus, liic autem locus acl agendum amplis- 
simus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus. Qui rites, tamen 
hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit, 
non mea me voluntas adliuc, sed vitae meae rationes ab 5 
ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Xam, cum an tea 
per aetatem nondum liuius auctoritatem loci attingere au- 
derem, statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingonio, 
elaboratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum tempus 
amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. 2. Ita iieque 10 
hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab eis, qui vestram causam 
defenderent, et mens labor, in privatorum periculis caste 
integreque versatus, ex vestro iudicio fructum est amplis- 

QuESTiONS {for the answers see the Notes). — 1. What was the object 
of the Manilian law ? 2. Give some account of the Third Mithridatic 
War up to this time. 3. In what recent war had Pompey won great 
distinction ? 4. Name the law by which he was intrusted with that 
command. 5. In what year was the present (Manilian) law pro- 
posed ? 6. Tell the circumstances that were favorable to Cicero's 
oratory on this occasion (age, previous successes, prospects, and the 
general feeling about the Manilian law). 7. Wliat is meant by a 
contio ? 8. Give the rhetorical outline of this oration, naming its 
several parts and the aim of ea^ih. 



e^h 



"^ The running argument is made much shorter in this speech than 
in the others, by reason of the fuller rhetorical treatment in the Notes. 

25 



26 Cicero's oeatioks 

simum consecutus. Nam^ cam propter dilationem comi- 

15 tiorum ter praetor primus centuriis cunctis reniintiatus sum^ 
facile intellexi, Quirites^ et quid de me iudicaretis et quid 
aliis praescriberetis. N"unc^ cum et auctoritatis iu me tan- 
tum sit, quantum yos honoribus mandandis esse Yoluistis, 
et ad agendum facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilauti 

20 ex forensi.usu prope cotidiana dicendi exercitatio potuit 
adferre, certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos 
utar, qui eam mihi dederunt, et si quid in dicendo consequi 
possum, eis ostendam potissimum, qui ei quoque rei fruc- 
tum suo iudicio tribuendum esse duxerunt. 3. Atqne illud 

25 in primis milii laetandum iure esse video, quod in hac in- 
solita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dicendi causa talis oblata est, 
in qua oratio deesse nemini possit. Dicendnm est enim de 
Cn. Pompei singulari eximiaque virtute. Huius autem ora- 
tionis difRcilius est exitum quam principium in venire; ita 

30 mihi non tam copia quam modus in dicendo quaerendus est. 

For I come to speak of the Mithridatic Wai\ and of the man whom 
all demand, to complete Lucidlus^ worh. ' 

II. 4. Atque, ut inde oratio mea proficiscatur, unde haec 
omnis causa ducitur, bellum grave et periculosum vestris 
vectigalibns ac sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus infer- 
tur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relic tus, alter laces- 

35 situs, occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse 
arbitrantur. Equitibus Eomanis, honestissimis viris, adfe- 
runtur ex Asia cotidie litterae, quorum magnae res aguntnr 
in vestris vectigalibus exercendis occupatae; qui ad me pro 
necessitudine, quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causam rei 

40 publicae periculaque rerum suarnm detulerunt. 5. Bithy- 
niae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos esse com- 
pluris; regnum Ariobarzanis, •uod finitimurn est vestris 
vectigalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate; L. LucuUiim, 
magnis rebus gestis, ab eo bello discedere; huic qui succes- 

45 serit, non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum admini- 



THE MAKILIAK LAW 2J 

isL rand urn; unum ab omnibus sociis efc civibus ad id bell urn 
imperatorem deposci afcque expeti. euDdem liunc unum ab 
hostibus metui^ praeterea neminem. 6. Causa quae sit 
videtis: nunc quid agendum sit, considerate. Primum 
milii videtur de genere belli, delude de magnitudine, tum 50 
de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum. 

The ivar is one of far -reaching scope. 

Genus est belli eius modi, quod maxime vestros animos 
excitare atqae inflammare ad persequendi studium debeat: 
in quo agitur populi Komani gloria, quae Yobis a maioribus 
cum magna in omnibus rebus tum summa in re militari 55 
tradita est; agitur salus sociorum atque amicorum, pro qua 
multa maiores vestri magna et gravia bella gesserunt; agun- 
tur certissima populi Komaui vectigalia et maxima, quibus 
amissis et pads ornamenta et subsidia belli requiretis; agun- 
turbona multorum civium, quibus est a vobis et ipsorum et 60 
rei publicae causa consulendum. 

Firsts the honor of the Roman arms is at stake. 

III. 7. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter 
ceteras gentis atque avidi laudis f uistis, delenda est vobis ilia 
macula Mithridatico bello superiore concepta, quae penitus 
iam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Eomani nomine, 65 
quod is, qui uno die, tota in Asia, tot in civitatibus, uno 
nuntio atque una significatione litterarnm clvis Romanes 
necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non modo adhuc poe- 
nam nuUam suo dignam scelere suscepit, sed ab illo tempore 
annum iam tertium et vicesimum regnat, et ita regnat, ut 70 
se non Ponti neque Cappadociae latebris occultare velit, sed 
emergere ex patrio regno atque in vestris yectigalibus — lioc 
est, in Asiae luce — versari. 8. Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum 
illo rege contenderunt imperatores, ut ab illo insignia vic- 
toriae, non victoriam reportarent. Triumpbavit L. Sulla, 75 
triumphavit L. Murena de Mitliridate, duo fortissimi viri 



28 OrCERO^S ORATIOIsrS 

et summi imperatores, sed ifca triunipliariiut, lit ille pulsus 
superatusque regnaret. A^erum tameii illis imperatoribus 
laus est tribuenda quod egerunt, veiiia danda quod relique- 
80 runt, propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res 
pnblica, Murenam Sulla reyoca\^it. 

Mithridates has slioiun great activity, 

lY. 9. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non 
ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi 
contnlit; qui postea cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque 

85 classis, exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex gentibus 
potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis finitimis suis bellum 
inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legates ac litteras 
misit ad eos duces, quibuscum -turn bellum gerebamus, ut, 
cum duobus in locis, disiunctissimis maximeque diversis, 

90 uno consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum terra marique 
gereretur, vos ancipiti contentione districti de imperio dimi- 
caretis. 10. Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertoria- 
nae atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamenti ac 
roboris liabebat, Cn. Pompei divino consilio ac singulari 

95 virtu te depulsum est; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo 
summo viro est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum 
magna atque praeclara non felicitati eius, sed virtuti, haec 
autem extrema, quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae, sed for- 
tunae tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio 
100 loco, et ita dicam, Qui rites, ut neque vera laus ei detracta 
oratione mea neque falsa adficta esse videatur. 11. De 
vestri imperi dignitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus 
orationis meae, videte quem vobis animum suscipiendum 
putetis. 

Compare our present conduct with that of our forefathers. 

105 V. Maiores nostri saepe mercatoribus aut naviculariis 
nostris iniuriosius tractatis bella gesserunt: vos, tot milibus 
civium Eomanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore necatis. 



THE MANILIAK LAW 29 

quo tandem auirno esse debetis ? Legati quod erant appel- 
lati superbius, Corintlium patres vestri fcotiiis Graeciae ] ameu 
exstinctum esse voluerunt: vos eiini regem inultuni esse 110 
patiemini^ qui legatum populi Eomani consularem^ vinculis 
ac yerberibus atque omni supplicio excruciatum, necavit? 
lUi libertateni imminutam civiuni Komanorum non tule- 
runt : vos ereptam yitam neglegetis ? lus legationis yerbo 
yiolatum illi persecuti sunt: yos legatum omni supplicio 115 
interfectum relinquetis ? 12. Videte ne^ ut illis pulclier- 
rimum fuit tantam yobis imperi gloriam tradere^, sic yobis 
turpissimum sit, id quod accepistis, tueri et conseryare non 
posse. 

Our hard-pressed allies are crying for help. 

Quid ? quod salus sociorum summum in periculum ac 120 
discrimen yocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis ? Regno 
est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi Eomani atque 
amicus. Imminent duo reges toti Asiae non solum yobis 
inimicissimi, sed etiam yestris sociis atque amicis; civitates 
autem omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia yestrum auxilium 125 
exspectare propter periculi magnitudinem coguntur; impe- 
ratorem a yobis certum deposcere, cum praesertim yos alium 
miseritis, neque audent, neque se id facere sine summo 
periculo posse arbitrantur. 13. Ardent et sentiunt hoc 
idem quod yos: unum yirum esse, in quo summa sint omnia, icO 
et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius; cuius ad- 
yentu ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum bellum 
yenerit, tamen impetus hostium represses esse intellegunt 
ac retardates. Hi yos, quoniam libere loqui non licet, tacite 
rogant, ut se qiioque, sicut ceterarum provinciarum socios, 135 
dignos existimetis, quorum salutem tali yiro commendetis, 
atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in proyinciam eius 
modi homines cum imperio mittimus, ut etiam si ab hoste 
defendant, tamen ipsorum adyentus in urbis sociorum non 
multum ab hostili expugnatione differant. Hunc audiebant 140 
antea, nunc praesentem yident tanta tempeuantia, tanta 



30 CICERO s oratio:n's 

mansuetudine, tanta liuniauitate, ut ei beatissimi esse vide- 
antur, apud qiios ille diutissime commoratur. 

Secondly, our revenues are in danger. 

VI. 14. Qua re^ si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria la- 

145 cessiti, maiores nostri cum Anfciooho, cum Pbilippo^ cum 
Aetolis, cum Poenis be! la gesserant^ quanto vos studio con- 
Yenit iniuriis provocatos sociorum salutera una cum imperi 
vestri dignitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximis 
vestris vectigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum 

150 vectigalia;, Quirites, tanta sunt, ut eis ad ipsas provincias 
tutandas vix contenti esse possimus; Asia vero tam opima 
est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum, et varietate fructuum, 
et magnitudine pastionis, et multitudine earum rerum quae 
exportantur, facile omnibas terris antecellat. Itaque haec 

155 vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis di- 
gnitatem retinere voltis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a 
metu calamitatis est defendenda. 15. Nam in ceteris rebus, 
cum venit calamitas, tum detrimentum accipitur; at in vec- 
tigalibus non solum adventus mali, sed etiam metus ipse 

160 adfert calamitatem. Nam, cum hostium copiae non longe 
absunt^ etiam si inruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria 
relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio 
conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu, neque ex decumis, neque 
ex scriptura, vectigal conservari potest. Qua re, saepe totius 

165 anni fructus uno rumore periculi atque ano belli terroro 
amittitur. 16. Quo tandem igitur animo esse existimatis 
aut eos qui vectigalia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exer- 
cent atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis 
propter adsint? cum una excursio equitatus perbrevi tem- 

170 pore totius anni vectigal auferre possit ? cum publican i 
familias maximas, quas in saltibus habeut, quas in agris, 
quas in portubus atque custodiis, magno periculo so 
habere arbitrentur ? Putatisne vos illis rebus f rui posse, 
nisi eos, qui vobis fructui sunt, conservaritis non solum, 



THE MA]SriLIA:N" LAW 3 1 

nt ante dixi, calamitate^ sed etiani calamitatis formidine 175 
liberates ? 

Thirdly^ the puMic credit is threatened. 

YII. 17. Ac ne illud quidem Yobis neglegendum est, 
quod mihi ego extremntn proposueram, cum essem de belli 
genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium Eomano- 
rum pertinet, quorum Yobis p]?o Yestra sapientia, Quirites, 180 
liabenda est ratio diligenter./ Xam et publicani, homines 
honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in 
illam proYinciam contuleri/nt, quorum ipsorum per se res 
et fortunae Yobis curae ess| debent. Etenim, si Yectigalia 
nerYos esse rei publicae semper duximus, eum certe ordinem, 185 
qui exercet ilia, firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse 
dicemus. 18. Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnaYi 
atque industrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus yos 
absentibus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea proYincia 
pecuoias magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur humanitatis 190 
Yestrae magnum numerum eorum ciYium calamitate pro- 
hibere; sapientiae, Yidere multorum ciYium calami tatem a 
re publica seiunctam esse non posse. Etenim primum illud 
parvi refert, nos publica his amissis Yectigalia postea Yic- 
toria recuperare: neque enim isdem redimendi facultas erit 195 
propter calamitatem, neque aliis Yoluntas propter timorem. 
19. Deinde quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri- 
dates initio belli Asiatici docuit, id quidem certe calamitate 
docti memoria retinere debemus. jSTam tum, cum in Asia 
res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Eomae solutione im- 200 
pedita fidem concidisse. Xon enim possunt una in ciYitate 
multi rem ac fortunas amittere/ut non plures secum in ean- 
dem trahant calarnitatem. A quo periculo prohibete rem 
publicam et mihi credite, id quod ipsi Yidetis: haec fides 
atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Eomae, quae in foro 205 
Yersatur, implicata est cum illis pecuniis Asiaticis et cohae- 
ret. Euere ilia non possunt, ut haec non eodem labefacta 
motu concidant. Qua re Yidete, num dubitandum Yobis sit 



32 CICERO S ORATIOKS 

omni studio ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nominis 
210 vestri, saliis sociornni;, vectigalia maxima, fortiinae pluri- 
morum civium coniunctae cum re publica defendantur. 

As for the magnitude of the war, Lucidlus, it is true, has done much, 

VIII. 20. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de ma- 
gnitudine pauca dicam. Potest hoc enim dici, belli genus 
esse ita necessarium, ut sit gerendum; non esse ita magnum, 

215 ut sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime elaborandum est 
ne forte ea vobis, quae diligentissime providenda sunt, con- 
temnenda esse yideantur. Atque ut omnes intellegant me 
L. Lucullo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et 
sapienti ho mini et magno imperatori debeatur,ydico eius 

220 advent u maximas Mithridati copias omnibus rebus ornatas 
atque instructas fuisse, urbemque Asiae clarissimam no- 
bisque amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso 
rege maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, 
quam L. Lucullus virtute, adsiduitate, consilio summis ob- 

225 sidionis periculis liberavit ; 21. ab eodem imperatore clas- 
sem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Ita- 
liam studio atque odio inflammata raperetur, superatam esse 
atque depressam; magnas hostium praeterea copias multis 
proeliis esse deletas, patefactumque nostris legionibus esse 

230 Pontum, qui antea populo Eomano ex omni aditu clausus 
fuisset; Sinopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant 
domicilia regis, omnibus rebus ornatas ac refer tas, ceterasque 
urbis Ponti et Cappadociae permultas, uno aditu adventuque 
esse cap tas; regem, spoliatum regno patrio atque avito, ad 

235 alios se reges atque ad alias gentis supplicem contulisse; 
atque haec omnia, sal vis populi Eomani sociis atque integris 
vectigalibus, esse gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque 
ita, Quirites, ut hoc vos intellegatis, a nuUo istorum, qui 
huic obtrectant legi atque causae, L. LucuUum similiter ex 

240 hoc loco esse laudatum. 



THE MAXILIAX LAW 33 

But the war is still for midahle. 

IX. 22. Eequiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, cum 
haec ita siut^ reliquum j)ossit magnum esse bellum. Cogno- 
scite;, Quirites; non enim hoc sine causa quaeri videtur. 
Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit^ ut ex eodem 
Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, quam praedi- 245 
cant in fuga fratris sui membra in eis locis, qua se parens 
persequeretur^ dissipavisse, ut eorum conlectio dispersa 
maerorque patrius celeritatem persequendi retardaret: sic 
Mithridates f ugiens maximam yim auri atque argenti pul- 
cherrimarumque rerum omnium^ quas et a maioribus acce- 250 
perat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum 
regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum 
nostri conligunt omnia diligentius^ rex ipse e manibus effu- 
git. Ita ilium in persequendi studio maeror, hos laetitia 
tarda vit. 23. Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex 255 
Armenius, excepit^ diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit, 
et adflictum erexit^ perditumque recreavit. Cuius in re- 
gnum postea quam L. LucuUus cum exercitu venit^ plures 
etiam gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. 
Erat enim metns iniectus eis nationibus, quas numquam 260 
populus Eomanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandas 
putayit. Erat etiam alia grayis atque yehemens opinio^ 
quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat: fani locuple- 
tissimi et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nostrum 
esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes multae atque ma- 265 
gnae noyo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Koster 
autem exercitu s, tametsi urbem ex Tigrani regno ceperat, 
et proeliis usus erat secundis, tamen nimia longinquitate 
locorum ac desiderio suorum commoyebatur. 24. Hie iam 
plura non dicam; fuit enim illud extremum^ ut ex eis locis 270 
a militibus nostris reditus magis maturus quam processio 
longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem et suam manum 
iam confirmarat^ et eorum^ qui se ex ipsius regno conle- 
gerant^ et magnis adventiciis auxiliis multorum regum et 
3 



34 CICERO s oratio:n's 

275 nationum iuvabatur. lam hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimns, 
lit regum adflictae fortunae facile miiltorum opes adliciaiit 
ad misericordiam, maximeqne eorum, qui ant reges sunt aut 
vivunt in regno, ut eis nomen regale magnum et sanctum 
esse yideatur. 25. Itaque tantum victus efficere potuit, 

280 quantum incolumis numquam est ausus optare. Nam, cum 
se in regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, quod 
ei praeter speni acciderat, ut illam, postea quam pulsus erat, 
terram umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum clarum 
atque victorem impetum fecit. Sinite hoc loco, Quirites, 

285 sicut poetae solent, qui res Eomanas scribunt, praeterire 
me nostram calamitatem, quae tanta fuit, ut eam ad auris 
LucuUi imperatoris non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex sermone 
rumor adferret. 26. Hie in illo ipso malo gravissimaque 
belli offensione L. LucuUus, qui tamen aliqua ex parte eis 

290 incommodis mederi fortasse potuisset, vestro iussu coactus 
(qui imperi diuturnitati modum statuendum vetere exemplo 
putavistis), partem militum, qui iam stipendiis confecti 
erant, dimisit, partem M'. Glabrioni tradidit. Multa prae- 
tereo consulto, sed ea vos coniectura perspicite, quantum 

295 illud bellum factum putetis, quod coniungant reges potentis- 
simi, renovent agitatae nationes, suscipiant integrae gentes, 
novus imperator noster accipiat vetere exercitu pulso. 

When ive come to the question of choosing a commander, luefind tliat 
Pompey alone possesses the necessary qualifications. 

X. 27. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua re 
esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine peri- 

300 culosum. Eestat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendc 
ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. Uti- 
nam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocentium copiam 
tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis deliberatio difficilis esset, 
quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello praeficien- 

305 dum putaretis! Nunc vero, cum sit unus Cn. Pompeius, 
qui non modo eorum hominum, qui nunc sunt, gloriam, sed 



THE MAKILIAK LAW 35 

etiam antiquitatis memoriam yirtute superarit^ quae res est 
quae cuiusquam animum in liac causa dubium facere possit ? 
28. Ego enim sic existimo^ in summo imjDeratore quattuor 
has res inesse oportere: scientiam rei militaris, yirtutem^ 310 
auctoritatem, felicitatem. 

His military hnoivledge is the result of long and varied experience, 

Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut 
esse debuit ? qui e ludo atque e pueritiae disciplinis, bello 
maximo atque acerrimis hostibus^ ad patris exercitum atque 
in militiae disciplinam profectus est; qui extrema pueritia 315 
miles in exercitu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte adule- 
scentia maximi ipse exercitus imperator; qui saepius cum 
hoste conflixit^ quam quisquam cum inimico concertayit; 
plura bella gessit quam ceteri legerunt; pluris provincias 
confecit quam alii concupiverunt; cuius adulescentia ad 320 
scientiam rei militaris, non alienis praeceptis^ sed suis im- 
periis^ non offensionibus belli, sed yictoriis, non stipendiis, 
sed triumphis, est erudita ? Quocl denique genus esse belli 
potest, in quo ilium non exercuerit f ortuna rei joublicae ? 
Civile, Africanum, Transalpinum, Hispaniense, mixtum ex 325 
civitatibus atque ex bellicosissimis nationibus, servile, navale 
bellum, varia et di versa genera et bellorum et h ostium, non 
solum gesta ab hoc uno, sed etiam confecta, nuUam rem 
esse declarant in usu positam militari, quae liuius viri scien- 
tiam f ugere possit. 330 

Words fail to do justice to his soldierly virtues. 

XL 29. lam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei, quae potest oratio 
par invenii'i ? Quid est quod quisquam, aut illo dignum, 
ant vobis novum, aut cuiquam inauditum, possit adferre ? 
Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae volgo 
existimantur: labor in negotiis, fortitude in periculis, in- 335 
dustria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in 
providendo. Quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omni- 



36 CICERO's ORATIONS 

bus reliqiiis imperatoribus^ quos aut yidimus aut aiidivimns, 
non fuerunt. 30. Testis est Italia^ quam ille ipse victor 

340 L. Sulla huius virfcute et subsidio confessus est liberatam. 
Testis est Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis 
non terrore belli, sed consili celeritate explicavit. Testis 
est Africa, quae, niagnis oppressa hostium copiis, eorum 
ipsorum sanguine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, pep quam 

345 legionibus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione 
patefactum est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime pluri- 
mos hostis ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis 
est iterum et saepius Italia, quae, cum servili bello taetro 
periculosoque premeretur, ab lioc auxilium absente expeti- 

350 vit, quod bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque im- 
minutum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum. 31. Testes 
nunc vero iam omnes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac 
nationes, denique maria omnia cum universa, tum in sin- 
gulis oris omnes sinus atque portus. Quis enim toto mari 

355 locus per hos annos aut tam firmum liabuit praesidium ut 
tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus ut lateret? Quis navi- 
gavit qui non se aut mortis aut servitutis periculo commit- 
teret, cum aut hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret ? 
Hoc tantum bellum, tam turpe, tam vetus, tam late divisum 

360 atque dispersum, quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus 
imperatoribus uno anno aut omnibus annis ab uno impera- 
tore confici posse ? 32. Quam provinciam tenuistis a prae- 
donibus liberam per hosce annos? Quod vectigal vobis 
tutum fuit? Quem socium defendistis? Cui praesidio 

365 classibus vestris f uistis ? Quam multas existimatis insulas 
esse desertas ? Quam multas aut metu relictas aut a prae- 
donibus captas urbis esse sociorum ? 

You remember Ms recent hrilliant success in the war against the 

pirates. 

XII. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro ? Fuit hoc 

quondam, fuit proprium populi Eomani, longe a domo bel- 

370 lare, et propugnaculis imperi sociorum fortunas, non sua 



THE MAKILIAX LAAV 37 

tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare j)er hos annos 
clausum fuisse dicam^ cum exercitus yestri numqiiam a 
Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint ? Qui ad vos 
ab exteris nationibus venirent^ captos querar, cum legati 
pojoLili Eomani redempti sint? Mercatoribus tutum mare 375 
non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum 
potestatem pervenerint ? 33. Onidum aut Colophonem aut 
Samum^ nobilissimas urbis^ innumerabilisque alias captas 
esse commemorem, cum vestros portus atque eos portus, 
quibus yitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse 380 
potestatem sciatis ? an yero ignoratis portum Caietae cele- 
berrimum ac plenissimum nayium^ inspectante praetore, a 
j)raedonibus esse dire|)tum; ex Miseno autem eius ipsius 
liberoS;, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum gesserat^ a 
praedonibus esse sublatos ? JSTam quid ego Ostiense incom- 385 
modum atque illam labem atque ignominiam rei publicae 
querar, cum, prope inspectantibus yobis, classis ea, cui con- 
sul populi Eomani praepositus esset^ a praedonibus capta 
atque oppressa est ? Pro di immortales ! Tantamne unius 
hominis incredibilis ac diyina yirtus tam breyi tempore 390 
lucem adferre rei publicae potuit, ut yos, qui modo ante 
ostium Tiberinum classem hostium yidebatis, ei nunc nul- 
1am intra Oceani ostium praedonum nayem esse audiatis ? 
34. Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam yidetis, 
tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. Quis enim 395 
umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequeudi quaestus stu- 
dio tam breyi tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere 
potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus 
nayigayit? Qui nondum tempestiyo ad navigandum mari 
Siciliam adiit, Africam explorayit; inde Sardiniam cum 400 
classe yenit, atque haec tria f rumen taria subsidia rei publicae 
firmissimis praesidiis classibusque muniyit. 35. Inde, cum 
se in Italiam recepisset, duabus Hispaniis et Gallia transal- 
pina praesidiis ac nayibus confirmata, missis item in oram 
lUyrici maris et in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam nayibus, 405 
Italiae duo maria maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis 



38 Cicero's orations 

adornavit. Ipse autem ut Brundisio profectus est^ iinde- 
quinquagesimo die totam ad imperinm populi Romani Cili- 
ciani adinnxit; omnes^ qui ubique praedones f aernnt, partini 

410 capti interfectique sunt, partim unius liuius se imperio ac 
potestati dediderunt. Idem Creteusibus, cum ad eum usque 
in Pampliyliam legates deprecatoresque misissent, spem 
deditionis non ademit, obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum 
bellum, tam diuturnum, tam longe lateque dispersum, quo 

415 bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius 
extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media 
aestate confecit. 

lie is the model soldier, 

XIII. 36. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus im- 
peratoris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare 

420 coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt? Non enim 
bellandi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore 
quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae liuius admi- 
nistrae comitesque virtutis. Ac primum, quanta innocentia 
debent esse imperatores, quanta deinde in omnibus rebus 

425 temperantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto ingenio, 
quanta humanitate ? Quae breviter, qualia sint in Cn. 
Pompeio, consideremus; summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, 
sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese 
cognosci atque intellegi possunt. 37. Quem enim impera- 

430 torem possumus ullo in numero putare, cuius in exercitu 
centuriatus veneant atque venierint ? Quid hunc hominem 
magnum aut amplum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam 
ex aerario depromptam ad bellum administrandum aut 
propter cupiditatem provinciae magistratibus diviserit aut 

435 propter avaritiam Eomae in quaestu reliquerit ? Vestra 
admurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini qui 
haec f ecerint. Ego autem nomino neminem : qua re irasci 
mihi nemo poterit, nisi qui ante de se voluerifc confiteri. 
Itaque, propter banc avaritiam imperatorum, quantas cala- 

440 mitates, quocumque ventum est, nostri exercitus ferant, 



THE ma:s^ilia>^ law 39 

quis ignorat? 38. Itinera quae per liosce annos in Italia 
per agros atque 0|)pida civium Eomanorum nostri impera- 
tores fecerint^ recordamini: turn facilius statuetis quid apud 
exteras nationes fieri existimetis. Utrum pluris arbitramini 
per hosce annos militum vestrorum armis hostiuni urbis^ an 445 
hibernis sociorum civitates esse deletas ? i!feqne enim potest 
exercitum is continere imperator^ qui se ipse non continet^ 
neque severus esse in iudicandO;, qui alios in se severos esse 
indices non volt. 39. Hie miramur liunc hominem tantum 
excellere ceteris, cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut 450 
non modo manus tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quideni 
cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur? lam vero, quern ad 
modum milites hibernent, cotidie sermones ac litterae per- 
feruntur: non modo ut sumptum faciat in militem nemini 
vis adfertur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. 455 
Hiemis enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostri in 
sociorum atque ami corn ni tectis esse voliierunt. 

His self-control is tlie key to It is success. 

XI Y. 40. Agevero; ceteris in rebus quali sit temperan- 
tia, considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tam 
incredibilem cursuni inventum putatis ? J^on enim ilium 460 
eximia vis reniigum, aut ars inaudita quaedam gubernandi, 
aut venti aliqui novi, tam celeriter in ultimas terras pertu- 
lerunt; sed eae res, quae ceteros remorari solent, non re- 
tardarunt. Non avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam 
aliquam devocavit; non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas 465 
ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non 
denique labor ipse ad quietem. Postremo signa et tabulas 
ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tol- 
lenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existi- 
mavit. 41. Itaque omnes nunc in eis locis Cn. Pompeium 470 
sicut aliquem, non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo de- 
lapsum intuentur; nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse 
homines Romanes hac quondam continentia, quod iam 



40 CICEKO S ORATIOKS 

uationibns exteris incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum 

475 videbatur; nunc imperi vestri splendor illis gentibus lucem 
adferre coepit; nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores 
suos tum^ cum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, ser- 
vire populo Eomano quam imperare aliis maluisse. lam 
vero ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum^ ita liberae queri- 

480 moniae de aliorum iniuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dignitate 
principibus excellit, facilitate infimis par esse videatur. 
42. lam quantum consilio, quantum dicendi gravitate et 
copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas imperatoria, 
Yos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem 

485 vero eius quantam inter socios existimari putatis, quam 
liostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iudicarint? 
Humanitate iam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit utrum liostes 
magis virtutem eius pugnantes timuerint an mansuetudinem 
victi dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin Imic hoc 

490 tantum bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae 
memoriae bella conficienda divino quodam consilio natus 
esse videatur ? 

His very prestige is a tower of strength. 

XV. 43. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis admi- 
nistrandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe' 

495 nemini dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum 
possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella adminisfcranda 
quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris existiment, 
quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis rebus, ut aut 
contemnant aut metuant aut oderint aut ament, opinione 

500 non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri ? 
Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum clarius f uit ? 
Cuius res gestae pares ? De quo homine vos, id quod ma- 
xime f acit auctoritatem, tanta et tam praeclara indicia f ecis- 
tis ? 44. An vero ullam usquam esse oram tam desertam 

505 putatis, quo non illius diei fama pervaserit, cum universus 
populus Komanus, referto foro completisque omnibus tem- 
plis ex quibus hie locus conspici potest, unum sibi ad com- 



THE manilia:^ law 41 

mune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem 
depoiDoscit ? Itaque, ut plura non dicam, neque aliorum 
exemplis confirmem quantum huius auctoritas valeat in ^10 
bello, ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum 
exempla sumantur: qui quo die a vobis maritimo bello 
praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex 
summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est 
unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix in summa uber- 515 
tate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 45. lam ac- 
cepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de quo yos paulo 
ante invitus admonui, cum socii pertimuissent, hostium 
opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium provincia 
non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad ipsum 520 
discrimen eius temporis divinitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas 
regiones f ortuna populi Eomani attulisset. Huius adventus 
et Mithridafcem insolita inflammatum victoria continuity et 
Tigranem magnis copiis minitantem Asiae retardavit. Et 
quisquam dubitabit quid virtute perfecturus sit, qui tantum 525 
auc tori tate perfecerit ? aut quam facile imperio atque exer- 
citu socios et vectigalia conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine 
ac rumore defenderit ? XYI. 46. Age vero, ilia res quan- 
tam declarat eiusdem hominis apud hostis populi Eomani 
auctoritatem, quod ex locis tam longinquis tamque diversis 5S0 
tam brevi tempore omnes huic se uni dediderunt! quod a 
communi Cretensium legati, cum in eorum insula noster 
imperator exercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas 
prope terras venerunt, eique se omnis Cretensium civitates 
dedere velle dixerunt! Quid ? idem iste Mithridates nonne 535 
ad eundem Cn. Pompeium legatum usque in Hispaniam 
misit? eum, quem Pompeius legatum semper iudicavit, ei, 
quibus erat semper molestum ad eum potissimum esse mis- 
sum, speculatorem quam legatum iudicari maluerunt. Po- 
testis igitur iam constituere, Quirites, banc auctoritatem 540 
multis postea rebus gestis magnisque vestris iudiciis ampli- 
ficatam, quantum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras 
nationes valituram esse existimetis. 



42 CICERO'S OEATIONS 

May ive 7iot call Jmn the favorite of Fortime 9 

47. Reliquum est ut cle felicitate. — quam praestare de 

54o se ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero 
possLimus, sicut aequum est liomines de potestate deorum, — 
timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existiino: Maximo, 
Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus 
noil solum propter virtiitem, sed etiam propter fortnnam 

550 saepius imperia mandata atque exercitus esse commissos. 
Fuit enim profecto quibusdam siimmis yiris quaedam ad 
amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas 
divinitus adiuncta fortuna. De Imius autem liominis felici- 
tate, de quo nunc ^gimus, liac utar moderatione dicendi, 

555 non ut in illius potestate fortnnam positam esse dicam, sed 
lit praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut 
invisa dis immortalibns oratio nostra aut ingrata esse Yide- 
atur. 48. Itaque non sum praedicaturus. quautas ille res 
domi militiae, terra marique, quantaque felicitate gesserit; 

560 ut eius semper voluntatibus non modo cives adsenserint, 
socii obtemperarint, liostes oboedierint, sed etiam venti tem- 
pestatesque obsecundarint. Hoc brevissime dicam: nemi- 
neni umquam tam impudentem f uisse, qui ab dis immortali- 
bus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas 

565 di immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi 
proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis salutis 
atque imperi tum i])sius liominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle 
et optare debetis. 

49. Qua re, cum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut neglegi 

570 non possit, ita magnum, ut adcuratissime sit administran- 
dum, et cum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit 
eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima aucto- 
ritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, "Quirites, quin lioc tantuni 
boni, quod vobis ab dis immortalibns oblatum et datum est, 

575 in rem publicam conservandam atque amplificandam con- 
f eratis ? 



THE MAXILIAI^ LAW 43 

Add to these advantages his fortunate j^i'esence at this time in Asia 

ivith an army. 

XVII. 50. Quod si Komae Cn. Pompeiiis privatus. esset 
hoc tempore^ tamen ad tantiim bellnm is erat deligendus 
atque mittendus; nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates 
haec quoque opportunitas adiungatur, ut in eis ipsis locis 580 
adsit^ ut habeat exercitum, ut ab eis^, qui liabent^ accipere 
statim 230ssit, quid exspectamus ? aut cur non ducibus dis 
immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rei j)u- 
blicae commissa sunt^, hoc quoque bellum regium commit- 
tamus ? - -^^o 

But Catulus and Hortensius are opposed to the Jaw. 

51. At enim vir clarissimus^ amantissimus rei publicae^ 
^estris beneficiis amplissimis adfectas^ Q. Catulus^ itemque 
summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingeni prae- 
ditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt. Quorum 
ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis phirimum valuisse 590 
et valere oportere confiteor; sed in hac causa, tametsi 
cognoscetis auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum 

et clarissimorum, tamen, omissis auctoritatibus, ipsa re ac 
ratione exquirere possum.us veritatem, atque hoc facilius, 
quod ea omnia, quae. a me adhuc dicta sunt, eidem isti vera 595 
esse concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse et magnum, et 
in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 

To the ohjection raised hy Hortensius, the Gahiniaii laic of last year 
furnishes answer enough. 

52. Quid igitur ait Hortensius? Si uni omnia tribu- 
enda sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen 
omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio, re GOO 
multo magis quam yerbis ref utata. Nam tu idem, Q. Hor- 
tensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari facultate 
dicendi et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, 
graviter ornateque dixisti, cum is de uno imperatore con- 



44 CICERO S ORATIONS 

605 tra praedones constituendo legem promulgasset, et ex hoc 
ipso loco permulta item contra earn legem verba fecisti. 
53. Quid? tum, per deosimmortalis! si plus apud popnlum 
Eomanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi Komani salus 
et vera causa valuisset^ liodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis 

610 terrae imperium teneremus ? An tibi tum imperium hoc 
esse videbatur, cum populi Komani legati, qiiaestores, prae- 
toresque capiebantur ? cum ex omnibus provinciis commeatu 
et private et publico prohibebamur ? cum ita clausa nobis 
erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem transmarinam 

615 neque publicam iam obire possemus? XVIII. 54. Quae 
ci vitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico Atheniensium, quae 
satis late quondam mare tenuisse dicitur; non Karthagini- 
ensium, qui permultum classe ac maritimis rebus valuerunt; 
non Ehodiorum, quorum usque ad nostram memoriam disci- 

620 plina navalis et gloria remansit, — sed quae civitas umquam 
antea tam tenuis, quae tam parva insula fuit quae non 
portus suos et agros et aliquam partem regionis atque orae 
maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At hercule aliquot annos 
continues ante legem Gabiniam ille populus Komanus, cuius 

625 usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus 
pugnis permanserit, magna ac multo maxima parte non 
modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi caruit. 5^5. N"os, 
quorum maiores Antiochum regem classe Persenque supera- 
runt, omnibusque navalibus pugnis Karthaginiensis, homi- 

630 nes in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, 
vicerunt, ei nuUo in loco iam praedonibus pares esse potera- 
mus. Nos, qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habebamus, 
sed omnis socios in ultimis oris auctoritate nostri imperi 
salvos praestare poteramus (tum, cum irisula Delos, tam 

635 procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo omnes undique 
cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta divitiis, 
parva, sine muro, nihil timebat), eidem non modo provinciis 
atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus nostris, sed etiam 
Appia iam via carebamus; et eis temporibus non pudebat 

640 magistratus populi Eomani in hunc ipsum locum escendere. 



THE MAKILIAX LAW 45 

cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuviis naiiticis et classiuni 
spoliis ornatum reliquissent. 

XIX. 56. Bono te aninio turn, Q. Hortensi^ populus 
Eomanus et ceteros^ qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere 
existimavit ea quae sentiebatis; sed tamen in salute com- 645 
muni idem populus Eomanus dolori suo maluit quam auc- 
toritati vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, 
unus annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudinelibera- 
vit, sed etiam effecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus 
gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare. 650 

And hy the ivay let me say that GaMnius has fairly ea7iied the right 
to he appointed legatus to Pompey in the present loar, 

57. Quo mihi etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse 
adhuc, Gabinio dicam anne Pompeio, an utrique, id quod 
est verius, ne legaretur A. Gabinius On. Pompeio expetenti 
ac postulanti. Utrum ille> qui postulat ad tantum bellum 
legatum quern velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum 655 
ceteri ad exjDilandos socios diripiendasque proyincias quos 
voluerunt legates eduxerint; an ipse, cuius lege salus ac 
dignitas populo Eomano atque omnibus gentibus constituta 
est, expers esse debet gloriae eius imperatoris atque eius 
exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac periculo est constitutus? 660 
58. An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latiniensis, 
Cn. Lentulus, quos omnis honoris causa nomino, cum tri- 
buni plebi fuissent, anno proximo legati esse potuerunt: in 
uno Gabinio sunt tam diligentes, qui in hoc bello, quod lege 
Gabinia geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quem 665 
per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse deberet ? 
De quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui 
si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profiteer relaturum: 
neque me im;pediet cuiusquam inimicum edictum, quo minus 
vobis fretus vestrum ius beneficiumque defendam, neque 670 
praeter intercessionem quicquam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, 
isti ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat con- 
siderabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, unus A. Gabi- 



46 CICERO's OKATIOKS 

niiis belli maritimi rerumqne gestarum On. Pompeio socius 
675 ascribitur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipien- 
dnm vestris sufEragiis detulit^ alter delatum susceptumque 
confecit. 

As for Catulus, you have yourselves answered Mm i7i part ; for the 
rest of his objection, he knows that Fonipey^s career shows that 
the Roman people in a time of ivar do not ivait for precedents. 

XX. 59. Eeliquum est ut de Q. Catnli auctoritate et 
sententia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quae- 

680 reret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo 
factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, cepit magnum 
suae yirtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes una prope 
voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim 
talis est vir^ ut nulla res tanta sit ac tam difficilis, quam ille 

685 non et consilio regere et integritate tueri efc virtute conficere 
possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, 
quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, 
hoc magis res publica, dum per decs immortalis licet, frui 
debet summi viri vita atque virtute. 60. ' At enim ne quid 

690 novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta maiorum.' Non 
dicam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in pace consuetudini, 
in bello utilitati paruisse; semper ad novos casus temporum 
novorum consiliorum rationes adcommodasse. Non dicam 
duo bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno im- 

695 peratore esse confecta, duasque urbis potentissimas, quae 
huic imperio maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem atque 
ISTumantiam, ab eodem Scipione esse deletas. Non com- 
memorabo nuper ita vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, 
ut in uno C. Mario spes imperi poneretur, ut idem cum 

700 lugurtha, idem cum Cimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum 
administraret. 61. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi con- 
stitui nihil volt Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa 
Q. Catuli voluntate constituta, recordamini. 

XXI. Quid tam novum quam adulescentulum privatum 
705 exercitum difficili rei j)ublicae tempore conficere? Con- 



THE MANILIAK LAW 47 

fecit. Huic praeesse ? Praef uit. Kem optime ducta suo 
gerere? Gessit. Quid tarn praeter consuetudinem quam 
homini peradulescenti, cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe 
abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari^ Sicilian! permitti, 
atque Africam bellumque in ea proviricia administrandum ? 710 
Fuit in his provinciis singulari innocentia, gravitate, vir- 
tute. Bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exer- 
citum deportavit. Quid vero tam inauditum quam equitem 
Komanum triumphare ? At cam quoque rem populus Ko- 
manus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam 715 
et concelebrandam putavit. 62. Quid tam inusitatum 
quam ut, cum duo consules clarissimi f ortissimique essent, 
eques Eomanus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque 
pro consule mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem tem- 
pore, cum esset non nemo in senatu qui diceret non opor- 720 
tere mitti hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus 
dixisse di'citur, non se ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed 
pro consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rei publicae bene 
gerendae spes constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus 
unius adulescentis virtu ti committeretur. Quid tam singu- 725 
lare quam ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul ante 
fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum per leges capere 
licuisset ? quid tam incredibile quam ut iterum eques Eo- 
manus ex senatus consulto triumpharet ? Quae in omnibus 
hominibus nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt, 730 
ea tam multa non sunt quam liaec, quae in hoc uno homine 
videmus. 63. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, 
profecta sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catuli atque a 
ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum 
auctoritate. 735 

Well may we trust the wisdom of the people. 

XXII. Qua re videant ne sit periniquum et non ferun- 
dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis 
comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homine 
indicium populique Komani auctoritatem improbari; prae- 



48 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

740 sertim ciim iam sue iure populns Komanus in hoc homine 
suam auctoritatem vel contra omnis qui dissentiunt possit 
defenderC;, propterea quod, isdem istis reclamantibus, vos 
unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quern bello praedonum 
praeponeretis. 64. Hoc si vos temere fecistis^, et rei publicae 

745 parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis consiliis re- 
gere conantur; sin autem vos plus tum in re publica vidis- 
tis, vos eis repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos dignitatem huic 
imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, aliquando isti 
principes et sibi et ceteris populi Eomani universi auctori- 

750 tati parendum esse fateantur. 

The fact ts, Pompey is the only choice we have. 

Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris 
ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae 
quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. Dif- 
ficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum na- 

755 tionum ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi 
de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde otiam si qui sunt 
pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse talis 
propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo arbitra- 
tur. 65. Difficile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in odio simus 

760 apud exteras nationes propter eorum, quos ad eas per hos 
annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias. Quod 
enim fanum putatis in illis terris nostris magistratibus re- 
ligiosum, quam civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clau- 
sam ac munitam f uisse ? Urbes iam locupletes et copiosae 

765 requiruntur, quibn^ causa belli propter diripiendi cupidi- 
tatem inferatur. 66. Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo 
et Q. Hortensio, summis et clarissimis viris, disputarem. 
Noverunt enim sociorum volnera; vident eorum calamitates; 
querimonias audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostis exerci- 

770 tum mittere putatis, an hostium simulatione contra socios 
atque amicos? Quae civitas est in Asia quae non modo 
imperatoris aut legati, sed unius tribuni militum animos ac 
spiritus capere possit? XXIII. Qua re, etiam si quem 



THE MAKILIAN LAW 49 

habetis qui conlatis signis exercitus regies superare posse 
videatur^ tamen nisi erit idem, qui se a pecuniis sociorum, 775 
qui ab eorum coniugibus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fano- 
rum atque oppidorum, qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, 
oculos, animum cohibere possit, non erit idoneus qui ad 
bellum Asiaticum regiumque mittatur. 67. Ecquam puta- 
tis civitatem pacatam fuisse quae locuples ' sit ? Ecquam 780 
esse locupletem quae istis pacata esse videatur ? Ora mari- 
tima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non solum propter rei milita- 
ris gloriam, sed etiam propter animi continentiam requisivit. 
Videbat enim praetores locupletari quot annis pecunia pu- 
blica praeter paucos, neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi clas- 785 
sium nomine, nisi ut detrimentis accipiendis maiore adfici 
turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua cupiditate homines in 
provincias, quibus iacturis et quibus condicionibus pro- 
ficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, qui ad unum deferenda 
omnia esse non arbitrantur ? quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non 790 
cum suis virtutibus, tum etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse 
videamus. 68. Qua re nolite dubitare quin huic uni creda- 
tis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus inventus sit, quem socii 
in urbis suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant. 

If the sanction of statesmen is asked for, here are the names of four 
eminent authorities. 

Quod si auctoritatibus banc causam, Quirites, confirman- 795 
dam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium maxi- 
marumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, cuius tantae 
res gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut, cum de bello de- 
liberetis, auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat; est C. Curio, 
summis vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus gestis, summo 800 
ingenio et prudentia praeditus; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo 
omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus summum consi- 
lium, summam gravitatem esse cognovistis; est C. Cassius, 
integritate, virtute, constantia singulari. Qua re videte ut 
horum auctoritatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, re- 805 
spondere posse videamur. 
4 



50 CICERO S ORATIONS 

Stand firm then, Manilius, in your proposal, and count on my help. 

XXIV. 69. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manili, primum istam 
tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehemen- 
tissimeque comprobo; deinde te liortor, ut auctore populo 

810 Eomano maneas in sententia, neve cuiusquam vim aut minas 
pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi perseverantiae- 
que arbitror; deinde cum tantam multitudinem cum tanto 
studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc in eodem 
liomine praeficiendo videmus^ quid est quod aut de re aut 

815 de perficiendi facultate dubitemus ? Ego autem, quicquid 
est in me studi, consili, laboris, ingeni, quicquid hoc bene- 
ficio populi Komani atque hac potestate praetoria, quicquid 
auctoritate^ fide, constantia possum, id omne ad banc rem 
conficiendam tibi et populo Eomano polliceor ac defero; 

820 70. testorque omnis deos, et eos maxime, qui liuic loco tem- 
ploque praesident, qui omnium mentis eorum, qui ad rem 
publicam adeunt, niaxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu 
facere cuiusquam neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mihi per 
hanc causam conciliari putem neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam 

825 amplitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adiumentahonoribus 
quaeram; propterea quod pericula facile, ut hominem prae- 
stare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem autem 
neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia nostra labo- 
riosissima ratione vitae, si vestra voluntas feret, conse- 

830 quemur. 71. Quam ob rem quicquid in hac causa mihi 
susceptum est, Quirites, id ego omne me rei publicae causa 
suscepisse confirmo; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bo- 
nam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates 
partim obscuras, partim apertas intellegam, mihi non neces- 

835 sarias, vobis non inutilis, suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc 
honore praeditum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum statui, 
Quirites, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et 
salutem provinciarum atque sociorum meis omnibus com- 
modis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



51 



Catiline was surrounded by men of high birth whose fortunes were 
desperate as his own. There was Lentuhis, who had been consul a 
few years before, and had been expelled from the Senate by the cen- 
sors. There was Cethegus, staggering under a mountain of debts. 
There was Autronius, who had been unseated for bribery when chosen 
consul in 65. There was Manlius, once a distinguished officer in Sulla's 
army, and now a beggar. Besides these were a number of senators, 
knights, gentlemen, and dissolute young patricians whose theory of 
the world was that it had been created for them to take their pleasure 
in, and who found their pleasures shortened by emptiness of purse. — 
Froude's Caesar. 



m 



FIEST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



Hoiv long^ Catiline, will you abuse our patience ? Does not every sign 
point to the discovery of your plans f 

Quo usqjie tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra ? 
Quam diu etiam furor iste tuns nos eludet ? . Quern ad f inem 
sese effrenata iactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum prae- 
sidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi^ nihil ^ 
concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi 
senatus locus, nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt ? Patere 
tua consilia non' sentis ? Constrictam iam horum omnium 
scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides ? Quid pro- 
xima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convo- ;[q 
caveris, quid consilT ceperis, quem nostrum ignorare arbi- 
traris ? 

Questions (/or answers see the Notes). — 1. In what year were the 
four orations against Catiline delivered ? 2. What was Cicero's rank ? 
3. Give an account of Catiline's earlier career. 4. What office did 
he fill in 68 ? 67 ? 5. His purpose in 66 ? 6. Why unsuccessful ? 
7. Who was Autronius ? 8. Narrate the circumstances of the so-called 
First Conspiracy of Catiline, naming three of the ringleaders. 9. Why 
did it fail ? 10. Date (j^ears) of the Second Conspiracy ? 11. Who 
were three of the candidates for the consulship in 64 ? 12. What was 
Catiline's plan if elected ? 13. Reason for his failure ? 14. His plans 
for election day in 63 ? 15. How foiled ? 16. What was the ultimum 
decretum 9 17. What led the Senate to pass it ? 18. On what day was 
it passed ? 19. Who was Manlius ? 20. What happened on Oct. 28 ? 
21. Nov. 1 ? 22. Nov. 6 ? 23. Nov. 8 (or 7) ? 24. Immediate occasion 
of the First Oration against Catiline ? 25. Distinguish between the 
terms consul deslgndtus, consul, and consuldris. 



54 ClCERO^S ORATIOKS J^ 

What an age is this ! when a man who deserves death hy the consuVs ** 
order actually enters the Senate, and takes part in its deliberations, j 
For treason, Catiline, like yours, Gracchus and Maelius paid with ; 
their lives. Only we, the consuls, are now to Uame. : 

2. tempora ! mores I senatus haec intellegit, consul 
videt ; hie tamen yivit. Vivit ? immo vero etiam in sena- 
tum venit, fit publici consili particeps, notat et designat 

15 oculTs ad caedem unum quemque nostrum : nos autem, 
fortes viri, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius f uro- 
rem ac tela vitemusj Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci iussu 
consulis iam pridem oportebat ; in te conferri pestem quam 
tu in nos iam din mabKinaris. 3. An vero vir amplissimus, 

20 P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter 
labefactantem statum rei publicae privatus interfecit : Cati- 
linam, orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, 
nos consules perf eremus ? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, 
quod C. Servilius Ahala gp^^^um Maelium novis rebus stu- 

25 dentem manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac 
re publica virtus, ut viri ' fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem 
perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habe- 
mus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. 
N"on deest rei publicae consilium, neque auctoritas huius 

30 ordinis : nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 

The case of Opimius, and again that of Marius and Valerius, give us 
precedents for consular action. The Senate long ago armed us with 
the necessary decree. Yet in my lenience, Catiline, 1 have permitted 
you even to collect an army in Etruria. Your death would he wel- 
come news to every true patriot, hut until your guilt becomes clear 
to all the world, you shall live, though under my continued surveil- 
lance. 

11. 4. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius con- 
sul videret, ne qaid res publica detrimenti caperet. Nox 
nulla intercessit : interf ectus est propter quasdam seditionum 
suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus ; 
35 occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili sena- 
tus consulto, C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa 



FIRST OKATiOiN^ AGAlKST CATILINE 55 

res publica. Num uniim diem postea L. Saturninum tribu- 
num plebis et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae 
poena remorata est ? At nos vicesimum iam diem patimur 
hebescere aciem lioriim auctoritatis. Habemus enim huiusce 40 
modi senatus consultum (verum incltisum in tabulis, tam- 
quam in vagina reconditum) quo ex senatus consulto con- 
festim te interfectum esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis ; et 
Yivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. 
Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem ; cupio in tantis 45 
rei pnblicae periculis me non dissolutum videri ; sed iam 
me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 5. Castra sunt 
in Italia contra populum Eomanum in Etruriae faucibus con- 
locata. Crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus. Eorum 
autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra 50 
moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestinam aliquam 
cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te iam, Cati- 
lina, comprehend!, si interfici iussero, credo, erit verendum 
mihi, ne non hoc potius omnes boni serins a me, quam quis- 
quam crudelius factum esse dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod 55 
iam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum 
adducor ut faciam. Tum denique interficiere, cum iam 
nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis, inveniri 
poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. 6. Quam diu 
quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives ; et vives ita, eo 
ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne com- 
movere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam 
oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhiic fecerunt, specu- 
labuntur atque custodient. 

Yotir designs are all known : tlieii give them up. Do you not remem- 
ber my foretelling in the Senate the very day on which Manlius 
would be in arms f and my prediction of your intended massacre 
of the aristocracy 9 This plot, as ivell as your attack on Prae- 
nestCy was defeated through my efforts. 



III. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius ex- 
spectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coetus nefarios, nee 



65 



56 ClCERO'S OKATIOJ^S 



I 



privata domus parietibuS;, continere voces coniurationis tnae 
potest ? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia ? Muta iam > 
istam mentem ; mihi crede^ obliviscere. caedis atque incendi- 

70 orum. Teneris nndique ; luce sunt clariora nobis tua con- 
silia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. 7. Memi- 
nistine me ante diem xii. Kalendas Novembris dicere in 
senatu, fore in armis certo die (qui dies f uturus esset ante 
diem yi. Kal. Novembris) C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem 

75 atque administrum tuae ? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non \ 
modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum, id 
quod multo magis est admirandum, dies ? Dixi ego idem 
in senatu caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem y. 
Kalendas Novembri^, tum cum multi principes civitatis 

80 Koma, non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum 
reprimendorum causa, profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te 
illo ipso die, meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum, 
commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu I 
discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede 

85 te contentum esse dicebas ? 8. Quid ? cum te Praeneste . 
Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu I 
esse conf ideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo iussu meis j 
praesidiis, custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam ? Nihil agis, ) 
nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, ] 

90 sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. [ 

As further evidence of my vigilance, I will tell you of the meeting - 
which you held night before last at Laeca's house. You had a 
goodly attendance. There you completed your plans, assigning to 
each conspirator his particular duty. The plot included an at- • 
tack on me, hut before your meeting had broken up I knew every 
thing. 

IV. Eecognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superio- 

rem. Iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem 

quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte 

venisse inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae 

0.") domum ; convenisse eodem compluris eiusdem amentiae 






FIRST ORATION AGAIIsTST CATILIi^E 5/ 

scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? quid taces ? con- 
vincam^ si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam 
qui tecum una f uerunt. 9. di immortales ! ubinam gen- 
tium sumus ? in qua urbe vivimus ? quam rem publicam 
habemus ? Hic^ hie sunt, in nostro numero, patres con- 100 
scripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque con- 
silio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis 
atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video 
consul, et de re publica sententiam rogo ; et quos ferro tru- 
cidari oportebat, eos nondum voce volnero. Fuisti igitur 105 
apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilina. Distribuisti partis Italiae ; 
statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret ; delegisti quos 
Eomae relinqueres, quos tecum educeres ; discripsisti urbis 
partis ad incendia. Confirmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum. 
Dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego vive- no 
rem. Eeperti sunt duo equites Eomani qui te ista curalibe- 
rarent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte, paulo ante lucem, me in meo 
lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego om- 
nia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi. Domum 
meam maioribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi. Exclusi 115 
eos quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum illi ipsi venis- 
sent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis 
venturos ess^.praedixeram. 

Then leave the city with your accomplices, for, although we have been 
fortunate enough to escape thus far, we cannot afford to take too 
many risks. Your attacks on me I repelled without trouble ; but 
now your plans are more sweeping. Your departure is more de- 
sirable than your death y for your adherents would then follow 
you out of the city. 

V. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. 
Egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae ; proficiscere. 120 
Nimium diii te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra desi- 
derant. Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si minus, quam 
plurimos. Purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum 
modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari 



58 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

125 iam diutius non potes ; non feram, non patiar, r m sinam. 
11. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi 
lovi Statori^ antiquissimo custodi htiius nrbis, gr^^tia, quod 
banc tarn taetram, tarn horribilem, tamque infestam rei 
publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in 

130 uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam 
diu raihi consul! desTgnato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non pu- 
blico me praesidio^ sed privata diligentia defend!. Cum 
proxim!s comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et 
competitores tuos interficere Yoluist!, compress! conatus tuos 

135 nefarios am!corum praesidio et copiis^ nullo tumultu publico 
concitato. Denique, quotienscumque me petist!^ per me 
tibi obstit!, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna 
calamitate re! publicae esse coniunctam. 12. Nunc iam 
aperte rem publicam universam petis. Templa deorum 

140 immortalium, tecta urbis^ v!tam omnium c!vium, Italiam 
denique totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Qua re quo- 
niam id quod est pr!mum, et quod huius imper! d!sciplinae- 
que maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam 
id quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem; 

145 utilius. Nam s! te interfic! iussero, residebit in re publica* 
reliqua coniuratorum manus ; s!n tu, quod te iam dudum| 
hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum coAitum magnai 
et perniciosa sent!na re! publicae. 13. Quid est, CatiHna ? 
num dubitas id, me imperante, facere, quod iam tua sponte 

150 faciebas ? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogas 
me, num in exsilium ? Non iubeo ; sed, s! me consulis, 
suadeo. 

Yoiir crimes are so notorious that you can surely find no pleasure in 
this city. You are stained with vice and fmined financially. Not 
a rrian here hut knows the story of your first conspiracy, which 
only the good fortune of the Roman people baffled. I need not 
mention your repeated attacks on me, 

VI. Quid est enim, CatiHna, quod te iam in hac urbe 
delectare possit ? in qua nemo est, extra istam coniuratio- 



FIRST ORATIO]^ AGAINST CATILIi^E 59 

nem perditorum hominum^ qui te non metuat ; nemo qui 155 
non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta 

■ vitae tuae est ? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret 

. in f ama ? Quae libido ab oculis^ quod f acinus a manibus 
umquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore af uit ? Cui tu 

1 adulescentulo^ quern corruptelarum inlecebris inretisses^ 160 
nonaut/ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem prae- 
tulisti ? 14. Quid yero ? nuper cum morte superioris uxoris 
no vis nuptiis domum-yacuef ecisses^ nonne etiam alio incredi- 
bili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? Quod ego praetermitto^ 
et facile patior silei% ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris im- les 
manitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 
Praetermitto ruinas f ortunarum tuarum^ quas omnis impen- 
dere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio^ quae non 
ad privatam ignommiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesti- 

I cam tuam difl&cultatem ac turpitudinem^ sed ad summam 170 
rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam saltitemque 
pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi liaec Mx, Catilina, aut huius 
caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias horum esse neminem 
qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas lanuarias^ Lepido et Tullo 
consulibus, stetisse in comitio cum telo ? manum^ consulum 175 
et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa, paravisse ? 
sceleri ac furori tuo non meiiiem aliquam aut timorem 
tuum, sed fortiinam populi Eomani obstitisse ? Ac iam ilia 
omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa com- 
missa — quotiens tii me designatum, quotiens consulem inter- iso 
ficere conatus es ! quot ego tuas petitiones ita coniectas, ut 
vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, 
ut aiunt, corpore effugi ! Nihil agis, nihil adsequeris, nihil 
moliris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens 
tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! Quotiens vero 185 
excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! Tamen ea carere diiitius 

I non potes, quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota 
sit nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore 
defigere. 



6o CICERO'S ORATIONS 

In pity rather than in hate I ask, Who of all your acquaintances in this 
body greeted you as you entered just now ?■ Your very presence 
causes general abhorrence. To be feared bg one's slaves were bad 
enough, but to be hateful to one's fellow citizens^ and even a7i object 
of dread to one^s country, would be intolerable. Hear, the cry, 
Catiline, of our commo7i mother, our native land : she, too, bids 
you leave her. 

190 VII. Nunc vero quae, tua est ista vita ? Sic enim iam 
tecum loquar^ non ut odio permotus esee videai% quo debeo, 
sed ut misericordia^ quae tibi nulla .dfeb|tur. Venisti paulo 
ante in senatum : quis te ex bac tant^ frequentia, tot ex 
tuis amicis ac necessariis^ salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum 

195 memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, 
cum sis gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid, 
quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacue^acta sunt ? Quod 
omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti 
fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum 

200 nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, — quo tandem animo tibi 
ferendum putas ? 17. Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto 
metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam 
relinquendam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? et, 
si me meis civibus iniuria suspectum tam graviter atque 

205 offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium, quam infestis 
omnium oculis conspici, mallem. Tu, cum conscientia 
scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diti 
tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentis sensusque volneras, 
eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te parentes 

210 til. "rent atque odissent tui, neque eos iilla ratione placare 
posses, tu, opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes : nunc 
te patria, quae commiinis est parens omnium nostrum, odit 
ac metuit et iam diu te nihil iudicat nisi de parricidio suo 
cogitare. Huius tu neque auctoritatem yerebere, nee iudi- 

215 cium sequere, nee vim pertimesces ? 18. Quae tecum, Cati- 
lina, sic agit, et quodam modo tacita loquitur : ^ Nullum iam 
aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium 
sine te. Tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direp- 



FIRST ORATIO]^^ AGAINST CATILINE 6l 

tioque sociorum impunita fiiit ac libera. Tu non solum ad 
neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad everten- ^20 
das perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora ilia, quamquam 
ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, lit potui, tuli ; nunc vero me 
totam esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid increpuerit, 
CatilTnam timer!, nullum yideri contra me consilium iniri 
posse quod a tuo scolere abhorreat, non est ferendum. 225 
Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc nihil timorem eripe : si 
est yerus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando 
timere desinam.' VIII. 19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria 
loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si yim adhibere 
non possit ? 230 

Your very offers to give yourself up in custody amount to self -condem- 
nation. In the light of all this evidence, ivhy hesitate what to do 9 

Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ? quod, yitan- 
dae suspicionis causa, ad W, Lepidum te habit are yelle 
dixisti ? a quo non receptus etiam ad me yenire ausus es, 
atque, ut domi meae te adseryarem, rogasti. Cum a me 
quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem 235 
parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, 
quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum prae- 
torem yenisti ; a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, yirum 
optimum, M. Marcellum demigrasti ; quem tu yidelicet et 
ad custodiendum te diligentissimum et ad suspicandum ^,^ 
sagacissimum et ad yindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. 
Sed quam longe yidetur a carcere atque a yinculis abesse de- 
bere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit ? 20. Quae 
cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non 
potes, abire in aliquas terras, et yitam istam, multis sup- 
pliciis iustis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique man- 
dare ? 



62 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

" Put the matter to the vote 9 " I need not do that to shoiu you the sentii 
ment of the Senate, Hear me — / bid you go into exile I — and thia 
audience hears my ivords in approving silence. Such words spokeri 
to another would have led to scenes of violence. But bitterly as these^ 
' citizens hate yoUj they would ivillingly act as your escort if you ' 
would only go. j 

^Kefer/ inquis, ^ad senatum^; id enim postulas, et, si 
hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtempera- 

250 turum te esse dicis. Kon referam (id quod abhorret a mcis 
moribus) et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de te sen- 
tiant. Egredere ex iirbe, Catilina ; libera rem piiblicam 
metu ; in exsiliiim^ si hanc vocem exspectas^ proflciscere. 
Quid est, Catilina ? ecquid attendis^, ecquid animadvertis 

255 horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auc- 
toritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum per- 
spicis ? 21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo P. 
Sestio, SI fortissimo viro M. Marcello, dixissem^ iam mihi 
consuli, hoc ipso in templo, senatus iure optimo vim et 

260 maniis intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, 
probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum tacent, clamant. 
Neque hi solum (quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, 
vita vilissima) sed etiam illi equites Komani, honestissimi 
atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui circumstant 

265 senatum ; quorum tu et frequentiam videre, et studia per- 
spicere, et voces paulo ante exaudire, potuisti. Quorum ego 
vix abs te iam diu mantis ac tela contineo, eosdem facile 
adducam, ut te haec, quae vastare iam pridem studes, relin- 
quentem usque ad portas prosequantur. 

But why speak to you of exile 9 Would to Heaven you would go ! I 
would gladlg bear all the odium such a course might bring upon me. 
But Iknoiv that every preparation has been made for your arrival 
at the camp in Etruria. 

270 IX. 22. Quamquam quid loquor ? te ut ulla res fran^at? , 
tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu ut uUam f ugam meditere ? 
tu ut exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem di im- ' 



FIRST ORATION" AGAINST CATILINE 63 

mortales duint ! tametsi yideo^ si^ mea voce perterritus, ire 
in exsilium animum induxeris^ quanta tempestas invidiae 
nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scele- 275 
rum tuorum, at in posteritatem, impendeat. Sed est tanti, 
dum modo ista sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae peri- 
culis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut 
legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, 
non est postulandum. Xeque enim is es, Catilina, ut te 280 
aut pudor umquam a turpitudine, aut metus a periculo, aut 
ratio a furore, revocarit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam 
dixi, proficiscere ; ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo con- 
flare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium. Yix feram ser- 
mones hominum, si id f eceris ; vix molem istius invidiae, 285 
si in exsilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem 
servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna 
sceleratorum manu ; confer te ad Manlium ; concita perditos 
cives ; secerne te a bonis ; infer patriae bellum ; exsulta im- 
pio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus 290 
ad tuos isse videaris. 24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, 
a quo iam sciam esse praemissos qui tibi ad forum Aurelium 
praestolarentur armati ? cui sciam pactam et constitutam 
cum Manlio diem ? a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam 
quam tibi ac tuis omnibus confido perniciosam ac funestam 295 
futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum con- 
stitutum f uit, sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ilia carere 
diutius possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, 
a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem 
civium transtulisti ? 300 

Go you ivill to that camp at last, and with what pleasure ! What joys 
await you among that abandoned crew ! There you will he in 
your natural sphere. Your defeat for the consulship will have the 
effect at least of making you appear in your true colors at last. 

X. 25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista 
tua cupiditas eflfrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim 
tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem 



64 Cicero's okatioks 

voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit^ voluntas 

305 exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, 
sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus 
es^ ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna verum etiam 
spe derelictis conflatam^ improborum manum. 26. Hie tu 
qua laetitia perfruere ! Quibus gaudiis exsultabis ! Quanta 

310 iu voluptate bacehabere^ cum in tanto numero tuorum, 
neque audies yirum bonum quemquam, neque videbis ! Ad 
huius Yitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores 
tui : iacere humi^ non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum 
etiam ad facinus obeundum ; vigilare, non solum insidian- 

315 tem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Ha- 
bes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, 
frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore 
confectum esse senties. 27. Tantum profeci turn, cum te 
a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul 

320 vexare rem publicam posses ; atque ut id, quod est a te 
scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nomi- 

naretur.f 

i 

Let me explain my position^ conscript fathers. If my beloved coun- 
try should reproach me for remissness in allowing Catiline^ to 
escape : if she should invoke the examples of our forefathers^ or 
plead that the laws were made for citizens not enemies, and 
charge me with ingratitude for the honors the people have con- 
ferred on me . . . 

XI. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope 
iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, 

325 quaeso, diligent er quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris 
mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi 
vita mea multo est carior^ si cuncta Italia, si omnis res 
publica loquatur : ^ M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum, quem 
esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, 

330 quem exspectari imperatorem in castris h ostium sentis, 
auctorem sceleris, principem coniurationis, evocatorem ser- 
vorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non 



FIRST ORATIOK AGAIKST CATILINE 65 

emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? Non 
hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo 
supplicio mactari imperabis ? 28. Quid tandem te impedit ? 335 
Mosne maiorum ? at persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica . 
perniciosos civTs morte multaverunt. An leges, quae de 
civium Komanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? at numquam 
in hac urbe^ qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura tenu- 
erunt. An invidiam posteritatis times ? praeclaram vero 340 
populo Eomano refers gratiam, qui te hominem per te cogni- 
tum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tam mature ad sum- 
mum imperium per omnis honorum gradus extulit, si propter 
invidiae aut alicuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum 
neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehe- 345 
mentius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac 
nequitiae pertimescenda ? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, 
vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas 
invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? ^ 

In answer to this, let me say that, deserved as was the fate of Saturninus 
and others like him, yet putting Catiline to death would bring upon 
us the charge of tyranny without helping the situation. Bather let 
Catiline go, and with him his crowd, and every sign of disorder will 
disappear. 

XII. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus, et eorum 350 
hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respon- 
debo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres con- 
scripti, — Catilinam morte multari, — unius usuram horae 
gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi 
et clarissimi viri, Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et supe- 355 
riorum complurium sanguine, non modo se non contamina- 
runt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, 
ne quid, hot parricida civium interfecto, invidiae mihi in 
posteritatem redundaret. Quod si ea mihi maxime impen- 
deret, tamen hoc animo semper fui, ut invidiam virtute 3^9 
partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 30. Quamquam 
non iiuUx sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non 



66 CICERO'S CRATIONS 

videant^ aut ea quae yident dissimulent. Qui spem Cati- 
linae moUibus sententiis aluerunt;, coniurationemque nascen- 

365 tern non credendo conroboraverunt ; quorum auctoritatem 
secuti multi^ non solum improbi^ verum etiam imperiti^ si 
in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse 
dicerent. Ifunc intellego^ si iste, quo intendit^ in Manliana 
castra pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat 

370 coniurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui 
non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto, intellego banc rei 
publicae pestem paulisper reprimi^ non in perpetuum com- 
primi posse. Quod si se eiecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, 
et eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos adgregarit, 

375 exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei 
publicae pestis^ yerum etiam stirps ac semen malorum 
omnium. 

XIII. 31. Etenim iam diii, patres conscripti, in his peri- 
culis coniurationis insidiisque yersamur, sed nescio quo 

380 pacto omnium scelerum ac yeteris f uroris et audaciae matii- 
ritas in nostri consulatus tenipus erupit. Quod si ex tanto 
latrocinio iste unus tolietur, yidebimur fortasse ad breye 
quoddam tempus ciira et metii esse releyati ; periculum 
autem residebit^ et erit inclusum penitus in yenis atque in 

385 yisceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo 
grayi^ cum aestti febrique iactantur^ si aquam gelidam 
biberint, primo releyari yidentur, deinde multo grayius 
vehementiusque adflictantur^ sic hie morbus qui est in re 
publica^ releyatus istius poena^ yehementius reliquis yiyis 

390 ingrayescet. 

Then let these anarchists withdraw, ceasing from their corrupt and dan- 
gerous work in our midst, and begin their impious war : Jupiter 
the Stayer will defend us all, and bring them to justice, living or 
dead. 

32. Qua re secedant improbi; secernant se a bonis; 
iinum in locum congregentur ; muro denique^ id quod saepe 
iam dixi^ discernantur a nobis. Desinant insidiari domi 

I 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 6/ 

suae consul!, circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani^ obsidere 
cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflammandam 395 
urbem comparare. Sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius 
cuiusque, quid dere publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobTs, 
patres conscriptT, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligen- 
tiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus 
Eomanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, 400 
ut Catilinae prof ectione omnia patef acta, inlustrata, oppressa, 
vindicata esse videatis. 

33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae 
salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio, qui 
se tecum omni scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere 405 
ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, Ifippiter, qui isdem 
quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Eomulo es constitutus, quern 
Statorem huius urbis atque imperi vere nominamus, hunc 
et liuius socios a tuis ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac 
moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium omnium cir<.6«Jia ; et ^^q 
homines bonorum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae, 
scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, 
aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



69 



Catiline went alone, and joined Manlius, and had he come on at 
once he might have taken Rome. The army was to support an insur- 
rection, and the insurrection was to support the army. Catiline was 
to wait for a signal from his friends in the city, and Lentulus, Cethe- 
gus, Autronius, and the rest of the leaders waited for Catiline to 
arrive. — Froude's Caesar, 



70 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



At last, fellow-citizens, ive have driven Catiline out of the city ! He 
has been dislodged from his stronghold, and must now fight in 
open warfare, 

Ta]^dem aliqnando^ Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem 
aiidacia, scelus anlielantem^ pestem patriae nefarie molien- 
tem, Tobis atque hiiic urbi ferro flammaque minitantem, ex 
urbe vel eiecimus yel emisimus^ vel ipsum egredientem ver- 
bis prosecutT sumus. Abiit, excessit^ evasit^ erupit. XuUa 5 
iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis 
intra moenia comparabitur. Atque liunc quidem unum 
huius belli domestic! ducem sine controversia vicimus. Xon 
enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur ; non in 
campo, non in foro, non in curia^ non denique intra 10 
domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, 
cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste, ndllo 
impediente, bellum iiistum geremus. Sine dubio perdidi- 
mus liominem magnificeque vTcimus, cum ilium ex occultis 
.insidiis in apertum latrocinmm coniecimus. 15 

Questions {for the answers see the Notes). — 1. What are the dates 
given for the First and the Second Oration against Catiline ? 2. The 
year ? 3. Before whom was the Second Oration delivered ? 4. What 
was the purpose of the Second Oration ? 5. Whom did Catiline leave 
in the city to manage the conspiracy after his own departure ? 
6. By what title does Cicero address the people ? (See the first line of 
the Latin text). 7. Look back at the first line of chap, xi of the First 
Oration, and tell by what title he addresses the Senate. 

71 



^2 CICERO S ORATIONS 

He has had Ms very weapons wrested fro7)i his hands, and leaviiig us 
all alive he finds himself utterly routed, 

2. Quod vero noii cruentum mucrouem, ut voluit, cx- 
tulit ; quod vivis nobis Ogressus est ; quod ei ferrum e 
manibus extorsimus ; quod incolumls civis, quod stantem 
urbem reliquit — quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflictum 
et prolligatum putatis ? lacet ille nunc, prostratusque est, 
20 et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit, et retorquet 
oeulos profecto saepe ad banc urbcm, quam e suis faucibus 
ereptam esse luget : quae quidem mibi laetari videtur, quod 
tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. 

// is (rue, he deserved death, but many did not believe my words: in 
driving him out therefore my triumph is complete. 

25 II. 3. Ac si quis est talis, qualis esse omnis oportebat, 
qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumpliat oratio mea, 
me vehementer accuset — quod tam capitalem liostem non 
comprehenderim potius quam emiserim — non est ista mea 
culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et 

30 gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque 
a me et mos mfiiorum, et Imius imperi severitas, et res 
publica, postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis qui 
quae ego deferrem non crederent ? quam multos qui 
propter stultitiam non putarent ? quam multos qui etiam 

35 defenderent ? quam multos qui propter improbitatem fave- 
rent ? Ac si, illo sublato, depelli a vobis omne periculum 
iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae 
meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. 4. Sed cum 
viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam tum probata, 

40 si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut eius 
socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem hue 
deduxi, ut tum palam piignare possetis^ cum hostem aperte 
videretis. 



SECOND OUATIOK AGAINST CATILINE 73 

Wt have now notliing more to fear — 

Quern quidem ego hostem quam vehementer foris esse 
timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam mo- 45 
leste fero, quod ex urbe paruin comitatus exierit. Uti- 
nam ille omnis secum suas copias eduxisset ! Tongilium 
mihi eduxit, quern amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium 
et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina 
nullum rei piiblicae motum adferre poterat : reliquit quos 50 
viros ! quanto aere alieiio I quam valentis I quam nobilis ! 
III. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legiO- 
nibus, et hoc dilectu quem in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. 
Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie compa- 
rantur, magno opere contemno, conlectum ex senibus despe- 55 
ratis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex eis 
qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum maluerunt. 
Quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostri, verum 
etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. 

except the adherents he has left behind : these also had better go. 

Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, 60 
quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui 
fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxisset. Qui si 
hie permanent, mementote non tam exercitum ilium esse 
nobis quam hos qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos ; 
atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quicquid cogi- 65 
tant me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 6. Video 
cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etriiriam, quis agrum 
Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias 
caedis atque' incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia superioris 
noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt ; patefeci in 70 
senatu hesterno die. Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit : hi 
quid exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam 
meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram. 

IV. Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes 
factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem piiblicam 75 



74 CICERO S ORATIONS 

videretis ; nisi vero si quis est qui Catilinae similis cum 
Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus ; 
severitatem res ipsa flagitat. IJnum etiam nunc conce- 
dam : exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Ca- 
80 tilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia 
via profectus est ; si adcelerare volent, ad vesperam conse- 
quentur. 

What a relief since Catiline departed ! He was the intimate friend of 
criminals of every class. 

7. fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem banc sentinam 
urbis eiecerit ! Uno mehercule Catilina exhausto, levata 

85 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut 
sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille conceperit ? 
Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis 
sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis 
circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae 

90 mulier infamis, quis corrupter iuventutis, quis corruptus, 
quis perditus inveniri potest qui se cum Catilina non fami- 
liarissime vixisse fateatur ? Quae caedes per hosce annos 
sine illo facta est ? Quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? 
8. Iam vero quae tanta umquam in iillo homine iuventutis 

95 inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo ? qui alios ipse amabat turpis- 
sime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat ; aliis fructum 
libidinum, aliis mortem parentum, non modo impellendo, 
verum etiam adiuvando poUicebatur. Nunc vero quam 
subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem 
100 numerum perditorum hominum conlegerat ! Nemo non 
modo Komae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae 
oppressus acre alieno fuit, quem non ad hoc incredibile 
sceleris foedus asciverit. V. 9. Atque ut eius diversa 
studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo est in 
105 ludo gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non 
intimum Catilinae esse fateatur ; nemo in scena levior et 
nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope sodalem fuisse com- 
memoret. Atque idem tamen stuprorum et scelerum exer- 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 75 

citiitione adsuCfactus frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis per- 
ferendis fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae sub- 110 
sidia atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque con- 
sumeret. 

His accomplices are the most desperate characters, whose only thoughts 
are of murder ^ incendiarism^ and rapine. 

10. Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comiies, si ex urbe 
exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, nos 
beatos, rem publicam fortunatam, praeclaram laudem 115 
consulatus mei ! Xon enim iam sunt mediocres hominum 
libidines, non Lumanae ac tolerandae audaciae. Xihil cogi- 
tant nisi caedom, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia 
sua profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt ; res eos iam 
pridem, fides nuper deficere coepit. Eadem tamen ilia, 120 
quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. Quod si in 
vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent 
illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi. Hoc 
vero quis ferre possit, inertis homines fortissimis viris insi- 
diari, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormi- 125 
entis yigilandbus ? qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, com- 
plex! mulieres impudicas, yino languidi, conferti cibo, 
sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris, eructant 
sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 

Our country is at peace with the rest of the leorld : to have removed these 
foes loithin will he the crowning glory of my consulship. 

11. Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod^ et 130 
poenam iam diu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini de- 
bitam aut instare iam piano aut certe appropinquare. Quos 

si mens consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, 
non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit 
rei piiblicae. Xulla est enim natio quam pertimescamus ; 135 
nullus rex qui bellum populo Eomano facere possit. Omnia 
sunt externa unius virtute terra marique pacata. Domesti- 



76 CICEKO'S OKATIONS 

cum bellum manet ; intus insidiae sunt ; iiitus inclusum 
periculum est; intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum 

140 amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello 
ducem profiteor, Quintes. Suscipio inimicitias hominum 
perditorum. Quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione 
sanabo ; quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem 
civitatis manere. Proinde aut cxeant aut quiescant, aut, si 

145 et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur " 
exspectent. 

*^ Catiline an exile,^' my feUoiv-citizens? Poor fellow ! But not he: 
he has gone, not to Massilia, but to the camp of 3Ia/filius in 
Etruria. 

VI. 12. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in 
exsilium eiectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo- adse- 
qui possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo 

150 enim videlicet timidus, aut etiam permodestus, vocem 
consulis ferre non potuit : simul atque ire in exsilium 
iussus est, paruit. Quid ? ut hesterno die, Quirites, cum 
domi meae paene intcrfectus essem, senatum in aedem lovis 
Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli : 

155 quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit ? 
quis salutavit ? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem*, 
ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem ? Quin etiam 
principes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam 
ille accesserat, nudam atque inancm reliquerunt. 13. Hie 

160 ego vehemens ille consul, qui yerbo civis in exsilium eicio, 
quaesivi a Catilina in nocturno conventii ad M. Laecam 
fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia 
convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera. Quid ea nocte 
egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum 

165 esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesitaret, 
cum teneretur, quaesivi quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo 
iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum securis, cum fascis, 
cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argen- 
team, cui ille etiam sacrarium scelerum domi suae fecerat. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE ^J 

scirem esse praemissam. 14. In exsilium eiciebam, qiiein 170 
iam iiigressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, 
Maulius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, 
bellum populo Koniano siio nomine indixit, et ilia castra 
nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus 
in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra 175 
(onferet. 

Let him, if he will, go into exile. If he does, I may he misjudged, 
hut I ivill gladhj hear the consequences, he they what they may, if 
only the country he saved. But in three days you will know the 
truth. 

VII. condicionem miseram non modo administran- 
dae, verum etiam eonservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. 
Catilina, consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus 
ac debilitatus, subito jiertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, 180 
deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit, ex hoc 
cursu scelcris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium con- 
verterit, uon ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstu- 
pefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque 
depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens in exsilium eiectus a 185 
^onsule vi et minis esse dicetur : et erunt qui ilium, si hoc 
fOeerit, non improbum sed miserum, me non diligentis- 
simum consulem sed crudelissimum tyrannum, existimari 
yelint I 15. Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae 
atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis hiiius 190 
horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depellatur : dicatur 
sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed 
mihi credite, non est itiirus. Numquam ego a dis immor- 
talibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut 
L. Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis 195 
Yolitare audiatis ; sed triduo tamen audietis, multoque 
magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod 
ilium emiserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint 
homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, 
^eidem, si interfectus esset, quid 'dicerent ? 16. Quamquam 200 



L 



70 CICERO S ORATIONS 

isti qui Catilinam Massiliam Ire dictitant, nou tarn hoc 
queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tarn mise- 
ricors qui ilium noii ad Manlium quam ad Massiliensis 
ire malit. Hie autem, si me hercule hoc^ quod agit, num- 
205 quam antea cogitasset, tameu latrocinantem se interfici 
mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum ei nihil 
adhi'ic praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque accident, 
nisi quod vivls nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius ut 
eat in exsilium quam queramur. 

But leaving Catiline now as a self-confessed enemy,' let me describe 
the classes to which his followers belong, 

210 VIIL 17. Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et 
do hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia, 
quod semper volui, murus interest, non timeo. De eis qui 
dissimulant, qui Komae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil 
dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si uUo modo fieri possit, non 

215 tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei piibli- 
cae ; neque, id quii re fieri non possit, si me audire volent, 
intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus gene- 
ribus hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde singulis 
medicinam consili atque orationis meae, si quam potero, 

220 adferam. 

The first class co7isists of propertied men who are yet deeply in debt. 

18. Unum genus est eorum qui magno in acre alieno 
maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti 
dissolvi nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est 
honestissima; sunt enim locupletes. Voluntas vero et 

225 causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tii argento, 
til familia, tii rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et 
dubites de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad fidem ? Quid 
enim exspectas ? bellum ? Quid ergo ? in vastatione omnium 
tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futiiras putas ? An tabulas 

230 novas ? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant : meo bene- 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 79 

ficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae; neque 
enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione tilla salvi 
esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque 
(id quod stultissimum est) certare cum usuris fructibus 
praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus 235 
uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, 
quod aut deduci de sententia possunt, aut, si permanebunt, 
magis mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam 
quam arma laturi. 

The second class, of needy but ambitious politicians. 

IX. 19. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam 240 
premuntur acre alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, 
rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re piiblica despe- 
rant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus 
hoc praecipiendum videtur (unum scilicet et idem quod 
reliquis omnibus), ut desperent id, quod conantur, se con- 245 
sequi posse : primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, 
providere rei publicae ; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis 
viris, magnam concordiam in maxima multitiidine, magnas 
praeterea copias militum ; deos denique immortalis huic 
invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi con- 250 
tra tantam vim sceleris praesentis auxilium esse laturos. 
Quod si iam sint id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt, 
adepti, num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine civium, quae 
mente conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules ac 
dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? Xon vident id 255 
se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladia- 
tori concedi sit necesse ? 

The third class, of Sully*s veterans spoiling for another war. 

20. Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen 
exercitatione robustum. Quo ex genere iste est Manlius, 
cui nunc Catilina succedit. Sunt homines ex eis coloniis 260 
quas Sulla constituit ; quas ego iiniversas civium esse opti- 



80 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

morum et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen ei sunt 
coloni qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius 
insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam 

265 beati, dum praediis lectis^ familiis magnis^ conviviis appa- 
ratis delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt^ ut, si 
salvi esse velint^ Sulla sit eis ab inferis excitandus ; qui 
etiam non nuUos agrestis, homines tenuis atque egentis^ in 
eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt : quos 

270 ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque 
pono. Sed eos hoc moneo : desinant furere, ac proscrip- 
tiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum tem- 
porum dolor inustus est civitati, ut iam ista non modo 
homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse viae- 

275 antur. 

The fourth, of hopeless bankrupts, a motley crew, 

X. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et 
turbulentum, qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 
emergunt ; qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo nego- 
tio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere acre alieno vacillant ; 

280 qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bonorum defatigati, 
permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre 
dicuntur. Hosce ego non tam milites acris quam infitia- 
tores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines primum, si stare 
non possunt, conruant, sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne 

285 vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, 
quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter 
velint ; aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, 
quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 

The fifth, of criminals of every sort ; and the sixth and last, of young 
debauchees, Catiline's especial favorites. 

22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, deni- 

290 que omnium facinorosorum. Quos ego a Catilina non 

revoco ; nam neque ab eo divelli possunt, et pereant sane in 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 8 1 

latrocinio^ quoniam sunt ita multi^ ut eos career capere non 
possit. 

Postremum autem genus est non solum numero^ verum 
etiam genere ipso atque vita^ quod proprium Catilinae est^ 295 
de eius^ilectu^ immo yero de complexu eius ac sinti ; quos 
pexo capUo, nitidos^ aut imberbis aut bene barbatos videtis, 
manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos, non togis, 
quorum omnis industria yitae et vigilandi labor in antelu- 
canis cenis expromitur. 23. In his gregibus omnes alea- 300 
tores, omnes adulter!, omnes impuri impudicique yersantur. 
Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum amare et amari, 
neque saltare et cantare, sed etiam sicas yibrare et spargere 
yenena didicerunt ; qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si 
Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium 305 
Oatilinarum futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri 
yolunt ? Num suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra due- . 
turi ? Quem ad modum autem illis carere poterunt, his 
praesertim iam noctibus ? Quo autem pacto illi Apenninum 
atque illas pruinas ac niyis perf erent ? nisi idcirco se f acilius 310 
hiemem toleraturos putant, quod nudi in conyiyiis saltare 
didicerunt. 

Contrasting the two sides, your own and that of Catiline, we find that 
we have nothing to fear^ for this is a war between strength and 
weakness, virtue and vice, right and wrong, the result of which 
can he safely foretold, 

XI. 24. bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum 
hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam! 
instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catilinae 315 
copias yestra praesidia yestrosque exercitus. Et primum 
gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque 
yestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufragorum eiectam 
ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae ac robur educite. 
Iam yero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt 320 
Catilinae tumulis silyestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, 
ornamenta, praesidia yestra cum illius latronis inopia 
6 



82 CICERO^S ORATIONS 



11 



atque egestate conferre debeo. 25. Sed si, omissis liis 
rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille (senatu, equitibus 

325 Eomanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuiicta Italia, pro- 
vinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus) — si, his rebus omissis, 
causas ipsas quae inter se confligunt contendere velimus, e^x 
eo ipso, quam valde illi iaceant, intellegere possumus. Ex 
hac enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pitdi- 

330 citia, illinc stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, 
illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, 
illinc turpitudo ; hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique 
aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes 
certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum 

335 vitiis omnibus ; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio 
cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes 
cum omnium reriim desperatione confligit. In eius modi 
certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia defi- 
ciant, di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtu- 

340 tibus tot et tanta vitia superari ? 

Guard your homes ; I have provided for the safety of the city. I have' 
also taken every means of defence outside. 

XII. 26. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, yos, quem ad. 
modum iam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque defen- 
dite ; mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu 
satis esset praesidi, consultum atque provisum est. Coloni 

345 omnes mtinicipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de hac noc- 
' turna excursione Catilinae, facile urbis suas f inisque def en- 
dent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore 
putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam pars patrici- 
orum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q. Metellus, 

350 quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque 
praemisi, aut opprimet hominem, aut omnis eius motus 
conatusque prohibebit. Eeliquis autem de rebus constitu- 
endis, maturandis/agendis iam ad senatum referemus, quem 
yocari videtis. 



SECOND ORATIOiq^ AGAINST CATILIKE 83 

To the conspirators left hehind hy Catiline I give warning once more 
Let them go if they will ; for, guilty as they are, I will not detain 
them. This ivar I will wage in the garb of peace, and with the 
least possible disturbance. 

- :27. Nunc illos^ qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui 355 
contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catilina 
relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, 
monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas si cui adhuc 
solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id, quod latebat, 
erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci, 360 

I meam banc esse patriam ; me borum esse consulem ; mibi 
aut cum bis vivendum aut pro bis esse moriendum. K'iillus 

; est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae : si qui exire yolunt, 

! conivere possum. Qui vero se in urbe commoverit ; cuius 
ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumye 365 

I contra patriam deprebendero — sentiet in bac urbe esse 
consules vigilantis, esse egregios magistratus, esse f ortem 
senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quem vindicem nefari- 
orum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse volu- 

! erunt. 370 

XIII. 28. Atque baec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut 
maximae res minimo motii, pericula summa niillo tumultu, 
bellum intestinum ac domesticuni post bominum memoriam 
crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et impera- 
tore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si 375 
ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in 
bac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufiEerat ; sed si vis manifestae 
audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de 
bac animi lenitate dediixerit, illud prof ecto perficiam, quod 
in tanto et tam insidioso bell5 vix optandum videtur, ut 380 
neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque poena vos 
omnes salvi esse possitis.. 



84 CICERO^S ORATIONS 

We may safely rely on the help of the gods, 

29. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque hu- 
manis consiliis fretus polliceor yobis^ Quirites, sed multis et 

385 non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus 
ego ducibiis in banc spem sententiamque sum ingressus; 
qui iani non procul^ ut quondam solebant, ab externo ho- 
ste atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque 
auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos 

390 vos, Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam 
urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, 
banc omnibus hostium copiis terra marique superatis a per- 
ditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



85 



Conspirators never think that'they have taken precautions enough, 
or have gained allies enough ; and in endeavoring to gain fresh sup- 
port, the Catilinarians made a fatal mistake.— Froude's Caesar, 

Thus Cicero's first object was fully attained ; the conspirators in 
the city, whose machinations had hitherto been hidden from the 
public, were now caught in a flagrant act of rebellion, and an act 
which had conspicuously failed. — Strachan-Davidson's Cicero, 



86 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



Fellow-citizens, I have saved the state, and am entitled to rank with 
Romulus himself , Iwill tell you briefly what has occurred in the 
Senate, 

Rem publicam, Quirites^ vitamqne omnium vestrum, 
bona, fortimas, coniuges liberosque vestros, atque hoc do- 
micilium clarissimi imperii fortunatissimam pulcherrimam- 
que urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga 
vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculis meis, e flamma 5 
atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis con- 
servatam ac restitutam videtis. 2. Et si non minus nobis 
iucundi atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conservamur, 
quam^illi quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, 
j nascendi incerta condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum 10 
voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam ilium, qui banc 
urbem condidit, ad deos immortalis benevolentia famaque 
sustulimus, ^esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore 
debebit is qui eandem banc urbem conditam amplificatam- 
que servavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac 15 
moenibus subiectos prope iam ignis circumdatosque re- 
stinximus ; idemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos ret- 
tudimus, mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. 
3. Quae quoniam in senatii inlustrata, patefacta, comperta 
sunt per me, vobis iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut, et 20 

Questions {for answers see the Notes). — 1. How long a time elapsed • 
between the delivery of the Second and the Third Oration against 
Catiline ? 2. What action did the Senate take about this time ? 3. 
What was Cicero's object during the interval ? 4. What is the theme 
of the Third Oration ? 

87 



88 CICERO^S ORATIONS 

quanta et qua ratione investigata et compreliensa sint, yos 
qui ignoratis et exspectatis scire possitis. 

From the first it has heen my aim, since Catilirie's departure, to 
secure such evidence agaliist the co7ispirators as could not be 
questioned. 

Principio^ ut Catillna paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, 
cum sceleris sui socios^ huiusce nef arii belli acerrimos duces, 

25 Romae reliquisset, semper yigilavi et providi, Quirites, 
quern ad modum in tantis et tam absconditis insidiis salvi 
esse possemus. II. Nam tum, cum ex urbe Catilinam 
eiciebam — non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum 
ilia magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit — sed tum, cum 

30 ilium exterminari volebam, aut reliquam coniiiratorum 
manum simul exituram, aut eos, qui restitissent, infirmos 
sine illo ac debilis fore putabam. 4. Atque ego, ut vidi, 
quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, 
eos nobiscum esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnis dies 

35 noctisque consumpsi, ut quid agerent, quid molirentur, 
sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam auribtis vestris propter 
incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret 
oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis 
saluti vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum 

40 videretis. 

I learned that certain delegates of the Oaids, visiting our city, had 
been tampered with by Lentulus, and that they with Volturcius, 
the representative of .the conspirators, were to bear to their coun- 
trymen and to Catiline important letters, written by the revolution- 
ists in the city. Accordingly I yesterday sent two praetors, Flac- 
cus and Pomptinus, to intercept the party at the Mulvian bridge. 
The arrests were made early this morning, a7id the prisoners with 
the letters were brought to me. 

Itaque ut comperi legatos Allobrogum, belli Trans- 
alpini et tumultus Gallic! excitandi causa, a P. Lentulo 
esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis eodemque 
itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, 









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THIRD ORATION AGAII^ST CATILIN"E 89 

comitemque eis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic 45 
ad Catilinam esse datas litteras, f acultatem mihi oblatam 
putavi, ut (quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper 
optabam ab dis immortalibus) tota res non solum a me, 
sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. 

I 5. Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum 50 

I praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, 
ad me vocavi. Rem exposui ; quid fieri placeret, ostendi. 
nil autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia 
sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine uUa mora negotium sus- 

I ceperunt ; et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem 55 
Mulvium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis yillis ita bi- 
partito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset^ 

' Eodem autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam . suspicione multos 
fortis viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina com- 

I pluris delectos adulescentis, quorum opera utor adsidue in 60 

' re publica, praesidio cum gladiis miseram. 6. Interim, 
tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem Mulvium magno 
comitatu legati AUobrogum ingredi inciperent, unaque 
Volturcius, fit in eos impetus. Educuntur et ab illis gladii 

1 et a nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota solis, ignorabatur 65 
a ceteris. III. Tum interventu Pomptini atque Flacci 
pugna quae erat commissa sedatur. Litterae, quaecum- 
que erant in eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus tra- 
duntur. Ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, 
deducuntur. Atque horum omnium scelerum improbis- 70 
simum machinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, 
nihil dum suspicantem, vocavi ; deinde item arcessitus est 
L. Statilius et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem 
Lentulus venit, credo quod in litteris dandis praeter con- 
suetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat. 75 

After consulting certain prominent citizens, I immediately assemifled 

the Senate. 

7. Cum summis ac clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui 
audita re frequentes ad me mane coiivenerant, litteras a me 



90 

prius aperm quam ad senatum deferrem, placeret (ne, 
si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus in- 

80 iectus civitati videretur), negavi me esse facttirum iit de 
periculo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram 
deferrem. Etenim, Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me 
delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in 
tantis rei publicae periculis, esse mihi nimiam diligentiam 

85 pertimescendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vi- 
distis> coegi. 8. Atque interea statim, admonitu Allobro- 
gum, C. Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex 
aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, efferret ; ex quibus 
ille maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit. 

Before the Senate, VoUurcms under a promise of immunity made a 
full confession^ after ivhich the Gauls were summoned to appear, 
and told the ivhole story, 

90 IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis ; fidem publicam 
iussu senatus dedi ; hortatus sum, ut ea quae sciret sine 
timore indicaret. Tum ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno 
timore recreasset, ab Lentiilo se habere ad Catilinam 
mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio iiteretur, ut ad 

95 urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet ; id autem 
eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem 
ad modum discriptum distributumque erat, incendissent, 
caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille qui 
et fugientis exciperet, et se cum his urbanis ducibus con- 

100 iungeret. 9. Introducti autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et 
litteras ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data 
esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse prae- 
scriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; 
pedestris sibi copias non defuturas ; Lentulum autem sibi 

105 confirmasse, ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se 

- esse tertium ilium Cornelium ad quem regnum huius urbis 

atque imperium pervenire . esset necesse : Cinnam ante se et 

Sullam fuisse ; eundemque dixisse, fatalem hunc annum 

esse ad interitum huius urbis atque. imperi, qui esset annus 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 9I 

decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitoli autem 110 
incensionem vicesimiis. 10. Hanc autem Cethego cum 
ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis 
Saturnalibus caedem ,fieri atque urbem incendi placeret^ 
Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 

Not to detain you, the prisoners were confronted with the letters, 
Ceihegus and Statilius, forced to acknowledge their seal and 
handwriting, soon made confession. Lentulus was next examined 
and his letter read. Upon his cross-examining the Gauls, their 
straightforward replies finally resulted in his confessing also. 
He was especially agitated when his unsigned letter to Catiline 
was read. Gahinius was then examitied with the same result. 
To my mi7id the prisoners were convicted as much hy their looks 
and manner as hy the letters. 

V. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussi- 115 
mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum ostendi- 
mus Cethego signum ; cognovit. Xos iTnum incidimus ; 
legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum sena- 
tui et populo, sese quae eorum legatis conf irmasset f ac- 
turum esse ; orare ut item illi facerent quae sibi eorum 120 
legati recepissent. Tum Cethegus, qui paulo ante ali- 
quid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant 
deprehensa, respondisset, dixissetque se semper bonorum 
ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debili- 
tatus atque abiectus conscientia repente conticuit. Intro- 125 
ductus est Statilius ; cognovit et signum et manum suam : 
recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam ; confes- 
sus est. Tum ostendi tabellas Lentulo, et quaesivi cogno- 
sceretne signum. Adnuit. ^ Est vero/ inquam, ^ notum 
quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissimi viri, qui amavit 130 
unice patriam et civis suos ; quae quidem te a tanto scelere 
etiam muta revocare debuit.'" 11. Leguntur eadem ratione 
ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid de 
his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille primo 
quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio 135 
exposito atque edito, surrexit ; quaesivit a Gallis quid sibi 



92 CICEKO S ORATIONS 

esset cum eis^ quam ob rem domum suam venissent^ item- 
que a Volturcio. Qui cum illl breviter constanterque 
respondissent, per quern ad eum quotiensque venissent, 

140 quaesissentque ab eo^, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis 
locutus^ tum ille subito scelere demens quanta conscientiae 
vis esset ostendit. Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente 
praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non 
mpdo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper 

145 valuit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifest! atque de- 
prehensi impudentia, qua superabat omnis, improbitasque 
defecit. 12. Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque 
aperiri iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse 
dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus 

150 tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem 
scriptae sine nomine, sed ita : ' Quis sim, scies ex eo quem 
ad te misi. Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quem in locum sis 
progressus ; vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et cura ut 
omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, etiam infimorum.'' | Gabinius 

155 deinde introductus, cum primo impudeirt<9t'^*-tespondere 
coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex eis quae Galli insimu- 
labant negavit. 13. Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum ilia 
certissima visa sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris — 
tabellae, sTgna, mantis, denique unius cuiusque confessio, 

160 tum multo certiora ilia — color, oculi, voltus, taciturnitas. 
Sic enim obstupuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim 
non numquam inter sese aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis 
indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur. 

At the close of these proceedings the Senate passed a vote of thanks to 
me, to the two praetors, and to Antonius my colleague. They then 
directed that Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gahinius, and five 
others should he placed under arrest. And still further they 
honored me ivith a supplicatio under circumstances that have no 
parallel. Of course, to remove every religious scruple, Lentulus 
was first required to resign his magistracy. 

VI. Indiciis expositis atque editis, senatum consului, de 
165 summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a p rin- 



THIIID ORATIOi^ AGAIKST CATILII^E 93 

cipibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas senatus 
sine uUa yarietate est seciitus. Et quoniam nondum est 
perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria vobis^ Quirites, 
quid senatus censuerit exponam. 14. Primum mihi gratiae 
verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod yirtute^ con^ilio, provi- 170 
dentia mea res publica maximis periculis sit liberata ; 
deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum 
opera forti fidellque usus essem, merito ac iure laudantur ; 
atque etiam viro forti^ conlegae meo^ laus impertitur^ quod 
eos, qui huins coniurationis participes fuissent^ a suis et a 175 
rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt^ ut 
P. Lentulus, cuiji se praetura abdicasset^ in custodiam tra- 
deretur ; itemque uti C. Gethegus, L. Statilius^ P. Gabi- 
nius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custodiam traderentur. 
Atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Gassium^ qui sibi procu- I8O 
rationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat ; in M. Geparium, 
cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat 
indicatum ;.^ in P. Purium^ qui est ex eis colonis^ quos 
Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit ; in Q. Annium Ghilonem^ qui 
una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac AUobrogum soUici- 185 
tatione versatus ; in P. Umbrenum. libertinum hominem, a 
quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. \ 
Atque ea lenitate senatus est usus^ Quirites^ ut ex tanta 
coniuratione tantaque hac multitudine domesticorum ho- 
stium, novem hominum perditissimorum poena re publica 190 
conseryata^ reliquorum mentis sanari posse arbitraretur, 
15. Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singulari 
eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum 
post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his verbis 
decreta est : quod . urbem incendiis, caede civis, Italiam 195 
bello liberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris confera- 
tur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haec una con- 
servata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, quod 
faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. 
Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactis indiciis, confes- 200 
sionibus suis, iudicio senatus non modo praetoris ius, verum 



94 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

etiam civis amiserat^ tamen magistratu se abdicavit, ut, 
quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat, quo mi- 
nus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, 
205 praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo 
puniendo liberaremur. 

The conspiracy was doomed, fellow-citizens^ from the moment I drove 
Catiline, its master spirit, out of the city. 

VII. 16. Nunc quoniam^ Quirites^ consceleratissimT pe- 
riculosissimique belli nefarios duces captos iam et compre- 
hensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catilinae copias, 

210 omnis spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis periculis, con- 
cidisse. Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc 
providebam animo, Quirites : remoto Catilina, non mihi 
esse P. Lentuli somnum nee L. Cassi adipes nee C. 
Cethegi furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat, 

215 unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tam diu, dum urbis5 
moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus 
tenebat ; appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat ; 
erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum^ consilio autem neque 
manus neque lingua deerat. Iam ad certas res conficiendas 

220 certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque 
vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat : nihil 
erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret^ laboraret. 
Frigus, sitim, famem ferre poterat. 17. Hunc ego homi- 
nem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam paratum, tam calli- 

225 dum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam. in perditis rebus 
diligentem, nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latro- 
cinium compulissem (dicam id quod sentio, Quirites), non 
facile hanc tantam molem mali a ceryicibus vestris depu- 
lissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque 

230 tanto ante exsili ac fati diem rei publicae denuntiavisset • 
neque commisisset, ut signum, ut litterae suae testes 
manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc, illo 
absente, sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum 
umquam sit tam palam inventum, quam haec tanta in re 



THIRD ORATION^ aGAINST CATILINE 95 

publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. 235 
Quod si Catilma in urbe ad banc diem remansisset, qnam- 
quam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque 
obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dicam^ dimicandum nobis 
cum illo fuisset ; neque nos umquam, cum ille in urbe 
hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam tanta pace, 240 
tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. 

That the gods were with us we have ocular proof. When Cotta and 
Torquatus were consuls, two years ago,, we were reminded hy the 
soothsayers of the warning given when lightning struck the 
Capitol. To ward off disaster they then directed that a new 
statue — a larger one — should he erected to face the east, and the 
work after great delay was finished on this very day. That such 
a coincidence between the completion of the work and the discovery 
of the co7ispiracy marks a divine intervention, no man can he so 
hlind as to deny, 

VIII. 18. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a 
me administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque 
consilio et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque cum 
coniectura consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani 245 
consili tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, tum vero 
ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis 
tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut 
ilia omittam, visas nocturne tempore ab occidente faces 
ardoremque caeli ; ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus 250 
relinquam : ut omittam cetera, quae tam multa nobis 
consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di 
immortales viderentur — hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, 
neque praetermittendum neque relinquendum est. 

19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato 255 
consulibus, compluris in Capitolio res de caelo esse per- 
cussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt, et statuae 
veterum hominum deiectae, et legum aera liquefacta. 
Tactus est etiam ille, qui banc urbem condidit, Komulus, 
quern inauratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactentem, 260 



96 CIGERO'S ORATIONS 

uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo qui- 
dem tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etrtiria convenissent^ 
caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile 
ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperi occasum ap- 

265 propinquare dixerunt^ nisi di immortales, omni ratione 
placati, suo numine prope^ fata ipsa flexissent. 20. Itaque 
illorum responsis tum et ludi per decern dies facti sunt, 
neque res uUa quae ad placandos deos pertineret praeter- 
missa est ; idemque iusserunt simulacrum lovis facere 

270 mains, et in excelso conlocare, et contra atque antea fuerat 
ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud 
signum quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiamque 
conspiceret, fore ut ea •. consilia, quae clam essent inita 
contra salutem urbis atque imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a 

275 senatu populoque >, Romano perspici possent. Atque illud 
signum conlocandum consules illi locaverunt ; sed tanta 
fuit operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus, 
neque nobis ante hodiernum diem conlocaretur. 

IX. 21. Hie quis potest esse tam aversus a vero, tarn 

280 praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae 
videmus, praecipueque banc urbem, deorum immortalium 
nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum esset ita 
responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publicae com- 
parari, et ea per civis (quae tum propter magnitudinem 

285 scelerum non ntillis incredibilia videbantur), ea no^^ modo 
cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum etiam suscepta esse 
sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu. lovis 
Optimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut cum hodierno 
die mane per forum meo iussu. et coniurati et eorum in- 

290 dices in aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore 
signum statueretur ? quo conlocato atque ad vos senatum- 
que converso, omnia et senatus et vos, quae erant cogitata 
contra salutem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. 



THIRD ORATIOK AGAINST CATILINE 9/ 

That our enemies were deprived of their senses hy Jupiter is clear 
from their co7iducty and is another proof of his protecting care 
over us. 

22. Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni^ 
qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis^ sed etiam 295 
deorum templis atque deltibris sunt funestos ac nefarios 
ignis inferre conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam^ 
nimium mihi siimam et non sim ferendus. lUe, ille luppi- 
ter restitit ; ille Capitolium^ ille haec templa, ille cunctam 
urbem, ille vos omnis salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immor- 300 

I talibus ducibus banc mentem^ Quirites^ voluntatemque 
suscepi, atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni. lam vero 
ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tam dementer 
tantae res creditae, et ignotis et barbaris commissae lit- 
terae numquam essent prof ecto^ nisi ab . dis immortalibus 305 
huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. Quid 
yero ? ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae 
gens una restat quae bellum populo Komano facere posse 
et non nolle videatur^ spem imperi ac rerum maximarum 
ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus oblatam neglegerent^ 310 
vestramque salutem suis opibus anteponerent^ id non di- 
vinitus esse factum putatis ? praesertim qui nos non pu- 

. gnando^ sed tacendo superare potuerint. 

Never wns occasion more meet for thanksgiving, fellow-citizens. Since 
the days of Sulla we have had many dissensions in our city, hut 
in all these troubles revolution was the object of selfish politicians : 
in this our latest disturbance the very life of the state itself was 
at stake. 

X. 23. Quam ob rem, Quirites^ quoniam ad omnia 
pulvinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies 315 
cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe 
honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debiti, sed 
profecto iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crude- 
lissimo ac miserrimo interitu ; erepti sine caede, sine 
sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione. Togati me uno 320 
togato duce et imperatore vicistis. 24. Etenim record a- 



98 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

mini, Quirites^ omnis civilis dissensiones — non solum eas 
quas audistis, sed eas qiias vosmet ipsi meministis atque 
vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit ; eiecit ex iirbe 

325 C. Marium, custodem huius urbis ; multosque fortis viros 
partim eiecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. Octavius 
consul armis expulit ex urbe conlegam : omnis hie locus 
acervis corporum et civium. sanguine redundavit. Supera- 
vit postea Cinna cum Mario : tum vero, clarissimis viris 

330 interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est 
huius victoriae crtidelitatem postea Sulla : ne dici quidem 
opus est quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate 
rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortis- 
simo viro Q. Catulo : attulit non tam ipsius interitus rei 

335 publicae luctum quam ceterorum. 25. Atque illae tamen 
omnes dissensiones erant eius modi, quae non ad delen- 
dam, sed ad commutandam rem publicam pertinerent. 
Non illi nuUam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, 
se esse principes, neque banc urbem conflagrare, sed se in 

340 hac urbe florere, voluerunt. Atque illae tamen omnes 
dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei publicae quaesivit, 
eius modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae sed 
internecione civium diiudicatae sint. In hoc autem uno 
post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, 

345 quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum sua gente ges- 
sit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, 
Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi esse pos- 
sent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quiri- 
tes, ut salvi omnes conservaremini ; et, cum hostes vestri 

350 tantum civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae 
caecli restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma 
obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros incolumis- 
que servavi. 

In return for my services I ask for no reward other than the memory 
of my achievements, 
XI. 26. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego 
355 a vobis praemium virtutis^ nullum insigne honoris, nul- 



THIRD ORATIOiq^ AGAI:N^ST CATILINE 99 

lum monumentum laudis postulo, praeterquam huius diei 
memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnis 
triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris^ monumenta 
gloriae, laudis insignia, condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me 
mutum potest delectare, nihil tacitum, nihil denique eius 360 
modi, quod etiam minus digni adsequi possint. Memoria 
I vestra, Quirites, res nostrae alentur, sermonibus crescent, 
litterarum monumentis inveterascent et conroborabuntur : 
eandemque diem intellego (quam sper5 aeternam fore) 
propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam con- 365 
sulatus mei ; unoque tempore in hac re publica duos civis 
exstitisse, quorum alter finis vestri imperi non terrae, sed 
caelT regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperi domi- 
cilium sedisque servaret. 

Such services as mine have teen, impose upon you a corresponding 
I obligation, for it will he your duty in future to see that I suffer 

nothing at the hands of those whom I have for your sake made my 
enemies. This is all I ash of you, since you have already bestowed 
on me the noblest gifts to which I could aspire. And as night is 
now upon us, felloiv-citizens, with prayers to Jupiter, guard your 
homes as before ; you shall soon be free from all anxiety. 

XI. 27. Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, 370 
I non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui 
j externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum eis vivendum est 

quos vTci ac subegi, isti hostis aut interfectos aut oppresses 
I reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte 
j prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint, providere. Mentes 375 
I enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne 

vobis nocere possent, ego providi ; ne mihi noceant, vestrum 
i est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi 

nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis 
, praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est ; 330 
i magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita de- 

fendet ; magna vis conscientiae,^ quam qui neglegunt, cum 
; me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. 28. Est etiam nobis 
' is animus, Quirites, ut non modo niillius audaciae cedamus, 

' ^ L.ofC. 



100 CICERO's ORATIONS 

385 sed etiam omnis improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quod 
SI omnis impetus domesticorum hostium^ depulsus a vobTs^ 
se in me unum convertit, vobis erit videndum, Quirites, 
qua condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute 
vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus. Mihi 

390 quidem ipsi^ quid est quod iam ad vJtae fructum possit 
adquiri, cum praesertim, neque in honore vestro, neque in 
gloria virtutis, quicquam videam altius, quo mihi libeat 
ascendere. 29. Illud profecto perficiam^ Quirites^ ut ea, 
quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, 

S95 SI qua est invidia conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat 

invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re 

publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim 

curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. 

Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox est, venerati lovem, 

400 ilium custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestrg, tecta 
discedite ; et ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, 
tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defen- 
dite. Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit, atque ut in per- 
petua pace esse possitis, providebo. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



101 



By cutting the evil at the root, by surprising and punishing the 
conspiracy before it broke out, Cicero perhaps delayed the advent of 
monarchical government at Rome for fifteen years. He was not 
wrong, then, in boasting of the services he rendered at that time to his 
country's liberty, and we must acknowledge with Seneca that if he 
praised his consulship without measure, he has not done so without 
reason. — Boissier's Cicero and His Friends, 



102 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILIN:E 



Gratifying, conscript fathers, as are the evidences of your anxiety 
on my account, yet I pray you dismiss your fears as univorthy of 
' my position. 1 will cheerfully hear whatever fate may have in 
store for me. 

Video, patres conscripti, in me omiiium vestrum ora 
atque oculos esse conversos ; video yos non solum de vestro 
ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo 
periculo esse soUicitos. Est mihi iucunda in mails et grata 
in dolore vestra erga me voluntas ; sed eam, per deos im- 5 
mortalis, deponite, atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac de 
vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulattis 
data est, ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatusque 
perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, 
dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque Eomano dignitas 10 
salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, patres con- 
scripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, 
non campus consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, 
summum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune 

Questions {for answers see the Notes). — 1. Give the date of this 
speech. 2. Before what body was it delivered ? 3. Where ? 4. Why 
was Silanus first called on for his opinion ? 5. What was Caesar's 
rank at this time ? 6. Give an account of the debate. 7. Also of the 
execution. 8. What bearing on the question of the legality of the 
executions had the lex Sempronia? (9. Why called ^ea; Semproma f) 
10. Cicero's answer to this point? 11. The weakness of this answer ? 

12. What other consideration makes for the legality of this course ? 

13. Does this settle the matter finally ? 14. What is the strongest 
justification Cicero had for doing what he did ? 15. Give some account 
of Catiline's defeat in battle and his death. 

103 



I04 CICERO S ORATIONS 

15 perfugium, non lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec 
sedes honoris^ sella curulis^ umquam vacua mortis periculo 
atque insidiis fuit. Ego niulta tacui^ multa pertuli, multa 
concessit multa meo quodam dolore in yestro timore sanavi. 
Nunc^" SI hunc exitum consulatus mei di immortales esse 

20 voluerunt, ut vos populumque Komanum ex caede miser- 
rima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestalis ex 
acerbissima vexatione, templa atque delubra, hanc pul- 
cherrimam patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, 
totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem^ quaecumque 

25 mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. 
Lentulus suum nomen, inductus a vatibus, fatale ad per- 
niciem rei publicae fore putavit^ cur ego non laeter meum 
consulatum ad salutem populi Roman! prope fatalem ex- 
stitisse ? 

Therefore let your preseiit thoughts he only for fatherland and family. 
Do not suppose, however, that I am not moved hy the anxiety and 
the tears of my loved ones : rather do these evidences of affection 
stir me to more energetic action that I may save them from threat- 
ened destruction. 

30 II. 3. Qua re, patres conscript!, consulite vobis ; pro- 
spicite patriae ; conservate vos, coniuges, liberos forttinas- 
que vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque defendite : 
mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum 
debeo sperare omnis deos qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo 

35 mihi ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid 
obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque 
turpis mors forti viro potest accidere, neque immatura 
consular!, nee misera sapient!. Nee tamen ego sum ille 
ferreus, qui fratris carissimi atque amantissimi praesentis 

40 maerore non movear, horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus 
me circumsessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non 
domum saepe revocat exanimata uxor, et abiecta metu 
filia, et parvolus filius, quem mihi videtur amplest! res 
publica tamquam obsidem consulatus mei, neque ille qui. 



FOURTH oratio:n^ against cATiLiiq^E 105 

exspectans huius exitum diei^, adstat in conspectii meo, 45 
gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus ; sed in earn partem, 
uti salvi sint yobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua op- 
presserit, potius quam et illi et nos una rei publicae peste 
pereamus. 

For the present crisis is far more grave than those of former years, 

4. Qua re, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei 50 
publicae ; circumspicite omnis procellas quae impendent, 
nisi providetis. Kon Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribu- 
nus plebis fieri yoluit ; non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios 
concitare conatus est ; non L. Saturninus, quod 0. Mem- 
mium occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae 55 
severitatis indicium adducitur. Tenentur ei qui ad urbis 
incendium, ad yestram omnium caedem, ad Catilinam 
accipiendum Eomae restiterunt ; tenentur litterae, signa, 
manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio : sollicitantur 
Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur ; id est CO 
initum consilium, ut, interfectis omnibus, nemo ne ad 
deplorandum quidem populi Eomani nomen atque ad la- 
mentandam tanti imperi calamitatem relinquatur. 

These things are clear from the evidence and from the confession of 
the prisoners, and you have already hy your acts condemned the 
prisoners ; and yet as if it were still an open question^ 1 will lay 
the matter before you now with the reminder that, whatever your 
course^ you should decide before night. 

III. 5. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi 
sunt, yos multis iam iudiciis iudicayistis : primum, quod 65 
mihi gratias egistis singularibus yerbis, et mea yirtute 
atque diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem pate- 
factam esse decreyistis ; deinde, quod P. Lentulum se 
abdicare praetura coegistis ; tum, quod eum et ceteros, de 
quibus iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis ; maxi- 70 
meque quod meo nomine supplicationem decreyistis, qui 
honos togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo, he- 



I06 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Rterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoqiie Volturcio 
dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, iit ei, 

75 qui in custodiam nominatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubita- 
tione a vobis damnati esse videantur. 

6. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscriptT, 
tamquam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis, et de poena 
quid censeatis. Ilia pracdicam quae sunt consulis. Ego 

80 magnum in re publica versari f urorem, et nova quaedam 
misceri et concitari mala, iam pridem videbam ; sed lianc 
tantam, tarn exitiosam haberi coniiirationem a civibus 
numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae 
mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante 

85 noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. 
Huic si paucos putatis adfinis esse, vehementer erratis : 
latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum. Manavit 
non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpis et 
obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id op- 

90 primi sustentando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Qua- 
cumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 

Of the (wo proposals before us, that of Silanus favors the death- 
penalty ; that of Caesar, imprisonment for life and confiscation 
of their property. But Caesar^s proposal is hardly practicable, 
arid, after all, is the severer of the two. 

IV. 7. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : iinam D. 
Silani, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte 
esse multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam 

95 removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acerbitates am- 
plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum 
magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, 
qui nos omnis, qui populum Komanum, vita privare conati 
sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Eomani nomen 

100 exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi 
spiritu non putat oportere ; atque hoc genus poenae saepe 
in improbos civis in hac re publica esse usurpatum recor- 
datur. Alter intellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE IO7 

esse supplici causa constitutam ; sed aut necessitatem na- 
turae, aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque earn 105 
sapientes numquam inviti^ fortes saepe etiam libenter, 
oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, certe ad 
singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Mumci- 
piis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem^ 
si imperare velis, difficultatem, si rogare. Decernatur 110 
tamen, si placet. 8. Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, 
reperiam qui id, quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, 
non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gra- 
vem poenam municipibus, si quis eorum vincula ruperit ; 
horribilis custodias circumdat, et dignas scelere hominum 115 
perditorum. Sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos con- 
demnat, aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit ; 
eripit etiam spem, quae sola hominem in miseriis consolari 
solet. Bona praeterea publicari iubet. Vitam solam re- 
linquit nefariis hominibus : quam si eripuisset, multos 120 
uno dolores animi atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas 
ademisset. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido improbis 
esset posita, apud inferos eius modi quaedam illi antiqui 
supplicia impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet 
intellegebant, eis remotis^ non esse mortem ipsam perti- 125 
mescendam. 

Since Caesar is a populai' leader, to follow his opinion would perhaps 
he the safer course ; hut no such consideration shall influence me. 
One of these would-he dejnocrats, I see, is ahsent to-day to avoid 
the necessity of voting in a capital case. Having already declared 
himself on the question, he is inco7isis*ent. Caesar is aware that 
our laics were not made for enemies, and hence Lentulus deserves 
perpetual imprisonment. 

V. 9. Xunc, patres conscripti^ ego mea video quid in- 
tersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Oaesaris, quoniam 
banc is in re publica viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus 
est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore huiusce 130 
sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi ; sin 
illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negoti contrahatur. 



I08 CICEEO'S ORATIONS 

Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publi- 
cae vincat. Habemus enini a Caesare^ sicut ipsius dig- 

135 nitas et maiorum eius amplittido postulabat, sententiam, 
tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. 
Intellectum est quid interesset inter levitatem contionato- 
rum et animum vere popularem, saluti populT consulentem. 
10, Video de istis^ qui se popularis haberi volunt, abesse 

140 non neminem^ ne de capite videlicet civium Eomanorum 
sententiam ferat. At is et nudius tertius in custodiam 
civis Komanos dedit, et supplicationem mihi decrevit, et 
indices hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. lam hoc 
nemini dubium est^, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratula- 

145 tionem, indici praemium decrevit, quid de tota re et causa 
iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit^ legem Semproniam 
esse de civibus Romanis constitutam ; qui autem rei publi- 
cae sit hostis, eum civem nullo modo esse posse ; denique 
ipsum latorem Semproniae legis, iussii populi, poenas rei 

150 publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largitorem 
et prodigum, non putat^ cum de pernicie populi Eomani, 
exitio huius urbis tam acerbe^ tam crudeliter cogitarit, 
etiam appellari posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus 
atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris 

155 vinculisque mandare, et sancit in posterum., ne quis huius 
supplicio levando se iactare, et in perniciem populi Eomani 
posthac popularis esse possit : adiungit etiam publicationem 
bonorum, ut omnis animi cruciatus et corporis etiam ege- 
stas ac mendicitas consequatur. 

Whatever you decide, cruelty cannot he charged against you. 

When I think of Lentulus lording it as king, Gahinius his grand 
vizier, the outrages that would follow such a state of things assure 
me that severity in this case is the truest humanity. Remember 
the words of Lucius Caesar and the example of the elder Lentulus. 

160 VI. 11. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis 
mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucun- 
dum ; sive SiUni sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me 



PRFgEWT-VLOOR OF LOWER CHURCH 




THE TULLIANUM 



The prison consists of a large upper chamber and a 
smaller underground circular dungeon, cut in the solid rock. 
The latter was originally a kind of well-house and probably 
extended upwards to a point (G). This upper part was 
afterwards cut off when the upper prison was added, and a 
■ceiling of overlapping stone slabs was built with a small 
hole (A) through which criminals were thrust, and either 
ieft there to die of cold and starvation, or strangled by the 
executioner (see page 352). According to tradition, St. 
Peter and St. Paul were confined in the upper prison in the 
time of Nero, and therefore a church dedicated to St. Peter 
and called S. Pietro in Carcere (St. Peter in Prison) was 
built above it. 



FOURTH ORATIOK AGAIJSTST CATILINE IO9 

atque vos crudelitatis vituperatione exsolveritis, atque 
obtinebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres 
conscripti, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate 165 
punienda crudelitas ? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. 
Nam ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum perfrui liceat^ ut 
ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum^ non atrocitate 
animi moveor — quis est enim me mitior ? — sed singular! 
quadam humanitate et misericordia. |Videor enim mihi 170 
videre banc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem om- 
nium gentium, subito uno incendio concidentem. Cerno 
animo sepulta in patria miseros atque insepultos acervos 
civium. Versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et 
furor in vestra caede bacchantis. 12. Cum vero mihi pro- 175 
posui regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse ex fatis se sperasse 
confessus est ; purpuratum esse huic Gabinium ; cum 
exercitu venisse Catilinam ; — tum lamentationem matrum 
familias, tum fugam virginum atque puerorum, ac vexa- 
tionem virginum Vestalium perhorresco. Et, quia mihi 180 
vehementer haec videntur misera atque miseranda, idcirco, 
in eos, qui ea perficere voluerunt, me severum vehemen- 
temque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis pater familias, 
liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa domo, 
supplicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, 185 
utrum is clemens ac misericors, an inhumanissimus et 
crudelissimus esse videatur. Mihi vero importunus ac fer- 
reus, qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem 
cruciatumque lenierit* Sic nos in his hominibus^ qui nos, 
qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt ; qui 190 
singulas iinius cuiusque nostrum domos, et hoc iiniversum 
rei publicae domicilium delere conati sunt ; qui id egerunt, 
ut gentem AUobrogum in vestigiis huius urbis atque in 
cinere deflagrati imperi conlocarent, si vehementissimi 
fuerimus, misericordes habebimur ; sin remissiores esse 195 
voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civium- 
que pernicie fama subeunda est. 13. Nisi vero cuipiam L. 
Caesar^ vir fortissimus et amantissimus rei publicae, cru- 



no CICERO^S ORATIONS 

delior nudius tertius visus est, cum sororis suae, feminae 

200 lectissimae, virum praesentem et audientem vita privandum 
esse dixit, cum avum suum iussu consulis interfectum, 
filiumque eius impuberem, legatum a patre missum, in 
carcere necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum ? 
quod initum delendae rei publicae consilium ? Largitionis 

205 voluntas tum in re public aversata est, et partium quaedam 
contentio. Atque eo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir cla- 
rissimus, armatus Gracchum est persecutus. Ille etiam 
grave tum volnus accepit, ne quid de summa re publica 
deminueretur : hic ad evertenda rei publicae fundamenta 

210 Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catilinam vocat, attribuit 
nos trucTdandos Cethego, et ceteros civis interficiendos Ga- 
binio, urbem inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastan- 
dam diripiendamque Catilinae. Vereamini, censeo, ne in 
hoc scelere tam immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe 

215 statuisse videamini : multo magis est verendum, ne remis- 
sione poenae crudeles in patriam, quam ne severitate ani- 
madversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostis f uisse 
videamur. 

Let not the whispered fears that we lack the strength to deal with our 
enemies disturb you, I have made every preparation to meet the 
issue. Consider the una7iimity of all good citizens : the knights, 
who may yield to you in rank, hut not in patriotism ; the no less 
zealous civil servants, freedmen, and even slaves, while the shop- 
keepers are ever on the side of peace and order., 

VII. 14. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscript!, dis- 
220 simulare non possum. laciuntur enim voces, quae per- 
veniunt ad auris meas, eorum qui vereri videntur, ut 
habeam satis praesidi ad ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno 
die, transigunda. Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta 
sunt, patres conscripti, cum mea summa cura atque dili- 
225 gentia, tum multo etiam maiore populi Komani ad summum 
imperium retinendum et ad communis fortunas conservan- 
das voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, 



FOURTH ORATIOIvr AGAIKSl' CATILIITE III 

omnium denique aetatum ; plenum est forum^ plena tem- 
pla circum forum, pleni omnes aditus huius templi ac 
loci. Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa 230 
sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem, praeter 
eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus 
potius quam soli perire voluerunt. 15. Hosce ego homi- 
nes excipio et secerno libenter ; neque in improborum 
civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero habendos 235 
puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales ! qua frequentia, quo 
studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque 

j consentiunt ! 

Quid ego hic equites Eomanos commemorem ? qui 

. vobis ita summam ordinis consilique concedunt, ut vobis- 240 

' cum de amore rei publicae certent ; quos ex multorum 
annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad societatem concor- 

j diamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec 
causa coniungit. Quam si coniunctionem, in consulatu 
confirmatam meo, perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, 245 
confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac domesti- 

i cum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse ventiirum. 

I Pari studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse video 

tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; scribas item univer- 
sos, quos cum casu hic dies ad aerarium frequentasset, 250 
video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem communem esse 
converses. 

16. Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam tenuis- 
simorum. Quis est enim cui non haec templa, aspectus 
urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc 255 
commune patriae solum, cum sit carum, tum vero dulce 
atque iucundum ? VIII. Operae pretium est, patres con- 
scripti, libertinorum hominum studia cognoscere, qui, 
sua virtute fortunam huius civitatis consecuti, banc suam 
patriam indicant, quam quidam hic nati, et summo loco 260 
nati, non patriam suam, sed urbem hostium, esse iudica- 
verunt. Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque comme- 
moro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res publica. 



112 CICERO S ORATIONS 

quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem 
265 patriae defendendam excitavit ? Servus est nemo, qui 
modo tolerabili condicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam 
cTvium perhorrescat ; qui non haec stare cupiat ; qui non, 
quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad salutem 

voluntatis. 

270 17. Qua re, si quem vestrum forte commovet hoc quod 
auditum est — lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare cir- 
cum tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egen- 
tium atque imperitorum — est id quidem coeptum atque 
temptatum ; sed nulli sunt inventi tam aut f ortuna miseri 

275 aut voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque 
operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile ac lec- 
tulum suum, qui denique non cursuni liunc otiosum vitae 
suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum 
qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero — id enim potius est 

280 dicendum — genus hoc universum amantissimum est oti. 
Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus, 
frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio. Quorum si 
quaestus occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem in- 
censis futurum fuit ? 

With every advantage, therefore^ in your favor, and with everything 
that is dear at stake, so act that never again may such a con- 
spiracy he 'possible. 

285 18. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi 
Komani praesidia non desunt : vos ne populo Eomano 
deesse videamini, providete. IX. Habetis consulem ex 
plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte, non ad 
vitam suam sed ad salutem vestram reservatum. Omnes 

290 ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, 
voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniura- 
tionis vobis supplex mantis tendit patria commiinis ; vobis 
se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capitolium, 
vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium ignem Vestae sempi- 
295 ternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra; vobis 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE II 3 

mtiros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra 
vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque liberorum anima^ de 
fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis yestris^ hodierno die 
vobis iudicandum est. 19. Habetis ducem memorem vestri^ 
oblitum sui^ quae non semper facultas datur ; habetis omnis 300 
ordines^ omnis homines^ universum populum Eomanum (id 
quod in civili causa hodierno die primum videmus) unum 
atque idem sentientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus fun- 
datum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam libertatem, 
quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggera^tasque fortunas^ 305 
una nox paene delerit. Id ne ifmquam posthac non modo 
non confici, sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodi- 
erno die providendum est. Atque haec non ut vos, qui 
mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum ; sed 
ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps^ officio 310 
functa consulari videretur. 

As for myself, come what may, I shall never repent of my course. 
Let Scipio the elder and his younger namesake, let Paulus and 
Marius, and Pompey, greatest of them all, enjoy the glory to 
which they are entitled : beside these names my own shall have 
its modest place. Meanwhile the violence of my private enemies 
will he harmless against the support for which I look to you. 

X. 20. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me 
pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum^ quam 
videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimicorum multitu- 
dinem suscepisse video ; sed eam iudico esse turpem et 315 
infirmam et abiectam. Quod si aliquando alicuius furore 
et scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra 
ac rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum at- 
que consiliorum numquam, patres conscripti, paenitebit. 
Etenim mors, quam illi fortasse minitantur, omnibus est 320 
parata. Vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris de- 
cretis honestastis, nemo est adsecutus ; ceteris enim sem- 
per bene gesta, mihi uni conservata re publica, gratula- 
tionem decrevistis. 21. Sit Scipio ille clarus, cuius consilio 
8 



1 14 Cicero's orations 

325 atque virtute Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia 
decedere coactus est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, 
qui duas urbis huic imperio infestissimas, Karthaginem 
Numantiamqne, delevit ; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, 
cuius currum rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus 

330 Perses honestavit ; sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam 
obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit ; anteponatur omnibus 
Pompeius^ cuius res gestae atque virtutes isdem, quibus 
solis cursus^ regionibus ac terminis continentur : — erit 
profecto inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, 

335 nisi forte mains est patefacere nobis provincias quo exire 
possimus, quam curare ut etiam illi, qui absunt, habeant 
quo victores revertantur. 22. Quamquam est uno loco 
condicio melior externae victoriae quam domesticae, quod 
hostes alienigenae aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti in 

340 amicitiam beneficio se obligates putant : qui autem ex 
numero civium, dementia aliqua depravati, hostes patriae 
semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei publicae rep- 
puleris, nee yi coercere nee beneficio placare possis. Qua 
re mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum bellum susceptum 

345 esse video. Id ego vestro bonorumque omnium auxilio, 
memoriaque tantorum periculorum (quae non modo in hoc 
populo qui servatus est^ sed in omnium gentium sermo- 
nibus ac mentibus semper haerebit) a me atque a meis fa- 
cile propulsari posse confido. Neque uUa profecto tanta 

350 vis reperietur^ quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque 
Romanorum, et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium 
confringere et labefactare possit. 

Let my reward he your recollection of these events and your protection 
of my son. Decide^ then, fearlessly, and I will do your will. 

XI. 23. Quae cum. ita sint^ pro imperio, pro exercitu, 

pro provincia quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque 

355 laudis insignibus quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque 

salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis hospitiisque pro- 

vincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore 



FOURTH ORATIOK AGAIKST CATlLlKE II5 

tueor quam comparo — pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro 
meis in vos singularibus studiis^ proque hac quam per- 
spicitis ad conservandam rem publicam diligentia^ nihil a 360 
I vobis, nisi huius temporis totiusque mei consulatus memo- 
riam, postulo : quae dum erit vestris fixa mentibus^ tutis- 
simo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quod sT meam 
spem VIS improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, com- 
mendo vobis parvum meum f ilium ; cui profecto satis erit 365 
praesidi, non solum ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignita- 
tem^ si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius periculo conser- 
varit^ ilium filium esse memineritis. 24. Quapropter de 
summa salute vestra populique Eomani^ de vestris coniu- 
gibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis^ de f anis atque templis, de 370 
totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de 
salute italiae, de universa re publica decernite diligenter^ 
ut instituistis^ ac fortiter. Habetis eum consulem qui et 
parere vestris decretis non dubitet^ et ea quae statueritis^ 
quoad vivet^ defendere et per se ipsum praestare possit. 375 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 



XI 



t^ 



*' strange words these to fall from the pleader's lips in the dusty 
atmosphere of the praetor's court ! iion fori, neque iudiciali con- 
suetudine, says Cicero himself, in the few words of graceful apology 
with which the speech ends. But in truth, as he well knew, he was 
not speaking to the respectable gentlemen on the benches before him. 
He addressed a larger audience : posterity and the civilized world."— 
Mackail's Latin Literature. 



118 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 



Whatever talent or skill I may possess, lam bound to devote it to tJie 
defence of A. Licinius Jiere, for all that I am I owe to him. 

Si quid est in me ingeni, indices, qnod sentio qnam sit 
exignum, ant si qna exercitatio dicendi, in qna me non 
infitior mediocriter esse versatnm, ant si hniusce rei ratio 
aliqna ab optimarnm artinm stndiis ac disciplina profecta, 
a qna ego nnllnm conflteor aetatis meae tempns abhorrn- 5 
isse — earnm rernm omninm vel in primis hie A. Licinins 
frnctnm a me repetere prope sno inre debet. Nam qnoad 
longissime potest mens mea respicere spatinm praeteriti 
temporis, et pneritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, inde 
usque repetens liunc video mihi principem et ad snscipi- 10 
endam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiornm 
exstitisse. Quod si haec vox, huins hortatu praeceptisque 
conformata, non nnllis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id 
accepimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, 
huic profecto ipsi, quantum est sitnm in nobis, et opem et 15 
salutem ferre debemus. 2. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici 
forte miretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit 
ingeni, neque haec dicendi ratio ant disciplina, ne nos 
quidem huic uni studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. 
Etenim omnes artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent, 20 

Questions (for the answers see t?ie Notes). — 1. When was the Pro 
Archia delivered ? 2. What was its object ? 3. The true secret of 
the prosecution ? 4. Give a short sketch of the life of Archias. 5. His 
earliest association with Cicero? 6. What city gave him its fran- 
chise ? 7. Discuss the legal aspects of the case. 8. In what does the 
real interest of the speech lie ? 

119 



120 ClCERO^S ORATIONS 

habent qiioddam commune vinculum, et, quasi cogna- 
tione quadem, inter se continentur. 

For the unusual character of my speech my apology must be the char- 
acter of my client and of this court, 

II. 3. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur, me in 
quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico (cum res agatur 

25 apud praetorem populi Eomani, lectissimum virum, et 
apud severissimos indices^ tan to conventu hominum ac 
frequentia) hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a con- 
suetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone ab- 
horreat; quaeso a vobis, ut in hac causa mihi detis banc 

30 veniam, adcommodatam huic reo, vobis, quem ad modum 
spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque erudi- 
tissimo homine dicentem, hoc concursu hominum littera- 
tissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore 
exercente indicium^ patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac 

35 litterarum paulo loqui liberius, et in eius modi persona, 
quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis pericu- 
lisque tractata est, uti prope novo quodam et inusitato 
genere dicendi. 4. Quod si mihi a vobis tribui concedi- 
que sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non 

40 modo non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, 
verum etiam si non esset, putetis asciscendum f uisse. 

From his earliest years Archias displayed astonishing talents, and 
these were developed by study and travel. In Italy he received a 
most flattering ivelcome. Finally settling at Rome, he soon num- 
bered our leading men among his friends. 

III. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias, atque 
ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem infor- 
mari solet, se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum Anti- 

45 ochiae — nam ibi natus est loco nobili — celebri quondam 
urbe et copiosa, atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissi- 
misque studiis adfluenti, celeriter antecellere omnibus 
ingeni gloria contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus 



DEFEl^CE OF ARCHIAS 121 

cunctaeque Graeciae sic eius adventus celebrabantur, ut 
famam ingeni exspectatio hominis^ exspectationem ipsius 50 
adventus admiratioque superaret. 5. Erat Italia tunc 
plena Graecarum artium ac disciplinarum^ studiaque haec 
et in Latio veliementius turn colebantur quam nunc eis- 
dem in oppidis, et hie Eomae propter tranquillitatem rei 
publicae non neglegebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et 55 
Eegini et Xeapolitani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt, 
et omnes^ qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare, cogni- 
tione atque liospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac tanta ce- 
lebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus notus, Eomam 
venit, Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est primum con- 60 
sules eos quorum alter res ad scribendum maximas, alter 
cum res gestas^ turn etiam studium atque auris, adhibere 
posset. Statim Luculli^ cum praetextatus etiam tum Ar- 
chias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Sed etiam hoc 
non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae 65 
atque virtutis, ut domus quae huius adulescentiae prima 
fuit eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. 6. Erat tem- 
poribus illis iucundus Metello illi Numidico et eius Pio 
filio ; audiebatur a M. Aemilio ; vivebat cum Q. Catulo 
et patre et filio ; a L. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero 70 
et Drusum et Octayios et Catonem et totam Hortensi- 
orum domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, ad- 
ficiebatur summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant 
qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant^ verum etiam 
si qui forte simulabant. 75 

While travelling with Lucullus he was enrolled as a citizen of Hera- 
clia, and having duly fulfilled every legal requirement he was 
entitled under the laiv to the Roman citizenship. 

IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 
LucuUo in Sicilian! profectus, et cum ex ea provincia cum 
eodem LucuUo decederet, venit Heracliam. Quae cum 
esset civitas aequissimo iure ac foedere, ascribi se in eam 
civitatem voluit ; idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, 80 



122 CICERO^S ORATIOKS 

turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus impe- 
travit. 7. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : si 

QUI FOEDERATIS CIYITATIBUS ASCRIPTI FUISSENT : SI TUM^ 

CUM LEX FEREBATUR^ IK ItALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT^ 

85 ET SI SEXAGIKTA DIEBUS APUD PRAETOREM ESSEKT PRO- 

FESSi. Cum hie domicilium Eomae multos iam annos 
haberet, professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum famili- 
arissimum suum. 

What more needs to he said f His citizenship of Heraclia is vouched 
for, Gratiics, by the upright Lucullus, who speaks from actual 
knoivledge, and hy the nolle delegates from Heraclia here present, 
so that ive do not need the missing records of that city. That my 
client has long been a resident of Rome, everybody knows. 
Finally J he made his declaration as required before Metellus, 
whose records are above suspicion. 

8. Si nihil aliiid nisi de ciyitate ac lege dicimus, nihil 
90 dico amplius : causa dicta est. Quid enim horum in- 
firmari, Grati, potest ? Heracliaene esse turn ascriptum 
negabis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, 
M. Lucullus ; qui se non opinari sed scire, non audisse 
sed vidisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt He- 
95 raclienses legati, nobilissimi homines ; huius iudici causa 
cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt ; qui 
hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas 
desideras Heracliensium publicas, quas Italico bello in- 
censo tabulario interisse scimus omnis. Est ridiculum ad 

100 ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non 
possumus ; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum 
memoriam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri re- 
ligionem, integerrimi municipi ius iurandum fidemque, ea, 
quae depravari nullo modo possunt, repudiare, tabulas, 

105 quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare. 9. An do- 
micilium Romae non habuit is qui tot annis ante civitatem 
datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum suarum Eomae 
conlocavit ? At non est professus. Immo vero eis tabulis 
professus, quae solae ex ilia professione conlegioque prae- 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS I23 

torum obtinent j)ublicarum tabularum auctoritatem. V. 110 
Nam^ cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae dice- 
reutur^ Gabini^ quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas, post 
damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resi- 
gnasset^ Metellus^ liomosanctissimus modestissimusque om- 
nium, tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Leutulum praetorem 115 
et ad iudices venerit, et unius nominis litura se commotum 
esse dixerit. In his igitur tabulis nuUam lituram in nomine 
A. Licini videtis. 

The first objection raised to my clienfs citizenship is absurd, since not 
only Heraclia, hut other cities also admitted him to the franchise. 
Tlie second ohjection — the absence of his name from the census — is 
easily explained, and more than offset by other facts well known. 

10. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate 
dubitetis, praesertim cum alils quoque in civitatibus fuerit 120 
ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis^ et aut nulla 
aut humili aliqua arte praeditis, gratuito civitatem in 
Graecia homines impertiebant, Reginos credo aut Locrensis 
aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentinos, quod scenicis artificibus 
largiri solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito gloria 125 
noluisse ! Quid ? cum ceteri non modo post civitatem 
datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in 
eorum municipiorum tabulas inrepserunt, hie, qui ne 
utitur quidem illis, in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se 
Heracliensem esse voluit, reicietur ? 130 

11. Census nostros requiris scilicet. Est enim obscurum 
proximis censoribus liunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. 
Lucullo apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus, cum eodem 
quaestore fuisse in Asia ; primis lulio et Crasso nullam 
populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census non ius 135 
civitatis confirmat, ac tantum modo indicat eum, qui sit 
census, ita se iam tum gessisse pro cive, eis temporibus, 
quibus tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem iudicio in civium 
Eomanorum iure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe 
fecit nostris legibus, et adiit hereditates civium Koma- 140 



124 CICERO S ORATIONS 

norum^ et in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. LucuUo 
pro consule. VI. Quaere argiimenta^ si qua potes : num- 
quam enim hie neque suo iieque amicorum iudicio revin- 
cetur. 

The reason^ Gratius, why I take such delight in the defence of 
ArchiaSy is that he provides us advocates with a necessary relaxa- 
tion. The time that others devote to more frivolous pur suits ^ I 
have given to literature. 

145 12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc homine 
delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc 
forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures convicio defessae con- 
quiescant. An tu existimas aut suppetere nobis posse quod 
cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos no- 

150 stros doctrina excolamus ; aut ferre animos tantam posse 
contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? Ego 
vero fateor, me his studiis esse deditum. Ceteros pudeat^ 
si qui se ita litteris abdiderunt, ut nihil possint ex eis 
neque ad communem adferre fructum, neque in aspectum 

155 lucemque proferre : me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos 
ita vivo, indices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut 
commodo aut otium meum abstraxerit, aut voluptas avo- 
carit, aut denique sdmnus retardarit ? 13. Qua re quis 
tandem me reprehendat^ aut quis mihi iure suscenseat, 

160 si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quantum ad festos 
dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias voluptates et 
ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum^ 
quantum alii tribuunt tempestivis conviviis, quantum 
denique alveolo, quantum jgilae,— tantum mihi egomet ad 

165 haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? Atque hoc ideo mihi 
concedendum est magis, quod ex his studiis haec quoque 
crescit oratio et facultas ; quae quantacumque in me est, 
numquam amicorum periculis defuit. Quae si cui levior 
videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte 

170 hauriam, sentio. 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 12$ 

True merit is worth its full cost to attain ; yet its memoi^y would per- 
ish hut for the records of literature. Here I find the memorials 
of those great exemplars, the story of whose lives has always sus- 
tained me in my public life. 

14. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisqne litteris 
mihi ab adnlescentia suasissem, nihil esse in vita magno 
opere expetendiim nisi laudem atque honestatem^ in ea 
autem persequenda omnis cruciatus corporis^ omnia peri- 
cula mortis atque exsili parvi esse ducenda^ numquam 175 
me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque 
in hos profligatorum hominum cotidianos impetus obie- 
cissem. Sed pleni omnes sunt libri ; plenae sapientium 
voces, plena exemplorum vestustas ; quae iacerent in tene- 
bris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas 180 
nobis imagines, non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad 
imitandum, fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et 
Graeci et Latini reliquerunt ! Quas ego mihi semper in 
administranda re publica proponens animum et mentem 
meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conforma- 185 
bam. 

*' Have the great then themselves always been lettered me7i ? " This I 
cannot say, but nature and culture have certainly united to pro- 
duce the greatest men. Yet apart from this the delights of litera- 
ture are 'perennial. 

^ VIL 15. Quaeret quispiam : ^Qnid? illi ipsi sumrai 
viri, quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, 
qiiam tu effers laudibus, eruditi f iierunt ? ^ DifSoile est 
hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed tameii est certe quod 190 
respondeam. Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac 
virtute fuisse, et sine doctrina naturae ipsius habitu prope 
divino per se ipsos et moderates et gravis exstitisse fateor^ 
Etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem 
naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. 195 
Atque idem ego contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque 
inlu^tram accesaarit ratio quaedam conformatioque doc- 



126 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

trinae, turn illud nescio quid praeclariim ac singulare solere 
exsistere. 16. Ex hoc esse liunc numero^ quern patres 

200 nostri viderunt^ divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. 
Laelium^ L. Furium^ moderatissimos homines et continen- 
tissimos ; ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus 
doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem ; (fin profecto si 
nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adiu- 

205 varentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. 
Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetui% et si ex his 
studiis delectatio sola peteretur^ tamen^ ut opinor^ hanc 
animi adversionem humanissimam ac liberalissimam i^di- 
caretis.,jcNam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aetatum 

210 omnium neque locorum : haec studia adulescentiam alunt, 
senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis per- 
fugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non im- 
pediunt foris^ pernoctant nobiscum^ peregrinantur^ rusti- 
cantur. o^ 

Even if without these accomplishments ourselves^ we must admire 
them in others. We all admired Roscius the actor : is Archias 
the poet less deserving of our esteem 9 Our oivn Ennius called 
poets ** sacred : " may you so regard them, gentlemen of the jury. 
Many cities honored Hom^r dead : shall Archias living receive 
less honor 9 And Archias has devoted his genius to singing the 
glories of Rome. 

215 17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu 
nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, 
etiam cum in aliis videremus. VIII. Quis nostrum tam 
animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut Rosci morte nuper non 
commoveretur ? qui cum esset senex mortuus^ tamen 

220 propter excellentem artem ac venustatem yidebatur om- 
nino mori non debuisse. Ergo ille corporis motu tantum 
amorem sibi conciliarat a nobis omnibus : nos animorum 
incredibilis motus celeritatemque ingeniorum neglegemus ? 
18. Quotiens ego hunc Archiam yidi^ indices, — utar enim 

225 vestra benignitate/quoniam me in hoc noyo genere di- 
cendi tam* diligenter attenditis, — quotiens ego hunc yidi. 



DEFE>s-CE OF AKCHIAS 12/ 

cum litteram scripsisset niiUam, magnum numerum opti- 
morum versuum de eis ipsis rebus^ quae tum agerentur, 
dicere ex tempore ! Quotiens revocatum eandem rem dicere 
commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero adeurate 230 
cogitateque scripsisset^ ea sic yidi probari^ ut ad yeterum 
scriptorum laudem peryeniret, Hunc ego non diligam, 
non admirer^ non omni ratione defendendum putem ? 

Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque ac- 
cepimus^ ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et praecep- 235 
tis et arte i3onstare ; poetam natura ipsa yalere, et mentis 
yiribus excitari, et quasi diyino quodam spiritu inflari. 
Qua re suo iure noster ille Ennius sanctos ajopellat poetas^ 
quod quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati 
nobis esse yideantur. 19. Sit igitur^ indices^ sanctum 240 
apud yos, humanissimos homines^ — lioc poetae nomen 
quod nulla umquam barbaria yiolayit. Saxa et solitudines 
yoci respondent ; bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur 
atque consistunt : nos, instituti rebus optimis, non poeta- 
rum yoce moyeamur ? Homerum Coloplionii ciyem esse 24o 
dicunt suum^ Cliii suum yindicant^ Salaminii repetunt^ 
Smyrnaei yero suum esse confirmant, itaque etiam delu- 
brum eius in oppido dedicaverunt ; permulti alii praeterea 
pugnant inter se atque contendunt. IX. Ergo illi alie- 
num, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam expetunt : nos 2^0 
liunc yiyum, qui et yoluntate et legibus noster est^ repu- 
diabimus ? praesertim cum omne olim studium atque 
omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi Romani 
gloriam laudemque celebrandam ? Nam et Cimbricas res 
adulescens attigit, et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad haec 250 
studia yidebatur, iucundus fuit. 

Great men have ever loved the poets ivho sang of their exploits. The 
poets who have praised our national heroes have at the same time 
shed lustre on the Roman name. Ennius the alien for such ser- 
vices received the citizenship : shall Archias be deprived of his ? 

20. Neque enim quisquam est tam ayersus a llusiS;, 
qui non mandari yersibus aeternum suorum laborum facile 



128 CICERO'S QRATIOKS 

praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum 

360 Athenis viinim; dixisse aiuiit^ cum ex eo quaereretur, 
quod acrbama aut cuius vocem libentissime audiret : eius, 
a quo sua virtus optime praedicaretur, Itaque ille Marius 
item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea, 
quae gesserat, posse celebrari. 21. Mithridaticum vero 

265 bellum, magnum atque difficile, et in multa varietate 
terra marique versatum, totum ab hoc expressum est ; qui 
libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissimum et clarissimum 
virum, verum etiam populi Komani nomen inlustrant. 
Populus enim Eomanus aperuit, Lucullo imperante, Pon- 

270 turn, et regiis^ quondam opibus et ipsa natura et regione 

"vallatum ; populi Komani exercitus, eodem duce, non 

maxima manu innumerabilis Armeniorum copias f udit ; 

populi Komani lans est, urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum 

eiusdem consilio ex omni impetu regio atque totius belli 

275 ore , ac faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam ; nostra 

^ semper feretur et praedicabitur, L. Lucullo dimicante, 

cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis, et incre- 

dibilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis ; nostra sunt tro- 

paea, nostra monimenta, nostri triumph! : quae quorum 

280 ingeniis efferuntur, ab eis populi Komani f ama celebratur. 
22. Cams fuit Africano superior! noster Ennius ; itaque 
etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex 
marmore. At eis laudibus certe non solum ipse qui lau- 
datur, sed etiajn populi Komani nomen ornatur. In cae- 

285 lum huius ^proavu^s Gato tollitur : magnus honos populi 
Komani rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique illi Maximi, 
Marcelli, Fulvii non sine communi omnium nostrum 
laude decorantur. X. Ergo ilium qui haec fecerat, Kudi- 
num hominem, maiores nostri in civitatem recep^runt : 

290 nos hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in 
hac autem legibus constitutum, de nostra civitate eiciemus? 



DEFEN^CE OF AKCHIAS 1 29 

The fact that A7xhias ivrites in Greek, the lajiguage of the world, is 
the greater stimulus to our ambition. Alexander grieved that he 
had not a Homer ; our own Pompey honored Theophanes with the 
gift of citizenship. Archias also would have heen so honored hy 
one of our generals, had not the laws already made him. a citizen. 

23. Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex 
Graecis yersibus percipi quam ex Latinis^ vehementer errat, 
propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus^ 
Latina suis finibus^ exiguis sane^ continentur. Qua re si 295 
res eae, quas gessimus^ orbis terrae regionibus definiuntur, 
cupere debemus^ quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint^ 
eodem gloriam f amamque penetrare ; , quod, cum ipsis 
populis, de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, tum 
eis certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum 300 
et periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. 24. Quam 
multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander 
secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad 
Achillis tumulum astitisset : ' fortunate/ inquit, ' ad^t- 
lescens, qui tuae virttitis Homerum praeconem iiiveneris ! ^ 305 
Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui 
corpus eius contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. Quid ? 
noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute f ortunam adaequavit, 
nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, scriptoreih rerum sua- 
rum, in contione militum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi 310 
fortes viri, sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae 
commoti, quasi participes eiusdem laudis, magno illud 
clamore approbaverunt ? 

25. Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus non 
esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur, perficere 315 
non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, credo 
hunc petentem repudiasset: quem nos in contione vidimus, 
cum ei libellum mains poeta de populo subiecisset, quod 
epigramma in eum fecisset, tantummodo alternis versibus 
longiusculis, statim ex eis rebus, quas tunc vendebat, inhere 320 
ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scri- 
beret. Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen 
9 



130 CICEKOS ORATIONS 

praemio digtiam, hiiius ingenium et virtutem in scribendo 
et copiam non expetisset ? 26. Quid ? a Q. Metello Pio, 
325 f amiliarissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se 
neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? qui praesertim usque 
eo de suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis 
poetis^ pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum, 
tamen auris suas dederet. 

The love of fame is universal, and the poet^ as the herald of fame, is 
as dear to the citizen as to the soldier. Hence my own solicitude 
for ArchiaSy for he has begun a great epic on the events of my 
consulship. 

330 XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscu- 
rari non potest^ sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes 
studio laudis, et optimus' quisque maxinie gloria ducitur. 
Ipsi illi philosophi etiam in eis libellis^ quos de contemnenda 
gloria scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt ; in eo ipso, in quo 

335 praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedicari de se 
ac nominari volunt. 27. Decimus quidem Brutus, sum- 
mus vir et imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus 
templorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. 
lam vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Ful- 

340 vius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. 
Qua re in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poetarum 
nomen et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non debent 
togati indices a Musarum honore et a poetarum salute ab- 
horrere. 

345 28. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis; indices, 
indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gioriae, nimis acri for- 
tasse verum tamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nam quas 
res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute huius- 
ce imperi, et pro vita civium, proque universa re publica, 

350 gessimus, attigit liic versibus atque inchoayit ; quibus 
auditis, quod mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, liunc ad 
perficiendum adornavi. Nullam enim virtus aliam merce- 
dem laborum periculorumque desiderat praeter banc laudis 



DEFEKCE OF ARCHIAS I3I 

et gloriae : qua qnidem detracta, iudices, quid est quod, in 
hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tarn brevi, tantis nos in 355 
laboribus exerceamus ? 29. Certe si nihil animus prae- 
sentiret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus vitae spatium 
circumscrijDtum est, eisdem omnis cogitationes terminaret 
suas ; nee tantis se laboribus frangeret, neque tot curis 
^vigiliisque angeretui% nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. 360 
Nunc insidet quaedam in optimo quoque virtus, quae noctis 
ac dies animum gloriae stimulis concitat, atque admonet, 
non cum vitae tempore esse dimittendam commemoratio- 
nem nominis nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adaequan- 
dam. XII. 30. An vero tam parvi animi videamur esse 365 
omnes, qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis labori- 
busque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium 
nullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, 
nobiscum simul moritura omnia arbitremur ? An statuas 
et imagines, non animorum simulacra sed corporum, stu- 370 
diose multi summi homines reliquerunt ; consiliorum 
relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum eflBgiem nonne multo 
malle debemus, sunimis ingeniis expressam et politam ? 
Ego vero omnia, quae gerebam, iam tum in gerendo spar- 
gere me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis terrae memoriam 375 
sempiternam. Ilaec vero sive a meo sensu post mortem 
afutura est, sive (ut sapientissimi homines putaverunt) ad 
aliquam mei partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogita- 
tione quadam speque delector. 

Ajid so, gentlemen of the jury, as Arcliias is a man of modest u'orth, 
whose case has been fully established, and a man of great gifts, 
which he has employed to the glory of the Roman name, you can- 
not but acquit him. 

31. Qua re conservate, indices, hominem pudore eo, 380 
quem amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate tum 
etiam vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id con- 
venit existimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis ex- 
petitum esse videatis ; causa vero eiiis modi, quae beneficio 



132 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

385 legis, auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculli, tabulis 
Metelli comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint^ petimus a vobis, 
indices, si qua non mode humana verum etiam divina in 
tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut eum, qui vos, 
qui yestros imperatores, qui populi Eomani res gestas 

390 semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque 
domesticis periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis da- 
turum esse profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper 
apud omnis sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram 
accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam 

395 acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 32. Quae de causa pro 
mea consuetudine breviter simpliciterque dixi, indices, ea 
confido probata esse omnibus : quae autem remota a mea 
iudicialique consuetudine, et de hominis ingenio et com- 
muniter de ipsius studio, locutus sum, ea, iudices, a vobis 

400 spero esse in bonam partem accepta ; ab eo qui indicium 
exercet, certo scio. 



DEFENCE OF MILO 



133 



The feverish anarchy which prevailed at Eome throughout this 
period was without doubt the most significant of the many alarming 
symptoms which pointed to the speedy dissolution of the republican 
system. — Clark's Pro 31ilone, Introduction, page xiv. 

Cicero was Milo's most enthusiastic backer. He never forgot that 
although Pompey sanctioned his recall [from exile five years before], 
and the optimates made it a party question, still it was to Milo that 
he owed everything. One of the most charming traits of his character 
is the warmth of his gratitude to those who worked in his behalf. 
. . . Also in the matter of his friends, he was an incurable opti- 
mist. He did not see that there was no room for such a person as Milo 
in a civilized community. — Id., ib., page xx. 

Cicero was bound by every tie of honor and gratitude to under- 
take the defence of Milo. But the drawn swords of the troops with 
which Pompey had lined the Forum and the excitement of the crowd 
shook the orator's nerves, and he delivered, not the magnificent pub- 
lished defence, but a poor and halting speech. When Milo in exile 
received a copy of the oration in its perfected form, he sarcastically 
observed, *'It is just as well Cicero did not deliver it, or I should 
never have known the taste of these excellent mullets of Massilia." — 
How & Leigh's History of Rome. 



134 



I 



DEFENCE OF MILO 



Alarming as the strange sight of armed men here is at first — 

Etsi vereoi% indices^ ne turpe sit pro fortissimo viro 
dicere incipientem timere ; minimeqiie deceat, cum T. 
Annius ipse magis de rei publicae salute quam de sua per- 
turbetur, me ad eius causam j)arem animi magnitudinem 
adferre non posse : tameu liaec novi iudici nova forma 5 
terret oculos, qui, qiiocumque inciderunt, consuetudinem 
fori et pristinum morem iudiciorum requirunt. Kon 
enim corona consessus vester cinctus est, ut solebat ; non 
usitata frequentia stipati sumus ; 2. non ilia praesidia, 
quae pro templis omnibus cernitis, etsi contra, vim conlo- 10 
cata sunt, non adferunt tamen oratori aliquid, ut in foro 
et in iudicio, quamquam praesidiis salutaribus et neces- 
sariis saepti sumus, tamen ne non timere quidem sine 
aliquo timore possimus. 

yet the ivisdom arid justice of Pompey should reassure us. 

Quae si opposita Miloni putarem, cederem tempori, 15 
indices ; nee inter tantam vim armorum existimarem esse 
oratori locum. Sed me recreat et reficit Cn. Pompei, 
sapientissimi et iustissimi viri, consilium, qui profecto 

Questions [for the answers see the Notes). — 1. What reasons had 
Cicero for undertaking the defence of Milo ? 2. Date of the trial ? 
3. Cicero's age ? (See the first page of the Introduction.) 4. Describe 
the situation at Rome in the years following the First Triumvirate. 
5. Who was Clodius ? 6. Narrate the story of the murder. 7. Also, 
of the disturbances that followed. 8. What is a quaestio 9 9. What 
happened at the trial ? 

135 



136 qiCERO's ORATIOlirS 

nee iumtiae suae putaret esse, quern reum sententiis indi- 
go cum .iTxdidisset, e^ndem telis militum dedere ; nee 
sapientiae, temeritatem concitatae multitudinis auctori- 
tate pxiblica armare. 3. Qiiam ob rem ilia arma, centuri- 
ones, cohortes non periculum nobis, sed praesidium de- 
nuntiant ; neque solum ut quieto sed etiam ut magno 
25 animo simus hortantur ; neque auxilium modo defensioni 
meae, yerum etiam silentium pollicentur. 

The citizens are wholly on our side : only the gaiigs of Clodius are 
hostile. 

Reliqua vero multitudo, quae quidem est civium, tota 
nostra est ; neque eorum quisquam, quos undique intuen- 
tis, unde aliqua fori pars aspici potest, et huius exitum 

30 iudici exspectantis videtis, non cum virtuti Milonis favet, 
fcum de se, de liberis snis, de patria, de fortunis hodierno 
die decertari putat. II. Unum genus est adversum in- 
festumque nobis eorum, quos P. Clodi furor rapinis et 
incendiis et omnibus exitiis publicis pavit ; qui h^sterna 

35 etiam contione incitati sunt, ut vobis voce praeirent quid 
iudicaretis. Quorum clamor si qui forte fuerit, admonere 
vos debebit, ut eum civem retineatis, qui semper genus 
illud hominum clamoresque maximos prae vestra salute 
neglexit. 

Fear not then, gentlemen of the jury : if ever you had the power of 
rewarding patriotic service, such power is yours to-day. 

40 4. Quam ob rem adeste animis, indices, et timorem, si 
quem liabetis, deponite. Nam, si umquam de bonis et 
f ortibus viris, si umquam de bene meritis ci^YibJl^ potestas 
vobis iudicandi fuit, si denique umquam locus amplissi- 
morum ordinum delectis viris datus est, ut sua studia erga 

45 fortis et bonos civis, quae voltu et verbis saepe significas- 
sent,'re et sententiis declararent, — hoc profecto tempore 
cam potestatem omnem vos habetis, ut statuatis utrum 
nos, qui semper vestrae auctoritati dediti fuimus, semper 



DEFENCE OF MILO 1 3/ 

miseri lugeamus, an^ diu vexati a perditissimis vibus, 
aliquando per vos ac per vestram fidem, virtut / sapi- 50 
entiamque recfeemur. 5. Q!uid enim nobis duobus^ indices, 
laboriosius ; quid magis soUicitum, magis exercitum dici 
aut fingi potest, qui, spe amplissimorum praemiorum ad 
rem publicam adducti, metu crudelissimorum supplicio- 
rum carere non possumus ? _ Equidem ceteras tempestates 55 
et procellas in illis dum taxat fluctibus contionum semper 
putavi Miloni &se subeundas, quia semper pro bonis con- 
tra improbos seriserat ];'in iudicio vero, et in eo consilio in 
quo ex cunctis ordinibus amplissimi viri iudicarent, num- 
quam existimavi spem ullam esse habituros Milonis inimi- 60 
cos ad eius non modo salutem exstinguendam, sed etiam 
gloriam per talis viros infringendam. / 

.Yet waiving the plea of llilo'spuhlic services, I will make it clearer 
than day that Clodius, not Milo, was guilty of criminal intent. 

6. Quamquam in hac causa, indices, T. Anni tribunatu, 
rebusque omnibus pro salute rei publicae gestis ad huius 
criminis defensionem non abutemur. Msi oculis videritis, 65 
insidias Miloni a Clodio factas, nee deprecaturi sumus, ut 
crimen hoc nobis propter multa praeclara in rem publicam 
merita cotidonetis ; nee postulaturi, ut, si mors P. Clodi ^ 
salus yestra fuerit, idcirco eam xixtiiii Milonis potius 
quam populi Eomani felicitat i adsignetis. Sed si illius 70 
insidiae clariores hac luce fuerint, tum denique obsecrabo 
obtestaborque vos, indices, si cetera amisimus, hoc saltem 
nobis ut relinquatur, ab inimicorum audacia telisqne vitam 
ut impune liceat defendere. 

But I must first remove three errors: the first, " that the self -confessed y^ 

homicide deserves to die.^' This is not always true, as human Z,*'^ 
experience and the law clearly show, 

III. 7. Sed ante quam ad eam orationem venio, quae est 75 
propria vestrae quaestionis, videntur ea esse refutanda, 
quae et in senatu ab inimicis saepe iactata sunt, et in con- 



138 CICEKO'S ORATIOKS 

tione ab improbis, et paulo ante ab accusatoribus, ut, omni 
errore siiblato^ rem plane^, quae yeniat in iudicium^ videre 

80 possitis. ISTegant intueri liicem esse fas ei, qui a se homi- 
nem occisum esse fateatur. In qua tandem urbe hoc 
homines stultissimi disputant ? nempe in ea, quae primum 
indicium de capite vidit M. Horati, fortissimi viri, qui 
nondum libera civitate tamen populi Eomani comitiis 

85 liberatus est, cum sua manu sororem esse interfectam 
fateretur. 8. An est quisquam qui hoc ignoret, cum de 
homine occiso quaeratur, aut negari solere bmnino esse 
factum aut recte et iure factum esse defendi ? Nisi vero 
existimatis dementem P. Africanum fuisse, qui cum a C. 

90 Carbone tribune plebis seditiose in contione interroga- 
retur quid de Ti. Gracchi morte sentiret, responderit iure 
caesum videri. Neque enim posset aut Ahala ille Servi- 
lius aut P. Nasica aut L. Opimius aut C. Marius aut, me 
consule, senatus non nefarius haberi, si sceleratos civis 

95 interfici nefas esset. Itaque hoc, indices, non sine causa. 

etiam fictis fabulis doctissimi homines memoriae prodi- 

derunt, euni qui patris ulciscendi causa matrem necavis- 

set, variatis hominum sententiis, non solum divina sed 

etiam sapientissimae deae sententia liberatum. 9. Quod 

100 si duodecim tabulae nocturnum furem quoquo modo, 

diurnum autem, si se telo defenderet, interfici impune 

Yoluerunt; quis est qui, quoquo modo quis interfectus sit, 

puniendum putet, cum videat aliquando gladium nobis ad 

hominen occidendum ab ipsis porrigi legibus ? 

105 IV. Atqui si tempus est ullum iure hominis necandi, 

quae multa sunt, certe illud est non modo iustum, verum 

etiam necessarium, cum yi yis mlafa defendi tur/ Pudici- 

tiam cum eriperet militi tribunus militaris in exercitu 

C. Mari, propinquus eius imperatoris, interfectus ab eo 

110 est, cui yim adferebat ; facere enim probus adulescens 

periculose quam perpeti turpiter maluit. Atque hunc ille 

. • summus yir scelere solutum periculo liberavit. 10. Insi- 

diatori vero et latroni quae potest inferri iniusta nex ? 



DEFENCE OF MILO 1 39 

Quid comitatus nostri, quid gladii volunt ? Quos habere 
certe non liceret^ si uti illis nullo pacto liceret. Est igitur 115 
liaec^ iudices^ non scripta, sed nata lex ; quam non didi- 
cimuS;, accepimu^, legimus^ yerum ex natura ipsa adri- 
puimus^ llatisinius^ expressimus ; ad quam non docti sed 
facti, non instituti sed imbuti sumus : ut^ si vita nostra in 
aliquas insidias^ si in yim et in tela aut latronum aut ini- 120 
micorum incidisset^ omnis honesta ratio esset expediendae 
salutis, 11. Silent enim leges inter arma, nee se exspectari 
iubent^ cum ei^ qui exspectare yelit, SLnte iniusta poena 
luenda sit quam iusta repetenda. Etsi persapienter et 
quodam modo tacite dat ipsa lex potestatem defendendi, 125 
quae non homineiji occidi^ sed esse cum telo hominis occi- 
dendi causa vetat^ ut, cum causa, non telum quaereretur, 
qui sui defendendi causa telo esset usus, non hominis 
occidend4 causa habuisse telum iudicaretur. Quapropter 
hoc maneat in causa, iudices ; non enim dubito quin pro- 130 
baturus sim yobis defensioneni. meam, si id memineritis, 
quod obliyisci non potestis^/Jnsidiatorem iure interfici 
posse. 

TJie second error, '* that the Senate has already condemned Ifilo.^' 
On the contrary, the Senate has always approved Mud's course ; 
its resolution that recent eve7its {the murder of Clodius, the burning 
of the Curia, and the attach on the house of Lepidus) were con- 
trary to the public interests, was perfectly natural, so much so 
that I voted for it myself, 

V. 12. Sequitur illud, quod a Milonis inimicis saepis^ 
sime dicitur, caedem, in qua P. Clodius occisus est, sena- 135 
turn iudicasse contra rem publicam esse factam. Illam 
yero senatus non sententiis suis solum, sed etiam studiis 
comprobayit. Quotiens enim est ilia causa a nobis acta 
in senatu ! quibus, adsensionibus universi ordinis, quam 
nee tacitis nee occuTtis ! Quando enim f requentissimo 140 
senatu quattuor aut summum quinque sunt inyenti qui 
Milonis causam non probarent ? Declarant hiiius am- 



140 CICERO S ORATIONS 

busti tribuni plebis illae intermortuae contiones, quibus 
cotidie meam potentiam invidiose criminabatur, cum 

145 diceret senatum non quod sentiret, sed quod ego vellem 
decernere. Quae quidem si potentia est appellanda, po- 
tius quam aut propter magna in rem publicam merita 
mediocris in bonis causis^ au^toritas, aut propter hos 
officiosos labores meos noif^nulla apud bonos gratia — 

150 appelletur ita sane, dum modo ea nos utamur pro salute 
bonorum contra amentiam perditorum. 

13. Hanc vero quaestionem, etsi non est iniqua, numquam 
tamen senatus constituendam putavit. Erant enim leges, 
erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vi ; nee tantum mae- 

155 rorem ac luctum senatui mors P. Clodi adferebat, ut nova 
quaestio constitueretur. Cuius enim de illo incesto stupro 
indicium decernendi senatui potestas esset erepta; de eius 
interitu quis potest credere senatum indicium novum 
constituendum putasse ? Cur igitur incendium curiae, 

160 oppugnationem a(^dium M. Xiepidi, caedem hanc ipsam 
contra rem publicam senatus factam esse decrev^t ? Quia 
nulla vis umquam est in libera civitate suscepia inter civis 
non contra rem publicam. 14. Non enim est , ilia defensio 
contra vim umquam optanda, sed non numquam est 

165 necessaria. Nisi vero aut ille dies quo Ti. Gracchus est 
caesus, aut ille quo Gains, aut quo arma Saturnini op- 
pressa sunt, etiam si e re publica oppressa sunt, rem pu- 
blicam tamen non volnerarunt. VI. Itaque ego ipse de- 
crevi, cum caedem in Appia factam esse constaret, non 

170 eum, qui se defendisset, contra rem publicam. f^ecisse, sed, 
cum inesset in re vis et insidiae, crimen iudicio reservavi, 
rem notavi. Quod ^i per furiosum ilium tribunum sena- 
tui quod sentiebat perficere licuisset, novam quaestionem 
nullam haberemus. Decernebat enim, ut veteribus legi- 

175 bus, tantutn'^odo /extra ordinem/ qua^reretur. Divisa 
sententia est, pbstulante nescio quo.: nihirenim tfecesse 
est omnium me flagitia proferre." " Sic reliqua auctoritas 
senatus empta intercessione sublata est. 



e^-. 



DEFENCE OF 3IIL0 I4I 

The third error, '' that Pompeys action is a condemnation of Milo." 
This also is false, since Pompey is responsible only for the main- 
tenance of the law, not for a decision on the question of guilt, 

15. At enim On. Pompeius rogatione sua et de re et 
de causa iudicavit : tulit enim de caede, quae in Appia 180 
via facta esset^ in qua P. Clodius occisus esset. Quid ergo 
tulit ? nempe ut quaerere.tur. Quid j5orro quaerendum 
est ? factumne sit? At constat. A quo? At paret. Vidit 
igitur, etiam in confessione facti, iuris tamen (ief,ensionem 
suscipi posse. Quod nisi vidisset^ posse alJsolvi eum qui 185 
fateretur^ cum yideret nos fateri^ neque quaeri umquam 
iussisset^ nee yobis tam lianc salutarem in iudicando lit- 
teram quam illam tristem dedisset. Mini vero Cn. Pom- 
peius non modo nihil gravius contra Milonem iudicasse^ 
sed etiam statuisse videtur quid vos in iudicando spectare 190 
opofteret ; nam qui non poenam confessioni, sed defen- 
sionem dedit, is causam interitus quaerendam, non interi- 
tum putavit. 16. lam illud ipse dicet profecto, q^o(J jj_j. 
sua sponte fecit^ Publione Clodio tribuendum putarit an^^^^^ 
tempori. 195 

VII. Domi suae nobilissimus vir, senatus propugna- 
tor^ atque illis quidem temporibus paene patronus, avun- 
culus huius iudicis nostri, fortissimi viri^, M. Catonis, 
tribunus plebis M. Drusus occisus est. Nihil de eius morte 
populus consultus ; nulla quaestio decreta a senatu est. 200 
Quantum, luctum in hac urbe fuisse a nostris patribus 
accSpinius, cum P. Africano domi suae quiescenti ilia 
nocturna vis esset inlata ? Quis tum non gemuit ? Quis 
non arsit dolore, quem immortalem, si fieri posset^ omnes 
esse cuperent, eius ne necessariam quidem exspectatam esse 205 
mortem I Num igitur ulla quaestio de Africani morte lata 
est ? certe nulla. 17. Quid ita ? quia non alio facinore 
clari homines, alio btscuri necantur. Intersit inter vitae 
dignitatem summorum atque infimorum : mors quidem 
inlata per scelus isdem et poenis teneatur et legibus, Nisi 210 
forte magis .ejrit parricida, si qui consularem patrem quam 



V 



\^ 



142 CICERO'S ORATIOKS 

isi quis hnmilem necarit ; aufc eo mors atrocior erit P. 

Clodi, quod is in mouumentis maiorura snoruni sit inter- 

fectiis — hoc enim ab istis saepe dicitur — promde qiisisi 
215 Appiiis ille Caecus viam miimverit^ non qua populus 

uteretur, sed ubi impuiie sui posteri latrocinarentur ! 
18. Itaque in eadem ista Appia yia cum ornatissimum 

eqiiitem Romanum P. Clodius M. Papirium occidisset^ non 

fuit illud facinus pimiendum ; homo enim nobilis in suis 
220 monumehtis equitem Romanum occiderat : nunc eiusdem 

Appiae nomen quantas trao:oedias excitafc ! Quae cruentata 

-, , . °. ... K^^s-^- •■^*--^> '-'^^V 

antea caede honesti atque mnocentis viri silebatur^ eadem 
nunc crebro usui'iDatur, postea quam latronis et parricidae 
sanguine imbuta est. Sed quid ego ilia commemoro ? 

225 Comprehensus est in templo Castoris servus P. Clodi, 
quem ille ad Cn. Pompeium interficiendum conlocarat ; 
extorta est ei confitenti sica de manibus. Caruit foro 
postea Pompeius, caruit senatu, caruit publico ; ianiia/se 
ac parietibus^ non iure legum' iudiciorumque texit. 19. 

230 Num quae rogatio lata, num quae nova quaestio decreta 
est ? Atqui si res, si vir, si tempus ullum dignum fuit, 
certe haec in ilia causa summa omnia fuerunt : insidiator 
erat in foro conlocatus, atque in vestibule ipso senatus ; ei 
viro autem mors parabatur, cuius in vita nitebatur salus 

235 civitatis ; eo pdrro rei publicae tempore, quo, si unus ille 
occidisset, non haec solum civitas, sed gentes omnes con- 
cidissent. Niso vero quia perfecta res non est, non fuit 
poenienda ; proinde quasi exitus rerum, non hominum con- 
silia, legibus vindicentur. Minus dolendum fuit re non 

240 perfecta, sed poeniendum certe nihilo minus. 20. Quotiens 
ego ipse, indices, ex P. Clodi telis et ex cruentis eius 
manibus effugi ! ex quibus si me non vel mea vel rei pu- 
blicae f ortuna servasset, quis tandem de interitu meo quae- 
stionem tulisset ? 

245 VIII. Sed stnlti sumus qui Drusum, qui Africanum, 
Pompeium, nosmet ipsos cum P. Clodio conferre audea- 
mus. Tolerabilia fuerunt ilia : P. Clodi mortem aequo 



r 

■ an 

# ste 



deee:n^ce of milo 143 



animo ferre nemo 23otest. Luget senatiis ; maeret eqne- 
ster ordo ; tota civitas confecta senio est ; squalent mii- 
nicipia ; adflictantur coloniae ; agri denique ipsi tarn 250 
beneficum, tarn salutarem, tarn mansuetum civem deside- 
rant. 21. N"on fuit ea causa^ indices^ profecto, non fuit 
cur sibi censeret Pompeins quaestionem ferendam ; sed 
homo sapiens^ atque alta et divina quadam mente praeditiis, 
multa vidit : fuisse ilium sibi inimicum^ familiarem Milo- 255 
nem ; in communi omnium laetitia si etiam ipse gauderet, 
timuit ne videretur inflrmior fides reconciliatae gratiae. 
Multa etiam alia vidit^ sed illud maxime^ quamvis atrociter 
ipse tulisset, vos tamen fortiter iudicaturos. Itaque de- ' 
legit ex florentissimis ordinibus ipsa lumina ; neque vero^ 260 
quod non nuUi dictitant^ secrevii in iudicibus legendis 
amicos meos : neque enim hoc cogitavit vir iustissimus^ 
neque in bonis viris legendis id adsequi potuisset^ etiam si 
cupisset. Non enim mea gratia f amiliaritatibus continetur^ 
quae late patere non possunt^ propterea quod consuetudines 265 
victus non possunt esse cum multis ; sed^ si quid possumus, 
ex eo potstimus^ quod res publica nos coniunxit cum bonis : 
ex quibus ille cum optimos viros legeret idque maxime ad 
ndem suam pertinere arbitraretur^ non potuit legere non 
stu3io^bs mei. 22. Quod vero te^ L. Domiti^ liuic quae- 270 
stioni praeesse miaxime yoluit^ nihil quaesivit aliud nisi 
iustitiam, gravitatem^ humanitatem, fidem. Tulit ut con- 
sularem necesse esset : credo^ quod principum munus esse 
ducebat resistere et levitati multitudinis et perditorum 
temeritati. Ex consularibus te creavit potissimum : dederas 275 
enim quam cqntemneres popularis insanias iam ab adule- 
scentia dociimetita maxima. 

These points being settled, the question is, ivhich of the two men teas 
the aggressor f -r^ 

. IX. 23. Quam ob rem, indices, ut aliquando ad causam 
crimenque veniamus, si neque omnis confess.io facti est 
inusitata ; neque de causa nostra quicquam aliter ac nos 280 



!■ inusit^ 



144 CICERO^S ORATIOKS 

velleriius a senatu iudicatum estj et lator ipse legis, cum 
esset contrdversia^iiulla facti, iuris tamen disceptationem 
esse voluit ; et ei lecti indices isque praepositus est quae- 
stioni^ qui haec iuste sapienterqiie di^eptet^ — reliquum 
285 est, iudices, ut nihil iarn quaerere aliud debeatis nisi nter 
ntri insidias fecerit. Quod quo facilius argu mentis per- 
spicere possitis, rem gestam vobis dum breviter expono, 
quaeso, diligenter attendite. 

Clodius as candidate for the praetorship saw with uneasiness the grow- 
ing popularity of his enemy Milo as a candidate for the consul- 
-y, ship, and openly made threats of violence. 

^ ^ tr^ 24. P. Clodius cum statuisset omni scelere in praetura 

r^ 290 vexare rem publicam, videretque ita tracta esse comitia 

^^' anno superiore, ut non multos mensis praetnram gerere 

\1^^ , posset (qui non. honoris gradum spectaret, ut ceteri, sed 

,^/ et L. Panlum'comegam effugere vellet, singulari virtute 

civem, et annum integrum ad dilacerandam rem publi- 

295 cam quaereret), subito reliquit annum suum, seseque in 

annum proximum tfanstulit ; non, ut fit, religione aliqua, 

sed ut haberet, quod ipse dicebat, ad praetnram geren- 

dam, — hoc est, ad evertendam rem publicam, — plenum 

annnm atque integrum. 

300 25. Occurrebat ei mancam ac debilem praetnram futn- 

ram suam consule Milone ; eum porro siijnmo consensu 

populi Eomani consulem fieri videbat. Cbntulit se ad eius 

competitor's, sed ita, totam ut pefifionem ipse solus etiam 

invitis illis gubernaret, tota ut comitia suis, ut dictitabat, 

305 umeris snstineret. Convocabat tritus ; se ifiterponebaj: ; 

CoUina^i novam dilectu perditissimornm civijim conscTifo- 

bat. Quanto ille plura Iniscebat, tanto hie magis in dies 

convalescebat. XJbi vidit homo ad omne facirius paratis- 

simus fortissimum virnm, inimicissimum suum, certissi- 

310 mum consnlem, idqne intellexit non solum sermonibus, 

sed etiam suffragiis populi Eomani saepe esse declaratum, 

^ ire coepit, et aperte dicere occidendum Milonem. 



DEFEXCE OF MILO I45 

26. Servos agrestis et barbaros,,quibu^ silvas publicas de- 
populat'US erat Etruriamque fexarat^ ex Apennino dedu- 
xerat^ quos yidebatis. Ees erat inmiine obscura : eteuim 315 
palam dictitabat consulatum Miloni eripi nbn posse, vitam 
posse. Signiffcavit hoc saepe in senatii, dixit in contione ; 
quin etiam M. Favonio, fortissimo viro, quaerenti ex eo 
qua spe fiireret (Milone vivo, respondit triduq ilium ant 
suiivmum quadriduo esse peritiiriim, quam yocem eius ad o20 
hunc M. Catonem statim Favonius detulit. 

Meanwhile Clodius, knowing that Jlilo ivas forced to go to Lanuvium, 
deliherately sought the collision on the Appian Way, and was 
killed hy Jlilo' s slaves. 

X. 27. Interim cum sciret Clodius — neque enim erat 
difficile scire — iter sollemiie, legitimum, necessarium ante 
diem xiii. Kalendas Februarias Miloni esse Lanuvium ad 
fia&i'nem pro^denidum (quod erat dictator Lanuvi Milo), 325 
Koma subito ipse profectus p^rmie est, ut ante suum fun- 
dum, quod re intellectum est, Miloni insidias conlocaret. 
Atque ita profectus est, ut contioneni turbulentam^, in qua 
eius furor desideratus est, quae illo ipso die habita est, 
relinqueret ; quam nisi obire facinoris locum tempusque 330 
voluisset, numquam reliquisset. .. 28. Milo autem cum in 
senatu fuisset eo die, quoad senatus est dimissus, domum 
venit ; calceos et yestimenta mutayit ; paulisper, dum se 
uxor, ut fit, comparat, commoratus est : dein profectus id 
temporis, cum iaift^ Clodius, si quidem eo die Eomam 335 
yenturus erat, redire potuisset-. Ob yiam fit ei Clodius, 
expeditus, in equo, nulla raeda, nullis impedimentis; nullis 
Graecis comitiljus', ut solebat; sine uxore, quod numquam 
fere ; cum hie insidiator, qui iter illud ad caedem facien- 
dam apparasset, cum uxore yeheretur in raeda, paenulatus, 340 
magno et iihpedito et muliebri ac delicate ancillarum pue- 
rorumque comttatu. 29. Fit ob viam Clodio ante fundum 
eius hora'^'fere undecima, aut non multo secus. Statim 
complures cum telis in hunc faciunt- de loco superiore 
10 



146 Cicero's oratioks 

345 impetum. Adversi raeJariain occidunt. Cum autem hie de 
raeda, reiecta paenula, desiluisset^ seque acri animo deferi- 
deret, illi qui erant cum Oiodio, giadiis eductis, part'iiii 
recurrere ad raedam^ ut a tergo Milonem adorirentur^ 
partim, quod hunc iam interfectum putarent, caedere in- 

350 cipiunt eius servos, qui post erant ; ex quibus qui animo 
fideli in dominum et praesenti fuerunt, partim occisi 
sunt, partim, cum ad raedam pugnari viderent, domino 
succurrere proliiberentur, Milonem occisum et ex ipso 
Clodio audirent et re vera putaren,t,^ fecernut id servi 

355 Milonis — dicam enimaperte, non derivandi criminis causa, 
sed ut factum est — nee imperante nee sciente nee prae- 
sente domino, quod sues quisque servos in tali re facere 
voluisset. 

XI. 30. Haec, sicuti exposui, ita gesta sunt, indices : 

360 'nsidiator superatus est ; vi victa vis, vel potius oppressa 
virtute audacia est. Nihil dico quid res publica cohsecuta 
sit, nihil quid vos, nihil quid omnes boni : nihil sane id 
prosit Miloni, qui hoc fato natus est, ut ne se quidem ser- 
vare potuerit quin una rem publicam vosque servaret. Si 

365 id iure fieri non potuit, nihil habeo quod defendam ; sin 
hoc et ratio doctis, et necessitas barbaris, et mos gentibus, 
et feris etiam beluis natura ipsa praescripsit, ut omnem 
semper vim, quacumque ope possent, a corpore, a capite, 
a vita sua propulsarent, — non potestis hoc facinus impro- 

370 bum iudicare quin simul iudicetis omnibus, qui in latro- 
nes inciderint, aut illorum telis aut vestris sententiis esse , 
pereundum. 31. Quod si -ita putasset, certe optabilius 
Miloni fuit dare iugulum P. Clodio, non semel ab illo 
neque tum primum petitum, quam iugulari a vobis, quia 

375 se non iugulandnm illi tradidisset. Sin hoc nemo vestrum 
ita sentit, non^ illud iam in indicium venit, occisusne sit, 
quod fatemur, sed iure an iniurisi, quod multis in causis 
saepe quaesitum est. Insidias factas esse constat, et id 
est, quod senatus contra rem publicam factum iudicavit ; 

380 ab utro factae sint, incertum est. De hoc igitur latum est 



DEFE2S^CE OF MILO I47 

ut quaereretur. Ita et senatus rem, non hominem, riota- 
vit ; et Pompeius de iure, non de facto, quaestionem tulit. 
XII. Num'^uid igitur aliud in iudicium venit, nisi uter 
utri insidias fecerit ? Profecto nihil : si hie illi, ut ne sit 
impune ; si ille huic, ut scelere solvamur. ' 385 

That Clodius, not 3filo, was the aggressor, may he inferred (a) from (L*r-^J^ 

motive : Clodius had everything to gain hy Milo's death, Milo 

nothing hy that of Clodius. 

i.' /,. '^ . -■• ' ' 

32. Qubnam igitur pacio probari potest insidias Miloni 

fecisse Clodium ? Satis est in ilia quidem tarn audaci, 

tarn nefaria belua docere, magnam ei causam, magnan^ 

spem in Milonis morte propositam, magnas ulifitates 

fuisse. Itaque illud Cassianum, ^cui bono fuerit/ in his 390 

personis valeat ; etsi boni nullo emolumento impelluntur 

in fraudem, improbi saepe parvo. Atqui Milorie inter-r 

fecto Clodius haec adsequebaliur, 'Hon modo ut praetor 

esset non eo consule, quo sceleris nihil facere posset ; sed 

etiam ut eis consulibus praetor esset, quibus, si non 395 

adiiivanlibus, at coriiventibus certe, speraret posse se 

eludere in illis suis cogitatis furoribus : cuius illi conatus, 

ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nee cuperent reprimere si possent, 

cum tantum beneficium ei se debere arbitrarentur ; et, si 

vellent fortasse^vix p9ssent fr^hgere hominis sceleratis- 400 

simi cohf()t)oraitiam' lam vetustate audaciam. 33. An vero, 

indices, vos soli 'ignoratis ? Vos hospites in hac urbe 

verssfmini ? Vestrae pere^rinantur aures, neque in hoc 

pervagato civitatis sermone versantur, quas ille leges (si 

leges nominandae suntac non faces urbis, pestes rei pu- 405 

blicae) fuerit'Tmpositurus nobis omnibus atque ihrts'turus ? 

Exhibe, quaeso, Sexte Clodi, exhibe librarium illud legum 

vestrarum, quod te ainnt eripuisse e domo, et ex mediis 

a^trnis turbaque nocturna tamquam Palladium sustulisse, 

ut praeclarum videlicet munus atque instrumentum tri- 410 

bunatus ad aliquem, si nacVu'^ esses, qui tuo arbitrio tri- 

bunafiiin'gereret, deferre posses, ... . Et aspexit me 



148 CICERO's ORATIO]SrS 

illis quidem oculis quibustum solebat, cum omnibus omnia 
minabatur. Movet me quippe lumen curiae ! XIII. 

415 Quid ? tu me tibi iratum, Sexte, putas^ cuius inimicissi- 
mum multo crudelius etiam poenitus es, quam erat hu- 
manitatis meae postulare ? Tu P. Clodi cruentum cadaver 
eiecisti domo ; tu in publicum abiecisti ; tu spoliatum 
imaginibus, exsequiis, pompa, laudatione^ inielicissimis 

420 lignis semiustilatum^ nocturnis canibus dilaniandumVeli- 
quisti. Quarr^e, etsi nefarie fecisti, tameji, quoniam in 
meo inimico crudelitatem exprompsisti tuam, laudare non 
possum, irasci certe non debeo. 

34. Audistis, indices, quantum Clodi imerfuerit occidi 

425 Milonem : convertite animos nunc vicissim ad, Milonem. 

'••'V' ■''■■■■♦- "'-^^t^ 

Quid Milonis intererat interfici Clodium ? Quid er^t cur 
Milo(iion dicam admitteret, sed'optaret ? ^ Obstamt in spe 
consulatus Miloni Clodius.' At,ebYepugnant§ fiebat, immcfeit" 
vero eo fiebat ma2:is ;. nee me sunra^atore meliore utebatur 

430 quam Clodio. Valebat apud vos, indices, Milonis erga me 
remque publicam meritorum memoria ; valebant preC^s'^et . 
lacrimae nostrae, quibus ego tum vos niiriflce^moveri sen- 
tiebam ; sed plus multo valebat periculorum impendeptium 
timer. Quis enim erat civium qui sibi solutam !t^. Clodi 

435 praeturam sine maximo rerum novarum metu pfoponeret ? 

Solutam autem fore videbatis, nisi esset is consul, qui eam 

auderet possetque constringere. Eum Milonem unum es^e 

vcum sentiret universus populus Eomanus, quis dubitaret 

suffragio suo se metu, periculo rem publicam liberare ? At 

440 nunc, Clodio remote, usitatis iam rebus enitenduih est mi- 
loni, ut tueatur dignitatem suam ; singularis ilia et huic 
uni concessa gloria, quae cotidie augebatur frangendis f aro- 
ribus Clodianis, iam Clodi morte cecidit. Vos ai^epti estis, 
ne quem? civem metueretis ; hie exercitatione'm virtutis, 

445 suffragationem c1)nsulatus, fontem perennem gloriae suae 
perdidit. Itaque Milonis consulatus, (jui vivo, Clodio^labe- 
factari non poterat, mortuo denique'te'mptari coeptus est. 
Non modo igitur nihil prodest, sed obest etiam Clodi mors 



m 

# fuituT 



DEFENCE OF MILO 1 49 

35. ^ At valuit odium, fecit iratus, fecit inimicus, 
ttor iniuriae, poenitor doloris sui/ Quid ? si haec 450^ 
non dico maiora fuerunt in Clodio quam in Milone, sed in 
ilfo "maxima, nulla in hoc, quid voltis amplius ? Quid enim 
odisset Clodium Milo, segetem ac materiem suae gloriae, 
praeter hoc civile odium, quo omnis improbos odimus ? 
Ille erat ut odisset primum. def ensorem salutis meae, deinde 455 *^ 
vexalorem furori's, doiiiifdrem armorum suorum, postremo 
etiam^accusator^em suum ; feus enim Milonis lege Plotia , 
fuit Clodius, quoad vixit. Quo tandem animo hoc tyran- 
num ilium tulisse creditis ? quantum odium illius, et in 
homine iniusto quam etiam iustum fuisse ? ^ 460 

(b) From character and hahits of life : the violence of Clodius drove 
me into exile, led him to assault Hortensius, caused the death of 
Papirius, and wrought other mischief, while Milo on the other 
hand neglected many an opportunity to kill Clodius, and win the 
gratitude of his country. 

XIV. 36. Eeliquum est ut iam ilium natura ipsius con- 
suetudoque defendat, hunc autem haec eadem coargiiat. 
Nihil per vim umquam Clodius, omnia per yim Milo. 
Quid ? ego, indices, cum maereMibus vobis urbe cessi, 
indiciumne timui ? hon servos,' non arma, non vim ? 465 
Quae fuisset igitur iusta causa restituendi mei, nisi fuisset . , 
iniusta eiciendi ? Diem mihi, credo, dixerat, mult^ inro- / 
garat, actionem perduellionis intenderat ; et mihi videlicet 
in causa aut mala aut mea, non et praeclarissima et vestra, 
indicium timendum fuit. Servorum et egentium civium 470 
et facindrosorum armis meos civis, meis consiliis periculis- 
que servatos, pfblhe obici nolui. 37. Vidi enim, vidi hunc 
ipsum Q. Hortensium, lumen et ornamentum rei publicae, 
paene interfici servorum manu, cum mihi adesset ; qua in ^ 
tHrrta C. Vibi^nu^s senator, vir optimus, cum hoc cum esset 475 
una,'^ita est mulcatus, ut vitam amiserit. Itaque quando 
illius postea sica ilia, quam a Catilina acceperat, conquie- 
vit ? Haec intentata nobis est ; huic ego vos pbici pro me 



<*j^ 



150 CICERO^S ORATIONS 

v/hoii sum passils ; haec msidiata Pompeio est ; liaec istam 
1-480 Appiam, monimentum sui nominis, nece Papiri cruentavit l 
haec eadem longo intervallo conversa rursus est in me ; 
, t/nuper quidem^.nt scitis. me ad regiam paene confecit. 
•^'38. Quid simile Milonis? cuius vis omnis haec semper fuit, 
ne P. Clodius^ cum in indicium detrahi non posset, vi oppres- 
485 sam civitatem teneret ; quem si interfi^ere yoluisset, quantae' 
, quotiens occasiones/ quam praeclarae fuerunt ! Potuitne,^' 
, cum domum ac decs penatis suos, illo oppugnante, defen- 
deret, iure se ulciscT ? . Rotuitne, civi egregio et viro for- 
tissimo, P. Sestio, conlega sno, vohierato ? Potuitne, Q. 
490 Fabricio, viro optimo, cum de reditu meo legem ferfet,'"'^ 
pulso, crudelissima in foro caede facta ? Potuitne, L. 
Caecili, iustissimi fortissimique praetoris, oppugnata do- 
mo ? Potuitne illo die cum est lata lex de me, cuni totius 
Italiae concursus, quem mea salus concitarat,' facti illius 
495 gloriam libens agnovisset, ut, etiam si.id^Milo fecisset, 
cuncta ci vitas cam laudem pro 'sua vinflicaret ? 

XV. 39. At quod erat tempus ! Clarissimuset,fortissimus 

consul, inimicus Clodio, P. Lentulus, ultor sceleris illius, 

propugnator senatus, defensor vestrae voluntatis, patronus 

500 publici consensus, restitutor salutis meae ; sept em praetores, 

octo tribuni p.lebei,_illius adversarii, defensores mei; Cn. 

Pompeius, auctor et dux mei reditus, illius hostis, cuius sen- 

tentiam senatus omnis de salute mea gravissimam et ornatis- 

simam secutus est, qui populum Eomanum est cohortatus ; 

505 qui cum de me decretum Capuae fecisset, ipse cunctae 

Italiae cupienti et eius fidem imploranti signum dedit, ut 

ad me restituendum Eomam concurreren^b ; omnium de- 

. nique in ilium odia civium ardebant desiderio mei,' quern 

^' qui tum interemisset, non do impunitate eius,^ sed de prae- 

510 mils cogitaretur. 40. Tamen se Milo cohtinuit, et P. 

Clodium in indicium bis, ad vim numquam vocavit. Quid ? 

private Milone et reo ad populum accusante P. Clodio, 

cum in Cn. Pompeium pro Milone dicentem impetus f actus 

est, quae tum non modo occasio, sed etiam causa illius 



\W oppr: 
" spem 



DEFENCE OF MILO I5I 



opprimendi fuit ! Niiper vero cum M. Antonius summam 515 
spem salutis bonis omnibus attnlisset, gr^issimamque 
adulescens nobilissimus rei publicae parrteiii fortissime^3us- 
cepisset^ atque illa.m belnam^ iudici laqueos dectinaiitemj 
'^ll^'mFetltam leiierefc, qui locus^ quod tempus illud, di 
immortal^^, fuit I Cum se ille fugiens in scala^'um tene- 520 
bris abHiSisseJ,. magnum Mi^qni fuit conficere illam pestem 
nulla sua inviSia, M.^Vero Antoni mnxun^ gloria? 41. 
Quid ? comitiis in campo quotiens j)ot,estas fuit ! cum ille 
insa'epta ruisset^ gladios de^stringendos^ lapides iaciendos 
curavisset^ dein subito Toltu Milonis perterritus f ugeret ad 525 
Tiberim, yos et omnes boni yota' faceretis^ ut Miloni uti 
virtute sua liberet. ^^i^ljlX:::^ ^i^:^^^ 

XVI. Quem igitur cum omnium gralia noluit^ hunc 
voluit cum aliquorum "quei'eila ? quem iure, quem loco, 
quem , tempore, ?1P9^- ii^P^i^^® ^^'^ ^st ausus, liunc 530 
inium/ inigiio ' loco, alieno tempore, periculo capitis, 
non duHiavit occidere ? 42. praesertim, indices, cum 
honoris amplissimi contentio et dies comitiorum sub- 
esset, quo quidem tempore — scio enim quam timida sit 
ambitio, quantaque et quam sollicita sit cupiditas consula- 535 
tus — ^^o'mnia, non modo quae reprehendi palam, sed etiam 
obscure quae cogitari possunt, timemus : rumorem, fabulam 
fictam, \pfetii perhorrescimus ; ora omnium atque oculos 
intuemur. Nihil est enim tam m611e, tam tenerum, tam 
aut fragile aut flexibile, quam voluntas erga nos sensusque 540 
civium ; qui non modo improbitati irascuntur Candida- 
torum, sed etiam in recte factis 'saepe fastidiunt. 43. 
Hunc igitur diem campi speratum atque exoptatum sibi 
proponens Milo, cruentis manibus scelus et facinus prae se 
ferens et confitens, ad ilia augusta centuriarum auspicia 545 
veniebat ? Quam hoc non credibile in hoc ! quam idem in 
Clodio non dubitandum, cum se ille, interfecto Milone, re- "^ 
gnaturum putaret ! Quid ? quod caput est audaciae, 
indices, quis ignorat maximam inlecebram esse peccandi 
impunitatis spem ? In utro igitur haec fuit ? in Milone, 550 



152 Cicero's orations 

qui etiam nunc reus est facti ant praeclari aut certe neces- 
sarii, an in Clodio, qui ita indicia poenamque contem- 
pserat, ut eum nihil delectaret quod aut per naturam fas 
esset aut per leges liceret ? 

(c) From the evidence of the time : Clodius had predicted that Ililo 
should die on the very day on which he himself ivas killed, Again^ 
Milo in ignorance of the plans of Clodius left Rome on January 
18, under official necessity ; Clodius, certainly aware of Milo^s 
plans, ivas absent from Rome on that day, ivhen a meeting was 
held in the city, which in other circumstances he would not have 
missed for the world. The very hour chosen hy Clodius for his 
return points to the suspicion of foul play. 

555 44. Sed quid ego argumentor ? quid pluradisputo ? Te, 
Q. Petili, appello, optimum et fortissimum civem ; te, M. 
Cato, tester, quos mihi divina quaedam sors dedit indices : 
vos ex M. Favonio audistis Clodinm sibi dixisse, et andi- 
stis, vivo Clodio, peritnrum Milonem tridu'o. Post diem 

560 tertium gesta res est quam dixerat. Cum ille non dubitarit 
aperire quid cogitaret, vos potestis dnbitare quid feceri.t_? 
XVII. 45. Quem ad modum igitur eum dies non fefellit ? 
Dixi equidem modo : dictatoris Lanuvini stata sacrificia 
nosse negoti nihil erat. Vidit necesse esse Miloni proficisci 

565 Lanuvium illo ipso quo est profectus die : itaque.antevertit. 
At quo die ? Quo, ut ante dixi, fuit insanissima cbntio ab 
ipsius mercenario tribune plebis concitata : quem diem 
ille, quam contionem, quos clamores, nisi ad cogitatum 
facinus approperaret, numquam reliquisset. Ergo illi ne 

570 causa quidem itineris, etiam causa manendi ; Miloni ma- 
nendi nulla facultas, exeundi non causa solum, sed etiam 
necessitas fuit. Quid ? si, ut ille scivit* Milonem fore eo 
die in via, sic Clodium Milo ne siispicari quidem potuit ? 
46. Primum quaero qui id scire potuerit ? quod vos idem 

575 in Clodio quaerere non potestis. Ut enim neminem alium 

...nisi T. Patinam, familiarissimum suum, rogasset, scire 

potuit illo ipso die Lanuvi a dictatore Milone prodi flami- 

nem necesse esse. Sed erant permulti alii ex quibus id 



DEFENCE OF 31IL0 1 53 

facillime scire posset : omnes scilicet Lanuvini. Milo de 
Clodi reditu unde quaesivit ? Quaesierit sane — videte quid 580 
vobis largiar — servum etiam (ut Q. Arrius, meus amicus, 
dixit) cofruperit. Legite testimonia testium yestrorum : 
dixit C. Causinius Schola, Interamnas, familiarissimus et 
'idem comes Clodi (cuius iam pridem testimonio Clodius 
eadem liora Interamnae fuerat et Eomae) P. Clodium illo 585 
die in Albano mansurum fuisse ; sed subito ei esse nuntia- 
tum, Cyrum architectum esse mortuum, itaque repente 
Eomam constituisse proficisci. Dixit lioc comes item P. 
Clodi, C. Clodius. 

XVIII. 47. Videte, indices, quantae res his testimo- 590 
nils sint confectae. Primum certe liberatur Milo non 

eo consilio profectus esse, ut insidiaretur in via Clodio : 
quippe, si ille obvius ei futurus omnino non erat. 
Deinde— non enim video cur non meum quoque agamp"^^ 
negotium — scitis, indices, fuisse qui in hac rogatione sua- '595^ 
denda dicerent, Milonis manu caedem esse factam, consilio 
vero maioris alicuius. Me videlicet latronem ac sicarium 
abiecti homines et perditi describebant. lacent suis testi- 
bus ei qui Clodium negant eo die Eomam, nisi de Cyro 
audisset, fuisse rediturum. Eespiravi, liberatus surtl ; non 600 
vereor ne, quod ne suspicari quidem potuerim, videar id 
cogitasse. 48. Xunc persequar cetera. Xam occu^nf ^''^ 
illud : ^Igitur ne Clodius.^ quidem de insidiis cogitavit, 
quoniam fuit in AlbaM mansurus.^ Si quidem exiturus 
ad caedem*^ villa non fuisset. Video enim ilium, qui 605 
dicatur de Cyri morte nuntiasse, non id nuntiasse, sed 
Milonem appropinquare. Nam quid de Cyro nuntiaret, 
quenv Clodius, Eoma proficiscens, reliquerat morientem ? 
Una fui, testamentum simul obsignavi cum Clodio ; testa- 
mentum autem palam fecerat, et ilium heredem et me j610 
scripserat. Quem pridie hora tertia animam efflanteni re- * 
liquisset, eum mortuum postridie hora decima denique ei 
nuntiabatur ? 

XIX. 49. Age, sit ita factum : quae causa cur Eomam 



154 Cicero's orations 

615 properaret ? Cur in noctem "s^ coniceret ? Ecquid ad- 
ferebat festinationis^ quod lieres erat ? Primiim^ erat 
nihil cur properato opus esset ; deinde, si quid esset, 
quid tandem erafc quod ea nocte cpnsequi posset^ amitteret 
autem si postridie Eomam mane venisset ,? Atque uf 

620 illi nocturnus ad urbem adventus vitandus potius quam 
expetendus fuit, sic Miloni^ cum insidiator esset, si ilium 
ad urbem nocte accessurum sciebat. subsidendum 'atque ^ 



exspectandum fuit. \ 50. N"emo ei negs^nti non credidisset 
quem esse omnes salvum etiam.'confitentem volunt. , Susti- 

625 nuisset hoc crimen primum ij^ge illelatronum occijiKafer*' 
et receptor locus, cum neque muta ^olitudo indicasset neque 
caeca^nox oste'nclisset Milonem: deinde ibi multi ab illo 
violati, spoliati, bonis expuisi, multi haec etiam timentes 
insuspicionem caderent ; tota denique rea citaretur Etruria. 

630 51. Atque illo (Jie certe Aricia rediens devertit Clodius ad 
Albanum. Quod ut" sciret Milo ilium Ariciae fuisse, su- 
spicari tamen debuit eum, etiam si Eomam illo die reverti 
vellet, ad villam suarn, quae viam tangeret, deversurifm". 
Our neque ante occurrit, ne ille in villa resideret, nee eo in 

635 loco subsedifc, quo ille noctu venturus esset ? 

So far, then, the evidence clearly indicates Mild^s innocence and the 
guilt of Clodius. 

52. Video adliuc consfere, iudices^-omnia : Miloni eti^m 
utile fuisse Clodium yivere, illi ad e% quae confeupierat, 
optatissimum interitum Milonis ; odium fuisse illius in 
hunc acerbissimum, nullum huius in ilium ; consiietudi- 

640 nem illius perpetuam in vi inferenda, huius tanttim in 
repellenda^; mortem ab illo denuniiatam Miloni et prae- 
dipatam palam, nihil umquam auditum ex Milone ; pro- 
fectionis huiiis diem illi notum.reditus illius huic ignotum 
fuisse : huius iter n^Qessarium/fllius etiam potius alienum; 

645 hunc'praie se tuliss§4llo die Eomaexiturum,^ ilium eo die 
se dissimiilasse rediturum ; hunc nulliits rei mutasso' con- 
silium/ ilium causam mutandi consili finxisse ; huic, si 



^1 



3 



J-^ 



DEFEN"CE OF MILO I 55 

insidiaretur, noctem prope iirbem exspectandam^ illi, etiam 
si hunc non timeret, tamen accessum ad urbem nocturnum 
f uisse jn^tuendum. ^.^-^-" ^^q 

Again, the guilt of Clodius mag he inferred (d) from the place : of all 
spots he chose the one best suited to his purpose — a ridge near his 
Aldan estate, where he had a thousand men employed. 

XX. 53. Videamus nunc id quod caput ^es.t : Ioqjlis ad 
insidias ille_.ipsa, ubi congressi sunt, iitri tandem fuerit 
aptior. Id vero, indices, etiam dubitahdum et diutius 
cogitandum e^t ? Ante fundunx Clodi, quo in fundo 
propter idsaHas illas subsfructiones facile hominum mille 655 
y^rsatJaStrirValentium ; ecuto adversari atque excelso loco 
superiofem'^se fore putarat Milo, et ob^eanrrem eum locum 
ad pusrnam potissimum ele&eral: ? an ineo loco est potius 
exspectatus ab eo qui ipsius loci spe lacere impetum, cogi- 
tarat ? Ees loquitur ipsa, indices, quae semper yalec pin- 660 
rimiim. 54. Si liaec non gesta audiretis, sed picta yide- 
retis, tamen appareret uter essjgt insidiatbr, uter , nihil 
cogitaret mali, cum alter yelieretur in raeda paenulatus, 
una sederet uxor. Quid horum non impeditissimum ? 
ves'titus an yehiculum a^ comes.? Quid minus piromptum 665 
ad pugn^m, c^m paenula mretitus, raeda impeditus, uxore 
paene constrictus esset ? Videtenunc ilium, primum egre- 
dientem e yilla, subitc^..: cur ? Vesperi : quid necesse es^t ?'^ ,_ 
Tarde \ qui conyenit, praesertim id temporis ? Deyertit in 
yillam Pompei : Pompeium ut yideret ? sciebat in Alsiensis670 
esse; yillam ut perspiceret ? .milieus in ea fuerat. Quid 
ergo erat ? morae et tergiyersationes : dum hie yeniret, 
locum relinquere noluit. 



156 CICERO's ORATIONS 

And (e) from their relative readiness : while 3Iilo was hampered by 
the character of his attendants, Clodins was well equipped for the 
fray. Clodius, true, was defeated at his own game, hut this was 
because his opponent ivas a man, and had loyal slaves. These 
slaves earned their reivard of freedom, and yet this just act of their 
master's has been absurdly misconstrued. Of course, Clodius' 
slaves when put to torture convicted Milo. 

XXI. 55. Ag^e nunc, iter expediti latronis cuin Milonis 

675 impedimentis comparate. Semper ille antea cum uxore, 

tum sine ea; ^umquam nisi in raeda, turn in equo ; comites 

Graeculi, quocumquQ , ibat, etian| ,cum in castra Etrusca 

properabat, tum nug^arum in comitatu nihil. Milo, qui 

• numquam,^ turn casu pueros symplioniacos uxoris ducebat 

680 et ancillarum'/'greges. Ille, qui semper secum scorta,' 
semper exoletos, semper lupas duceret, turn neminem, nisi 
ut virum a viro lectiim esse diceres. / ^ - V'^ 

Cur igitur victus est ? Quianon semper viator a latrone, 
non numquam etiam latro a viatore occiditur ; (j^uia, quam- 

685 quam paratus in imparatos Clodius, tamen mulier inciderat 
in viros. 56. Nee vero sic erat umquam non paratus Milo 
contra ilium, ut n^n,^atis,fere esset paratus. Semper ille, 
et quantum interesset P. Clodi se perire, et quanto illi odio 
esset, et quantum ille audere,t, cogitabat ; quam ob rem 

690 vitam suam, quam maximis praemiis propositam et paene 
addiclbam sciebat, numquam in n(^:iculum sine praesidio et 
sine custodia proiciebat. Adde casus; adde incertos exitus 
pugnarum Martemque communem, qui saepe spoliantem 
iam et exsultantem evertit et perculit ab abiecto ; adde 

695 inscitiam pransi, poti, oscitantis du.cis, qui cum a 'tergo 
hostem interclusum reliquisset, nihil de eius extremis 
comitibus cogitavit, in q[uos incensba ira vitamque domini 
desperantis cum incidisset, haesit in eis poenis, quas ab eo 
servi fideles pro domini vita expetiverunt. 

700 57. Cur igitur eos man u mr^i^? Metuebat scilicet ne 
indicaretur, ne dolorem perferre non possent, ne tormentis 
cogerentur occisum esse a servis Milonis in Appa via P. 
Clodium confiteri. Quid opus est tortore ? Quid quaeris ? 



DEFENCE OF MILO I 5/ 

^^ccideritne ? Occidit. lure an iniuria ? Nihil ad torto- 
'Nreni: facti enim in eculeo quaestio est, iuhs in iudicio. 705 
Aj XXII. Quod igitur in causa quaerendum est, inSagamus 
hie; quod tormentis invenire vis, id fatemur. ^Manu vero 
cur miserit, si id potius quaeris, quamcur parum^amplis 
adfecerit praemiis, nescis inimici factum reprehendere. 
58. Dixit enim hie idem, qui omnia semper constanter et 710 
for titer, M. Cato, et dixit in turbulenta contione, quae 
tamen huius auctoritate placata' est, rion lihertate solum, -f^^^ 
sed etiam omnihus praemiis dignissimos fuisse,.gui domiiii 
caput defendissent,^ (^uod enim praemium satis magnum 
est tarn l)enevolis, tam bonis, tam fideli^us servis, pro^tei\.715 
quos viyit ? Etsi id quideni non tanti est, quam "quoJ' 
propter eosdem non sanguine et voli^eribus suis crude- 
lissimi inimici mentem oculosqu^e satiaVit : quos nisi manu 

'misisset, tormentis etiam dedendi f uerunt^ conservatores 
domini, ultores sceleris, defensores necis. "^fiic vero nihil 720 
habet in his malis quod minus moleste ferat, quam, etiam 
si quid ipsi accidat, esse tamen illis meritunTpraemium 
persolutumr-"^' ^^Wa^- - "> w., 

59. Sqd quaestiones urgent Milonem, quae sunt habitae 
nunc in atrio Libertatis. Quibusnam de servis ? rogas ? 725 
De P. Clodi. Quis eos postulavjt ? Appius. Quis pro- 
duxit ? Appius. Unde ? ab^Appio. Di boni ! quid potest 
agi severius ? De servis nulla lege quaestio est in dominum 
nisi de incestu, ut fuit in Clodium. Proxime deos accessit 
Clodius, proprius qu^m tiinii cum ad ipsos penetrarat, 730 
cuius de morte tam quam de caerimoniis violatis qug,^ritur. 
Sed tamen maiores nostri in dominum de servo quaeri 
noluerunt ; non quiii posset veirum mveniri, sed quia vide- 
batur indignum esse et domini "morte ipsa tristius. In 
reunii de servo accusatoris cum quaeritur, verum inveniri 735 
potest ? 60. Age vero, quae erat aut "qfi^lis"^ quaestio p*^^--^ 
' Ileus tu, Rufio,* verbi causa, ^ cave sis mehtiaris: Clodhis 
insidias fecit Miloni ? ^ ' Fecit ' : certa crux. ' Nullas 
fecit \' sperata libertas. Quid Jiac quaestione certius ? 



158 ^ CICERO's ORATIONS 

740 Siibito abrepti lu quaestioneni;, tamen separantur a ceteris 
et iu areas coiiicinntur, ne quis cum eis conloqui possit. 
Hi centum dies penes accii^atorem ci^m fuissenfc, ab eo 
ipso accusatore producti sunt. Quid hac (Juaestione dici 

potest integrius^ quid incorruptius ? , ^.^ii:^^^^^^^^'^^^ t^'.^/i 

As further proof of Milo' s iimocence, Ms conduct since the event has 
shoivn his confidence in the justice of his cause. He has thus 
given the lie to his eriemies, many of whom predicted that he 
ivould prove a second Catiline. 

^r '•'. 

745 XXIII. 61. Quod si nondum satis cernitis^ cum res ipaa 
tot tarn Claris argunieiitis signisque luceat, pura mente 
atque integra Milonem, nuUo scelere imbutum^ nuUo metu 
perterritum, nulla conscientia exanimatum, Eomam re- 
yertissC;, recordamini, per deos immortalis ! quae fuerit 

750 celeritas reditus eius, qui ingressus in forum ardente curia, 
quae magnitude animi, qui voltus, quae oratio. Neque 
yero se populo solum, sed etiam senatui commisit; neque 
senatui modo, sed etiam publicis praesidiis et armis ; 
neque his tantum, verum etiam eius potestati, cui sena- 

755 tus totam rem publicam, omnem Italiae pubem, cuncta 
populi Eomani arma commiserat : cui numqua se hie pro- 
fecto tradidisset, nisi causae suae confideret, praesertim 
omnia audienti, magna metuenti, multa suspicanti, non 
nulla credenti. Magna vis est conscientiae, indices, et 

760 magna in utramque partem, ut neque timeant qui nihil 
commiserint, et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent 
qui peccarint. ^1^^ ^^"^ />,.'T;/nr^>,/.^,. 

62. Neque vero sine ratione certa causa Milonis sem- 
per a senatu probata est ; videbant enim sapientissimi 

765 homines facti rationem, praesentiam animi, defensionis 
constantiam. An vero obliti estis, indices, recenti illo 
nuntio necis Clodianae non modo inimicorum Milonis 
sermones et opiniones, sed non nullorum etiam im- 
peritorum ? Negabant eum Eomam esse rediturum. 

770 63. Sive enim illud animo irato ac percito fecisset, ut 

1 



f 



DEFENCE OF MILO 1 59 

incensus odio trncidaret inimicum, arbitrabantur eum 
t^nti ^ mortem P. Clodi putasse, ut— Aeoi^o animo patria 
careret^ cum sanguine inimici explesset odium suum ; 
sive etiam^illius morte patriam liberare voluisset, non 
duSi^atufum fortem virum quin, cum suo periculo salutem 775 
j)opulo Eomano attulisset, cederet aequo animo legibus^ 
secum auferret gloriam sempiternam^ nobis haec fruenda^ ' 
relinqueret^ quae ipse servasset. Multi etiam Catilinam 
atque ilia portenta loquebantur : ^ Eriimpet^ occupabit 
aliquem locum, iellum patriae faciei,' Miseros interdum 780 
civis optime de re publica meritos^ in quibus homines non 
modo res praeclarissimas obliviscuntur^ sed etiam nefa- 
rias suspicantur ! 64. Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt^ quae certe 
vera exs!;itrssent^ si Milo a^misisset aliquid quod non 
posset honeste yereque defendere. 785 

What contempt has Milo shown for these wild stories ! Inquiry hy 
Pompey has proved them false in every case, for Fompey has been 
cautious — too much so, I fear. This over-caution has led people 
to suspect that Fompey really fears Milo. Beware, Fompey, of 
going too far : the time may yet come when you shall need the 
friendship of Milo. But hoiv ahsurd to attribute false motives to 
Fompey, who with his unlimited powers could crush Milo if he 
would : he has stationed these troops here to reassure rather than 
to intimidate the court. 

XXIV. Quid ? quae postea sunt iiTeum congesta, quae 
quemvis e,tiam mediocrium delictorum conscientia per- 
V culissent^"ut"sustinuit^ di immortales ! Sustinuit ? immo 
vero ut contempsit ac pro nihilo putavit quae neque ma- 
ximo animo nocens^ neque innocens nisi fortissimus, vir 790 
neglegere potuisset ! Scutorum^ gladiorum, frenorun}, 
pilorumque etiam multitudo .d^prehendi posse indicaba- 
tur ; nullum in urbe vicum, nullum angiportum esse 
dicebant^ in quo Miloni conducta non esset domus ; arma 
in villam Ocriculanam devecta Tiberi, doinus in clivo 795 
Capitolino scutis referta^ plena omnia m'alleolorum ad 
urbis incendia comparatorum. Haec non delata solum, 



l6o CICERO'S OEATIONS 

K 

sed paene creclita^ nee ante repudiata sunt quain quae- 
sita. J.-T- 

800 65. Laudabam equidem incredibilem diligentiam Cn. 
Pompei, sed dicam^ ut sentio, indices : nimis mnlta an- 
dire coguntnr neque aliter facere possunt ei qnibns tota 
commissa est res pnblica. Qnin etiam fiiit andiendns 
popa Licinius nescio qui de Circo maximo, servos Milonis 

805 apnd se ebrios factos sibi confessos esse de interficiendo 
Pompeio coninrasse ; dein- -postea se gladio percnssnni 
esse ab nno de illis, ne indicaret. Pompeio in hortos 
nuntiavit ; arcessor in primis ; de amicorum sententia rem 
'defert ad senatnm. Non poteram in illins mefpatriae- 

810 que custodis tanta snspicione non metu exanimari ; sed 
mirabar tamen credi popae, confessionem servorum audiri, 
Yolnns in latere, quod acu punctum videretur, pro ictu 
gladiatoris probarL/ 66. Verum^ ut intellego, cavebat 
magis Pompeius quam timebat, non ea solum, quae 

815 timenda erant, sed omnia, ne vos aliquid timeretis. Op- 
pugnata domus C. Caesaris, clarissimi et fortissimi viri, 
per multas noctis horas nuntiabatur : nemo audierat tam 
celebri loco, nemo senserat ; tamen audiebatur. Non 
poteram Cn. Pompeium, praestantissima virtute virum, 

820 timidum suspicari ; diligentiam tota re publica suscepta, 
nimiam nullam putabam. Frequentissimo senatu nuper 
in Capitolio senator inventus est qui Milonem cum telo 
esse diceret : nudavit se in sanctissimo templo, quoniam 
vita talis et civis et viri fidem non faciebat, ut eo tacente 

825 res ipsa loqueretur. 

XXV. 67. Omnia falsa atque insidiose ficta comperta 
sunt; cum tamen, si metuitur etiam nunc Milo, non iam 
hoc Clodianum crimen timemus, sed tuas, Cn. Pompei — 
te enim iam appello, et ea voce, ut me exaudire possis — 

830 tuas, tuas, inquam, suspiciones perhorrescimus. Si Mi- 
lonem times ; si hunc de tua vita nefarie aut nunc cogitare 
aut molitum aliquando aliquid putas ; si Italiae dilectus 
(ut non nulli conquisitores tni dictitarunt), si haec arma, 



DEFEl^CE OF MILO l6l 

si Capitolinae cohortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, si dilecta 
inventus quae tuiim corpus domumque custodit, contra 835 
Milonis impetum armata est, atque ilia omnia in hunc 
uuum instituta^ parata, intenta sunt, — magna in hoc certe 
vis et incredibilis animus ; et non unius viri vires atque 
opes iudicantur, si quid em in liunc unum et praestantissi- 
mus dux electus et tota res publica armata est. 68. Sed 840 
quis non intellegit, omnis tibi rei publicae partis aegras et 
labantis, ut eas his armis sanares et confirmares, esse com- 
missas ? Quod si locus Miloni datus esset, probasset 
profecto tibi ipsi, neminem umquam hominem homini 
cariorem f uisse quam te sibi : nullum se umquam pericu- 845 
lum pro tua dignitate fugisse ; cum ipsa ilia taeterrima 
peste se saepissime pro tua gloria contendisse ; tribunatum 
suum ad salutem meam, quae tibi carissima fuisset, con- 
siliis tuis gubernatum ; se a te postea defensum in periculo 
capitis, adiutum in petitione praeturae ; duos se habere 850 
semper amicissimos sperasse, — te tuo beneficio, me suo. 
Quae si non probaret ; si tibi ita penitus inhaesisset ista 
suspicio, nullo ut evelli modo posset ; si denique Italia a 
dilectu, urbs ab armis sine Milonis clade numquam esset 
conquietura, — ne ille baud dubitans cessisset patria, is qui 855 
ita natus est et ita consuevit. Te, Magne, tamen antesta- 
retur, quod nunc etiam facit. fi^^v^i *:• / 

XXYI. 69. Vide quam sit varia vitae commiftabilisqtie S 
ratio, quam vaga volubilisque fortuna, quantae infidelitates 
in amicis, quam ad tempus aptae simulationes, quantae in 860/ 
periculis fugae proximorum, quantae timiditates. Erit, ^ 
erit illud profecto tempus, et inlucescet aliquando ille 
dies, cum tu (salutaribus, ut spero, rebus tuis, sed fortasse 
motu aliquo communium temporum, qui quam crebro 
accidat experti scire debemus), et amicissimi benevolen- 865 
tiam, et gravissimi hominis fidem, et unius post homines 
natos fortissimi viri magnitudinem animi, desideres. 

70. Quamquam quis hoc credat, Cn. Pompeium, iuris 
publici, moris maiorum, rei denique publicae peritissimum. 



l62 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

870 cum senatus ei commiserit ut videret ne quid res puUica 
detrimenti caperet (quo uiio versiciilo satis armati semper 
consules fuerunt, etiam niillis armis datis)^ Imnc exercitii, 
hunc dilectu dato^ iudiciiim exspectaturum fuisse in eius 
consiliis vindicandis, qui vi indicia ipsa tollerej/^'^'Satis 

875 iudicatum est a Pompeio^ satis^ falso ista coiifeVri in Mi- 
lonem, qui legem tnlit^ qua, ut ego sentio, Milonem absolvi 
a vobis oporteret, ut omnes confiteutur, liceret. 71. Quod 
vero in illo loco atque illis publicorum praesidiorum copiis 
circumfusus sedet, satis declarat, se non terrorem inferre 

880 vobis — quid enim minus illo dignum quam cogere, ut vos 
eum condemnitis, in quem animadvertere ipse et more 
maiorum et suo iure posset ? — sed praesidio esse, ut intel- 
legatis contra hesternam illam contionem licere vobis quod 
sentiatis libere iudicare. 

Admitting that Milo slew Clodius, it ivas a glorious act, for Clodius 
was far more dangerous than either Maelius or Tiberius Gracchus. 
His death assures for us many a blessing which, had he lived, 
would have bee^i impossible. 

885 XXVII. 72. N'ec vero me, indices, Clodianum crimen 
movet ; nee tarn sum demens, tamque vestri sensus ignarus 
atque expers, ut nesciam quid de morte Clodi sentiatis. De 
qua, si iam nollem ita diluere crimen, ut dilui, tamen 
impune Miloni palam clamare ac mentiri gloriose liceret : 

890 *^^Occidi, occidi, non Sp. Maelium, qui annona levanda 
iacturisque rei familiaris, quia nimis amplecti plebem 
videbatur, in suspicionem incidit regni appetendi ; non 
Ti. Gracchum, qui conlegae magistratum per seditionem 
abrogavit, quorum interfectores impleverunt orbem ter- 

895 rarum nominis sui gloria : sed eum — auderet enim dicere 
cum patriam periculo suo liberasset — cuius nefandum 
adulterium in pulvinaribus sanctissimis nobilissimae femi- 
nae comprehenderunt ; 73. eum cuius supplicio senatus 
sollemnis religiones expiandas saepe censuit ; eum quem 

900 cum sorore germana nef arium stuprum f ecisse L. Lucullus 




DEFEXCE OF MILO 1 63 

iuratus se quaestionibus liabitis dixit comperisse ; eum qui 
civem quern senatus^ quern populus Eomanus, quern 
omnes gentes urbis ac vitae civium conservatorem iudica- 
rant, servorum armis exterminavit ; eum qui regna dedit, 
ademit^ orbem terrarum quibuscum voluit partitus est ; C05 
eum qui^ plurimis caedibus in foro factis, singulari yirtute 
et gloria civem domum vi et armis compulit ; eum cui niliil 
umquam nefas fuit nee in f acinore nee in libidine ; eum qui 
aedem K^ympharum incendit^ ut memoriam publicam re- 
censionis tabulis publicis impressam exstingueret ; 74. eum 910 
denique, cui iam nulla lex erat, nullum civile ius, nulli 
possessionum termini ; qui non calumnia litium, non iniu- 
stis vindiciis ac sacramentis alienos fundos^ sed castris^ 
exercitu, signis inferendis, petebat ; qui non solum Etru- 
scos — eos enim penitus contemj)serat — sed hunc P. Yarium^ 915 
fortissimum atque optimum civem^ indicem nostrum, pel- 
lere possessionibus armis castrisque conatus est ; qui cum 
architectis et decempedis villas multorum hortosque per- 
agrabat ; qui laniculo et Alpibusspem possessionum termi- 
narat suarum; qui cum ab equite Romano splendidoet forti, 920 
M. Paconio, non impetrasset, ut sibi insulam in lacu Prilio 
venderet, repente luntribus in cam insulam materiem, 
calcem, caementa, arma convexity dominoque trans ripam 
inspectante, non dubitavit exstruere aedificium in alieno ; 
75. qui huic T. Furfanio, cui viro ! di immortales I — quid 925 
enim ego de muliercula Scantia, quid de adulescente P. 
Apinio dicam ? quorum utrique mortem est minitatus, nisi 
sibi hortorum j^ossessione cessissent — sed ausum esse Fur- 
faiiio dicere, si sibi pecuniam, quantam poposcerat, non 
dedisset, mortuum se in domum eius inlaturum, qua in- 930 
vidia huic esset tali viro conflagrandum ; qui Appium 
fratrem, hominem mihi coniunctum fidissima gratia, 
absentem de possessione fundi deiecit ; qui parietem sic 
per vestibulum sororis instituit ducere, sic agere funda- 
mental ut sororem non modo vestibule privaret, sed omni 935 
aditu et limine.^' 



164 CICERO "S ORATIONS 

XXVIII. 76. Quamquam haec quidem iam tolerabilia 
videbantur^ etsi aequabiliter in rem publicam, in privates, 
in longinqnos, in propinquos^ in alienos, in sues inruebat ; 

940 sed nescio quo mode iam nsn obduruerat et percallnerat 
civitatis incredibilis patientia. Quae vero aderant iam et 
impendebant, qnonam mode ea aut depellere potnissetis 
ant ferre ? Imperinm ille si nactus esset, — omitto socios, 
exteras nationes, reges, tetrarchas ; vota enim faceretis, ut 

945 in eos se potius immitteret quam in vestras possessiones, 
vestra tecta, vestras pecunias : pecunias dico ? a liberis (me 
dins Mius) et a coniugibus vestris nnmquam ille effrenatas 
suas libidines cohibuisset. Fingi haec pntatis, quae patent, 
quae nota sunt omnibus, quae tenentur ? servorum exer- 

950 citus ilium in urbe conscripturum fuisse, per quos to- 
tam rem publicam resque privatas omnium possideret ? 
77. Quam ob rem si omentum gladium tenens clamaret 
T. Annius: ^Adeste, quaeso, atque audite, cives: P. Cloditim 
interfeci ; eius furores, quos nullis iam legibus, nullis 

955 iudiciis frenare poteramus, hoc ferro et hac dextera a cer- 
vicibus vestris reppuli, per me ut unum ius, aequitas, leges, 
libertas, pudor, pudicitia in civitate maneret,^ — esset vero 
timendum, quonam modo id ferret civitas ! Nunc enim 
quis est qui non probet, qui non laudet, qui non unum post 

960 hominum memoriam T. Annium plurimum rei publicae 
profuisse, maxima laetitia populum Eomanum, cunctam 
Italiam, nationes omnis adfecisse et dicat et sentiat ? Non 
queo Vetera ilia populi Eomani gaTtidia quanta fuerint iudi- 
care : multas tamen iam summorum imperatorum clarissi- 

965 mas victorias aetas nostra vidit, quarum nulla neque tam 
dinturnam attulit laetitiam nee tantam. 78. Mandate 
hoc memoriae, indices : spero multa vos liberosque ve- 
stros in re publica bona esse visuros : in eis singulis ita 
semper existimabitis, vivo P. Clodio nihil eorum vos visu- 

970 ros fuisse. In spem maximam, et, quem ad modum 
confido, verissimam sumus adducti, hunc ipsum annum, 
hoc ipso summo viro consule, compressa hominum licentia, 



DEFENCE OF MILO 1 65 

cupiditatibas fractis, legibus et iudiciis constitutis^ salu- 
tarem civitati fore. Num quis est igitur tarn demens qui 
hoC;, P. Clodio vivo^ contingere potuisse arbitretur ? Quid? 975 
ea quae tenetis, privata atque yestra, dominante homine 
furioso quod ius perpetuae possessionis habere potuissent ? 

If mho's acquittal depended on Clodius' recall to life — hut the hare 
thought of such a thing has frightened you. Would Pompey re- 
call him if he could ? Then do honor to Milo as the Greeks 
honor those who have put tyrants to death. Well might Milo make 
the same confession that Ahala and others made, prepared alike 
for praise or blame. 

XXIX. Non timeo, iudices, ne odio inimicitiarummea- 
rum inflammatus libentius haec in ilium evomere videar 
quam verius. Etenim si praecipuum esse debebat^ tamen 980 
ita communis erat omnium ille hostis^ ut in communi odio 
paene aequaliter versaretur odium meum. Non potest 
dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum in illo sceleris, 
quantum exiti fuerit. 79. Quin sic attendite^ indices. 
Nempe haec est quaestio de interitu P. Clodi. Fingite 985 
animis — liberae sunt enim nostrae cogitationes, et quae 
volunt sic intuentur, ut ea cernimus quae videmus — fingite 
igitur cogitatione imaginem huius condicionis meae : si 
possim efficere ut Milonem absolvatis, sed ita, si P. Clo-* 
dius revixerit — quid voltu extimuistis ? Quonam modo 990 
ille vos vivus adficeret, quos mortuus inani cogitatione 
percussit ? Quid ? si ipse Cn. Pompeius, qui ea virtute 
ac fortuna est, ut ea potuerit semper, quae nemo praeter 
ilium, — si is, inquam, j^otuisset aut quaestionem de morte 
P. Clodi ferre aut ipsum ab inferis excitare, utrum pu- 995 
tatis potius facturum fuisse ? Etiam si propter amicitiam 
vellet ilium ab inferis evocare, propter rem publicam non 
fecisset. Eius igitur mortis sedetis ultores, cuius vitam 
si putetis per vos restitui posse, nolitis ; et de eius nece 
lata quaestio est, qui si lege eadem reviviscere posset, lata 1000 
lex numquam esset. Huius ergo interfector si esset, in 
confitendo ab eisne poenam timeret, quos liberavisset ? 



l66 CICERO's ORATIONS 

80. Graeci homines deornm honores fcribuunt eis viris 
qui tyrannos necaverunt. Quae ego vidi Athenis ! quae aliis 

1005 in urbibus Graeciae ! quas res divinas talibus institutas 
viris ! quos cantus, quae carmina ! prope ad immortalita- 
tis et religionem et memoriam consecrantur. Vos tanti 
conservatorem populi, tanti sceleris ultorem non modo 
honoribus nullis adficietis, sed etiam ad supplicium rapi 

1010 patiemini ? Confiteretur, confiteretur, inquam, si fecisset, 
et magno animo et libenter, fecisse se libertatis omnium 
causa, quod esset ei non confitendum modo, verum etiam 
praedicandum. 

XXX. 81. Etenim si id non negat, ex quo nihil petit 

1015 nisi ut ignoscatur, dubitaret id fateri, ex quo etiam prae- 
mia laudis essent petenda ? — nisi vero gratius putat esse 
vobis sui se capitis quam vestri defensorem fuisse, — cum 
praesertim in ea confessione, si grati esse velletis, hono- 
res adsequeretur amplissimos. Si factum vobis non pro- 

1020 baretur — quamquam qui poterat salus sua cuiquam non 
probari ? — sed tamen si minus fortissimi viri virtus civibus 
grata cecidisset, magno animo constantique cederet ex 
ingrata civitate. Xam quid esset ingratius quam laetari 
ceteros, higere eum solum propter quem ceteri laeta- 

1025 rentur ? 82. Quamquam hoc animo semper omnesfuinius 
in patriae proditoribus opprimendis, ut, quoniam nostra 
futura esset gloria, periculum quoque et invidiam no- 
stram putaremus. Nam quae mihi ipsi tribuenda laus 
esset, cum tantum in consulatu meo pro vobis ac liberis 

1030 vestris ausus essem, si id quod conabar sine maximis 
dimicationibus meis me esse ausurum arbitrarer ? Quae 
mulier sceleratum ac perniciosum civem interficere non 
auderet, si periculum non timeret ? Proposita invidia, 
morte, poena, qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, 

1035 is vir vere putandus est. Populi grati est p'raemiis adficere 
bene meritos de re publica civis ; viri fortis ne suppliciis 
quidem moveri ut fortiter fecisse paeniteat| 83. Quam 
ob rem uteretur eadem confessione T. Annius, qua Ahala, 



defe;n^ce of milo 167 

qua Nasica, qua OpimiuS;, qua Marius^ qua nosmet ipsi, 

et, si grata res publica esset, laetaretur ; si ingrata^ tamen 1040 

in gravi fortuna conscientia sua niteretur. 

But the glory of the deed belongs to the gods immortal, for Clodius fell 
amid the holy places which he had defiled, and his body was 
deprived of the honors due to the dead. 

Sed liuius benefici gratiam, iudices^ fortuna populi 
Romani et vestra felicitas et di immortales sibi deberi 
putant. Nee vero quisquam aliter arbitrari potest, nisi qui 
nullam vim esse ducit numenve divinum ; quern neque 1045 
imperi nostri magnitudo neque sol ille nee caeli signo- 
rumque motus nee vicissitudines rerum atque ordines 
movent, neque (id quod maximum est) maiorum sapien- 
tia, qui sacra, qui caerimonias, qui auspicia et ipsi sanc- 
tissime coluerunt, et nobis, suis posteris, prodiderunt. 1050 
XXXI. 84. Est, est prof ecto ilia vis. Neque in his corpo- 
i-ibus atque in hac imbecillitate nostra inest quiddam quod 
vigeat et sentiat, et non inest in hoc tanto naturae tarn 
praeclaro motu ; nisi forte idcirco non putant, quia non 
apparet nee cernitur ; proinde quasi nostram ipsam men- 1055 
tem qua sapimus, qua providemus, qua haec ipsa agimus 
ac dicimus, videre, aut plane qualis aut ubi sit, sentire 
possimus. Ea vis igitnr ipsa, quae saepe incredibilis huic 
urbi felicitates atque opes attulit, illam perniciem exstinxit 
ac sustulit ; cui primum mentem iniecit, ut vi inritare 1060 
ferroque lacessere fortissimum virum auderet, vinceretur- 
que ab eo, queni si vicisset, habiturus esset impunitatem 
et licentiam sempiternam. 

85. Non est humano consilio, ne mediocri quidem, 
indices, deorum immortalium cura, res ilia perfecta : 1065 
religiones me hercule ipsae, quae illam belnam cadere 
viderunt, commosse se videntur, et ius in illo suum 
retinuisse. Vos enim iam, Albani tumuli atque luci, 
vos, inquam, implore atque obtestor ; vosque, Alba- 
norum obrutae arae, sacrorum populi Eomani sociae et 1070 



l68 CICERO'S 0RATI02srS 

aequales^ quas ille praeceps amentia^, caesis prostratisque 
sanctissimis lucis^ substructionum insanis molibus oppres- 
serat. Vestrae turn arae, vestrae religiones viguerunt ; 
vestra vis valuit^ qiiam ille omni scelere poUuerat. Tuque 

1075 ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte luppiter, cuius ille 
lacus, nemora finisque saepe omni nefario stupro et scelere 
macularat, aliquando ad eum poenienduni oculos aperuisti. 
Vobis illae^ vobis vestro in conspectu serae, sed iustae tamen 
et debitae poenae solutae sunt. 86. Nisi forte hoc etiam 

1080 casu factum esse dicemus, ut ante ipsum sacrarium Bonae 
deaC;, quod est in fundo T. Sergi Galli, in primis honesti 
et ornati adulescentis^ ante ipsam, inquam, Bonam deam, 
cum proelium commisisset, primum illud volnus acciperet, 
quo taeterrimam mortem obiret^ ut non absolutus iudicio 

1085 illo nefario videretur, sed ad banc insignem poenam re- 
servatus. 

XXXII. Nee vero non eadem ira deorum banc eius 
satellitibus iniecit amentiam, ut sine imaginihjis^ sine 
cantu atque ludis, sine exsequiis, sine lamentis^ sine lauda- 

1090 tionibus, sine funere, oblitus cruore et Into, spoliatus illius 
supremi diei celebritate^ cui cedere inimici etiam solent^ 
ambureretur abiectus. Non fuisse credo fasclarissimoram 
virorum formas illi taeterrimo parricidae aliquid decoris 
adferre^ neque ullo in loco potius mortem eius lacerari, 

1095 quam in quo vita esset damnata. 

In his corrupt and unholy career there was hut one obstacle that stood 
in his path, and that was Milo, 

87. Dura, me dius fidius, mihi iam Fortunapopuli Eo- 
mani et crudelis videbatur, quae tot annos ilium in banc 
rem publicam insultare pateretur. Polluerat stupro sanctis- 
simas religiones ; senatus gravissima decreta perfregerat ; 
1100 pecunia se a iudicibus palam redemerat ; vexarat in tri- 
bunatu senatum ; omnium ordinum consensu pro salute 
rei publicae gesta resciderat ; me patria expulerat, bona 
diripuerat, domum incenderat, liberoS;, coniugem meam 



DEFENCE OF MILO 1 69 

vexarat ; Cn. Pompeio nefarium bellum iudixerat ; magi- 
stratuum privatorumque caedis effecerat ; domnm mei 1105 
fratris incenderat ; vastarat Etruriam ; mnltos sedibus ac 
fortunis eiecerat. "Instabat^ iirgebat. Capere eius amen- 
tiam civitas^ Italia, provinciae, regna non poteraut. Iii- 
cidebantur iani domi leges, quae nos servis nostris addi- 
cerent. Xihil erat cuiusquam, quod quidem ille adamasset, 1110 
quod non hoc anno suum fore putaret. 88. Obstabat eius 
cogitationibus nemo praeter Milonem. Ilium ipsum, qui 
obstare poterat, novo reditu in gratiam quasi devinctum 
arbitrabatur ; Caesaris potentiam suam esse dicebat ; 
bonorum animos in meo casu contempserat : Milo unus 1115 
urgebat. 

And sOf I repeat, it was the gods that tempted Clodius to attach Milo. 
Thus was removed a rtian whom, had he lived, neither Senate nor 
consuls could have restrained. 

X JXIII. Hie di immortales, ut supra dixi, mentem illi 
perdito ac furioso dederunt, ut huic faceret insidias. 
Aliter perire pestis ilia non potuit ; numquam ilium res 
publica suo iure esset ulta. Senatus, credo, praetorem 1120 
eum circumscripsisset : ne cum solebat quidem id facere, 
iu privato eodem hoc aliquid profecerat. 89. An consules 
in praetore coercendo fortes fiiissent ? Primum, Milone 
occiso, habuisset suos consules ; deinde quis in eo praetore 
consul fortis esset, per queni tribunum virtutem consula- 1125 
rem crudelissime vexatam esse meniinisset ? Oppressisset 
omnia, possideret, teneret ; lege nova ' quae est inventa 
apud eum cum reliquis legibus Clodianis, servos nostros 
libertos suos fecisset ; postremo, nisi eum di immortales 
in cam mentem impulissent, ut homo eflfeminatus fortissi- 1130 
mum virum conaretur occidere, hodie rem publicam nul- 
1am haberetis. 

90. An ille praetor, ille vero consul, si modo haec 
templa atque ipsa moenia stare eo vivo tam diu et 
consulatum eius exspectare potuissent, ille denique vivus 1135 



170 CICERO S ORATIONS 

mali nihil fecisset^ qui mortiuis, 11 no ex snis satellitibns 
Sex. Clodio duee, curiam incenderifc ? Quo quid miserius, 
quid acerbius, quid luctuosius vidimus ? Templum sancti- 
tatis, amplitudinis, mentis, consili publici, caput urbis, 

1140 aram sociorum, portum omnium gentium, sedem ab uni- 
verso populo concessam uni ordini, inflammari, exscindi, 
funestari ? neque id fieri a multitudine imperita (quam- 
quam esset miserum id ipsum), sed ab uno ? Qui cum 
tantum ausus sit ustor pro mortuo, quid signifer pro vivo 

1145 non esset ausus ? In curiam potissimum abiecit, ut cam 
mortuus incenderet, quam vivus everterat. 91. Et sunt 
qui de via Appia querantur, taceant de curia ! et qui ab 
eo spirante forum putent potuisse defendi, cuius non 
restiterit cadaveri curia ! Excitate, excitate ipsum, si 

1150 potestis, a mortuis : frangetis impetum vivi, cuius vix 
sustinetis furias insepulti ? K'isi vero sustinuistis eos qui 
cum facibus ad curiam cucurrerunt, cum falcibus ad Ca- 
storis, cum gladiis toto foro volitarunt. Caedi vidistis 
populum Romanum, contionem gladiis disturbari, cum 

1155 audiretur silentio M. Caelius, tribunus plebis, vir et in re 
publica fortissimus, et in suscepta causa firmissimus, et 
bonorum voluntati et auctoritati senatus deditus, et, in 
hac Milonis sive invidia sive fortuna singulari, divina et 
incredibili fide. 

Then acquit Milo. Conscious as he is of his innocence, he himself 
refuses to ask for pity ; yet I am distressed when I recall the sad 
words that I have lately heard him utter. Not that he reproaches 
his country with ingratitude hut only ivith timidity. T'hough sus- 
picion may ruin him, yet he is sure of your good-will ; his reward 
shall he the fame that attends every paMoVs name. 

1160 XXXIV. 92. Sed iam satis multa de causa ; extra cau- 
sam etiam nimis fortasse multa. Quid restat, nisi ut orem 
obtesterque vos, indices, ut earn misericordiam tribuatis 
fortissimo viro, quam ipse non implorat, ego etiam repu- 
gnante hoc et imploro et exposco ? Nolite, si in nostro 

1165 omnium fletu nullam lacrimam aspexistis Milonis, si vol- 



DEFEKCE OF MILO I/I 

turn semper eundem, si Yocem, si orationem stabilem ac 
noil mutatam yidetis^ hoc minus ei parcem Hand scio 
an multo sit etiam adiuvandus magis. Etenim si in 
gladiatoriis pugnis et infimi generis liominum condicione 
atque fortiina timidos atqne siipplices^ et, ut vivere liceat, 1170 
obsecrantis, etiam odisse solemus, fortis atque animosos et 
se acriter ipsos morti offerentis servare cupimus, eorum- 
que nos magis miseret, qui nostram misericordiam non 
requirunt, quam qui illam efflagitant, — quanto hoc magis 
in fortissimis civibus facere debemus ? 1175 

93. Me quidem, indices, exanimant et interimunt hae 
Yoces Milonis, quas audio adsidue et quibus intersum 
cotidie : "^ Valeant/ inquit, ^valeant cives mei ; sint inco- 
himes, sint florentes, sint beati. Stet haec urbs praeclara 
mihique patria carissima, quoquo modo erit merita de me. 1180 
Tranquilla re publica mei cives, quoniam mihi cum illis 
non licet, sine me ipsi, sed propter me tamen perfruantur. 
Ego cedam atque abibo. Si mihi bona re publica frui non 
licuerit, at carebo mala, et quam primum tetigero bene 
moratam et liberam civitatem, in ea conquiescam. 94. 1185 
frustra/ inquit, ^ mihi suscepti labores ! spes fallaces 
et cogitationes inanes meae ! Ego cum tribunus plebis re 
publica oppressa me senatui dedissem, quem exstinctum 
acceperam, equitibus Eomanis, quorum vires erant debiles, 
bonis viris, qui omnem auctoritatem Clodianis armis able- 1100 
cerant, mihi umquam bonorum praesidium defuturum 
putarem ? Ego cum te ^ — mecum enim saepissime loqui- 
tur — ^ patriae reddidissem, mihi putarem in patria non 
futurum locum ? Ubi nunc senatus est, quem secuti 
sumus ? Ubi equites Eomani illi, illi/ inquit, ^tui ? Ubi 1195 
studia municipiorum ? ubi Italiae voces ? Ubi denique 
tna ilia, M. Tulli, quae plurimis fuit auxilio, vox atque 
defensio ? mihine ea soli, qui pro te totiens morti me 
obtuli, nihil potest opitulari ? ^ 

XXXY. 95, Nee vero haec, indices, ut ego nunc, flens, 1200 
sed hoc eodem loquitur voltu quo videtis. Negat enim, 



172 CICERO S ORATIOKS 

uegat ingratis civibns fecisse se quae fecerit ; timidis et 
omnia circumspicientibns pericula non negat. Plebem et 
infimam multitudinem, quae P. Clodio duce fortunis 

1205 vestris imminebat^ eam^ quo tutior esset yestra vita, se 
fecisse commemorat ut non modo virtute flecteret, sed 
etiam tribus suis patrimoniis deleniret ; nee timet ne, cum 
plebem muneribus placarit, vos non conciliarit meritis in 
rem publicam singularibus. Senatus erga se benevolen- 

1210 tiam temporibus his ij)sis saepe esse perspectam, vestras 
yero et yestrorum ordinum occursationes, studia, sermones, 
quemcumque cursum fortuna dederit, se secum ablaturum 
esse dicit. 96. Meminit etiam sibi yocem praeconis modo 
defuisse, quam minime desiderarit ; populi yero cunctis 

1215 suffragiis, quod unum cupierit, se consulem declaratum ; 
nunc denique, si haec contra se sint futura, sibi facinoris 
suspicionem, non facti crimen obstare. Addit haec, quae 
certe yera sunt : fortis et sapientis yiros non tam praemia 
sequi solere recte factorum, quam ipsa recte facta ; se nihil 

1220 in yita nisi praeclarissime fecisse, si quidem nihil sit prae- 
stabilius viro quam periculis patriam liberare ; beatos esse 
quibus ea res honori fuerit a suis ciyibus ; 97. nee tamen 
eos miseros, qui beneficio ciyis suos yicerint ; sed tamen ex 
omnibus praemiis yirtutis, si esset habenda ratio prae- 

1225 miorum, amplissimum esse praemium gloriam ; esse banc 
unam quae breyitatem yitae posteritatis memoria conso- 
laretur, quae efficeret ut absentes adessemus, mortui viye- 
remus ; hanc denique esse cuius gradibus etiam in caelum 
homines yiderentur ascendere. 98. ^De me/ inquit, 

1230 ^ semper populus Eomanus, semper omnes gentes loquen- 
tur, nulla umquam obmutescet yetustas. Quin hoc tem- 
pore ipso, cum omnes a meis inimicis faces inyidiae meae 
subiciantur, tamen omni in hominum coetu gratiis agendis \ 
et gratulationibus habendis et omni sermone celebramur^ 

1235 Omitto Etruriae festos et actos et institutes dies ; cente-' 
sima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodi et, opinor, altera. 
Qua fines imperi populi Komani sunt, ea non solum fama 



DEFENCE OF MILO 1/3 

iam de illo, sed etiam laetitia peragravit. Qnam ob rem^ 
^ Ubi corpus hoc sit non/ inquit;, ' laboro^ quoniam 
omnibus in terris et iam versatur et semper habitabit nomi- 1240 
nis mei gloria/ 

For my sake acquit Milo, He restored me from exile : from exile let 
me save him. Grant that this patriot may die in the land of his 
birth. Finally, in giving your verdict, he true to your convic- 
tions, for so shall you please Pompey, ivho chose this jury for its 
wisdom and courage. 

XXXVI. 99. Haec tu mecum saepe his absentibus, sed 
isdem audientibus haec ego tecum^ Milo: '^Te quidem^^^Py^ 
cum isto animo es^ satis laudare non possum ; sed^ quo est 
ista magis divina virtus^ eo maiore a te dolore divellor. 1245 
Nee vero^ si mihi eriperis, reliqua est ilia tamen ad con- 
solandum querella, ut eis irasci possim^ a quibus tantum 
volnus accepero : non enim inimici mei te mihi eripient^, 
sed amicissimi, non male aliquando de me meriti, sed 
semper optime?^ Nullum umquam, indices^ mihi tantum 1250 
dolorem inuretis — etsi quis potest esse tantus ? — sed ne 
hunc quidem ipsum, ut obliviscar quanti me semper 
feceritis. Quae si vos cepit oblivio^ aut si in me aliquid 
offendistis, cur non id meo QW^^^ potius luitur quam 
Milonis ? Praeclare enim vixero> si quid mihi accident^, 1255 
prius quam hoc tantum mali videro. 100. Nunc me una 
consolatio sustentat, quod tibi^ T. Anni, nullum a me 
amoris, nullum studi, nullum pietatis officium defuit. Ego 
inimicitias potentium pro te appetivi ; ego meum saepe 
corpus et vitam obieci armis inimicorum tuorum ; ego me 12G0 
plurimis pro te supplicem abieci ; bona, fortunas meas ac 
liberorum meorum in communionem tuorum temporum 
contuli ; hoc denique ipso die, si quae vis est parata, si 
quae dimicatio capitis futura, deposco. Quid iam restat ? 
Quid habeo quod faciam pro tuis in me meritis, nisi ut eam 1265 
fortunam, quaecumque erit tua, ducam meam ? Non 
recuse, non abnuo ; vosque obsecro, indices, ut vestrabene- 




174 CICERO S ORATIONS 

ficia^ quae in me contulistis^ aiit in huius salute augeatis, 
aut in eiusdem exitio occasura esse videatis. , 

1270 XXXVII. 101. His lacrimis non movetur Mile— est 
qnodam incredibili robore aninii : exsilium ibi esse putat, 
iibi virtuti non sit locus ; mortem naturae finem esse^ non 
poenam. Sed hie ea mente qua natus est. Quid vos, 
indices ? quo tandem animo eritis ? Memoriam Milonis re- 

1275 tinebitis, ipsum eicietis ? et erit dignior locus in terris ullus 
qui banc virtutem excipiat quam bic qui procreavit ? VoS;, 
vos appello, fortissimi viri^ qui multum pro re publica 
sanguinem effudistis ; vos in viri et in civis invicti appello 
periculo^ centuriones, Yosque, milites : vobis non m'odo 

1280 inspectantibus^ sed etiam armatis et huic iudicio praesi- 
dentibus^ haec tanta virtus ex liac urbe expelletur, exter- 
minabitur^ proicietur ? 102. me miserum ! me in- 
felicem ! Eevocare tu me in patriam^ Milo, potuisti per 
bos ; ego te in patria per eosdem retinere non potero ? 

1285 Quid respondebo liberis meis^ qui te parentem alterum 
putant ? Quid tibi^ Quinte frater^ qui nunc abes, con- 
sorti mecum temporum illorum ? Mene non potuisse 
Milonis salutem tueri per eosdem per quos nostram ille 
servasset ? At in qua causa non potuisse ? quae est grata 

1290 gentibns . . . non potuisse ? eis qui maxime P. Clodi 
morte acquierunt. Quo deprecante ? Me. 103. Quod- 
nam ego concepi tantum scelus, aut quod in me tantum 
facinus admisi^ indices^ cum ilia indicia communis exiti 
indagavi^ patefeci^ protuli, exstinxi ? Omnes in me meos- 

1295 que redundant ex fonte illo dolores. Quid me reducem 
esse voluistis ? an ut inspectante me expellerentur ei per 
quos essem restitutus ? Nolite, obsecro vos^ acerbiorem 
mihi pati reditum esse, quam fuerit ille ipse discessus : 
nam qui possum putare me restitutum esse, si distrahar 

1300 ab his per quos restitutus sum ? 

Utinam di immortales fecissent — pace tua, patria, dix- 
erim : metuo enim, ne scelerate dicam in te quod pro 
Milone dicam pie — utinam P. Clodius non modo viveret. 



DEFENCE OF IIILO 



175 



sed Qtiam praetor, consul, dictator esset, potins quam hoc 
spectaculum viderem ! 104. di immortales ! fortem et 1305 
a vobis, indices, conservandiim virum ! ' Minime, minime/ 
inqiiit : ' immo vero poenas ille debitas luerit : nos subea- 
mus, si ita necesse est, non debitas/ Hicine vir, patriae 
natiis, nsquam nisi in patria morietnr, ant, si forte, pro 
patria ? Hnins vos animi monumenta retinebitis, corporis 1310 
in Italia nnllnm sepnlcrnm esse patiemini ? Hnnc sua 
qnisqnam sententia ex hac nrbe expellet, qnem omnes 
nrbes expulsnm a vobis ad se vocabunt ? 105. terram 
illam beatam, quae hnnc virnm exceperit ; banc ingratam, 
si eiecerit, miseram, si amiserit ! 1315 

Sed finis sit. Neqne enim prae lacrimis iam loqni pos- 
sum, et hie se lacrimis defend! vetat. Vos oro obtestorque, 
indices, nt in sententiis ferendis, quod sentietis, id andea- 
tis. Vestram virtntem, institiam, fidem, mihi credite, is 
maxime probabit, qui in indicibns legendis optimitpi et 1320 
sapientissimnm et fortissimum qnemqne elegit. 




ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 



177 



It was the first time he Tiad spoken since Pharsalia [48 b. c.]. In 
that Senate, purged by Caesar and filled with his creatures, free 
speech had not yet been heard. The friends and admirers of the 
master alone spoke, and whatever excess we may find in the praises 
that Cicero gives him, we may rest assured that all these flatteries 
must have seemed lukewarm compared with those heard every day. — 
Boissier's Cicero and his Friends, page 272. 

And when he [Caesar] was seen to be so clement and generous 
towards private individuals, was it forbidden to think that he might 
one day show the same liberality to his country ? — Id., page 275. 

If any one had advised Cicero to qualify the glowing eulogy of 
the Pro Marcello, he would probably have replied in words used by him 
three years and a half before, when certain expressions of his used in a 
letter to Caesar were criticised as too adulatory : "When my theme 
was the liberty of my country, the charge of adulation had no terrors 
for me : in such a case I would gladly have thrown myself at his 
feet." — Tyrrell and Purser's Corres;pondence of Cicero, volume v., 
page 28. 



178 



OEATION FOR MARCELLUS 



My long silence must end at last, for Caesar has shoivn unprecedented 
clemeiicy. He has also relieved the paiigs of my oivn conscience, 
for hitherto MarceUus was not so fortunate as I. In this act of 
Caesar'' s I see the hope of a restored republic as well as a tribute 
to my friend's ivorth. 

Diutiirni silenti, patres conscripti^ quo eram his tem- 
poribus iisus (non timore aliquo^ sed partim dolore, par- 
tim yerecundia) finem hodierniis dies attulit ; idemqae 
initiiim quae vellem quaeque sentirem meo pristino more 
dicendi. Tantam enim mansuetudinem^ tarn iniisitatam 5 
inaiiditamque clementiam^ tantnm in siimma potestate 
rerum omnium modum, tam denique incredibilem sapien- 
tiam ac paene divinam, tacitns praeterire nullo modo pos- 
sum. 2. M. enim Marcello vobis, patres conscripti^ reique 
publicae reddito^ non illius solum, sed etiam meam yocem 10 
et auctoritatem et vobis et rei publicae conservatam ac 
restitutam puto. Dolebam enim, patres conscripti, et 
vehementer angebar, virum talem, cum in eadam causa, 
in qua ego, fuisset, non in eadem esse fortuna ; ncc mibi 
persuadere poteram, nee fas esse ducebam, versari me in ]5 
nostro vetere curriculo, illo aemulo atque imitatore stu- 

QuESTiONS {for the ayiswers see the Notes). — 1. Give the date (year) 
of this speech. 2. Where was it delivered ? 3. What are the Caesar- 
ianae 9 4. Tell something of the opposition shown by Marcelliis to 
Caesar just before the Civil War. 5. His subsequent behavior. 6. 
Who procured his pardon ? 7. How is the eulogistic strain of the 
speech explained ? 

179 



l80 CICERO^S ORATIO:NrS 

diorum ac laborum meoriim., quasi qiiodam socio a me et 
comite^ distracto. 

Ergo et mihi meae pristiuae vitae consuetudinem^ 

20 0. CaBsar^ interclusam apernisti^ et his omnibus ad bene 
de omni re publica sperandiim quasi signum aliquod 
sustulisti. 3. Intel lectum est enim mihi quid em in mul- 
tis et maxime in me ipso^ sed paulo ante in omnibus, 
cum M. Marcellum senatui reiqne publicae concessisti, 

25 comm.emoratis praesertim offensionibus^, te auctoritatem 
huius ordinis dignitatemque rei publicae tuis vel doloribus 
vel suspicionibus anteferre. Ille quidem fructum omnis 
ante actae vitae hodierno die maximum cepit^ cum summo 
consensu senatus^ tum iudicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. 

30 Ex quo profecto intellegis quanta in dato beneficio sit laus, 
cum in accepto sit tanta gloria. 4. Est vero fortunatus 
ille^ cuius ex salute non minor paene ad omnis, quam ad 
ipsuni Ventura sit, laetitia pervenerit. Quod quidem ei 
merito atque optimo iure contigit ; quis enim est illo aut 

35 nobilitate aut probitate aut optimarum artium studio aut 
innocentia aut ullo laudis genere praestantior ? 

Great as are your other achievements, Caesar, this is the greatest of 
all. Your military fame you must sha7^e with others : in this 
your latest deed you have no partner, — the glory is all your own. 

II. Nullius tantum flumen est ingeni, nullius dicendi 
aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam exor- 
nare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. Tamen 

40 adfirmo^ et hoc pace dicam tua, nullam in his esse laudem 
ampliorem quam eam quam hodierno die consecutus es. 
5. Soleo saepe ante oculos ponere, idque libenter crebris 
usurpare sermonibus, omnis nostrorum imperatorum,- om- 
nis exterarum gentium potentissimorumque populorum, 

45 omnis clarissimorum regum res gestas, cum tuis nee con- 
tentionum magnitudine nee niimero proeliorum nee varie- 
tate regionum nee celeritate conficiendi nee dissimilitudine 
bellorum posse confer ri ; nee vero disiunctissimas terras 




JULIUS CAESAR 

From the marble bust in the British Museum 



OKATION FOR MAECELLUS l8l 

citius passibus cuiusquam potuisse peragrari, quam tuis 
non dicam cursibus, sed victoriis lustratae sunt. 6. Quae 50 
quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, ut ea vix cuiusquam 
mens aut cogitatio capere possit^ amens sim ; sed tamen 
sunt alia maiora. Nam bellicas laudes solent quidam 
extenuare verbis^ easque detrahere ducibus^ communicare 
cum multis, ne propriae sint imperatorum ; et certe in 55 
armis militum virtus, locorum opportunitas, auxilia socio- 
rum^ classes^ commeatus multum iuvant. Maximam vero 
partem^ quasi suo iure, fortuna sibi vindicate et quicquid 
prospere gestum est, id paene omne ducit suum. 7. At 
vero huius gloriae^ C. Caesar^ quam es paulo ante adeptus, 60 
socium babes neminem : totum hoc^ quantumcumque est 
(quod certe maximum est), totum est^ inquam^ tuum. 
Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio^ nihil praefectus^ nihil 
cohors^ nihil turma decerpit ; quin etiam ilia ipsa rerum 
humanarum domina, Fortuna^ in istius societatem gloriae 65 
se non offert. Tibi cedit ; tuam esse totam et propriam 
fatetur : numquam enim temeritas cum. sapientia commi- 
scetur, neque ad consilium casus admittitur. 

Nations without number and of every character have you conquered 
before : this day you have conquered yourself. Future ages shall 
praise your military glory : we who see your gracious presence 
here cherish most your good-will to the republic. 

III. 8. Domuisti gentis immanitate barbaras^ multitu- 
dine innumerabilis^ locis infinitas^ omni copiarum genere 70 
abundantis : sed tamen ea vicisti, quae et naturam et con- 
dicionem ut vinci possent habebant. Nulla est enim tanta 
vis quae non ferro et viribus debilitari frangique possit. 
Animum vincere^ iracundiam cohiberC;, victoriam tempe- 
rare ; adversarium nobilitate, ingenio, virtute praestantem 75 
non modo extollere iacentem, sed etiam amplificare eius 
pristinam dignitatem, — haec qui facit, non ego eum cum 
summis viris compare, sed simillimum deo iudico. 9. 
Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur illae 



1 82 Cicero's orations 

80 quidem non solum nostris^ seel paene omnium gentium 
litteris atque liuguiS;, nee ulla umquam aetas de tuis 
laudibus conticescet ; sed tamen eius modi res^ nescio quo 
modo, etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi clamore militum vi- 
dentur et tubarum sono. At yero cum aliquid clementer^ 

85 mansuete^ iuste, moderate, sapienter factum, in iracundia 
praesertim, quae est inimica consilio, et in vicfcoria, quae 
natura insolens et superba est, audimus aut legimus, quo 
studio incendimur, non modo in gestis rebus, sed etiam in 
fictis, ut eos saepe, quos numquam vidimus, diligamus ! 

90 10. Te yero, quem praesentem intuemur, cuius mentem 
sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid belli fortuna reli- 
quum rei publicae fecerit, id esse salvum yelis, quibus 
laudibus efferemus ? quibus studiis prosequemur ? qua 
benevolentia complectemur ? Parietes, me dius fidius, ut 

95 mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, quod 
brevi tempore futura sit ilia auctoritas in his maiorum 
suorum et suis sedibus. 

The act hy which you have restored prestige to the nolle family of the 
Ilarcelli ivill be remembered long after the material monuments of 
your greatness have perished. You have been victorious over vic- 
tory itself 

TV. Equidem cum C. Marcelli, yiri optimi et comme- 
morabili pietate praediti, lacrimas modo yobiscum yiderem, 

100 omnium Marcellorum meum pectus memoria obfudit, qui- 
bus tu etiam mortuis, M. Marcello conseryato, dignitatem 
suam reddidisti, nobilissimamque familiam iam ad paucos 
redactam paene ab interitu yindicasti. 11. Hunc tu igitur 
diem tuis maximis et innumerabilibus gratulationibus iure 

105 antepones. Haec enim res unius est propria C. Caesaris. 
Ceterae duce te gestae magnae illae quidem, sed tamen 
multo magnoque comitatu : huius autem rei tu idem es et 
dux et comes. Quae quidem tanta est, ut tropaeis et monu- 
mf^ntis tuis adlatura finem sit aetas (nihil est enim opere 
;:um, quod non aliquando conficiat et consumat 



ORATIOX FOR MARCELLUS 1 83 

vetustas) : 12. at liaec tua iustitia et lenitas animi florescet 
cotidie magis, ita ut quantum tuis operibus cliuturnitas 
detrahet, tantum adferat laudibus. Et ceteros quidem 
omnis victores bellorum civilium iam ante aequitate et 
misericordia viceras : liodierno yero die te ipsum yicisti. 115 
Vereor ut hoc quod dicam perinde intellegi possit auditum 
atque ipse cogitans sentio : ipsam Tictoriam vicisse yideris, 
cum ea^ quae ilia erat adepta^ yictis remisisti. Xam cum 
ipsius yictoriae condicione omnes yicti occidissemus^ 
clementiae tuae iudicio conseryati sumus. Recte igitur 120 
unus inyictus es^ a quo etiam ipsius yictoriae condicio yis- 
que deyicta est. 

This pardon clears from every imputation of crime all of us ivho 
fought against Caesar. As one of these I had private reasons for 
my course, hut I was ever an advocate of peace as you all ivell 
hwiv, Caesafs conduct towards those who favored peace has 
shown that he himself preferred peace to victory. 

V. 13. Atque hoc C. Caesaris indicium, i)atres con- 
scripti, quam late pateat attendite. Omnes enim, qui ad 
ilia arma fato sumus nescio quo rei publicae misero funesto- 125 
que compulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur erroris liumani, 
scelere certe liberati sumus. Nam cum M. Marcellum, de- 
precantibus yobis, rei publicae conseryayit, me et mihi et 
item rei publicae, nullo deprecante, reliquos amplissimos 
yiros et sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit ; quorum et frequen- 130 
tiam et dignitatem hoc ipso in consessu yidetis. Non ille 
hostis induxit in curiam, sed iudicayit a plerisque ignora- 
tione potius et falso atque inani metu, quam cupiditate ant 
crudelitate, bellum esse susceptum. 14. Quo quidem in 
bello semper de pace audiendum putayi ; semperque dolui 135 
non modo joacem, sed etiam orationem ciyium pacem flagi- 
tantium repudiari. Neque enim ego ilia nee uUa umquam 
secutus sum arma ciyilia, semperque mea consilia pacis et 
togae socia, non belli atque armorum, fuerunt. Hominem 
sum secutus priyato consilio, non publico ; tantumque apud 140 



li 



I 84 CICERO's ORATIONS 

me grati animi lidelis memoria valuit^ ut nulla noii mode 
cupiditate, sed ne spe quidem^ pnidens et sciens^ tamquam 
ad interitum ruerem voluntarium. 15. Quod quidem meum 
consilium minime obscurum fuit ; nam et in hoc ordine, 

145 integra re^ multa de pace dixi^ et in ipso bello eadem etiam 
cum capitis mei periculo sensi. Ex quo nemo iam erit tam 
iniustus existimator rerum qui dubitet quae Caesaris de 
bello voluntas fuerit^ cum pacis auctores conservandos 
statim censuerit, ceteris fuerit iratior. Atque id minus 

150 mirum fortasse tum^ cum esset incertus exitus et anceps 
fortuna belli : qui vero victor pacis auctores diligit, is pro- 
fecto declarat^ se maluisse non dimicare qiiam vincere. 

Marcellus and 7, knowing the spirit of our own party, dreaded the 
hour of victory : hence the more welcome, Caesar, is your mod- 
eration. Never weary of exercising the same magnanimity — 
your truest glory — in hehalf of those ivho have erred. 

VI. 16. Atque huius quidem rei M. Marcello sum testis ; 
nostri enim sensus^ ut in pace semper, sic tum etiam in 

155 bello, congruebant. Quotiens ego eum et quanto cum 
dolore vidi, cum insolentiam certorum hominum, tum etiam 
ipsius victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! Quo gratior 
tua liberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus, debet 
esse ; non enim iam causae sunt inter se, sed victoriae com- 

160 parandae. 17. Vidimus tuam victoriam proeliorum exitu 
terminatam : gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non vidimus. 
Quos amisimus civis, eos Martis vis perculit, non ira vic- 
toriae ; ut dubitare debeat nemo quin multos, si fieri posset, 
C. Caesar ab inferis excitaret, quoniam ex eadem acie con- 

165 servat quos potest. Alterius vero partis nihil amplius 
dicam quam (id quod omnes verebamur) nimis iracundam 
futuram fuisse victoriam. 18. Quidam enim non modo 
armatis, sed interdum etiam otiosis minabantur ; nee quid 
quisque seusisset, sed ubi f uisset, cogitandum esse dicebant ; 

170 ut mihi quidem videantur di immortales, etiam si poenas a 
populo Eom^ano ob aliquod delictum expetiverunt, qui civile 



orations' for marcellus 185 

bellum tantum et tarn luctiiosum excitaverunt, vel placati 
iani vel satiati aliqnando^ omnem spem salutis ad clemen- 
tiam yictoris et sapientiam contulisse. 

19. Qua re gaude tuoisto tarn excellenti bono, et fruere 175 
cum fortiina et gloria, turn etiam natura et moribus tiiis ; 
ex quo quideni maximus est f ructus iucunditasque sapienti. 
Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsi persaepe virtuti, tarn en 
plerumque felicitati tuae gratulabere : de nobis, quos in re 
publica tecum simul esse yoluisti, quotiens cogitabis, totiens 180 
de maximis tuis beneficiis, totiens de incredibili liberalitate, 
totiens de singulari sapientia tua cogitabis. Quae non 
modo summa bona, sed nimirum audebo vel sola dicere. 
Tantus est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in magnitu- 
dine animi et consili dignitas, ut haec a yirtute donata, 185 
cetera a fortuna commodata esse videantur. 20. ISToli 
igitur in conservandis bonis viris defetigari, non cupiditate 
praesertim aliqua aut pravitate lapsis, sed opinione oflfici — 
stulta fortasse, certe non improba — et specie quadam rei 
publicae ; non enim tua ulla culpa est, si te aliqui timue- 190 
runt, contraque summa laus, quod minime timendum f uisse 
senserunt. 

You have spoken, Caesar, of dangers that threaten you. From what 
source 9 Surely not from your friends 9 and as for your enemies, 
such as survive the war your mercy has changed to devoted 
friends. Yet your safety is ours. 

VII. 21. Xunc venio ad gravissimam querellam et 
jitrocissimam suspicionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis 
qiiam cum omnibus civibus, tum maxime nobis, qui a te 105 
(^onservati sumus, providenda est : quam etsi spero falsam 
esse, tamen numquam extenuabo verbis. Tua enim cautio 
nostra cautio est ; ut si in alterutro peccandum sit, malim 
videri nimis timidus quam parum prudens. Sed quisnam 
est iste tam demens ? De tuisne ? — tametsi qui magis 200 
sunt tui quam quibus tu salutem insperantibus reddidisti ? 
— an ex hoc numero, qui una tecum f uerunt ? Non est 



I 86 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

credibilis tantus in nllo furor^ ut quo diice omnia summa 
sit adeptus^ huius yitani non anteponat suae. An si nihil 

205 tui cogitant sceleris, cavendum est ne quid inimici ? Qui ? 
omnes enim, qui fnerunt, aut sua pertinacia yitam amise- 
runt aut tua misericordia retinuerunt ; ut aut nuUi super- 
sint de inimicis^ aut qui fuerunt sint amicissimi. 22. Sed 
tanien cum in animis hominum tantae latebrae sint et 

210 tanti recessus, augeamus sane suspicionem tuam : simul 
enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis est omnium tam 
ignarus rerum^ tam rudis in re publica, tam nihil umquam 
nee de sua nee de communi salute cogitans, qui non intel- 
legat, tua salute contineri suani, et ex unius tua vita 

215 pendere omnium ? Equidem de te dies noctisque^ ut 
debeo, cogitans^ casus dumtaxat humanos et incertos even- 
tus valetudinis et naturae communis fragilitatem extimesco ; 
doleoque^ cum res publica immortalis esse debeat, eam in 
unius mortalis anima consistere. 23. Si vero ad humanos 

220 casus incertosque motus valetudinis sceleris etiam accedib 
insidiarumque consensio, quem deum, si cupiat, posse opi- 
tulari rei publicae credamus ? 

The state has heen shattered hy the war, so that your greatest work re- 
mains to he done. That you have " lived long enough either for 
nature or for glory, '^ as you say, may be true in a sense, hut not in 
the sense that your country can spare you. Then secure undying 
fame hy healing the wotmds made hy the war. 

VIII. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi^, C. Caesar, uni, quae 
iacere sentis, belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse fuit, per- 

225 culsa atque prostrata : constituenda indicia, revocanda 
fides, comprimendae libidines, propaganda suboles ; omnia, 
quae dilapsa iam diffluxerunt, severis legibus vincienda 
sunt. 24. Non fuit recusandum in tanto civili bello, tanto 
animorum ardore et armorum, quin quassata res publica, 

230 quicumque belli eventus fuisset, multa perderet et orna- 
menta dignitatis et praesidia stabilitatis suae ; multaque 
uterque dux faceret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri 



t 



ORATION FOE MARCELLUS 1 8/ 

prohibuisset : quae quidem tibi nunc omnia belli volnera 
sananda sunt^ quibus praeter te nemo mederi potest. 25. 
Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam vo- 235 
cem invitns audivi : ^ Satis din vel naturae vixi vel gloriae.' 
Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae, addo etiam, si placet, 
gloriae : at^ quod maximum est, patriae certe parum. Qua 
re omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum hominum in contem- 
nenda morte prudentiam : noli nostro periculo esse sapiens. 240 
Saepe enim venit ad auris meas, te idem istud nimis crebro 
dicere, tibi satis te vixisse. Credo ; sed tum id audirem^ si 
tibi soli viveres, aut si tibi etiam soli natus esses. Omnium 
salutem civium cunctamque rem publicam res tuae gestae 
complexae sunt ; tantum abes a perf ectione maximorum 245 
operum, ut fundamenta nondum quae cogitas ieceris. Hie 
tu modum vitae tuae non salute rei publicae, sed aequitate 
animi definies ? Quid, si istud ne gloriae tuae quidem satis 
est ? cuius te esse avidissimum, quamvis sis sapiens, non 
negabis. 26. Parumne igitur, inquies, magna relinque- 250 
mus ? Immo yero aliis, quamvis multis, satis ; tibi uni 
parum. Quicquid est enim, quamyis amplum sit, id est pa- 
rum tum, cumest aliquid amplius. Quod si rerum taa- 
rum immortalium, 0. Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, ut de- 
victis adversariis rem publicam in eo statu relinqueres, in 255 
quo nunc est, yide, quaeso, ne tua diyina yirtus admira- 
tionis plus sit habitura quam gloriae ; si quidem gloria est 
inlustris ac peryagata magnorum, yel in sues yel in patriam 
yel in omne genus liominum, fama meritorum. 

If then you achieve the ivorh that noiv awaits you, posterity ivill praise 
as well as admire you. 

IX. 27. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est ; hie restat 260 
actus, in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam constituas, 
eaque tu in primis summa tranquillitate et otio perfruare. 
Tum te, si yoles, cum et patriae quod debes soWeris, et 
naturam ipsam expleyeris satietate yivendi, satis diu 
yixisse dicito. Quid est enim omnino hoc ipsum diu, in 265 



1 88 CiCEKO's ORATIOKS 

quo est Illiquid extremum ? quod cum venit, omnis voluptas 
praeterita j^ro niliilo est^ quia postea nulla est futura. 
Quamquam iste tuus animus numquam liis augustiis, quas 
natura nobis ad Advendum dedit, contentns fuit : semper 

270 immortalitatis amore flagravit. 28. Nee vero haec tuavita 
ducenda est, quae corpore et spiritu continetur : ilia, in- 
quam, ilia vita est tua, quae vigebit memoria saeculorum 
omnium, quam posteritas alet, quam ipsa aeternitas semper 
tuebitur. Huic tu inservias, huic te ostentes oportet, quae 

275 quidem quae miretur iam pridem multa liabet : nunc etiam 
quae laudet exspectat. Obstupescent posteri certe imperia, 
provincias, Ehenum, Oceanum, Nilum, pugnas innumera- 
bilis, incredibilis victorias, monimenta, munera, triumphos 
audientes et legentes tuos : 29. sed nisi haec urbs stabilita 

280 tuis consiliis et institutis erit, vagabitur modo tuum nomen 
longe atque late : sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non 
habebit. Erit inter eos etiam qui nascentur, sicut inter 
nos fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum res 
tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requirent, idque 

285 vel maximum, nisi belli civilis incendium salute patriae 
restinxeris, ut illud fati fuisse videatur, hoc consili. Servi 
igitur eis etiam iudicibus, qui multis post saeculis de te 
iudicabunt, et quidem baud scio an incorruptius quam 
nos ; nam et sine amore et sine cupiditate et rursus sine 

290 odio et sine invidia iudicabunt. 30. Id autem etiam si 
turn ad te, ut quidam falso putant, non pertinebit, nunc 
certe pertinet, esse te talem ut tuas laudes obscuratura 
nulla umquam sit oblivio. 

The war being happily over, and all dissension crushed, guard the 
general welfare and your own safety. Should danger threaten 
you, we pledge in your behalf our watchful care and, if need be, 
our lives. 

X. Diversae voluntates civium fuerunt distractaeque 

295 sententiae ; non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed armis 

etiam et castris dissidebamus. Erat enim obscuritas quae- 



%s 



ORATION^ FOE MARCELLUS 1 89 



am, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces : multi dubi- 
tabant quid optimum esset ; multi quid sibi exj)ediret ; 
multi quid deceret ; non nuUi etiam quid liceret. 31. Per- 
functa res publica est hoc misero fatalique bello. Vicit is 300 
qui non fortuna inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate 
leniret ; neque omnis, quibus iratus esset, eosdem etiam 
exsilio aut morte dignos iudicaret. Arma ab aliis posita, 
ab aliis erepta sunt. Ingratus est iniustusque ciyis qui, 
armorum periculo liberatus, animum tamen retinet arma- 305 
tum, ut etiam ille melior sit, qui in acie cecidit, qui in 
causa animam profudit. Quae enim pertinaciri quibus- 
dam, eadem aliis constantia videri potest. 32. Sed iam 
omnis fracta dissensio est armis, exstincta aequitate victo- 
ris: restat ut omnes unum yelint, qui modo babent ali- 310 
quid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis. Nisi te, C. 
Caesar, salvo, et in ista sententia, qua cum antea tum hodie 
vel maxime usus es, manente, salvi esse non possumus. 
Qua re omnes te, qui haec salva esse volumus, et hortamur 
et obsecramus, ut vitae tuae et saluti consulas ; omnesque 315 
tibi (ut pro aliis etiam loquar qnod de me ipse sentio), 
quoniam subesse aliquid putas quod cavendum sit, non 
modo excubias et custodias, sed etiam laterum nostrorum 
oppositus et corporum poUicemur. 

And to end my speech as it began, once more I thanh you in behalf of 
ally but especially on my own account ; for you have added this day 
a crowning kindness to those ivhich you had already shown me, 

XL 33. Sed ut, unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur 320 
oratio, maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, 
maiores etiam habemus : nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod 
ex omnium precibus et lacrimis sentire potuisti. Sed quia 
non est omnibus stantibus necesse dice«:*e, a me certe dici 
volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo ; et quod fieri decet, 325 
M. Marcello a te huic ordini populoque Eomano et rei 
publicae reddito, fieri id intellego. Nam laetari omnis non 



190 CICERO^S ORATIOKS 

de unius solum, sed de communi omnium salute sentio. 
34. Quod autem summae benevolentiae est (quae mea erga 

330 ilium omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, Op- 
timo et amantissimo fratri, praeter eum quidem cederem 
nemini), cum id sollicitudine, cura, labore tam diu prae- 
stiterim, quam diu est de illius salute dubitatum, certe hoc 
tempore, magnis curis, molestiis, dolor ibus liberatus, prae- 

335 stare debeo. Itaque, 0. Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut, 
omnibus me rebus a te non conservato solum sed etiam 
ornato, tamen ad tua in me unum innumerabilia merita, 
quod fieri iam posse non arbitrabar^ maximus hoc tuo facto 
cumulus accesserit. 



DEFENCE OF LIGAEIUS 



191 



The story goes that when Quintus Ligarins was put on his trial as 
an enemy to Caesar, and Cicero appeared as his advocate, Caesar said 
to his friends : "We know beforehand that the prisoner is a pestilent 
fellow and a public enemy : what harm can it do to listen once again 
to a speech of Cicero ? " But soon he felt himself strangely stirred 
by Cicero's opening words, and as the speech proceeded, instinct with 
passion and exquisite in grace, one might see rapid changes of color 
pass over Caesar's face, bearing witness to the tide of emotions ebbing 
and flowing through his mind. At length, when the speaker touched 
on the struggle at Pharsalia, Caesar became so agitated that his body 
trembled, and some papers which he was holding dropped from his 
hand. In the end he was carried by storm, and acquitted the accused. 
— Plutarch, quoted by Strachan-Davidson. 



DEFENCE OF LIGAKIUS 



Strange^ wondrous strange is this charge that Tuhero brings against . 
Ligarius, for it is one that the accused freely admits, and one to 
which Tuhero must himself plead guilty . 

XoYU^i crimen^ C. Caesar^ et ante hunc diem non 
audi turn propinqiiiis mens ad te Q. Tubero detulit, Q. 
Ligarium in Africa fuisse; idque C. Pansa^ praestanti vir 
ingenio^ fretus fortasse familiaritate ea quae est ei tecnm^ 
ansiis est confiteri : itaque quo me yertam^ nescio. Para- 5 
tus enim veneram^ cum tu id neque per te scires neque 
audire aliunde potuisses^ ut ignoratione tua ad hominis 
miseri salutem abuterer. Sed quoniam diligentia inimici 
investigatum est quod latebat^ confitendnm est^ opinor^ 
praesertim cum mens necessarius Pansa fecerit, ut id 10 
integrum iam non esset ; omissaque controversial omnis 
oratio ad misericordiam tuam conferenda est^ qua plurimi 
sunt conseryati, cum a te non liberationem culpae, sed 
errati yeniam impetrayissent. 2. Habes^ igitur^ Tubero^ 
quod est accusatori maxime optandum, confitentem reum; 15 
sed tamen hoc confitentem, se in ea parte fuisse, qua te, 
qua yirum omni laude dignum, patrem tuum. Itaque 
prius de yestro delicto confiteamini necesse est, quam 
Ligari ullam culpam reprehendatis. 

Questions {for the ansivers see the Notes). — 1. When and where 
was the Pro Ligario delivered ? 2. Tell the circumstances surround- 
ing the case. 3. What was the result of the speech ? 

13 193 



194 CICERO S ORATIONS 

Before anyhody dreamed of luar, Ligarius as legatus in Africa was 
much against his will left in charge of that province. There the 
war overtook him, and again reluctantly he ivas pressed into 
service as leader of the Pompeians in the province. 

20 Q. enim Ligarius, cum esset nulla belli suspicio, lega- 
tus in African! cum C. Considio profectus est. Qua in 
legatione et civibus et sociis ita se probavit, ut decedens 
Considius proyincia satis facere liominibus non posset, si 
quemquam alium provinciae praefecisset. Itaque Ligarius, 

25 cum diu recusans nihil profecisset, provinciam accepit in- 
vitus; cui sic praefuit in pace, ut et civibus et sociis 
gratissima esset eius integritas ac fides. 3. Bellum subito 
exarsit, quod qui erant in Africa ante audierunt geri 
quam parari. Quo audito, partim cupiditate inconsiderata, 

30 partim caeco quodam timore, prime salutis, post etiam studi 
sui, quaerebant aliquem ducem; cum Ligarius, domum 
spectans, ad suos redire cupiens, nullo se implicari negotio 
passus est. luterim P. Attius Varus, qui praetor Africam 
obtinuerat, Uticam yenit. Ad eum statim concursum est. 

35 Atque ille non mediocri cupiditate adripuit imperium, si 
illud imperium esse potuit, quod ad privatum clamore 
multitudinis imperitae, nullo publico consilio, defereba- 
tur. 4. Itaque Ligarius, qui omne tale negotium cuperet 
effugere, paulum adventu Vari conquieyit. 

40 II. Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius omni culpa yacat. 
Domo est egressus non modo nullum ad bellum, sed ne ad 
minimam quidem suspicionem belli. Legatus in pace pro- 
fectus est; in proyincia pacatissima ita se gessit, ut ei 
pacem esse expediret. Profectio certe animum tuum non 

45 debet ofEendere : num igitur remansio ? Multo minus. Nam 
profectio yoluntatem habuit non turpem ; remansio neces- 
sitatem etiam honestam. Ergo haec duo tempora carent 
crimine: unum, cum est legatus " profectus ; alterum, cum 
ecflagitatus a proyincia praepositus Africae est. 5. Tertium 

50 teitipus est, quod post adventum Vari in Africa restitit ; 
quod si est criminosum, necessitatis crimen est^ non yolun- 



DEFE2!irCE OF LIGARTUS I95 

tatis. An ille, si potuisset ullo modo evadere, Uticae 
qnam Eomae^ cum P. Attio quam cum concordissimis 
fratribus^ cum alienis esse quam cum suis maluisset ? Cum 
ipsa legatio plena desideri ac sollicitudinis fuisset propter 55 
incredibilem quendam fratrum amorem^, liic aequo animo 
esse potuit^ belli discidio distractus a fratribus? 

And /, Marcus Cicero, to he pleading his cause ! Ligarius was the 
victim of circumstances, but I opposed Caesar with my eyes open : 
I was the guiltier of the two, yet Caesar's magnanimity restored 
me to my former position, 

6. Nullum igitur habes^ Caesar^ adhuc in Q. Ligario 
signum alienae a te voluntatis. Cuius ego causam ani- 
madverte, quaeso, qua fide defendam: prodo meam. 60 
clementiam admirabilem atque omnium laude^ praedica- 
tione^ litteris mouumentisque decorandam! cum M. Cicero 
apud te defendit alium in ea voluntate non fuisse^ in qua 
se ipsum confitetur f uisse ; nee tuas tacitas cogitationes 
extimescit, nec^ quid tibi de alio audientide se ipso occur- 65 
rat, reformidat. III. A^ide quam non reformidem; vide 
quanta lux liberalitatis et sapientiae tuae mihi apud te 
dicenti oboriatur. Quantum potero, voce contendam, ut 
hoc populus Eomanus exaudiat. 7. Suscepto bello, Caesar, 
gesto etiam ex parte magna, nulla vi coactus, iudicio ac 70 
voluntate, ad ea arma profectus sum, quae erant sumpta 
contra te. Apud quem igitur hoc dico? Nempe apud 
eum qui, cum hoc sciret, tamen me, ante quam vicTit, rei 
publicae reddidit; qui ad me ex Aegypto litteras misit, ut 
essem idem qui fuissem ; qui, cum ipse imperator in toto 75 
imperio populi Romani unus esset, esse me alterum passus 
est; a quo, hoc ipso C. Pansa mihi hunc nuntium per- 
ferente, concessos fascis laureates tenui, quoad tenendos 
putavi; qui mihi tum denique se salutem putavit reddere, 
si earn nuUis spoliatam ornamentis dedisset. 80 



196 Cicero's orattois^s 

Tuhero, my accompUshed hinsman, says that it was a crime to he in 
Africa: yet Tuoei^o himself, Caesar* s enemy, was only prevented 
from landing there hy Ligarius. The young man winces under 
my words, yet neither he nor his worthy father realizes the har- 
harous nature of this prosecution, 

8. Vide, quaeso, Tubero, ut, qui de meo facto non 

dubitem, de Ligari non audeam confiteri. Atque haec 

propterea de me dixi, ut mihi Tubero, cum de se eadem 

dicerem, ignosceret ; cuius ego industriae gloriaeque faveo 

85 vel propter propinquam cognationem, vel quod eius in- 

genio studiisque delector, vel quod laudem adulescentis 

propinqui existimo etiam ad meum aliquem fructum re- 

dundare. 9. Sed hoc quaere : Quis putat esse crimen fuisse 

in Africa ? Nempe is qui et ipse in eadem Africa esse voluit 

90 et prohibitum se a Ligario queritur, et certe contra ipsum 

Caesarem est congressus armatus. Quid enim tuus ille, 

Tubero, destrictus in acie Pharsalica gladius agebat ? 

Cuius latus ille mucro petebat ? Qui sensus erat armorum 

tuorum ? quae tua mens? oculi ? manus? ardor animi? 

95 Quid cupiebas? Quid optabas? Nimis urgeo: commoveri 

videtur adulescens. Ad me revertar: isdem in armis fui. 

IV. 10. Quid autem aliud egimus, Tubero, nisi ut 

quod hie potest nos possemus ? Quorum jgitur impunitas, 

Caesar, tuae clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum ad cru- 

100 delitatem te acuit oratio. Atque in hac causa non nihil 
equidem, Tubero, etiam tuam, sed multo magis patris tui 
prudfntiam desidero; quod homo, cum ingenio turn etiam 
doctrina excellens, genus hoc causae quod esset non 
viderit. Nam si vidisset, quovis profecto quam isto modo 

105 a te agi maluisset. 

Arguis fatentem. Non est satis : accusas eum qui 
causam habet aut, ut ego dico, meliorem quam tu aut, ut 
tu vis, parem. 11. Haec admirabilia, sed prodigi simile 
est quod dicam : non habet cam vim ista accusatio, ut Q. 

110 Ligarius condemnetur, sed ut necetur. Hoc egit civis 
Eomanus ante te nemo: externi isti mores usque ad 



DEFENCE OF LIGARIUS I97 

sanguinem incitari solent odio, aiit levin m Graecorum ant 
immanium barbarorum. Xam quid agis aliud ? Eomae 
ne sit ? ut domo careat ? ne cum optimis fratribus, ne cum 
lioc T. Broccho avunciilo, ue cum eius filio consobrino 115 
suo, lie uobiscum vivat ? ne sit in patria ? Xum est ? Xum 
potest magis carere his omnibus quam caret ? Italia pro- 
liibetur; exsulat. Xon tu ergo eum patria privare, qua 
caret, sed vita vis. 12. At istud ne apud eum quidem 
dictatorem, qui omnis quos oderat morte multabat, quis- 120 
quam egit isto modo : ipse iubebat occidi nullo postulante, 
praemiis etiam invitabat; quae tamen crudelitas ab hoc 
eodem aliquot annis post, quern tu nunc crudelem esse vis, 
viudicata est. 

*'You are not seeking my client's life F" Of course not ; yet here in 
the Forum you are striving to undo all that I have sought to ac- 
complish by private entreaty with Caesar, But for Caesar^s hu- 
manity, what might ive not expect of his vindictive friends, since 
even his former enemies are so cruel in their demands 9 

V. ^Ego vero istud non postulo/ inquies. Ita me 125 
hercule existimo, Tubero. Xovi enim te, novi patrem, 
novi domum nomenque vestrum ; studia generis acfamiliae 
vestrae virtutis, humanitatis, doctrinae, plurimarum artium 
atque optimarum nota mihi sunt. 13. Itaque certo scio vos 
non petere sanguinem, sed parum attenditis : res enim eo 130 
spectat, ut ea poena, in qua adhuc Q. Ligarius est, non 
videamini esse contenti. Quae est igitur alia praeter mor- 
tem ? Si enim est in exsilio, sicuti est, quid amplius pos- 
tulatis ? An, ne ignoscatur ? Hoc vero multo acerbius 
multoque est durius : quod nos domi petimus precibus, 135 
lacrimis, strati ad pedes, non tam nostrae causae fidentes 
quam huius humanitati, id ne imjoetremus oppugnabis, et 
in nostrum fletum inrumpes, et nos iacentis ad pedes sup- 
plicum voce prohibebis ? 14. Si, cum hoc domi facere- 
mus (quod et fecimus et, ut spero, non frustra fecimus) tu 140 
repente inruisses et clamare coepisses : ' C. Caesar, cave 



198 CICERO^S ORATIONS 

ignoscas, cave te fratrura pro fratris salute obsecrantium 
misereat/ — nonne omnem humanitatem exuisses ? Quanto 
hoc durius, quod nos domi petimus^ id te in f oro oppugnare, 

145 et in tali miseria multorum perf ugium misericordiae tol- 
lere ! 15. Dicam plane, Caesar, quod sentio : si in hac 
tanta tua fortuna lenitas tanta non esset, quam tu per te, 
per te, inquam, obtines — intellego quid loquar — acerbissimo 
luctu redundaret ista victoria. Quam multi enim essent 

150 de victoribus qui te crudelem esse yellent, cum etiam de 
yictis reperiantur ! quam multi qui, cum a te ignosci 
nemini vellent, impedirent clementiam tuam, cum etiam 
hi, quibus ipse ignovisti, nolint te esse in alios misericor- 
dem I 16. Quod si probare Caesari possemus in Africa 

155 Ligarium omnino non fuisse, si honesto et misericordi 
mendacio saluti civi calamitoso esse vellemus, tamen ho- 
minis non esset, in tanto discrimine et periculo civis, 
refellere efc redarguere nostrum fnendacium ; et, si esset 
alicuius, eius certe non esset, qui in eadem causa et for- 

160 tuna fuisse t. Sed tamen aliud est errare Caesarem nolle ; 
aliud nolle misereri. Tunc diceres : ^ Caesar, cave credas : 
fuit in Africa, tulit arma contra te."" Nunc quid dicis ? 
^ Cave ignoscas.^ Haec nee hominis nee ad hominem vox 
est : qua qui apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, suam citius abiciet 

165 humanitatem quam extorquebit tuam. 

You alone, Tiibero, call this offence a crime — this madness that was 
sent from Heaven to convince us of our weakness. Speak not of 
Pompey now dead and others as criminals, since Caesar himself 
does not do this : each side had its honest convictions. Thank 
Heaven that none can grieve for the victory of him who slew no 
enemy that was not armed. 

VI. 17. Ac primus aditus et postulatio Tuberonis haec, 

ut opinor, fuit : velle se de Q. Ligari scelere dicere. Non 

dubito quin admiratus sis, vel quod de nullo alio quisquam, 

vel quod is qui in eadem causa fuisset, vel quidnam novi 

170 sceleris adferret. Scelus tu illud vocas, Tubero? Cur? 



DEFENCE OP LIGARIUS I99 

Isto enim nomine ilia adliuc causa caruit: alii errorem 
appellant^ alii timorem ; qui diirius^ spem^ cn23iditatem^ 
odium^ pertinaciam ; qui gravissime, temeritatem : scelus 
praeter te adhuc nemo. Ac mibi quidem^ si propriiim et 
verum nomen nostri mali quaeritur^ fatalis quaedam cala- 175 
mitas incidisse videtiir, et improvidas hominum mentis 
occupavisse^ ut nemo mirari debeat humana consilia divina 
necessitate esse siiperata. 18. Liceat esse miseros : quam- 
quara^ hoc yictore^ esse non possumus. Sed non loquor 
de nobis : de illis loquor, qui occiderunt. Fuerint cupidi, 180 
fuerint irati, fuerint pertinaces : sceleris vero crimine, 
furoris, parricidi liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat mul- 
tis aliis carere. Quando hoc quisquam ex te, Caesar, 
audivit, aut tua quid aliud arma voluerunt nisi a te con- 
tumeliam propulsare ? Quid egit tuns invictus exercitus, 185 
nisi ut suum ius tueretur et dignitatem tuam ? Quid ? tu, 
cum pacem esse cupiebas, idne agebas, ut tibi cum scele- 
ratis, an ut cum bonis civibus conveniret ? 19. Mihi vero, 
Caesar, tua in me maxima merita tanta certe non vide- 
rentur, si me ut sceleratum a te conservatum putarem. 190 
Quo raodo autem tu de re publica bene meritus esses, cum 
tot sceleratos incolumi dignitate esse voluisses ? Seces- 
sionem tu illam existimavisti, Caesar, initio, non bellum ; 
neque hostile odium, sed civile discidium, utrisque cupien- 
tibus rem publicam salvam, sed partim consiliis, partim 195 
studiis a communi utilitate aberrantibus. Principum 
dignitas erat paene par, non par fortasse eorum qui seque- 
bantur ; causa turn dubia, quod erat aliquid in utraque 
parte, quod probari posset. Nunc melior ea iudicanda 
est, quam etiam di adiuverunt. Oognita vero dementia 200 
tua, quis non earn victoriam probet, in qua occiderit nemo 
nisi armatus ? 



200 CICERO s oratio:n"s 

Tubero boasts of that of ivliich he now accuses Ligarius. But Li- 
gariiis ivent to Africa in a time of peace ; Tubero on Pompey^s 
orders after the war had begun. Had not Ligarius prevented 
your landiiig in Africa^ Tubero, you icould have found yourself 
in a dilemma — between treachery to the Senate and hostility to 
Caesar. At best, you owe it to Ligarius that you could not show 
your enmity to Caesar, 

VII. 20. Sed, ut omittam communem causam, venia- 
mus ad nostram : iitrum tandem existimas facilius fuisse, 

205 Tubero— Ligarium ex Africa exire an vos in Africam 
non venire? ^ Poteramusne/ inquies^ ^cum senatus cen- 
suisset ?' Si me consiilis^ nullo modo. Sed tamen Liga- 
rium senatus idem legaverat. Atque ille eo tempore paruit, 
cum parere senatui necesse erat: vos tunc paruistis, cum 

210 paruit nemo qui noluit. Eeprehendo igitur? Minime 
vero; neque enim licuit aliter vestro generi, nomini^ 
familiae, disciplinae. Sed hoc Bon concede, ut, quibus 
rebus gloriemini in vobis, easdem in aliis reprehendatis. 
21. Tuberonis sors coniecta est ex senatus consulto, cum 

215 ipse non adesset, morbo etiam impediretur : statuerat 
excusare. Haec ego novi propter omnis necessitudines 
quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone : domi una eruditi, 
militiae contubernales, post adfines, in omni denique vita 
familiares. Magnum etiam vinculum, quod isdem studiis 

220 semper usi sumus. Scio igitur Tuberonem domi manere 
voluisse : sed ita quidam agebat, ita rei publicae sanctissi- 
mum nomen opponebat, ut, etiam si aliter sentiret, verbo- 
rum tamen ipsorum pondus sustinere non posset. 22. Ces- 
sit auctoritati amplissimi viri, vel potius paruit : una est 

225 profectus cum eis quorum erat una causa; tardius iter 
fecit; itaque in Africam venit iam occupatam. Hinc in 
Ligarium crimen oritur, vel ira potius. Nam, si crimen 
est ilium voluisse, non minus magnum est vos Africam, 
arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad bellum contra 

230 banc urbem gerund um, obtinere voluisse, quam ali- 
quem se maluisse. Atque is tamen aliquis Ligarius non 



DEFEJ^CE OF LIGARIUS 20I 

fiiit : Varus imperiiim se habere dicebat ; fascis certe 
habebat. 

23. Sed quoqiio modo se illiid liabet, haec querella, 
Tubero, vestra^ quid valet ? ' Eecepti in provinciam non 235 
sumus/ Quid^ si essetis? Caesarine earn tradituri f uistis 
an contra Caesareni retenturi ? VIII. Vide quid licentiae, 
Caesar, nobis tua liberalitas det, vel potius audaciae. Si 
respondent Tubero., Africam^ quo senatus eum sorsque 
miserat, tibi patrem suum traditurum fuisse^, non dubi- 240 
tabo apud ipsum te^ cuius id eum facere interfuit, gravis- 
simis verbis eius consilium reprehend ere. ]^on enim^ si 
tibi ea res grata fuisset^ esset etiam probata. 24. Sed 
iam hoc totum omitto^ non tarn ne offendam tuas pati- 
entissimas auris^ quam ne Tubero quod numquam cogita- 245 
vit facturus f aisse videatur. Veniebatis igitur in Africam, 
provinciam unam ex omnibus huic victoriae maxime in- 
festam; in qua erat rex potentissimus^ inimicus huic 
causae, aliena voluntas, conventus firmi atque magni. 
Quaero : quid facturi f uistis? Quamquam quid facturi 250 
fueritis dubitem, cum videam quid feceritis? Prohibiti 
estis in provincia vestra pedem ponere, et prohibiti summa 
iniuria. 25. Quo modo id tulistis? Acceptae iniuriae 
querellajn ad quem detulistis? Nempe ad eum cuius 
auctoritatem secuti in societatem belli veneratis. Quod 255 
si Caesaris causa in provinciam veniebatis, ad eum pro- 
fecto exclusi provincia venissetis : venistis ad Pompeium. 
Quae est ergo aj^ud Caesarem querella, cum eum accusetis, 
a quo queramini prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere 
bellurn? Atque in lioc quidem vel cum mendacio, si voltis, 260 
gloriemini per me licet, vos provinciam fuisse Caesari tra- 
dituros. Etiam si a Varo et a quibusdam aliis prohibiti 
estis, ego tamen confiteor culpam esse Ligari, qui vos tan- 
tae laudis occasione privaverit. 



202 Cicero's orations 

Consider, Caesar, Tuhero's fidelihj, or rather long-suffering. When 
rejected by Pompeians, he fled to Pompey, and Pompey's cool 
reception could not damp his ardor. But we were all ardent then 
— Tuhero most of all through sheer necessity, 

265 IX. 26. Seel vide, quaeso, Caesar, constantiam ornatis- 
simi yiri Tnberonis, qnam ego, qnamvis ipse probarem (nt 
probo), tamen non commemorarem, nisi a te cognovissem 
in primis earn virtutem solere landari. Quae fait igitiir 
umqnam in nllo homine tanta constantia? Constantiam 

270 dico? Nescio an melius patientiam possim dicere. Quotns 
enim istud quisque fecisset, ut, a quibus partibus in dis- 
sensione civili non esset receptus, esset etiam cum crude- 
litate reiectus, ad eos ipsos rediret? Magni cniusdam 
animi atque eius viri est, quern de siiscepta causa propo- 

275 sitaque sententia nulla contumelia, nulla vis, nullum 
periculum possit depeliere. 27, Ut enim cetera paria 
Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent — lionos, nobilitas, splendor, 
ingenium, quae nequaquam fuerunt — hoc certe prne- 
cipuum Tuberonis, quod iusto cum imperio ex senatus 

280 consulto in provinciam suam venerat. Hinc prohibitus — 
non ad Caesarem, ne iratus; nondomum, ne iners ; non in 
aliquam regionem, ne condemnare causam illam quam 
secutus erat videretur — in Macedoniam ad Cn. Pompei 
castra venit, in earn ipsam causam a qua erat reiectns 

285 iniuria. 28. Quid? cum ista res nihil commovisset eius 
animum ad quem veneratis, languidiore, credo, studio iu 
causa fnistis : tantum modo in praesidiis eratis, animi vero 
a causa abhorrebant: an, ut fit in civilibus bellis, 
nee in vobis magis quam in reliquis; omnes enim vincendi 

290 studio tenebamur. Pacis equidem semper auctor fui, sed 
turn sero : erat enim amentis, cum aciem videres, pacem 
cogitare. Omnes, inquam, vincere volebamus; tu certe 
praecipue, qui in eum locum veneras, ubi tibi esset pere- 
undum, nisi vicisses. Quamquam, ut nunc se res habet, 

295 non dubito quin hanc salutem anteponas illi victoriae. 



DEFENCE OF LIGARIUS 203 

Far from sliaring your private enmities, Tubero, Caesar icill even 
pardon his own enemies, for Caesar is merciful . Never, Caesar, 
in all my former experience ivhen you arid I ivere pleading causes 
together, did I plead as I do now— as a child before a father rather 
than as an advocate before a judge. 

X. 29. Haec ego non dicerem^ Tiibero, si aut tos con- 
stantiae yestrae aut Caesarem benefici siii paeniteret. 
Xunc qiiaero utrum vestras iniurias an rei publicae per- 
seqnamiui : si rei publicae, quid de vestra in ilia causa 
perseverantia respondebitis ? si vestras, videte ne erretis, 300 
qui Caesarem yestris inimicis iratum fore putetis, cum 
ignoyerit suis. 

Itaque num tibi yideor in causa Ligari esse occnpatus ? 
num de eius facto dicere ? Quicquid dixi, ad unam sum- 
mam referriyolo : yel liumanitatis yel clementiae yel mise- 305 
ricordiae tuae. 30. Causas, Caesar, egi multas equidem 
tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio lionorum tuorum, certe 
numquam hoc modo : ^Ignoscite, indices ; erravit, lapsus 
est, non putavit ; si umquam posthac— / Ad parentem sic 
agi solet : ad indices, ^ Non fecit, noncogitavit ; falsi testes, 310 
fictum crimen/ Die te, Caesar, de facto Ligari indicem 
esse ; quibus in praesidiis fuerit quaere : taceo, ne haec 
quidem conligo, quae fortasse yalerent etiam apud indicem : 
'Legatus ante bellum profectus, relictus in pace, bello op- 
pressus, in eo ipso non acerbus, iam est totus animo ac 315 
studio tuus.' Ad iudicem sic ; sed ego apud parentem 
loquor, 'Erravit, temere fecit, paenitet; ad clementiam 
tuam confugio, delicti veniam peto, ut ignoscatnr oro/ 
Si nemo impetravit, adroganter : si plurimi, tu idem fer 
opem, qui spem dedisti. 31. An sperandi Ligario causa 320 
non sit, cum mihi apud te locus sit etiam pro altero depre- 
candi ? Quamquam nee in hac oratione spes est posita 
causae nee in eorum studiis, qui a te pro Ligario petunt, 
tui necessarii. 



204 cicEKO's oratio:n^s 

// is your wont, Caesar, to consider the merits of causes and the sin- 
cerity of the pleader. See then this splendid throng, whose signs 
of mourning plead for Ligarius. Neutrals they were during the 
war; hence, as you say, your friends. The brother of Ligarius 
was your devoted friend, 

325 XI. Vidi onim et cognovi quid maxime spectares^ cum 
pro alicuius salute niulti laborarent : causas apud te rogan- 
tium gratiosiores esse quam yoltus ; neque te spectare quam 
tuus esset necessarins is qui te oraret, sed quam illius pro 
quo laboraret. Itaque tribuis tu quidem tuis ita multa, ut 

330 mihi beatiores illi yideantur interdum^ qui tua liberalitate 
fruuntur, quam tu ipse, qui illis tam multa concedas ; sed 
video tamen apud te causas, ut dixi, valere plus quam 
preces, ab eisque te moveri maxime, quorum iustissimum 
videas dolorem in petendo. 

335 32. In Q. Ligario conservando multis tu quidem gratum 
facies necessariis tuis, sed hoc, quaeso, considera, quod 
soles. Possum fortissimos viros, Sabinos, tibi probatissi- 
mos, totumque agrum Sabinum, florem Italiae ac robur 
rei publicae, proponere. Nosti optimos homines : animad- 

340 verte horum omnium maestitiam et dolorem. Huius T. 
Brocchi, de quo non dubito quid existimes, lacrimas 
squaloremque ipsius et fill vides. 33. Quid de fratribus 
dicam ? l^oli, Caesar, putare de unius capite nos agere : 
aut tres tibi Ligarii retinendi in civitate sunt aut tres ex 

345 civitate exterminandi ; nam quodvis exsilium his est opta- 
tius quam patria, quam domus, quam di penates, uno illo 
exsulante. Si fraterne, si pie, si cum dolore faciunt, 
moveant te horum lacrimae, moveat pietas, moveat ger- 
manitas. Valeat tua vox ilia quae vicit. Te enim dicere 

350 audiebamus nos omnis adversaries putare, nisi qui nobiscum 
essent ; te omnis qui contra te non essent, tuos. Videsne 
igitur hunc splendorem omnium : hanc Brocchoruiii 
domum, hunc L. Marcium, C. Caesetium, L. Corfidium, 
hos omnis equites Eomanos, qui adsunt veste mutata, non 

355 solum notes tibi, verum etiam probates viros, qui tecum 



defe:n'ce of ligarius 205 

fuerunt ? Atque his irascebamur, hos requirebamns, his 
non nuUi etiam minabamur. Conserva igitur tuis suos ; 
ut^ quern ad modum cetera quae dicta sunt a te, sic hoc 
verissimum reperiatur. 

XII. 34. Quod si penitus perspicere posses concordiam 360 
Ligariorum, omnis fratres tecum iudicares fuisse. An 
potest quisquam dubitare quin^ si Q. Ligarius in Italia esse 
potuisset^ in eadem sententia fuerit futurus^ in qua fratres 
fuerunt ? Quis est qui horum consensum conspirantem et 
paene conflatum in hac prope aequalitate fraterna non 365 
noverit, qui hoc non sentiat^ quidvis prius futurum fuisse, 
quam ut hi fratres diversas sententias fortunasque sequeren- 
tur ? Voluntate igitur omnes tecum fuerunt : tempestate 
abreptus est unus, qui si consilio id fecisset, esset eorum 
similis, quos tu tamen salvos esse voluisti. 35. Sed ierit 370 
ad bellum^ dissenserit non a te solum^ verum etiam a fra- 
tribus : hi te orant tui. Equidem, cum tuis omnibus 
negotiis interessem, memoria teneo qualis T. Ligarius 
quaestor urbanus fuerit erga te et dignitatem tuam. Sed 
parum est me hoc meminisse : spero etiam te — qui oblivisci 375 
nihil soles nisi iniurias^ quoniam hoc est animi, quoniam 
etiam ingeni tui — te aliquid de huius illo quaestorio officio, 
etiam de aliis quibusdam quaestoribus reminiscentem, re- 
cordari. 36. Hie igitur T. Ligarius, qui tum nihil egit 
aliud — neque enim haec divinabat — nisi ut tui eum stu- 380 
diosum et bonum virum iudicares, nunc a te supplex 
fratris salutem petit : quam huius admonitus officio cum 
utrisque his dederis, tris fratres optimos et integerrimos 
non solum sibi ipsos, neque his tot talibus viris neque nobis 
necessariis tuis, sed etiam rei publicae condonaveris. 385 

As lately you showed in the Senate, so now again in the Forum show 
that clemency which is the noblest of your virtues. 

37. Fac igitur, quod de homine nobilissimo et claris- 
simo fecisti nuper in curia, nunc idem in foro de optimis 
et huic omni frequentiae probatissimis fratribus. Ut con- 



2o6 CICERO^S ORATIOKS 

cessisti ilium senatui^ sic da hiinc popnlo, cuius voluntatem 
390 carissimam semper habuisti; et, si ille dies tibi gloriosissi- 
mus, populo Romano gratissimus fuit, noli^ obsecro, dubi- 
tare^, C. Caesar, similem illi gloriae laudem quam saepissime 
quaerere. Nihil est tarn populare quam bonitas ; nulla de 
virtutibus tuis plurimis nee admirabilior nee gratior mise- 
395 ricordia est. 38. Homines enim ad deos nulla re propius 
accedunt quam salutem hominibus dando. Nihil habet nee 
fortuna tua maius quam ut possis, nee natura melius quam 
ut veliS;, servare quam plurimos. Longiorem orationem 
causa forsitan postulet, tua certe natura breviorem. Qua 
400 re cum utilius esse arbitrer, te ipsum quam me aut quem- 
quam loqui tecum, finem iam faciam : tantum te admonebo, 
si illi absenti salutem dederis, praesentibus his omnibus te 
daturum. 



MARK ANTONY 

From a bust in the Vatican Museum Rome 



THE NINTH PHILIPPIC 



207 



THE NINTH PHILIPPIC 

Prefatory Note 

1. The Name "Philippic." The Philippics of Cicero are four- 
teen speeches that were made by him as leader of the republican, or 
senatorial, party against Mark Antony during the winter and spring 
of 44-43 B.C. They derived their name from a supposed resemblance 
to the speeches of the same name delivered by Demosthenes against 
Philip of Macedon. With these speeches Cicero closed his career as 
an orator. 

2. Mark Antoxy. Mark Antony was the son of M. Antonius 
Creticus and Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar. He was about twenty- 
three years younger than Cicero. At an early age he lost his father. 
His mother was then married to Lentulus, one of the conspirators 
put to death in 63 B.C. by Cicero as consul. This fact explains An- 
tony's personal enmity to Cicero. From early youth he had been dis- 
sipated and without principle. Before the outbreak of the Civil War 
between Caesar and Pompey he was an active partisan of Caesar, and 
in 48 B.C. he led the left wing of Caesar's army at Pharsalia. Four 
years later he was consul with Caesar, to whom he offered the kingly 
diadem at the feast of the Lupercalia. After Caesar's death (March 
15, 44 B.C.) he endeavored to succeed to his power. 

3. OcTAViAN (afterwards called Augustus). The assassination of 
Caesar did not further the ends of his murderers in their effort to 
*' restore the republic." On the contrary, it threw the country into a 
state of political confusion by which Antony, his colleague, was quick 
to profit. He seized the government treasure and Caesar's prop- 
erty, including important state papers left by Caesar, and at once 
plunged into a career of reckless despotism. He soon found an unex- 
pected rival, how^ever, in the person of Octavian, Caesar's grand- 
nephew and adopted son and heir. Though only nineteen years old, 
Octavian displayed great firmness and tact in his public conduct. 
His effort to make good his claims as Caesar's heir led to a quarrel 
between the rivals over the property, which Antony refused to give 
up. Further evidence of Antony's despotic policy drove Octavian to 

208 



THE XIXTH PHILIPPIC 20g 

side with the Senate. For a while, therefore, he led the armies of the 
Senate against Antony, while Cicero in the same cause was striving to 
inspire the timid or listless republicans with the spirit of his patriotic 
words. The First Philippic was delivered in the Senate, September 2, 
44 B.C. Though mild and conciliatory in tone, it opposed the policy 
of Antony, and hence roused his bitter hostility, necessitating Cicero's 
leaving the city for a while. 

4. MuTiNA (now Modena). Antony had forced through the 
Comitia a measure providing for an exchange of provinces, by which 
he was to hold Cisalpine Gaul, supplanting Decimus Brutus its right- 
ful governor. The appearance of Oct avian, however, as stated above, 
caused a serious disturbance to his plans, for Octavian was meanwhile 
rallying round his own standard some of the veteran legions on which 
Antony had relied for assistance. Finding himself unable to make 
much headway in his schemes, Antony collected such forces as he 
could, and left Rome for Mutina, which Brutus had occupied for the 
purpose of resisting Antony's attack. 

5. The Secoxd Philippic. Antony's absence made it safe for 
Cicero to return to Rome, as he did in December. He then published 
as a political pamphlet his Second Philippic, which, although written 
two months before, he had never delivered. It is the most famous of 
all the Philippics as well as the longest and bitterest. It strengthened 
Cicero's position as the acknowledged leader of the Senate. 

6. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus. Shortly after Antony had set out for 
Mutina to attack Bnitus, he was followed by Octavian, who with a 
large army went to the help of Brutus. At this stage of matters a 
meeting of the Senate was held, January 1, 43 B.C., for the purpose of 
considering the proper steps to take in dealing with Antony. The 
new consuls were C. Yibius Pansa and A. Hirtius. After a debate 
lasting several days, during which Cicero advocated the most strenu- 
ous measures, the timid Senate, overruled by Antony's friends, ended 
by appointing a commission of three men to go to Mutina in order to 
negotiate with Antony, and if possible bring him back in submis- 
sion to the authority of the Senate and people. The commission so 
appointed consisted of Ser. Sulpicius, L. Philippus, and L. Piso. Sul- 
picius was in wretched health at the time, and on this plea tried to 
have himself excused from tlie embassy, but lie finally yielded to the 
wishes of the Senate. He died before reaching Antony's camp; so 
that, as Cicero says, in ipsa cura ac meditatione oheundi sui muneris 
excessit e vita ('he drew his last breath in the very midst of his care 
and thought in the discharge of his official duty '). It was to his dis- 
tinguished ability as a jurist that his appointment had been due. But 

14 



2IO PREFATORY NOTE 

besides being a jurist and an orator of high rank, he seems to have 
been a man of attractive personality, and is best known as the author 
of a famous letter of consolation written to Cicero on the occasion of 
his daughter Tullia's death. Sulpicius had been consul with M, Mar- 
cellus, whose pardon by Caesar forms the theme of the Pro Jlarcello 
(page 179). 

7. Subject of the Speech. Shortly after the death of Sulpicius, 
the consul Pansa summoned the Senate to take appropriate action in 
honor of the dead statesman. Pansa proposed a public funeral, and 
the erection of a pedestrian statue before the Kostra in tlie Forum. 
To this motion objection was raised by P. Servilius, who opposed that 
part of the proposal relating to the statue, saying in explanation of 
his position that statues had been erected in the past only to such 
ambassadors as had fallen by the sword while discharging their 
duties. Cicero in the following speech supported the consul's motion, 
which was accordingly carried. 



THE NINTH PHILIPPIC 

{For sigltt translation) 

Yellem di immortales fecissent, patres couscnpti^ lit 
Yivo potms Ser. Sulpicio gratias ageremns quam honores 
mortHO quaereremus. Xec vero d libit o qnin^ si ille vir 
legatioiiem reimntiare potiiisset, reditus eiiis et vobis 
grains fiierit et rei piiblicae salutaris fiitiirus ; noii quo 5 
L. Philippo et L. Pisoni aiit stndiiim ant cura defuerit in 
tanto officio tantoqiie munere^ sed cum Ser. Snlpiciiis 
aetate illos anteiret^ sapieiitia omnis, subito ereptus e 
causa totam legationem orbam et debilitatam reliquit. 
2. Quod si cuiquam iiistiis honos habitus est in niorte 10 
legato, in nullo iiistior qiiam in Ser. Sulpicio reperietiir. 
Ceteri qui in legatione mortem obieriint^ ad incertum vitae 
periciiliim sine iillo mortis metii profecti sunt : Ser. Sul- 
picius cum aliqua perveniendi ad M. Antonium spe pro- 
fectus est, nulla revertendi. Qui cum ita adfectus esset, 15 
ut, si ad graven! valetudinem labor accessisset, sibi ipse 
difflderet, non recusavit quo minus vel extremo spiritu, 
si quam opem rei piiblicae ferre posset, experiretur. Ita- 
que non ilium vis hiemis, non nives, non longitudo itineris, 
non asperitas viarum, non morbus ingravescens retardavit : 20 
cnmque iam ad congressum conloquiumqne eiiis perve- 

1. Vellem: I icould that. 4. legationem renuntiare : report the 

{result of the) emlassy. 5. salutaris futtirus: likehj to i^rove ad- 

vantageous, non quo : not that. 8. omnis : Aee. PL 9. or- 

bam: destitute, 17. non recusavit quo minus: did not refuse to. 

211 



212 CICERO s oratio:n's 

nisset, ad quern erat missus, in ipsa cura ac meditatione 
obeundi sui muneris excessit e vita. 

3. XJt igitiir alia, sic hoc, C. Pansa, praeclare, quod 

25 et nos ad lionorandum Ser. Sulpicium cohortatus es, et 
ipse multa copiose de illius laude dixisti. Quibus a te 
dictis, nihil praeter sententiam dicerem, nisi P. Ser- 
Yilio, clarissimo viro, respondendum putarem ; qui hunc 
honorem statuae nemini tribuendum censuit, nisi ei qui 

30 feiTo esset in legatione interfectus. Ego autem, patres 
conscripti, sic interpreter sensisse maiores nostros, ut 
causam mortis censuerint, non genus, esse quaerendum. 
Etenim cui legatio ipsa causa mortis fuisset, eius moni- 
mentum exstare voluerunt, ut in bellis periculosis obirent 

35 homines legationis munus audacius. Non igitur exempla 
maiorum quaerenda, sed consilium est eorum, a quo ipsa 
exempla nata sunt, explicandum. 

II. 4. Lars Tolumnius, rex Veientium, quattuor legates 
populi Komani Fidenis interemit, quorum statuae ste- 

40 terunt iisque ad meam memoriam in rostris. lUstus honos : 
eis enim maiores nostri, qui ob rem publicam mortem 
obierant, pro brevi vita diuturnam memoriam reddiderunt. 
Cn. Octavi, clari viri et magni, qui primus in cam familiam, 
quae postea viris fortissimis floruit, attulit consulatum, 

45 statuam videmus in rostris. Nemo tum novitati invide- 
bat ; nemo virtutem non honorabat. At ea fuit legatio 
Octavi, in qua periculi suspicio non subesset. Nam 
cum esset missus a senatii ad animos regum perspiciendos 
liberorumque populorum, maximeque, ut nepotem regis 

24. Ut, etc. : supply dixisti. quod : m that. 27. nihil, etc. : 

would cast my vote ivitJiout a word. P. Servilio : see Prefatory 
Note, last paragraph. 35. exempla : precedents. 36. con- 

silium : _^i^rpose, s/?^>^Y. 37. nata sunt : s^r^Ti^. 39. Fidenae, 

-arum, a town in Latium. 43. Octavius ^as sent by the Senate 

to Syria as guardian of the young king Antiochus, and assassinated 
by one (quodam, 1. 52) Leptines, 162 B.C. 45. novitati invidebat : 

loolted doivn on his ivant of 7iohle birth. Compare novus homo : a self- 
made man. 



THE KIXTH PHILIPPIC 2X3 

Antiochi (eius qui cum maioribus nostris bellum gesserat) 50 
classis habere^ elephantos alere prohiberet, Laudiceae in 
gymnasio a quodam Leptine est interfectus. 5. Keddita 
est ei turn a maioribus statua pro vita^ quae multos per 
annos progeniem eius honestaret ; nunc ad tantae familiae 
memoriam sola restat. Atqui et huic et Tullo Cluvio et 55 
L. Eoscio et Sp. Antio et C. Fulcinio, qui a Veientium 
rege caesi sunt^ non sanguis qui est profusus in morte^ sed 
ipsa mors^ ob rem publicam obita^ lionori fuit. 

III. Itaque^ patres conscripti, si Ser. Sulpicio casus mor- 
tem attulisset^ dolerem quidem tanto rei publicae yolnere ; 60 
mortem vero eius non monimentO;, sed luctu publico esse or- 
nandam putarem. Nunc autem quis dubitat quin ei vitam 
abstulerit ipsa legatio ? Secum enim ille mortem extu- 
lit : quam^ si nobiscum remansisset, sua cura^ optimi fili 
fidelissimaeque coniugis diligentia^, vitare potuisset. 6. At 65 
ille cum videret, si yestrae auctoritati non paruisset, dis- 
similem se futurum sui, sin paruisset. munus sibi illud 
pro re publica susceptum yitae finem fore, maluit in 
maximo rei piiblicae discrimine emori quam, minus quam 
potuisset, yideri rei publicae profuisse. Multis illi in 70 
urbibus, iter qua faciebat, reficiendi se et curandi potestas 
fuit. Aderat et hospitum inyitatio liberalis pro dignitate 
summi yiri, et eorum hortatio qui iina erant raissi, ad 
requiescendum et yitae suae consulendum. At ille pro- 
perans, festinans, mandata yestra conficere cupiens, in hac 75 
constantia, morbo adyersante, perseyerayit. 7. Cuius cum 
adventu maxime perturbatus esset Antonius, quod ea, quae 
sibi iussii yestro denuntiarentur, auctoritate erant et sen- 
tentia Ser. Sulpici constituta, declarayit quam odisset 
senatum, cum auctorem senatiis exstinctum laete atque 80 

63. extulit : carried, as an ill man. 66. paruisset : Fut. Pf. in 

0. O. (trans, did or should). 72. pro : as befitted, 79. con- 
stittita : based, quam : hoiv much. 80. cum = quod, i?i that, or 
simply in with Eng. verbal in -iiig ; compare cum tacent clamant, Cat. 

1. 8, 21. auctorem : representative. 



214 CICERO S ORATIONS 

insoleuter tulit. Non igitur magis Leptines Octavinm, 
nee Veientium rex eos quos mode noriiiDavi, quam Ser. 
Sulpicium occidit Antoniiis : is enim profeoto mortem at- 
tulit, qui causa mortis fuit. Quocirca etiam ad posteri- 
85 tatis memoriam pertinere arbitror exstare quod fuerit 
de hoc bello indicium senatus. Erit enim statua ipsa 
testis helium tam grave fuisse, ut legati interitns honoris 
memoriam consecntns sit. 

IV. 8. Quod si excnsationem Ser. Sulpici^ patres con- 

90 scrip ti, legationis obeundae recordari volueritis^, nulla 
dubitatio relinquetur quin lionore mortui, quam yivo in- 
iuriam fecimus, sarciamus. Vos enim, patres conscripti 
— grave dictu est, sed dicendum tamen — vos, inquam, 
Ser. Sulpicium vita privastis : quem cum videretis re 

95 magis morbum quam orfitione excusantem, non vos qui- 
dem criideles fuistis — quid enim minus in hunc ordinem 
convenit ? — sed cum speraretis nihil esse quod non illius 
auctoritate et sapientia effici posset, vehementius eius 
exciisationi obstitistis, atque eum, qui semper vestrum con- 

100 sensum gravissimum iiidicavisset, de sententia deiecistis. 
9. Ut vero Pansae consulis accessit cohortatio gravior 
quam aures Ser. Sulpici ferre didicissent, tum vero deni- 
que filium meque seduxit, atque ita locutus est, ut aucto- 
ritatem vestram vitae suae se diceret anteferre. Cuius 

105 nos virtutem admirati non ausi sumus adversari voluntati. 
Movebatur singulari pietate filius ; non multum eius per- 
turbationi mens dolor concedebat : sed uterque nostrum 
cedere cogebatur magnitudini animi orationisque gravitati, 
cum quidem ille maxima laude et gratulatione omnium 

110 vestrum pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum, neque 

84. Quocirca : wherefore, 85. quod : Interrog. 89. ex- 

cusationem : plea, desire to he excused from . 92. sarciamus : should 

make amends for. 94. r6 : hy the fact, i.e. hy his looks. 95. 

quidem : it is true. 99. cons§nsum : united ivishes. 100. gravis- 

simum: Pred. adj. 103. seduxit : Zee? as^c?e. 105. nos: Cicero 

and Sulpicius' son. 



THE XIXTH PHILIPPIC 215 

eiiis sententiae periculum Yitaturiim^ cuius ipse auctor 
fuisset. Qnem exseqiii mandata vestra properantem mane 
postridie prosecuti sumus. Qui quidem discedens meciim 
ita locutus est, iit eius oratio omen fati yideretur. 

Y. 10. Eeddite igitur, patres conscripti, ei yitam, cni 115 
ademistis : vita enim mortnorum in memoria est posita yivo- 
rum. Perficite nt is, quem tos inscii ad mortem misistis, 
immortalitatem habeat a vobis. Cni si statiiam in rostrls 
decreto vestro statneritis, nnlla eiuslegationem posteritatis 
obscurabit oblivio. Xam reliqna Ser. Sulpici vita multis 120 
erit praeclarisqne monimentis ad omnem memoriam com- 
mendata. Semper illius gravitatem, constantiam, fidem, 
praestantem in re pnblica tnenda ciiram atqiie prndentiam 
omnium mortalium fama celebrabit. Xec vero silebitur 
admirabilis quaedam et incredibilis ac paene divina eius 125 
in legibus interpretandis, aequitate explicanda scientia. 
Omnes ex omnT aetate, qui in hac civitate intellegentiam 
iuris habuernnt, si unum in locum conferantur, cum Ser. 
Snlpicio non sint comjDarandi. Xec enim ille magis iuris 
consultus qiiam iustitiae fuit. 11. Ita ea, quae pro- 130 
ficiscebantnr a legibus et ab iure civili, semper ad 
facilitatem aequitatemque referebat ; neque instituere 
litium ilctiones malebat quam controversias tollere. Ergo 
hoc statnae monimento non eget : liabet alia maiora. 
Haec enim statua mortis honestae testis erit, ilia memoria 135 
Titae gloriosae, ut hoc magis monimentnm grati senatus 
quam clari viri futurum sit. 12. ]\rultum etiam valiiisse 
ad patris honorem pietas fili videbitur; qni quamquam 
adflictus luctu non adest, tamen sic animati esse debetis, 
ut si ille adesset. Est autem ita adfectus, nt nemo umquam 140 
unici fili mortem magis doluerit quam ille maeret patris. 

111. auctor : responsihJe, i.e. as a member of tlie Senate. 
115. cui : Indirect Object, from. 129. iuris . . . iustitiae : " sliUed 

in the letter than in the spirit of the law.'' 131. I6gibus : statutes. 

ad . . . aequitatemque : to {the standard of) courtesy and justice. 
133. litium actiones: actions at laiv. controversias: causes of disputes. 



2i6 Cicero's orations 

Et qiiideni etiam ad famam Ser. Sulpici fill arbitror per- 
tinere^ ut videatur lionorem debitum patii praestitisse. 
Quamquam nullum monimentum clarius Ser. Sulpicius 

145 relinquere potuit quam effigiem morum suorum, virtutis, 
constantiae;, pietatis^ iugeni filium cuius liictus aut hoc 
honore vestro aut nuUo solacio levari potest. 

VI. 13. Mihi autem recordanti Ser. Sulpici multos in 
nostra familiaritate sermones gratior ill! videtur^ si qui est 

150 sensus in morte^ aenea statua f iitura^ et ea pedestris quam 
inaurata equestris^ qualis L. Sullae primum statuta est. 
Mirifice enim Servius maiorum continentiam diligebat, 
huius saeculi insolentiam vituperabat. Ut igitur si ip- 
sum consulam quid velit^ sic pedestrem ex acre statuam 

155 tamquam ex eius auctoritate et voluntate decerno : quae 
quidem magnum civium dolorem et desiderium honore 
monimenti minuet et leniet. 14. Atque banc meam sen- 
tentiam, patres conscripti, P. Servili sententia comprobari 
necesse est: qui sepulcrum publice decernendum Ser. Sul- 

160 picio censuit, statuam non censuit. Nam si mors legati 
sine caede atque ferro nullum honorem desiderat, cur 
decernit honorem sepulturae, qui maximus haberi potest 
mortuo ? Sin id tribuit Ser. Sulpicio, quod non est datum 
Cn. Octavio, cui% quod illi datum est, huic dandum esse 

165 non censet ? Maiores quidem nostri statuas mnltis decre- 
verunt, sepulcra paucis. Sed statuae intereunt tempestate, 
vi, vetustate : sepulcrorum autem sanctitas in ipso solo 
est, quod nulla vi moveri neque deleri potest ; atque, ut 
cetera exstinguuntur, sic sepulcra sanctiora fiunt vetustate. 

170 15. Augeatur igitur isto honore etiam is vir cui nullus 

146. filium : appositive to effigiem (say, in the son). 153. in- 

solentiam : unusual display, extravagance, 155. ex : springing 

from, suggested hy. decerno : give my vote for. 156. desiderium : 

regret, sense of loss. 162. Cicero maintains that the public funeral 
advocated by Servilius was a greater honor than the erection of a statue 
would be. 167. solo : soil, 168. ut : ivliile. 169. sic : 

omit in translating, 170, Augeatur : let. . .he dignified. 



THE NINTH PHILIPPIC 21/ 

honos tribui non debitus potest ; grati simus in eius 
morte decoranda, cui nullam iam aliam gratiam referre 
possumus. Notetur etiam M. Antoni, nefarium bellum 
gerentis, scelerata audacia : his enim honoribus habitis 
Ser. Sulpicio repudiatae reiectaeque legationis ab Antonio 175 
manebit testificatio sempiterna. 

VII. Quas ob res ita censeo : Cum Ser. Sulpicius Q. F. 
Lemonia Eufus difScillimo rei piiblicae tempore^ gravi 
periculosoque morbo adfectus^ auctoritatem senatns^ sa- 
lutem rei publicae vitae suae praeposuerit^ contraque vim 180 
gravitatemque morbi contenderit^ ut in castra M. Antoni, 
quo senatus eum miserat, perveniret^ isqne^ cum iam prope 
castra venisset, vi morbi oppressus^, yitam amiserit maximo 
rei publicae tempore^ eiusque mors consentanea vitae 
fuerit sanctissime honestissimeque actae^ in qua saepe 185 
magno nsui rei publicae Ser. Sulpicius et privatus et in 
magistratibus fuerit : 16. cum talis vir ob rem publicam 
in legatione mortem obierit, — 

Senatui placere Ser. Sulpicio statuam pedestrem 
aeneam in rostris ex liuius ordinis sententia statui, 190 
circumque cam statuam locum ludis gladiatoribusque 
liberos posterosque eius quoquo versus pedes quinque 
habere, quod is ob rem publicam mortem obierit, eamque 
causam in basi inscribi ; utique C. Pansa A. Hirtius 
consules, alter ambove, si eis videatur, quaestoribus urbis 195 
imperent, ut eam basim statuamque faciendam et in 
rostris statuendam locent^ quantique locaverint, tantam 

171. simus : note the mood. 177. Cum : Whereas (introducing 

a resolution). The name in full = Ser. Sulpicius Quinti filius Lemonia 
(tribu) Rufus, i.e. Servius Sulpicius Rufus, son of Quintus, of the 
Lemonian tribe, 184. tempore : need, consentanea : in Iceepiiig 

with, 189. Senatui placere : Resolved hij the Senate (Infinitive 

after censeo, first line of the chap.). 191. ludis gladiatoribusque : 

for the gladiatorial shows (in the Forum), Ilendiadys. 192. quo- 

quo versus : {whither soever ward), in every direction. 194. basi : 

base, pedestal. 197. locent : have, i.e. contract for. quanti : Gen. 

of Price. 



2l8 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

pecuniam redemptori attribiiendam solvendamque curent: 
cumque antea senatus auctoritatem suam in viroriim 

200 fortium funeribus ornamentisque ostenderit, placere eum 
quam amplissime supremo suo die effeni. 

Et cum Ser. Sulpicius Q. F. Lemonia Etifus ita de re 
publica meritus sit^ lit eis ornamentis decorari debeat, 
senatum censere atque e re publica exTstimare aedilis 

205 curulis edictum, quod de funjeribus habeant, Ser. Sulpici 
Q. F. Lemonia Kufi fiineri remittere : utique locum se- 
pulcro in campo Esquilino C. Pansa consul, sen quo in 
loco videbitur, pedes xxx. quoquo versus ad signet, quo 
Ser. Sulpicius iuferatur ; quod sepulcrum ipsius, iTbe- 

210 rorum, posterorumque eius esset, uti quod optimo iure 
publico sepulcrum datum esset. 

198. redemptori: contractor, attribuendam : he appropriated, sol- 
vendam : he paid, 200. placere: seel. 189. 201. eiferri : he 

home out (for burial). 204. e : in the interest of. 205. edictum : 

edict (rule established by the curule aecliles). 206. remittere ; 

suspend [in favor of, Dative). 208. quoquo versus : see 1. 192. 
210. esset : shall belong to. quod : Causal rel. with uti. 



NOTES 

THE IMPEACHMEXT OF VEEEES 

{In Verrem Actio Prima) 

PREFATORY NOTE 

1. The Impeachment of Yerres took place in August, 70 B.C., shortly 
after Cicero's election as curule aedile. Five years before this Cicero 
had been quaestor in Sicily, thus filling his first office in the cursus 
honorum (Introduction, §54). 

2. Earlier Career of Verres. Gains Yerres, son of a Roman senator, 
began his official career as quaestor, and a member of the Marian 
party. Shortly afterwards he deserted the democrats, however, with 
the turn of the tide in favor of Sulla. A little later he was guilty 
of dishonesty and political ingratitude as legatus and proquaestor 
in Cilicia (in Asia). After promoting the roguery of the Roman gov- 
ernor under whom he served in Cilicia, he finally betrayed his supe- 
rior, and with his testimony helped to secure his condemnation on 
the charge of extortion (§4 below). 

3. His PropraetorsMp in Sicily. In 74 B.C. he was praetor iii'hanus. 
Consuls and praetors at the close of their terms were entitled by the 
law to go as proconsuls and propraetors to the various provinces. In 
this way the rich province of Sicily fell to the lot of Yerres. With 
this assignment came yet larger opportunities for mischief, since 
these provincial governors exercised practically unlimited powers. 
Owing to the political confusion that prevailed at the time, he was 
permitted to hold the office for nearly three years (73-71 B.C.), finally 
leaving the island almost as desolate in consequence of his extortion 
and cruelty as if it had been visited by a disastrous war. 

4. The Charge against Verres. Upon his return to Rome (for a 
Roman magistrate could not be impeached while in office), he was 
threatened by the Sicilians with impeachment on the charge of 
repetundae. This was the name given to the crime of an official 
who had unlawfully extorted money, -etc., from Roman subjects or 
allies. Such cases were tried before one of the permanent courts, 



220 KOTES 

called quaestiones perpetuae, presided over by a praetor with a jury 
composed of senators. At the time this speech was made, however, 
the democratic legislation of Pompey and Crassus was about to 
deprive the Senate of this exclusive control of the jury-courts, and 
choose two-thirds of the jury-panels from non-senatorial ranks. Some 
such change was demanded by public opinion, which had been out- 
raged by the corrupt character of the courts as administered by the 
Senate under the provisions of Sulla's constitution established ten 
years before (80 B.C.). Throughout this speech Cicero constantly re- 
minds the jury of these matters, pointing out the importance of its 
reaching an honest verdict. 

5. The Two Sides. At the request of the Sicilians the prosecution 
was undertaken by Cicero, who had made upon them a lasting im- 
pression by the rare integrity of his conduct as quaestor in their 
island in 75 B.C. Notorious as the crimes of Yerres were, his interests 
had the support of the extreme section of the nobility, his cause 
being in fact identified with their own as the governing class. His 
defence was intrusted to Hortensius, who had always been identified 
with the aristocracy. The previous successes of Hortensius at the 
bar had won for him the title of *'king of the courts." He and his 
younger rival Cicero were often pitted against each other, but in this 
important trial the supremacy of the elder orator was at last weak- 
ened by the brilliant success of his opponent. Besides Hortensius, 
the great family of the Metelli, as will appear below, threw the 
weight of their influence on the side of Verres. 

6. The Plans of Verres and their Defeat. Being without any hope of 
escape by legitimate means, Verres attempted to defeat justice by 
urging one Q. Caecilius Niger, a creature of his, to contest with Cicero 
the right of prosecution. In the absence of any ofSce corresponding 
to that of our modern *' commonwealth's attorney," such a contest was 
allowed by the law; but the result in this case, had it been favorable 
to Caecilius, would have been a sham prosecution, since it was well 
understood that Caecilius should play into the hands of Verres. The 
scheme was defeated, however, in a preliminary skirmish, technically 
known as the divinatio (a legal inquiry to ascertain which of two 
men was the better fitted to conduct a prosecution), in which Cicero 
easily came out first. 

7. Verres next tried the power of bribery. His attempts in this 
direction, however, failed because M'. Glabrio (the praetor who pre- 
sided over the court) and the jury were incorruptible. Nothing 
daunted, the accused man now bent all his energies to effect a post- 
ponement of the trial until the following year. His counsel, Horten- 



221 

sius, would tUch W: v:c.i . . .^l.c. i.i, , . guG, the two 

having just been clet^lea. ^-Liiuuiier oi the Metelli — Marcus — would 
preside over the court. All three were friendly to Yerres, and when 
once installed in office would have wielded a powerful influence to- 
wards gaining an acquittal. The hope of this postponement was 
favored by the prospect of delay necessary in collecting evidence. 

8. For the purpose of going to Sicily for this evidence, Cicero had 
asked for 110 days to complete his case. The defence therefore needed 
only to get possession of the court in the meantime with a mock trial. 
Then, by spinning out long speeches in such a case, it was hoped that 
the trial might be crowded out of the present year. This consumma- 
tion would be helped by the interruptions incident to the rapidly 
approaching season of holidays (festivals and games), to which a large 
part of the second half of the year was devoted, and during which 
business was suspended and the courts were closed. The first step in 
this programme was actually taken by the friends of the accused, who 
asked for 108 days (two days less than Cicero), in which to collect 
their pretended evidence. The scheme was unexpectedly forestalled 
by the activity of Cicero, who completed his task in 50 days instead 
of the 110 asked for. 

9. The Speech. The speech itself is mainly an explanation by Cicero 
of the course he intends to pursue in dealing with so shifty a villain 
as Verres. Omitting the long speech usual at the opening of such 
trials, he immediately proceeds to expose the schemes of Yerres, at 
the same time making a strong appeal to the jury to retrieve the lost 
reputation of the courts by giving an unprejudiced verdict against 
the accused. He concludes the speech with a formal statement of 
the charge : "I say that Gains Yerres has not only been guilty of 
many deeds of lust and cruelty towards Roman citizens and allies, 
but especially that he carried off from Sicily contrary to the laws 
40,000,000 sesterces " (about $1,700,000). The speech was then followed 
by an examination of witnesses ; but before this examination was com- 
pleted, the case was so clear that Yerres fled to Massilia (Marseilles), 
and his counsel offered no defence in his behalf. Later, by formal 
verdict, the jury condemned Yerres to exile, and to pay a heavy fine 
in addition. 

10. The Verrine Series. While this speech {Actio Prima) was the 
only one actually delivered by Cicero on tlie occasion, yet he pub- 
lished later the second part of the series {Actio Secunda), consisting 
of five more speeches, which he would have delivered, had it been 
necessary. The whole Yerrine series, therefore, consisted of seven 
speeches in all : the Divinatio (§6 above), in which he made good his 



222 



claim to pr ciiCs^ ; ! . r . . i; ■;, ^^m in this book; 

and the Actio Secunda, consisting of five speeches giving a detailed 
history of Verres' crimes in various capacities. 



1. quod erat, etc.: what was most to he desired, etc.; a relative 
clause, its antecedent id being two lines below. unum : pre-em- 
inently ; strengthening the superlative maxime following. G. 303 * ; 
A. & G, 93, h; H. 444, 3. Cf. Shakespere's ''He is one the truest 
manner'd " {Cymb. i. 6, 164). 

2. invidiam : odium (not ewcy). vestri ordinis : technical meaning 
of ordo ? Which ordo is meant here ? See Introduction, §§11-14. 
iudiciorum : iudicium (or consilium) is the Latin term for court, indices 
for jury. 

4. datum atque oblatum : an instance of Cicero's fulness of diction 
and fondness for synonyms ; datum implies mere granting, while obla- 
tum implies that the opportunity was actually thrown in their way 
(ob, in front of). 

5. summo tempore: at the supreme moment; Time When. Why 
*' supreme moment" ? See Prefatory Note, §4 (end) above. in- 
veteravit : derived from vetus, old, of long standing. opinio : im- 
pression ; followed by the Ace. and Inf. (hominem . . . damnari). 

8. iudiciis : for meaning, see Note on iudiciorum, 1. 2 above; Abl. of 
Means. 

9. quamvis, etc. : however guilty, etc. ; followed by the Subjv. for 
two reasons — because it is a dependent clause in 0. 0. and because 
quamvis regularly takes the Subjv. even in the direct discourse. 
In other words, the Subjv. here is said to be original. Compare the 
mood construction of this word and that of quamquam. G. 606 and 
605; A. 313, a and e; B. 309, i and 2 ; H. 515, i. and iii. nemi- 
nem : used here (as often) appositively, but to be translated : i^i no case. 

11. discrimine: crisis; compare summo tempore, 1. 5 above. or- 
dinis iudiciorumque vestrorum : the possessive qualifies both substan- 
tives. 

12. cum sint parati qui . . . conentur : supply me7i as antecedent to qui 
and subject to sint : when men have been p7'ovided who should attempt 
(for the purpose of attempting) ; a relative clause of Design with qui 

* The first reference is to Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar, School Edition, 1898 ; 
Larger Edition, 1894. When the Larger Edition differs from the School Edition, the 
reference to the former is made thus : G. (L. Ed.). The other grammars cited are 
those of Allen & GreenoUgh (A. & G-), Bennett (B.), and Harkness (H.). 



THE IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES 223 

= ut ii. contionibus : hy harangues. What two meanings has 

the word contio 1 See Introduction, §43. 

13. reus : an adjective and not to be confounded with forms of res. 

15. magnitudine : Abl. of Means, while spe et praedicatione, according 
to his hope and boast (as he hopes and boasts), are Ablatives of Respect 
(Specification). 

17. actor : plaintiff. 

19. succurrerem : relieve, lit. ru7i to support (sub); Subjv. of De- 
sign, in quo : in with the Abl. (especially of persons) is often to 
be translated in the case of, 

20. reconciliare : retrieve. 

22. possetis : Subjv. of Design. Explain the sequence after the 
Perfect adduxi. G. 509, 2 ib), and 511, r. 3; A. & G. 287, a, 2d ex- 
ample ; B. 268, I ; H. 495, i. The Perfect may be likened to a bridge, 
with one end in the Present and the other in the Past. According to 
the end at which the writer conceives himself to be standing, we have 
either a Present (Primary) or a Past (Secondary) sequence. depe- 

culatorem . . . vexatorem . . . praedonem . . . labem : each of these words 
refers to Verres in one of the spheres in which he had been guilty of 
his various crimes : — the first as quaestor in the city ; the second as 
lieutenant and (after the death of the regular quaestor) as proquaes- 
tor in Asia and Pamphylia ; the third as city praetor ; the fourth as pro- 
praetor in Sicily. The facts are treated more fully in Chaps, iv. and v. 

24. si iudicaveritis : the Romans were very exact in expressing the 
time of dependent clauses. The Fut. Perf. after si is usually trans- 
lated by the English Present (or Future). What kind of Condition is 
this ? G. 595; A. & G. 305, b, i, (/5); B. 302, i; H. 508. 

26. sin: if o?i the other hand ; the regular word introducing a second 
condition excluding the first. istius : often used (as here) of the 
opponent in a case at law. religionem veritatemque : correspond- 
ing to vere ac religiose in the preceding sentence: regard for their 
oaths and for the truth. For the translation of perfregerint, see Note 
on iudicaveritis, 1. 24 above. 

27. ego : expressed because contrasted with the preceding vos. 
adsequar ut . . . videatur : account for the construction. G. 553, i ; A. & 
G. 332; B. 284, i; H. 501. 

28. rei publicae, iudicibus, reo : account for the case. G. 349, r. 4 ; 
A. &G. 231, a; B. 190; II. 387. 

30. cum : Concessive, as shown by its correlative tamen (1. 33). 
What tenses may follow this use of cum] 

31. insidiae : apparently implying that Verres had plotted against 
Cicero's life while the latter was collecting evidence in Sicily. 



224 NOTES 

32. devitarim, reppulerim : Subjv. by Attraction. studio officio- 
que : Abl. of Means. 

33. numquam . . . neque . . . neque : never. . .either. . .or, subdivision 
of the negative. G. 445 ; A. & G. 209, a, 3 ; B. 347, 2; H. 553, 2. 

34. pertimui : because of Verres' increased efforts at fraud and their 
far-reaching results if successful, as explained in the next sentence. 

35. neque tantum, etc. : and {it is) not so much the expectation 
raised hy (lit. of), etc. , and the assembling of so large, etc. (that) dis- 
turbs me, as {it is) the scandalous plots, etc. 

38-40. Cicero the prosecutor (mihi), the jury of Senators (vobis), the 
praetor presiding over the court (Glabrioni), the Eoman people, their 
allies and foreign nations that had been robbed by such officials as 
Verres, and finally the Senate as the governing class, were all, of 
course, interested in the outcome of the trial. Notice the Climax, with 
Asyndeton or omission of conjunctions. 

40. qui (= is enim) dictitat : for he Ixceps saying, explaining the pre- 
vious statement. 

41-43. eis esse metuendum, etc. : observe the varying sequence in 
this sentence, surripuissent and its dependent verb esset being Second- 
ary, while possit is Primary. Of course, after the Present form dictitat, 
we should expect a Primary sequence. It is possible that surripuissent 
is Unreal (contrary to fact), the relative clause being a Protasis (G. 
593, I ; A. & G. 316 ; B. 305, i; H. 507, 11.), since the Unreal Pro- 
tasis does not change its tenses to suit the sequence; in such a case, 
esset would, as its dependent clause and in the same sphere of time, be 
Imperfect by sympathy. But it seems more natural to regard dictitat 
as a quasi-Perfect, implying has said all along and still says. When 
Cicero uses the Secondary tenses, he has in mind Verres' point of view 
while in Sicily ; with eripuisse (has stolen) he shifts the point of view 
to the Present, hence possit. The Future sense of metuendum gives to 
esset the force of a Future (representing erit in Verres' direct words) 
and to surripuissent that of a Fut. Perfect (representing surripuerint). 
Note also the force of the suffixes, sub- implying secret theft and e- 
mere robbery, more or less open by contrast. eis : Dative of 

Agent. ipsis solis : for themselves alone, in contrast with multis in 

the following sentence. 

43. nihil tam sanctum, etc. : Verres was a true *' spoilsman," believ- 
ing that "every man has his price." munitum, expiignari: we 
employ the same figure when we speak of the ** citadel of virtue." 
For the corruption of Roman governors, see Introduction, §60. 

44. possit : Present for a different reason from that controlling the 
same word in the preceding line. This is the Universal Present* 



THE IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 22$ 

stating a general truth (that is, " truth" from Yerres* point of view). 
The mood is the Subjv. of Characteristic after an Indefinite Antece- 
dent, the preceding quod being = ut id after tain. 

44. quodsi . . . esset obscurus : what kind of Condition? G. 597; A. & 
G. 305, c; B. 304, 2 ; H. 507, in. Protasis and Apodosis somewhat 
resemble cause and effect; hence we have here the apparent anomaly 
of a present (esset) cause producing a past (fefellisset) effect. This is 
explained by the fact that obscurus denotes a trait of character, as true 
in the past as in the present : Verres, says Cicero, is no secret rascal ; 
if he were, he might have foiled us, etc. 

45. audax ad conandum : hold to attempt (for attempting), the pre- 
positional phrase expressing the Object For Which after the adjective 
audax. 

47. quod : conjunction. 

61. semel in vita : for once in his life. G. 394; B. 230, 2 ; H. p. 
230, footnote i. 

52. cum . , . recens esset: heing fresh from, etc., a common trans- 
lation of cum with the Subjunctive. 

55. alienum : unfoiHunate, because of the legislation pending con- 
cerning the composition of the jury courts (Prefatory Xote, §4) and 
the attention it was attracting to these courts, which was likely to 
make the jury feel that they must be on their best behavior. of- 
fenderet: hit iipoii ; Stibjv. in 0. 0. (after ait) with Causal quod (1. 52). 
What mood is used with quod, quia, and quoniam usually ? 

56. diem : period, time. 

66. in Siciliam : Accusative because motion is implied ; so in 
Achaiam. qui postularet : somehody to demand (antecedent of 

qui omitted). The Subjv. indicates a relative clause of Design. The 
" somebody" referred to was probably a member of the nobility. How 
long a time had each party asked for ? biduo : Abl. of Measure 

of Difference. 

59. Achaicus inquisitor : investigator in Achaia. Achaia was in 
Greece, while Brundisium was th^ port in the '4ieel" of Italy from 
which travellers regularly started for the East. 

61. diebus : Abl. of Time Within Which. 

62. cognoscerem : acquainted myself with. 

63. hominem (antecedent of qui following) : Yerres' agent, the in- 
quisitor just referred to. 

64. adduceret : mi ght bring to trial ; Subjv. of Design. So obsideret : 
might take up, 

65. homo: fe.lloic. 

68. defixurus : going to pillory. videt : sees with his eyes (act- 

15 



te 



226 KOTES 

ual perception), whereas intellegit in the preceding sentence means 
that he perceives with his mind (intellectual perception). 

69. testis : Ace. Plural. So frequentis, civis, insignis, and gravis fol- 
lowing. 

71. fecerit : Pert. Subjv. in 0. 0. of a Past action after a Primary 
tense (videt). 

72. auctoritatibus : credentials. Abstracts often become concrete in 
the Plural. The word refers to the resolutions passed by the com- 
munities from which came the deputations mentioned (legationes). 

76. quoniam . . . experiatur : the Subjv. in 0. 0. after quoniam, which 
would otherwise take the Indicative. 

77. id quod, etc. : the regular form of a relative clause referring to 
a sentence. G. (L. Ed.) 614, r. 2; A. & G. 200, e; B. 247, i, h. The 
Subjv. fuerit indicates that the words are Verres', not Cicero's. 

78. tempus ipsum emisse : by buying the services of the Achaicus 
inquisitor (1. 59 above), who was to get his mock case on the court 
calendar first and so effect a postponement of Verres' trial. quo 
(= ut eo) : used on account of the comparative facilius to express De- 
sign. G. 545, 2; A. & G. 317, 6; B. 282, i. a; H. 497, 2. 

79. posset : the sequence is shifted to the past on account of the in- 
tervening emisse, on which posset depends ; so devitaret in the next 
sentence. 

80. poterat: the Indicative shows that the words are Cicero's; Ver- 
res would not have admitted so much. criminum vim : force of 
the charges. 

82. praesidio : means of defence. eloquentia : Hortensius was 
eloquent, but not enough so for reliance in the present emer- 
gency, gratia : influence ; the nobles were sure to help Verres 
with all their influence, but great as that influence was, Cicero says, 
Verres needed something more to save him. 

83. profecto : surely. non conligeret atque aucuparetur : would 
not he gathering and hunting up. Note the derivation of the denom- 
inative verb aucupari from auceps (contraction for aviceps, from avis- 
capio), a hird-catcher. 

85. ut arbitratu eius . . . fieret : as to have at his will somebody chosen, 
etc. 

86. qui dum . . . diceret : who while Verres should he preparing what 
was necessary (that is, completing his schemes) should plead his case 
before Verres (i.e. before the case of Verres could come up). The rela- 
tive clause expresses Design. 

88. quid sperat . . . intendat : Subjv. in Indirect Questions depending 
on perspicio. 



THE impeachme:n't of yerkes 227 

89. quam ob rem vero, etc. : hut why he should believe that he can^ 
etc. hoc praetore . . . consilio : ivith this praetor and this jury ; 
lit. this man being praetor, etc., Ablative Absolute. 

90. unum illud : Ace. of the Inner Object. 

91. in reiectione iudicum : on {the occasion of) challenging the jury. 
Each side was permitted to challenge a certain number of the indices, 
the vacancies being filled by subsequent appointment. Cicero inti- 
mates that his success in thus getting an excellent jury-panel for the 
trial had met with the approval of the people, and defeated Verres' 
scheme (rationem) of bribery (pecunia). 

93. constitueret : based, ut . . . arbitraretur : like the preceding, 
a Consecutive clause after ea spe. 

94. sibi adiumento : account for the two Datives. G. 356 ; A. & G. 
233 ; B. 191, 2 ; H. 384, 11. i, 3. 

95. ingenium : talent ; facultas : power ; copia : fluency. Cicero seems 
to have the opposing counsel, Hortensius, in view here. Up to this 
time Hortensius had been the leading advocate of the Roman bar. 
See Prepatory Xote, §5. quae (facultas) is the feminine of the 
adjective form of the interrogative quis, quid, while the second quae 
is a relative introducing a Subjv. of Characteristic, possit. G. 631; 
A. &G. 320; B. 284, 2; H. 503, i. 

98. aliqua ex parte : worth considering ; lit. in {from) some measure 
or other. 

100. primus gradus honoris : name the three steps, or grades, in 
the cursus honorum, with the age at which each office might be held. 
See Introduction, §54. quaestura is the subject and quid aliud the 

object of babet. Translate : Ms quaestorship, the first step in the 
official career (lit. of honors) — ivhat does it mean (lit. have in itself) 
but Carbo robbed of the public funds by his own quaestor, a consul 
stripped and betrayed, etc. Carbo was one of the leaders of the 
democrats after the death of Marius (Introduction, §21). Verres had 
been his paymaster or quaestor. When the aristocrat Sulla had con- 
cluded a peace with Mithridates and returned to Rome, Verres deserted 
Carbo, and carrying the military funds with him went over to 
Sulla. 

103. sortis necessitudinem : close relationship of (i.e. established by) 
the lot. religionem : sacred obligations. Roman magistrates were 
usually assigned to the special departments of their magisterial 
spheres by lot, a ceremony that involved religio. 

104. legatio : lieutenancy . Verres was legal us to Cn. Dolabella, 
propraetor of Cilicia in 80-79 B.C. On the death of the regular quae- 
stor to Dolabella, Verres filled the vacancy as proquaestor. 



228 NOTES 

106. suum scelus . . . renovavit : that is, as quaestor to Dolabella he 

repeated his former knavery in the same capacity under Carbo. 

108. eum: Dolabella. pro qusiestore i p7^oquaesto7' ; lit. acting as 

quaestor. See Note above on 1. 104. fuisset : the Indicative here 

would have stated a bare fact ; the Subjunctive gives a reason why 
he should have acted differently, but which failed to control his 
conduct, hence it denotes Concession or Insufficient Cause. Gr. 587. 
As the following words indicate, Yerres testified against Dolabella 
when impeached for the extortion in which Verres had been his accom- 
plice, oppugnavit : assailed. 

110. praetura urbana : in what year was this ? See Prefatory Note, 

p- 

112. in lure dicundo : iji the administration of justice, said of the 
praetor. Note the old form of the Gerundive in -undus in this tech- 
nical phrase. 

113. addictio : judicial award of property in dispute; condonatio: 
bestowal, more or less arbitrary. instituta: rules (edicts). The 
praetors on entering office published certain rules and principles 
which should guide them in the performance of their duties. While 
the rules of a particular praetor were not binding on his successors, 
yet as a matter of fact the inconvenience of constructing a new set 
of rules each year was too great to be undertaken. Hence each 
praetor seems to have used the rules of his predecessors, with such 
additions or modifications as he thought proper. Yerres, however, 
according to Cicero, was not bound by the rules of anybody. 

114. iam vero : this expression is frequent in Cicero, introducing a 
transition, sometimes (as here) a Climax. It is translated : and now, 
and finally, hut noiv, etc. 

115. in provincia Sicilia : these words constitute the real predicate 
of the sentence. 

117. possit : note the exceptional sequence, due to the continuance 
of the result into the time of Cicero's speech. G. 513; A. & G. 287, c; 
B. 268, 7, a; H. 495, vi. 

118. aliqua ex parte : see Note on 1. 98. 

120. communia : that is, common to all peoples. 

121. tantum . . . quantum: {only) so much as. 

122. imprudentiam : note the difference of idiom in the two lan- 
guages and translate : escaped his notice, lit. his want of observation. 

123. satietati superfuit : was surfeit to his greed, that is, more than 
he could gorge. 

124. res : case at law, per triennium : Ace. of Extent in Time 
with per. 



THE IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 229 

125. res: estate, cuiusquam: how used? G. 317, i; A. & Gr. 
105, h ; B. 252, 4 ; H. 457. patria atque avita : these words bor- 
row their meaning in part from their context, illustrating the poverty 
of the Latin vocabulary. By derivation they mean *' relating to, or 
coming from, father and grandfather, "but the context makes it clear 
that they here imply the security that should attach to ancestral prop- 
erty. Translate : so secure through inheritance from a father or even 
a grandfather. Note the force of atque here (as generally), marking 
an ascending scale. 

126. ab eo : that is, the owner (cuiusquam in the preceding 
line). istius : of course, Yerres. Cicero here begins to give the 
merest outline of the countless crimes of Verres in Sicily, with 
which he afterwards deals in detail in his Actio Secunda. 

127. aratonim: cultivators, those who occupied the Roman public 
land, paying tithes to the state treasury. institute : what is the 
technical meaning? See Note on 1. 113. 

128. in hostium numero : as enemies. Note the translation of in 
numero. G. 206, r. 1 ; H. 362, n. 3. 

129. servilem in modum: like slaves, since only slaves, not free 
citizens, were liable to such treatment. 

131. rei: from reus. indicta causa: their cause unheard, lit. 

not pleaded ; Ablative Absolute. 

136. idem iste praetor: give to each word its proper force. For 
idem, see G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, i; H. 451, 3. For iste, see 
Note on 1. 26. For praetor (predicative apposition), see G. 325; A. 
&G. 184; B. 169, i; H. 363, 3, 2. 

137. partim . . . partim : in some cases. . .in others. regum : that 
is, of Syracuse. 

138. omamento urbibus : account for the two Datives. See Note on 
1.94. 

139. victores : although victorious; see Note on praetor just above 
(1. 136). M. Marcellus, conqueror of Syracuse, spared the public 
buildings and statues of that city, while the younger Scipio Africanus 
recovered and restored to the Sicilians certain statues of which they 
had been plundered by the Carthaginians. 

140. omnia: in every instance ; emphatic position. 

141. in : in the case of. 

143. deum : he means the statue of a god. 

144. videretur: strucJchim; Subjv. of Characteristic. 

146. commemorare deterreor : deterreo commonly takes ne (except 
after negatives), quominus (after both negatives and affirmatives), and 
quin (after negatives or questions) ; but observe that the word is pas- 



230 KOTES 

sive here. 1 he same construction occurs below in 1. 259. pro- 

hibeo regularly takes the Infinitive. pudore : sense of shame. 

148. at enim : these words frequently introduce a quoted objection 
(as here) — ''But {you say) these things ivere so done,'' etc. 

150. hominem arbitror, etc. : the man I think does not exist who haSy 
etc., hut (quin) ca7i mention, etc. audierit : Subjv. of Restriction. 

G. 627, R.; A. & G. 320, d; B. 283, 5; H. 503, n. i. possit: 

Subjv. of Characteristic after quin (= qui non), which is used only 
after a negative. G. 632; A. & G. 319, d; B. 283, 4; H. 504. 

155. cognoscere, recognoscere : an illustration of Cicero's fondness 
for word-play. Other examples are nobiles and noti in 11. 163, 164, 
and praerogativam with praerogativis in 11. 283, 284. He means that 
his auditors are present not for the purpose of acquainting themselves 
with the story of Verres' crimes, because everybody knew that story, 
but simply to hear again what they already knew. Cicero, however, 
cannot lose the chance to put the matter in his own striking way. 

157. quae cum ita sint : "the Ciceronian formula." G. 610, R. 1, 
first ex. 

158. non id agit, ut, etc. : for the meaning, see Note on 1. 161. 

159. gratia: popularity (personal); auctoritas : prestige (official); 
potentia : influence (in a bad sense). 

160. rebus : fido and confide regularly take the Dat. of Persons, the 
Abl. of Things ; diffido takes the Dat. in classical Latin. 

161. quid agat, etc. : ivhat his aim is, for he makes no secret of his 
aims. 

162. inania : empty titles. 

163. nobiles: noble; noti: notorious. See Note on 1. 155 above. 
Their noble names did not dazzle him so much as their notorious rep- 
utations helped his cause. Who were the nobles of Rome? See 
Introduction, §55. 

165. cum: Concessive. iam diu macbinetur : account for the 
tense. 

166. moliatur : denotes strenuous effort. 

167. ut : hoiv, introducing an indirect question. 

169. redemptio : contract (for bribery). Somebody agreed for a 
consideration to bribe the jury. Although it was to cost Yerrea 
pretty dearly, yet he adhered to the terms of his bargain (mansit in 
condicione atque pacto) until such a jury was chosen as made the case 
hopeless for the bribers. 

171. reiecti : see Note on 1. 91. 

172. sortitione : the selection of the jurors by lot. From what order 
were they chosen ? istius qualifies spem. 



THE IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 23 1 

174. istorum : Verres' agents. condicio : haryain. 

175. libelli : official lists (of jurors). consili ; see Xote on 1. 2. 

176. nota, color, sordes : dishonest jurors bad to be watched to see 
that they carried out the terms of their bargains with contractors in 
votes. The tablets on which their votes were recorded were in such 
cases distinguished bv some mark (nota), or stain (color), or other 
trickery (sordes). 

177. his sententiis : these votes; i.e. the votes of this jury. 

178. repente : this or some similar word regularly accompanies cum 
Tiiversiun. ex: from being ; denoting previous condition. G. (L. 
Ed.) 206, R. 2. 

180. videretur : Consecutive Subjunctive. 

181. Ms diebus paucis: this speech was delivered in August, and the 
elections had been held in July. 

183. eaedem : construe with insidiae. vestrae famae fortunisque : 

Dat. after the complex insidiae comparantur. 

185. argumento indicioque : token and evidence. 

186. aperto suspicionis introitu : either Ablative of Means or Ablative 
Absolute. introitu : doorway. 

188. ut : as; Temporal. designatus : meaning? 

189. campo : the Campus JIartius, just outside of the city, where the 
Comitia Centuriata regularly met for elections and other busi- 
ness. 

190. fit obviam (with Dat.): meets. Curio: he was a consular 
(ex-consul), having been consul six years before. 

191. honoris causa : ivith due respect ; a common phrase in speaking 
of the living. nominatum volo : G. 537; A. & G. 292, d, n. 

192. si . . . noluisset, dixisset : G. 597: A. & G. 308; B. 304, i ; H. 510. 
194. ut . . . ratio intellegatur : best to translate impersonally; that it 

may he understood, etc. Xote the phrase rationem habere : to have re- 
gard for, he considerate of. 

197. Verrem : observe throughout this passage Cicero's dramatic 
manner of telling his story. The names of Curio (1. 190) and Ver- 
res in the present passage are last in their respective sentences. It 
is as if Cicero had put it : ''Who should meet him but — Curio ?" 
and ''Whom should he see near the Fabian Arch in the midst of a 
crowd but — Verres ? " The rapid movement and vividness secured 
by the use of short, crisp sentences and of the Historical Present 
throughout this passage also deserve notice. 

200. iubet : not orders. 

203. immo vero: meaning? Does it heighten or correct the previous 
statement ? ut quisque me viderat, narrabat : Iterative action 



232 NOTES 

with one series of acts prior to the other. G. 567; A. & G. 322, last 
ex.; B. 287, 2; H. 518, n. 2. 

206. in . . . positam : depended 07i. criminum ratione : manage- 

ment of the charges, i.e. conduct of the case. 

208. altius aspiciebant : looked deeper. 

211. inter se : ivith one another. '* Reciprocal Relations" are 
regularly expressed by inter with the personal pronouns nos, vos, se. 
G. 221; A. & G. 196, /; B. 245; H. 448, n. 

212. nulla esse : that is, there were none that deserved the name of 
courts. qui reus : a defendant who. 

213. consul : Predicate Nominative. factus : elected. 

214. quod : the fact that ; resumed by id in the principal clause 
(nihilne id valebit : will this avail nothing 9). 

215. negotiatores : Roman capitalists and merchants living in 
Sicily. 

217. invito consule designato = si invitus erit consul designatus. 

218. existimationem populi Romani: i.e. public opinion. Note the 
repetition of the negative and its position before the important word 
in each instance. 

219. unius : the consul elect ; who ? 

221. optimus quisque: G. 318, 2 ; A. & G. 93, c; B. 252, 5, c; H. 
458, I. 

222. quidem (followed further on by sed) : it is true, " True,'' said 
they, "you will lose your case in this trial, but we — why, we senators 
shall lose control of the courts," i.e. the jurors of the future would be 
chosen from some other order. 

223. Verre absolute : resolve this Abl. Abs. as was done above (1. 217) 
with invito, etc. de . . . recusare : object to. 

224. neque : split in translation : and it tvas not so much, etc. 

225. bominis amplissimi : Curio. 

226. nova : strange. 

229. sortirentur : the eight praetors were elected simply as praetors 
without any specification of their individual spheres of duty ; after 
their election they were assigned by lot each to a particular depart- 
ment of justice. It fell to the lot of M. Metellus to preside over the 
court de repetundis (ut de pecuniis repetundis quaereret). See the Pref^ 
atory Note above. §4. 

231. isti : to whom does this refer ? See Note on 1. 26. pueros : 



232. qui nuntiarent: to tell; Subjv. of Design. G. 630; A. & G. 
317, 2; B. 282, 2; H. 497, i. 

233, sane : of course. ne . . . quidem : this negative has two 



THE IMPEACHMENT OF VEERES 233 



i^fcaeanings : (1) not even (the usual meaning); (2) not. . .either (as here). 
S^Klt regularly straddles the emphatic word. neque tamen : and yet 

^J.. .not. 

234. quid . . . esset : what I had to fear (with respect to the lot-draw- 
ing); Indirect Question. 

235. unumillud: this one thing (sitlesist). certis : trusty ; com- 
pare Cat. iii. 7, 16 (certos homines). 

236. comperi, reperiebam: the general statement is given by the 
Hls^rical Perfect, the particulars of the action by the Imperfect. 
G. 232. cum pecunia: Abl. of Attendance, used instead of the 
Part. Genitive. 

238. Ms : that is, of the whole fund, a large part of which was put 
into the hands of the knight, while ten more baskets were deposited 
with the senator. 

239. nomine: on account ; a commercial term, in a different sense 
from mea causa {on my account, for my sake) further on. diviso- 
res : distributors, the agents of the corrupt politicians in distributing 
the bribery funds. The extent to which bribery was practised in the 
last years of the Republic may be judged from the reported fact that 
in the year 54 B.C. ready money was in such demand for election pur- 
poses that the rate of interest rose from 4 to 8 per cent. 

240. omnia . . . debere : ivas under every obligation to me ; lit. oived 
everything for my sake. omnia : the Ace. of the Inner Object. 

242. oratione : {manner of) language (employed by Yerres). 

244. proximis : last ; when his friends were elected. The election 
of aediles at which Cicero was a candidate was held, as it here ap- 
pears, after those for consuls and praetors. 

245. quantam: as much as ; relative, not interrogative. si... 
deiecissent : if they defeated. What Yerres said was si Ciceronem aedi- 
litate deieceritis (Fut. Perfect). 

246. negasse : used regularly for dixisse non. 

248. fortem : doughty. Cicero is poking fun at Yerres' friend. 

249. Komilia (sc. tribu) : of the Romilian tribe. G. (L. Ed.) 395, 
N. 2 ; A. & G. 244, b, n. ex optima disciplina : from an excellent 
school. 

250. HS quingentis mUibus : G. (L. Ed.) p. 493; A. & G. 378; H. 647. 
See Note on 1. 417 below. Taking the sesterce as worth 4^ cents, 
this expression represents $21,250. depositis : Abl. Absolute 
= si deposita essent, representing the Fut. Perf. in 0. 0. una 
facturos : would co-operate. 

255. atque eo : and that too. 

266. in eis ipsis : in that very matter, i.e. the election as distinguished 



234 NOTES 

from the other affair, the trial. Carefully avoid translating ipse as a 
demonstrative. 

259. libere: goes with agere. For the Infinitive here with deterrebar, 
see the Note on 1. 146. petitioni : canvass. 

260. licebat : supply mibi. 

261. ratio: reasonable, i.e. good policy. Observe the difference be- 
tween the meaning of ratio with the Inf., and its meaning with the 
Gerund, e.g. aliquid faciendi ratio: method of doing something. 

262. districtum atque obligatum : lit. drawn asunder (di- or dis-) and 
loundj i.e. e7nbarrassed and impeded. 

263. denuntiatum : an official term. The Dat. with this word is re- 
tained from the Active construction ; thus, Active — Hortensius Siculis 
denuntiavit ; Passive — Siculis ab Hortensio denuntiatum est. 

265. in eo : in his case, i.e. in that of Hortensius. They declined to 
obey Hortensius, but later came at the summons of the other consul- 
elect, Metellus (1. 287 following). liberos : independent. qui 
{= ei enim) is the subject of intellegerent {for on perceiving why they 
tvere sent for), and its implied antecedent (eos) is the subject of 
venisse. arcesserentur : Subjv. in Indirect Question depending 
on intellegerent. 

268. comitiorum : supply dominum. coepta sunt : why not co«pe- 
runt? G. 423, r. 3: A. & G. 143, a; B. 133, i; H. 297, i. 

269. cursare . . . appellare, convenisse : the Historical Infinitive, which 
is used in groups as here, gives a rapid sequence of events. G. 647: 
compare A. & G. 275; B. 335; H. 536, i. gratioso: ingratiat- 
ing, circum : around to. 

270. amicos : object of appellare and convenisse. 

272. animo : spirit. 

273. fide : my (post of) trust, that is, as representative of the Sicil- 
ians in the trial. deducere : seduce. This passage implies that 
Verres had tried even to buy off Cicero. ut ne : negative Design 
is more commonly expressed by ne alone. G. 545, i ; A. & G. 319, a, 
N. ("intended effect"); B. 282, i, h; H. 497, i. 

274. lionore : office, i.e. the aedileship; a technical term. 

275. petitionis : see Note on 1. 259 above. 

276. coepi : see Note on 1. 268 above. multo : Abl. of Degree 
of Difference with magis. Why magis vacuo rather than the com- 
parative form of the adjective ? G. 87, 6; A. & G. 89, d; B. 74, 2; 
H. 169, 2, and 170. 

278. ratione : method; Abl. of Means. 

279. duceretur : might he draivn out {prolonged) ; Subjunctive of 
Design. diceretur : would he pleaded; Subjunctive of Result. 



THE IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 235 

280. in eo : in this {postponement), 

282. qui (= is enim) quam amicus : for how friendly he, etc. 

283. praerogativam, praerogativis : a play on words. The century 
(Introduction, §^45, 46) in the Comitia ^YAoh cast the first vote was 
called the centuria praerogativa because asked (rogare) for their vote 
before (prae) the rest. This vote often influenced those that followed. 
Hence it might be called an omen or token of the result of the elec- 
tion. ' Translate praerogativam tolcen, pro praerogativis m return for 
the prerogative votes (secured by Yerres for his friends). reddi- 
disse : repaid. 

287. arcessit alter consul, etc. : explains how Metellus, the other 
consul-elect, repaid Yerres (by tampering with the Sicilian witnesses). 

288. propterea quod . . . esset: because forsooth, etc. ; Subjv. of Par- 
tial Obliquity, the reason being theirs, not Cicero's. 

290. se consulem, etc. : in a strict sense untrue, since he was only 
consul-elect. suum : translate of his. 

291. obtinere: Ae/^Z (as praetor), a technical term. esse quaesi- 
turum de, etc. : ivould preside over the court of, etc. ; lit. would inquire 
concerning. Of course, he means for the following year. 

292. Verri ne noceri, etc. : the Passive of intransitive verbs must be 
impersonal. *' He injures me " is is miM nocet (Active), but "I am in- 
jured by him" is ab eo mihi nocetur (Passive). For the retained 
Dative, compare Note on 1. 263. Translate: that it might not he pos- 
sible for harm, to he done to Verres, The Subjv. is Complementary 
Final, dependent on esse provisum. 

294. indicium corrumpere : defeating {the ends of ) justice ; lit. cor- 
rupting the court. The phrase is the subject of est. 

295. testis : Accusative Plural. 

296. consulari : an adjective is often used in Latin for the Genitive 
of the substantive (consulis). 

297. quid faceres pro innocente, etc. : a disguised Condition (Unreal 
or contrary to fact), equivalent to quid faceres si pro innocenti, etc. 
faceres, the following cum clause giving a standard of measurement. 
The thought is: " What would you do for an innocent man, and one 
related to you, when for the sake of a rascal you can make sucli a 
sacrifice ? " 

299. committis ut, etc. : alloiv ivhat he constantly says to appear true 
to some one who, etc. Observe that ignoret is Subjv. by Attraction, 
depending on videatur, while dictitat, on tlie contrary, is a mere cir- 
cumlocution for dictum eius or the like; hence the Indicative. For 
committere ut, see the Note on 1. 553 below. 

302. aiebant: they, i.e. ^' people,'^ said. We use they in the same 



236 NOTES 

indefinite way as subject. fato : in allusion probably to the 

proverb, Fato Komae fiunt Metelli consules, the Metelli are made consuls 
hy fate. Verres claimed, however, that the present Metellus owed his 
election to his (Verres') services (opera sua) rather than to Providence. 
304. ex : according to. 

306. existimationi : the opinion (which they entertained about him). 

307. illud : refers to what follows. Cicero here names eight mem- 
bers of the present jury who would not be able to serve after Jan. 1, 
because they would then be in the various offices to which they had 
just been elected. 

308. conlega nostri accusatoris : Cicero and Caesonius were aediles- 
elect. 

309. minime expediat : it would never do, that is, would be very dis- 
advantageous for Verres; Potential Subjunctive. 

310. consilio : meaning ? See the Note on 1. 2. 

311. iam: this word is the *'now" of experience {already, hy this 
time, before this, etc.). in luniano consilio: the jury over which 
C. Junius presided in 74 B.C. at the trial of Oppianicus for attempting 
to poison A. Cluentius. The case was notorious on account of the 
bribery practised to influence the jury. 

312. tulit, protulit : compare the Note on cognoscere, recognoscere, 1. 
155. Notice the phrases rem graviter ferre (lit. bear heavily) : be 
ivorried, indignant, distressed at a thing, and rem in medium pro- 
ferre : bring into publicity, publish, maJce public, 

317. tristis : stern; integer: impartial. ineat oportet : with 

oportet and the Subjv., ut is regularly omitted. G. 553, 4, r. 1 ; A. 
& G. 331, i and n. 1; B. 295, 6; H. 502, i. The magistracy referred 
to was probably the quaestorship, since the quaestors entered office 
Dec. 5 (Nonis Decembribus). 

321. veteres : experienced; lit. o/cZ hands. 

322. tribuni militares : the title of the six superior officers of the 
Roman legion. 

323. subsortiemur : appoint a substitute (by lot). 

324. secundum : preposition. Derivation ? 

328. Nonae Sextiles : Sextilis (sc. mensis) = the sixth month (begin- 
ning with March), i.e. August. Here it has its adjective force, 
modifying Nonae. The Nones were the 5th of all months except 
March, May, July, and October, when it was the 7th. Hora viii. : 
in the early afternoon, noon beginning with the seventh *'hour," 
or division of the day. 

329. ne numerant quidem : because the session of the court had begun 
so late in the day (bora viii.). This is thought to have been due to a 



THE IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 237 

sitting of the Senate during the morning, the jurors being mem- 
bers. 

330-335. Cicero here names the various games, beginning in the 
middle of August, which would interrupt the trial if delayed, and 
thus bring about the postponement so much desired by Yerres. The 
calendar of events would run about as follows : 

Aug. 5 (Nonae) : the trial begun late in the day (hora viii.). Aug. 
16-Sept. 1 : the Ludi Votivi of Pompey (all business suspended). Sept. 
5-19 : the Ludi Romani (all business suspended). Sept. 20-Oct. 26 : 
interval to be employed by the defence with long speeches and excuses 
(dicendo et excusando). Oct. 27-Nov. 1 : the Ludi Victoriae of Sulla (all 
business suspended). Nov. 4-17 : the Ludi Plebeii (all business sus- 
pended). Dec. 5: the new quaestors to enter office, some of the jurors 
being thus disqualified. Dec. 10 : the new tribunes of the people 
(tribuni plebis) to enter office, other jurors being thus disqualified. 
Jan. 1 ; Hortensius and Q. Metellus, Yerres' friends, to begin their 
consulship, while another friend, M. Metellus, would as praetor pre- 
side ov^er the court de repetundls. 

The interval Aug. 6-15 would be devoted to the examination of 
witnesses. Other intervals not explained above were probably either 
too short to allow any headway to be made in so important a trial, or 
were for one reason or another not dies fasti (in a narrow sense, court- 
days). The courts were not opened, for example, on days on which 
the popular assemblies met. The Ludi Votivi referred to above (i.e. 
games instituted in fulfilment of a vow) were celebrated by Pompey 
in honor of his victory over the Marians in Spain in the first civil 
war. The Ludi Romani, superintended by the curule aediles, were 
held annually in honor of Jupiter. The Ludi Victoriae (Sullanae) were 
established by Sulla as votive games in 82 B.C. The Ludi Plebeii were 
held annually by the plebeian aediles. 

332. prope XL. : from Aug. 16 to Sept. 19, including the interval 
Sept. 2-3. As August had at this time only 29 days, the exact number 
was 33 days, including, according to the Roman fashion, both the 
first and the last day of the period. 

334. ducturos : meaning ? See IS'ote on duceretur, 1. 279 above. 

336. nuUi aut perpauci : for reasons stated ifi the third paragraph of 
the Note on lines 330-335. 

337. agendum : pleading. refrigerata (from frigus, cold) : grown stale, 

339. si diffisus essem, etc. : what kind of Condition ? 

340. iudice : not judge. 

341. iurato, iniurato : as a juror, Metellus was under a special oath, 
while as presiding judge he would not be. 



238 NOTES 

342. tabellas : ballots (on which the votes were recorded) ; with suam 
supply tabellam. 

343. nunc : as it is. miM : why Dative ? putetis : why 
Subjunctive ? 

344. consili: Part. Gen. after id. profecto (adv.) : I am sure, 

345. egomet : the enclitic -met, which is added to pronouns for 
empliasis (/ myself), is strengthened here by the proximity of 
mihi. si utar, capiam : the verb-forms may be either Fut. Indi- 
cative or Pres. Subjunctive without interfering much with the sense. 
"What choice of Conditions does this fact allow ? 

348. ut nemo : how distinguished in use from ne quis ? 

350. ne elabatur : G. 550, 2; A. & G. 331, /; B. 296, 2; H. 498, iii. ; 
periculum est is equivalent to metuo. The thought is, that by taking 
his time he might help his reputation as a finished speaker, but mean- 
while Verres would be maturing his plans. 

351. quodpossit: Subjv. of Characteristic. 

352. istum: the "that" of an imaginary second person in his 
audience. 

353. perpetua: continuous. percipi potuit : might ha derived.- 

354. reservemus: G. 263, i ; A. & G. 266; B. 274; H. 484, 11. So 
accusemus. 

355. auctoritatibus : see the Note on 1. 72. 

356. mihi tecum: between you and me; lit. to me ivith you, a com- 
mon turn in Latin. 

357. diluendis : invalidating; Abl. of Means. contendere: were 
measuring strength. 

359. nunc : as in 1. 343. 

360. ex istius tempore et causa : according to the needs of the de- 
fendants case; Hendiadys, the literal translation being needs and 
case. 

361. rationi: scheme (in a bad sense); Dat. after ob in composition. 

362. consilio : expedient, stratagem. ratio : policy. 

•363. binos ludos : the word ludi in this sense is always plural, hence 
the use of the distributive numeral. G. 97, R. 3; A. & G. 95, b ; B. 
81, 4, &; H. 174, 2, 3. 

364. comperendinem : a technical term. In the more important trials 
it was usual to adjourn the case after each side had made its opening 
argument {Actio Prima) ; two days later (perendie = day after to-mor- 
roiv) the prosecutor began his reply to the defence, and then the de- 
fence in turn made its closing argument. The second part of the 
hearing was called the Actio Secunda. Translate : close for the 
adjourjiment. 



THE IMPEACHMENT OE VERKES 239 

366. mihi rem tecum esse : explains the preceding illud, after which 
the word namely may be supplied in translating. For mihi tecum, 
see the Note on 1. 356. 

367. cum recepissem: G. 585; A. & G. 825; B. 288, i; H. 521, 11. 2. 
amplum et praeclarum : translate as Hendiadys, a distinguished Jionor; 
lit. honorable and distinguished, 

369. eos velle (in apposition to id) : that they should he willing. 

370. innocentiae : integrity; depends on periculum understood. He 
is referring to his course as quaestor in Sicily five years before. 

371. in quo: {a course) in which. 

373. posset: might ; in 0. 0. after proposui, quoting from his own 
thought, with an underlying notion of Design. illud merely an- 

ticipates the following Ace. and Inf. (istum . . . vocari), which is in 
apposition to it. 

376. potentia: see the Note on 1. 159. cupiditas: excessive 
zeal. hosce : all these. 

377. interponeretur : should intermeddle ; SubJY. representing the 
Fut. Ind. in O. 0. after a past tense (videbatur). The direct form (0. 
R.) would be nisi interponetur. 

378. dominatio regnumque : Lady Macbeth's phrase, " sovereign sway 
and masterdom " {Macbeth, i. 5, 68), translates these words in an in- 
verted order. 

380. libidinis infamiaeque : personally Hortensius was innocent of 
any such charge, but the section of the nobility which he now repre- 
sented was as corrupt as it was possible for a governing class, re- 
sponsible to nobody outside of its own circle, to become. pudeat, 
taedeat : Subjv. of Characteristic. 

381. de industria : purposely, an idea supplemented by the strong 
word inruere. 

384. nervos : force ; literally, muscles. 

385. contenderem: note the construction after dignum. G. 631, i; 
A. & G. 320, /; B. 282, 3 ; H. 503, 11. 2. 

386. totus ordo, etc. : he is unwilling that the whole senatorial order 
should suffer in reputation through the guilt of a few members. 

387. urgetur : tense ? profiteor : avow. 

388. inimicum . . . acerbum : note the central idea in the meaning of 
each of the adjectives, varying from mere personal hostility to hate- 
courting, relentless, bitter opposition. 

389. sumo : choose, claim. 

390. agam: technical word for the official conduct of a magistrate 
in dealing with the people. ex eo loco : fi^om that post, the Rostra 
in the Forum, from which the magistrate addressed the people. 



240 NOTES 

391. secum agere: should treat ivitli them, 

392. re publica : public business. munus : the regular word for 
the exhibitions, given by a magistrate (especially the aediles) to 
entertain the popalace. With his usual vivacity, Cicero here uses the 
word in an unusual sense. Translate : this is the splendid arid glorious 
spectacle which IjJromise to the Romari people in (of) my aedileship. 

394. moneo, praedico, ante denuntio : I ivarn, I proclaim, I give due 
notice. Asyndeton (omission of conjunctions) is common in Climax. 

395. deponere: deposit; accipere: accept (for oneself); recipere : re- 
ceive (for others). sequestres : depositar^ies ; interpretes : goJje- 
tiveens. These are all regular terms in the language of bribery. 

396-398. Observe here the use of the Indicative (solent, sunt) rather 
than the Subjunctive, notwithstanding the dependence, implying not 
**any who" but the more definite those who, as if he had certain 
persons in mind. ad : with regard to, 

398. abstineant: G. 263, 3; A. & G. 266; B. 275; H. 487, 4. 

400. sununo imperio et potestate : supreme military and civil author- 
ity. What is the difference between imperium and potestas*? See 
the first paragraph of Introduction, §56. 

402. haec res quam . . . polliceor : the course that I promise to pursue, 

403. grata : ivelcome. iucunda : pleasing. 

404. prae : ifi comparison with. 

405. possit : Logical Condition, but Subjv. by Attraction, being de- 
pendent on another Subjv. (videatur). It represents the Future In- 
dicative. 

407. agentur : will he brought before you. inter : during (a 
frequent use of the prep, in Cicero's letters). 

408. in rebus iudicandis : iii admijiisteririg the courts ; lit. in adjudi- 
cating cases. 

410. quid sit quam ob rem : why it is that. Observe the repetition 
of this phrase in quid sit quod further on ; then, of the last word 
only (quod), several times, down to §40. The Subjunctives after quod 
are Characteristic. Throughout this passage, how is in with the Abl. 
of jSTames translated ? See JSTote on in quo, 1. 19. 

411. prope quinquaginta : from 122 to 80 B.C., i.e. from the time of the 
Gracchi to that of Sulla. The object of Gains Gracchus in transfer- 
ring the indicia from the Senate to the Knights was in part to split the 
aristocracy, consisting of the nobility with their monopoly of the gov- 
ernment and the equestrian order with their monopolies in the finan- 
cial world. In this object he was successful, for the control of the 
jury-courts became an apple of discord between the two orders from 
this time on. As a measure of reform, however, the change accom- 



THE niPEACHME:N-T OF YERRES 24 1 

plished little, although Cicero, being himself of equestrian origin, here, 
as often, betrays his bias in favor of the Knights. 

415. sublata populi Romani potestate : by the legislation of Sulla (80 
B.C.) the judicial functions of the tribunes were greatly restricted. 
sublata : from tollo. in : over ; lit. toivards. 

417. minoris: Gen. of General Cost. G. 379; A. & G. 252, a; B. 
203, 4 ; H. 405. HS triciens (sc. centena milia) : three million 

sesterces. G. (L. Ed.) p. 493; A. & G. p. 427; H. p. 379. Estimating 
the sesterce at 4^ cents, this is equivalent to $127,500. HS, or IIS = 
two semis, or two and a half asses = one sesterce. praetorium 

hominem: a praetorian {ex-praetor). honeste : decently. Calidius 

bad been condemned a few years before for extortion as propraetor 
in Spain. 

419. lis aestimata sit eo nomine, quod, etc. : damages icere assessed on 
the score that, etc. His fine, in other words, included the bribe which 
he had received as a juror as well as the dishonest profits of his prae- 
torship. 

422. peculatus: account for the case. G. 378; A. & G. 220; B. 208, 
2, a; H. 409, 11. With this Gen. compare de maiestate in the next 
line. G. 378, r. 1; A. & G. 220, &, 2; B. 208, 3; H. 410, 11. 3. 

426. sortiente : when Verves appointed them (as jurors) hy lot. This 
was apparently one of his duties as praetor ; the context, however, 
shows that there was an understanding between Verres and the sena. 
tores. exirent : this word seems to be used as a passive of sortior. 
Translate: iv ere appointed. The Subjv. is Final. in eum reum, 
for the case of a defendant ; lit. against that defendant. 

427. cum index asset: as a juror. The senator here referred to re- 
ceived bribes from both sides in the same trial I Xote the instructive 
shifting of sequence : Primary tense (quid sit), Perf. Subjv. (inventus 
sit), Impf. Subjv, (asset, acciparet). The Perf. Subjv. as the connect- 
ing link denotes time prior to that of the leading verb, and hence takes 
a Secondary sequence (Impf. Subjv.). 

429. iam varo : as in 1. 114 (see the Note). 

431. hoc factum assa . . . ut, etc. : these words define the preceding 
accusatives labam, etc. Translate: that such was the result (lit. this 
was hrought about) in this state when, etc., that the votes, etc. For 
the thought, see the Note on 1. 176. iudicarat : furnished the jurors. 

434. acturum : see the Xote on lines 390 and 391. 

435. quo animo : account for the case. G. 400; A. & G. 251 ; B. 224; 
H. 419, II. tandam : as usual, emphasizes the thought. si . . . 
intellexero : if I find. Explain the tense by reference to the Note on 
1. 24. 

16 



242 NOTES 

439-445. Yerres' words were : (Ego) habeo . . . spolio ; neque mihi . . . 
quaero . . . hoc (for illud) . . . habeo, ut mecum praeclare agatur (diceret is 
irregular, merely repeating the introductory dixisse), si . . . convertam 
(Fut.); . . . tradam (Fut.); . . . ilium (retained in the sense of " glorious" 
or the like) . . . reservaho. Hominem : Hortensius. cuius fiducia : 

through confidence in whom. 

440. neque : split in translation. soli : case ? 

441. distributum habere: had his three years so apportioned. G. 
238; A. & G. 292, c; B. 337, 6; H. 388, i, n. secum praeclare 
agi : -that it was going ivell with him (he ivas doing a fine thing for 
himself). 

442. rem : hank account. The word res has been compared to a 
blank check, to be filled out according to the needs of the occasion. 
Compare its meanings in lines 124 and 125 with that in the present 
passage. 

443. patronis : advocates, 

446. ex quo : luherefore. illud dicere : to make the remark. 

quod . . . cum . . . commemorassem : upon my C07nmunicati7ig which. 
The remark referred to begins with the words me arbitrari fore. 

449. fore : the result would be. 

451. si...sint: rather than essent, because the foreign nations 
would naturally prefer to look upon the matter as within the range 
of possibility. Essent would be ivere (Unreal), whereas sint means 
should he, representing in the direct form either sint (Ideal) or erunt 
(Logical). 

452. unum quemque : i.e. each man sent out from Rome as gov- 
ernor, tantum : (only) so much. 

453. nunc : as it is. 

455. advocatis : advisers, supporters. 

456. infinitum : without limits. se : the provincials, of course. 

457. satis facere : must be repeated with the second posse. vic- 
toriae : i.e. their acquittal when impeached in the courts. They did 
not mind the governor's stealing one fortune, but when it came to 
stealing five, they protested. 

461. comparata : provided. 

463. quo maiore odio : all the (quo) 7nore hateful. odio : Abl. of 

Quality; quo : Abl. of Degree of Difference. 

466. loco : situation (state of affairs). 

468, tempus : opportunity. divinitus datum : repeating the 

opening words of the speech. 

470. existimantur : translate impersonally, it is thought. 

473. neque enim ullam, etc. : it was for no other reason that, etc. 



THE impeachme:n^t of yekres 243 

474. tribuniciam potestatem : the judicial functions which Sulla had 
taken from the tribunes ten years before. tanto studio : Abl. of 
Manner. requisivit : deynanded a restoration of ; lit. sought 
hack. cum (= quod) poscebat : in demanding. Gr. (L. Ed.) 582; 
B. 290, I. 

475. verbo, re vera : marking a contrast. The nominal demand for 
a restoration of the tribunician powers was, says Cicero, in reality a 
demand for a purer judiciary. 

476. neque : split in translation, and this did not escape the notice 
of, etc. hominem : person; often a colorless word and sometimes 
used in a bad sense. Here it seems to have been used, however, to 
avoid a repetition in viro following. Catulus was a noble exception 
to the general type of aristocrat. Pompey was consul this year. 

478. referents : the regular word for bringing a matter before the 
Senate. sententiam rogare : to ash for one's ojnnion in the 
Senate. 

479. hoc initio : i.e. so began his speech. auctoritate : lueight. 

480. patres conscriptos : the Senate. 

482. voluissent : had been willing. fuisse desideraturos : ivoidd 

have missed. Explain this form, and restore the direct form (0. R.), 
consulting G. 597 and R. 4; A. & G. 308 and 337, 5, 2; B. 321, 2; H. 
507, III. and 527, iii. 

484. contionem habuit : what two meanings has this phrase ? See 
Appendix B, n. 2. ad urbem : not in urbe, because Pompey had 

just returned from his campaign against Sertorius in Spain, and 
hence could not enter the city without first laying down his command 
(imperium), and thus foregoing the coveted triumph for his victory. 

486. restituturum : representing restituam (Fut.) in Pompey's direct 
words. in eo : thereupon (at that stage). 

487. idem cum dixisset : upon his also (idem) saying. 
489. se : in 0. 0. regularly representing the speaker. 

491. voluntatem: meaning, of course, their approval. 

492. in speculis : on the look-out (specula = a ivatch-tower). 

493. nostrum : Partitive Genitive. gerat : Subjv. in Indirect 
Question. 

494. in retinenda religione : in keeping his plighted faith. 

495. post {since) legem tribuniciam : the law restoring to the tribu- 
nate its former powers, which law was passed early in this year. 

496. vel tenuissimum : of the very slenderest means. G. 803; A. & 
G. 93, b ; B. 2-10, 3; H. 444, 3. quod tametsi = et tametsi id. 

497. quod laudent non babent : have nothing especially to praise (in 
it). It quid had been used here instead of quod, we should have had 



244 NOTES 

an Indirect Question, meaning do not knoiv what to praise ; as it is, 
laudent is the Subjv. of Characteristic. 

498. ibi : in a case. esse integrum : subject of est preceding, 
but best translated in being honest {unscathed). ubi nemo est: 
note the resistance to Attraction (after esse integrum) into the Subjv. 
to emphasize the thought as an actual occurrence. 

499. possit, conetur: Subjunctive of Characteristic. indicium: 
case, trial. 

500. vos : supply iudicabitis. in hoc homine : how is in here 
translated ? See the Note on 1. 19. 

501. possitne: Indirect Question. 
603. in quo homine : one in whose case. 

505. suspicio . . . turpissima : bribery, of course, is hinted at. 

506. gratia : Abl. of Means ; for the meaning, see the Note on 1. 
159. recte : why not rectis % G. 437, r. ; A. & G. 207, c ; H. 548, 
N. 2. 

507. mediocri vitio : he has not even any ordinary vice to soften the 
general effect. 

508. agam: iv ill conduct. 

510. ut nemo . . . conetur : negative Consecutive Sentence. ut 
absolvatis : to acquit ; Complementary Final Sentence dependent on 
contendere. a vobis per gratiam contendere : press you as a per- 
sonal favor ; lit. through personal influence. 

511. certamviam: sure path. 

512. investigare et consequi : trace and follow up. 

515. interesse : he present. 

516. conceptam : home. ordini : Dat. of the Agent. 

517. potestis : have it in your power. post . . . constituta : since 
. . .were established (by Sulla). 

518. hoc . . . dignitate : of such. . .as this ; lit. of this, etc., Abl. of 
Quality. 

519. hie : m this case; lit. here, 
521. alios : supply quaerendos. 

523. ab dis : we say pray to, whereas the Latin looks to the source 
from which the answer comes. 

524. quod : follows idem in translation. sperare : hopefully ex- 
pect, ut reperiatur : the thing prayed for, a Complementary Final 
clause after opto. Here we might have expected ne quis (instead of ut 
nemo), according to the rule for expressing a negative design ; but a 
prayer is stronger for being definite, and nothing is more definite 
than a negative. He prays that a negative may prove true rather 
than a positive untrue. 



THE IMPEACHMEHT OP TERRES 245 

526. plures : that is, of course, inore than one (Verres). fuerint : 

prove to he, the Perf. Subjv. in 0. 0. representing a Fut. Perf. Ind. 
after the Primary tense confirmo. 

529. defuturam (sc. esse) : its subject is vitam. 

530. quod (conj.). . .polliceor: as to my promise ; lit. as to the fact 
that I promise. G. 525, 2; A. & G. 333, a; B. 299, 2; H. 516, 2, n. 

533. suscipe : take up, support (as champion). 

535. is : the Senate. hoc iudicio probatus : put to the test hy this 

trial. 

537. qui (instead of the more common quis) = qualis. quo loco 
sis: what position you occupy ; Abl. of Quality. 

538. reddere : i.e. in return for the name, etc., which you inherit 
from them. fac veniat in mentem : recall to mind ; lit. cause that 
it come to mijid. For the omission of ut, see G. 271; A. & G. 331, 
/, R.; H. 499, 2. veniat in mentem here follows the analogy of 
verbs of E-eminding, Remembering, etc., taking the Genitive. G. 
(L. Ed.) 376 R. 3; A. i& G. 219; B. 206, 3; H. 406, n. paternae : 
Glabrio's father was the author of a law de repeticndis passed about 
fifteen years before this. 

541. usus est : enjoyed. summae auctoritates : the highest sanc- 
tions, 

542. quae non sinant : such as do not permit ; why Subjv. ? G. 631 ; 
A. &G. 320; B. 283, i; H. 503, i. 

544. si ceperis : how is the Fut, Perf. after si translated ? 

545. ad resistendum, etc. : why not ad resistendos homines, etc. ? See 
G. 427, R. 4; A. & G. 296; B. 339, 4; H. 544, n. 5. 

546. Scaevolae : probably Mucins Scaevola, the pontifex maximus, 
famous for the purity of his character. He had also been a distin- 
guished jurist, under whom Cicero in his young manhood had studied 
law. prudentiam : derivation ? What verb is to be supplied here ? 

547. insidias, etc. : Cicero is an adroit flatterer. Glabrio had been 
honest enough thus far, but doubtless Cicero thought that the praetor 
might bear further watching. Hence this appeal to his sense of honor, 
but under the guise of a friendly warning concerning plots against 
the fair name of his distinguished family, etc. horum : his ances- 
tors, famae : Indirect Object. Translate : against, etc. 

548. constantiam: firmness. ut ne : see Note on 1. 273. 

550. integerrimo . . . consilio : Abl. Abs., but translated, with, etc. 

551. nocenti reo : for a guilty defendant. plus momenti : more 
iveight ; Partitive Genitive. 

552. ad suspicionem criminis : to (rouse) a suspicion of crime. ad 
rationem salutis : to {furnish) a means of escape. 



246 NOTES 

553. mihi : Bat. of the Agent. committere : frequent in nega- 

tive sentences in the sense '' to be in fault," followed by Consecutive 
ut. G. 553, i; A. & G. 332; B. 284; H. 501, 11. i. Translate : to 
make the hlunder of allowing, etc. 

555. adduci : drawn on, prolonged. Siculi : the text is doubtful 
here. Omit this word in translation. Otherwise it may illustrate the 
principle of Anacoluthon (a change of construction in the course of a 
sentence), since it is afterwards taken up by the accusative eos, two 
lines below. G. 697; B. 374, 6; H. 636, iv. 6. quos servi . . . move- 
runt : referring to the time when the consuls-elect, Hortensius and 
Metellus, just after their election sent for the Sicilians (§§25, 27). 
Of course, the Sicilians would have to obey if summoned after Jan. 1 
by the same men as consuls in office. Tlie servi were merely private 
messengers, but the lictores (1. 557) would represent the consular 
authority. 

556. moverunt : this word resists Attraction to the Subjv. because 
merely explanatory, and also in a different sphere of time from 
vocent. novo : unprecedented. 

557. arcesserent : depends on moverunt, hence takes the Secondary 
sequence, while vocent depends on patiar above and is Primary. 

559. suum : refers to homines, subject of the sentence ; eorum refers 
to Hortensius and Metellus. ius : right{s). 

561. potestatem : opportunity , 

562. causa a me perorata : after the case has been summed up hy me ; 
Abl. Abs., as is the following diebus interpositis. In translation co- 
ordinate the two with and. 

563. tum denique cum : then at last when, i.e. only after. 

564. adducta sit: this form represents the Fut. Perf. Indicative at- 
tracted to the Subjv. because it is dependent on responderi. When 
the Future idea is sufficiently clear from the context (here sinam is 
Fut. Indicative), the ordinary tenses of the Subjv. are used to refer 
to the Future according to the law : After Primary tenses, the Pres. 
Subjv. represents the Fut. and the Perf. Subjv. represents the Fut. 
Perfect ; after Secondary tenses, the Impf. Subjv. represents the 
Fut. and the Pluperfect Subjv. represents the Fut. Perfect. non 
committam ut : see Note on 1. 553. 

565. discesserit : either Fut. Perf. (resisting Attraction) or Perf. 
Subjv., representing a Fut. Perf. according to the law stated in the 
preceding note. 

566. comitiorum, ludorum, etc. : according to the Roman constitution 
all citizens who lived outside the city were required to be present in 
Rome if they would vote at the elections (comitiorum). What elections 



THE IMPEACHMENT OF YERRES 247 

had just been held ? The games (ludorum) of this period have been 
mentioned above (lines 330-335). Every citizen was duly registered 
(censendi) by the censors once in five years, and this year (70 B.C.) was 
a census year. These three circumstances caused a large crowd to be 
present in the city at the time of this trial, and naturally many per- 
sons would attend the trial on account of the important issues in- 
volved. 

567. huius iudici : these words modify all the phrases, laudis fructum, 
offensionis periculum, etc., to the end of the period, and are best trans- 
lated in this trial. The thought of the whole is, that the respon- 
sibility for the verdict ought to belong to the court (vestrum) ; the toil 
and anxiety involved, to himself (nostram) ; the knowledge of what is 
at stake (agatur), to the great throng of citizens and visitors now 
present in Rome. 

571. hoc : anticipates the Consecutive clause ut testibus utar, the 
intervening words (non novum, etc. through ante factum) being paren- 
thetical. Translate : / will pursue this course — no new one, etc, — 
50 as to introduce (utar) the witness, etc. ; or (omitting ut in transla- 
tion, to avoid the awkward circumlocution, common in Latin but rare 
in English, of facere ut with the Subjv.) : I will pursue this course — 
no new, etc. — I will introduce, etc. 

573. illud (emphatic) a me, etc. : this is the innovation that you will 
learn from me, etc. quod {in that) ita, etc. : defines the innova- 
tion referred to. 

574. crimen totum : the indictment in outline {as a whole). in- 
terrogando : the exact word used by Cicero is uncertain. Omit in 
translation. 

576. accommodem: suit, i.e. produce suitable witnesses to support 
the charges. niMl intersit : ivill he no difference, 

677-578. nisi: except; so frequently after negatives. in ilia: 

in the former; Mc: in this case; lit. here. dantur: are pro- 

duced, in singulas : for each point. Cicero's meaning seems to 

be that he will introduce his witnesses in such order that their testimony 
will tell the whole story in outline; in the course of their examination, 
he will add the necessary argument to explain and strengthen the evi- 
dence ; after which he will call up witnesses to support the particu- 
lar charge (crimen in 1. 576) of extortion. 

579. illis : the other side. 

581. desideret : miss the continuous (perpetuam) speech, usual in 
opening such trials. altera : = secunda. It may be remembered 

that the Actio Secunda was never delivered by Cicero. See the Pref- 
atory Note above, last paragraph. 



248 KOTES 

582. malitiae : trickery, sharp practice. , illorum : the defence. 
683. intellegat: note the mood. G. 263, 3; A. & G. 266; H. 484. 

584. haec primae actionis, etc. : the charge iii the first plea will he 
as foUoics. 

585. cum . . . turn : 7iot only. . .hut especially. 

587. quadringentiens (sc. centena milia) : 40,000,000 sesterces (about 
$1,700,000). See the Note on 1. 417 above. 

589. tahulis : documents; auctoritatibus : records, 

590. si . . . habuissemus . . . fuisse : the Unreal (contrary to fact) Con- 
dition in 0. 0., but Concessive in force, as is shown by the preceding 
etiam as well as the following tamen. The direct form of fuisse would 
be fuit according to the rule for expressions of Necessity, Possibility, 
etc. G. 597, r. 3; A. & G. 308, c; B. 304, 3, a; H. 511, i, n. 3. 
Translate : there ivould have been no need of a long speech. 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 

{Pro Lege Manilla, or De Irnperio Pompei) 
PREFATORY NOTE 

1. Cicero's speech advocating the Manilian law was made in 66 
B.C., the year of his praetorship. It was a contio (i.e. a speech made 
before the people assembled in mass meeting), and his maiden speech 
on a political theme. While it purports to be of the deliberative 
order of oratory, it is in fact rather demonstrative, consisting largely 
of a panegyric on Pompey (Intr. §85). The object of the proposed 
law was to place Pompey in command against Mithridates, king of 
Pontus, in the Third Mithridatic War. 

2. Pontus. Pontus, the most northeasterly district of Asia Minor, 
lay along the south and southeast shore of the Pontus Euxinus (Black 
Sea). Its chief towns were Sinope (the capital), Amisus, and Trapezus, 
all on the coast. Neighboring kingdoms were : Paphlagonia on the 
west, and Bithynia still farther to the west ; Galatia on the southwest ; 
Cappadocia on the south ; Armenia on the southeast. 

3. Mithridates the Great. The Pontic kingdom reached its greatest 
height under Mithridates YI., surnamed Eupator, or (more com- 
monly) the Great. Succeeding his father at the age of twelve, he 
had in the half century since extended his kingdom by conquest on 
the north coast of the Euxine, had incorporated the kingdom of 
Bosporus (Crimean Peninsula), and won Armenia in alliance by giving 



SPEECH FOE THE :MAXILIAN LAW 249 

his daughter in marriage to its king, Tigranes. He also attacked 
Cappadoeia and Bithynia, and conceived the bold plan of expelling 
the Romans from their province of Asia (the western part of Asia 
Minor) in order to extend his dominion over the entire peninsula. 
Accordingly he invaded their province and defeated their forces. He 
also made the Roman general a prisoner, and put him to death by 
pouring molten gold down his throat. He then ordered a general 
massacre of all Italian inhabitants of Asia, and at least 80,000 per- 
sons were thus murdered (88 b.c). 

4. Mithridatic "Wars. Three wars ensued : the First (88-86 B.C.), 
conducted by Sulla, who defeated Mithridates, and forced him to 
conclude a peace upon terms of advantage to Rome ; the Second (83- 
82 B.C.), of little importance, conducted by Murena; the Third (74-65 
B.C.), conducted at first by L. Licinius Lucullus, a typical aristocrat, 
who after several years of considerable success saw much of his work 
undone through his inability to control his mutinous army. This 
result was no doubt due largely to political intrigue at Rome, the 
democrats purposely discrediting and weakening his authority. Lu- 
cullus was finally recalled, and his successor appointed in the person 
of M'. Acilius Grlabrio (presiding judge at the trial of Verres), who, 
however, for some reason declined to assume the command. 

5. Pompey. At this stage of affairs it was natural for people to 
i think of the general who had just closed a brilliant campaign in 

another direction. This was Pompey, upon whom by the Gabinian 

law of the preceding year (67 B.C.) had been conferred extraordinary 

powers for a period of three years over all the coasts of the Mediter- 

: ranean and for fifty miles in the interior. This was for the purpose 

I of ridding the seas of the pirates who had long preyed upon the com- 

' merce of Rome, cut off her supplies of food, and kidnapped Roman 

' citizens, whom they held for ransom. Although these powers were 

unconstitutional both in extent and in duration, yet the majority of 

I people said that the law had been justified by the results. In six 

, weeks Pompey had cleared the Mediterranean of pirates, and after 

capturing their strongholds in Cilicia, had brought their country into 

subjection to Rome. Hence the tribune C. Manilius now brought 

forward the law that bore his name (the Majiilian Law), which added 

I all the countries of the East to the provinces previously committed to 

Pompey. This is the law concerning which Cicero was now to address 

1 the assembled people for the first time. The law was passed, and in 

two years Pompey conquered Mithridates, and annexed the greater 

part of his kingdom to the Roman province of Bithynia, which had 

been bequeathed to the Roman people by its last king (74 B.C.). 



250 NOTES 

6. The Speech. The Pro Lege 3Ianilia is by some regarded as Cice- 
ro's best political speech. Certainly every circumstance that could have 
any bearing on its merits was in the orator's favor. At the time of 
its delivery he was in his prime — just forty years of age — and had had 
a career of uninterrupted success. As defender of Roscius of Ameria 
in 80 (footnote, p. xxxvii), as quaestor in 75, as prosecutor in the great 
state trial of Verres five years later (p. 219), as aedile in 69, and now 
as praetor as well as the unrivalled leader of the Roman bar, he had 
in each field added fresh laurels to his fame, winning immense popu- 
larity with the people in particular. His present theme was thoroughly 
congenial, affording him an opportunity to display his rare faculty 
for eulogy. Not only was Pompey of the same origin as himself 
(equestrian), but he was also the hero of many a field of battle. At 
this moment fresh from his victories over the dreaded pirates, he was 
the idol of the people, who were therefore a unit in favor of the law. 
So were the Knights, who included in their ranks the rich commercial 
classes and capitalists, and whose interests therefore were injuriously 
affected by the dangers growing out of the war. Only the conserva- 
tives of the Senate, men like Hortensius and Catulus, opposed the 
measure, not only because they regarded it as unconstitutional, but 
especially because they hated Pompey as a member of the despised 
equestrian order, and deemed him unworthy of the repeated honors 
which the people seemed inclined to heap upon him. Finally, Cicero 
had in prospect the consulship, for which in three years more he 
would be of eligible age, and it is quite possible that the thought of 
this prospect may have colored his views concerning the proposed 
law. Yet it is not necessary to charge him with insincerity. In the 
generous enthusiasm of the moment, excited by the recent exploits 
of Pompey and the present unanimity of the people, Cicero seems to 
have honestly believed that the provisions of the Manilian law were 
really necessary to maintain the stability of the Republic. 



RHETORICAL OUTLINE ^ ' 

I. Exordium (§§1-3), conciliating the good-will of his hearers, 
and sounding the key-note of his speech (praise of Pompey). 

II. Narratio (§§4-6), setting forth his main theme, the war with 
Mithridates (Propositio), and dividing it (Partitio) into three heads 
for separate consideration in the Confirmatio. 



I .„„..„.„„,„„. .„ 

>■• III. Confirmatio (§§6-50), discussing the question in detail as fol- 
lows : 

1) The character of the war (§§6-19)— 

a. a war for the national honor (§§6-14); 

b. a war for financial stability (§§14-17); 

c. a ivar for protection to Roman citizens abroad (§§18, 19). 
I 2) The magnitude of the war (§§20-26)— 

*' Lucullus ivith all his success has yet proved unequal to 
the occasion.^^ 
3) The choice of a commander (§§27-50) — 

the four requisites of a commander of the first rank united 
in Pompey as follows : 

a. his military knoivledge (§28) ; 

b. his soldierly and other virtues (§§29-42) ; 

c. his prestige (§§43-46) ; 

d. his good fortune (§§47, 48); to which is added his prox- 

imity with an army to the sceyie of the war (§50). 

IV. Refutatio (§§51-68), answering the objections — 

1) of Hortensius {%%o2-^^); 

2) of Catulus (§§59-63) ; 

3) of all who oppose the popular will (§§63-68). 

y. Peroratio (§§69-71), appealing to Manilius to stand firm in his 
proposal, and calling the gods to witness the disinterested motives 
that prompt his own words. 



I. EXORDIUM (§§1-3) 

Although I appreciate the honor of addressing you from the Rostra, 
my fellow -citizens, this is the first time I have ever done so. TJiis 
circumstance has been due in part to modesty, in part to my engage- 
ments hitherto in the courts. But the compliment which you recently 
paid me by electing me praetor at the head of the polls encourages me 
to employ ivhatever of ability or influence I may possess in addressing 
you on this occasion, especially when I have so inspiring a theme as 
the merits of Pompey. 

§1. 1. frequens conspectus vester : the sight of your throngs; lit. 
your thronging sight. The possessive vester is used here for the Objec- 
tive Gen. vestri of the pronoun ; this is rare. Mc locus : the 
Rostra, from which public speakers addressed the people in the 
Forum. 



252 :n'otes 

2. multo : why Ablative ? autem (always postpositive) : more- 
over, agendum : public discussion ; the technical word applied to a 
magistrate when addressing the people. Cicero was now praetor, 
amplissimus : most honorable, i.e. as compared with debates in the 
Senate or pleading in the courts — a compliment to his audience. 

3. est visus has two subjects, conspectus and locus, which, however, 
are not distinct enough to take a Plural verb. Quirites : the reg- 
ular term used in addressing the Roman people. 

4. hoc aditu laudis : from tJiis avenue to fame ; Abl. of Separation 
after prohibuerunt. optimo cuique maxima : quisque with the super- 
lative implies a proportion. Thus, optimum quidque rarissimum est, 
every best thing is rarest^ implies the better a thing, the rarer it is. 
G. 318, 2; A. & G. 93, c; B. 252, 5, c ; cf. H. 458, i. Translate: 
has been open to each in proportion to his merit. 

5. rationes : plans, ab ineunte aetate : from early maiihood ; 
lit. from beginning age. 

6. cum . . . auderem statueremque : translate by Pres. part, {daring, 
etc.), as often. 

7. per: owing to. huius auctoritatem loci: the abstract sub- 
stantive auctoritatem is here used with the force of an attribute. 
Translate: this august place, and compare verni temporis sua vitas, the 
sweet springtime. 

8. nihil, etc.: to be translated, that nothing ought, etc., but note 
that the subject of the so-called impersonal verb oportere is the whole 
Ace. and Inf. clause preceding. G. 535 ; A. & G. 270, h ; B. 330 ; IT. 
538. perfectum : finished ; elaboratum : wrought out, polished. 
Observe the Asyndeton (omission of the conjunction et). 

9. tempus : time ; temporibus : needs. Cicero often uses the same 
word in the same breath in different senses, a practice that would be 
condemned with us but does not seem to have been regarded 
as a blemish in Latin. With Cicero it is usually a mark of viva- 
city. 

§2. 10. ita neque : the two following clauses are grammatically co- 
ordinate, but in sense the first is subordinate to the second {while, 
etc.). Notice the self-depreciation implied in the words, as became an 
orator making his first political speech. neque : == et non. 

11. vacuus ab eis qui . . . defenderent : free from (i.e. without) men to 
advocate, etc. ; Subjunctive of Characteristic. 

13. versatus : a favorite word of Cicero's, variously translated. It 
is the frequentative of vertor, turn, hence means : turn oneself frequently 
OT habitually in a certain sphere or place. Translate (within): en- 
gaged with. In the words caste integreque, honestly and disin^ 



I 



SPEECH FOR THE ^lAKILIAN" LAW 253 



terestedly, he probably refers to the practice of taking fees as a lawyer, 
which was forbidden by statute. 

14. dilationem comitioruin : the postponement of the elections may 
have been due to the non-observance of some formality, to unfavorable 
omens, or to public disorder, most likely to the last-named cause. 
primus: leading, i.e. at the head of the polls. How many praetors 
were there ? centuriis cunctis : that is, he was not only elected at 

the head of the polls but received a unanimous vote. Each century 
had but one vote (Introduction, §§45, 46). 

16. iudicaretis, praescriberetis : Subjv. of Indirect Question. He 
means that his election not only indicated the people's estimate of 
him (iudicaretis) but also their requirements of other candidates 
(praescriberetis) if they wished to succeed. 

17. in me sit (= habeam) : Subjv. after Causal cum. 

18. honoribus : the regular word for public office, or the magistra- 
cies at Rome. esse : supply in me. 

21. certe, etc. : with these words the main sentence begins. si 
quid : whatever ; lit. if anything, modestly put in conditional form. 

22. consequi : attain. 

23. potissimum : ahove all. qui ei quoque, etc. : ivho have deemed 
that to that qualification (rei, i.e. the power of ready and skilful speech) 
also a reward should he given hy their judgment, i.e. by voting for 
him at the polls. 

§3. 24. atque : regularly adds something more important : and 
further. illud : refers to the quod-clause following. Translate : 

this. It is the Ace. of the Inner object with laetandum. 

26. miM: why Dative ? G. 355; A. & G. 232; B. 189, i; H. 388. 
laetandum : here passive in sense : to he rejoiced at, a cause of rejoic- 
ing, quod : this word both explains illud and gives the ground for his 
rejoicing. It may be translated, therefore, either : the fact that, or 
because. For the latter use, see G. 542 ; A. & G. 333, h ; B. 286, i ; 
H. 540, IV. 

26. mihi : while this word is strictly the Dat. after ob in composition 
(oblata), yet its position makes it clearer who it is that is unaccustomed 
to this style or manner (rations) of speaking. 

27. oratio : speech, ivords. in qua . . . possit : Subjv. of Char- 
acteristic after talis. 

28. de Cn. Pompei virtute : the key-note of his speech. For an ac- 
count of Pompey's exploits, read Introduction, §§24-27. huius 
orationis : of this theme, i.e. on such a theme. 

30. miM : Dat. of the Agent with quaerendus. 



254 NOTES 



II. NARRATIO (§§4, 5, and 6 through line 51). 

We are engaged in a war — a serious and perilous war — with two 
powerful princes in Asia, Mithridates and Tigranes, Every day my 
friends in the equestrian order are receiving letters, telling of the 
dangers that threaten Roman tributaries and their friendly neighbors, 
of villages burned^ and of the demoralization in which the Roman 
army is plu7iged, and out of which only one man possesses the power 
to extricate it, (Propositio, §§4, 5.) 

/ purpose treating the matter under the three heads : (1) the char- 
acter of the ivar ; (2) its magnitude ; (3) the choice of a commander, 
(Partitio, §6 through 1. 51.) 

§4. 31. proficiscatur : Subjunctive of Design. inde . . . unde ; at 

(lit. from) that point from which. 

32. ducitur : is derived. 

33. vectigalibus : tributaries. Compare its meaning here with that 
in 1. 37 below (see Note). 

34. alter : why not alius % relictus : allowed to escape, as Mith- 
ridates was by Lucullus after defeating him ; lacessitus : provoked, as 
Tigranes was by the insolence of the emissary sent by Lucullus, de- 
manding the surrender of Mithridates, Tigranes' father-in-law. Mith- 
ridates after his defeat by Lucullus had taken refuge at the court of 
Tigranes. 

35. Asiam : the Roman province of that name, the western part of 
Asia Minor, bordering on the Mediterranean. 

36. equitibus Romanis : what connection had the Roman knights 
with the provinces ? See Introduction, §14. 

37. magnae res . . . occupatae : great interests involved, aguntur ; 
are at stake. vectigalibus : here revenues ; compare the Note on 
this word in 1. 33 above. 

39. necessitudine : close relations. Cicero was sprung from the 
equestrian order. mihi cum illo ordine : the combination of the ^ 

Dative and the Abl. with cum is common in Latin. 

§5. 40. Bithyniae : called vestra provincia, because it had been be- 
queathed to the Roman people by the last king, Nicomedes III., in 
74 B.C. 

41. compluris : Ace. Plural. Note the Ace. and Inf. constructions 
here following litterae of the preceding sentence. 

42. regnum Ariobarzanis : Cappadocia. Both Cappadocia and Bi- 
thynia were neighboring kingdoms to Pontus. See the Prefatory 
Note above, §2. The thrones of these countries and Paphlagonia 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 255 

were in continual dispute, Rome always antagonizing Mithridates in 
the matter of the succession. Ariobarzanes was the nominee of the 
Roman Senate for the throne of Cappadocia. 

43. Lucullum : see the Prefatory Xote, §4. 

44. magnis rebus gestis : Ablative Absolute with Concessive force 
(although). huic qui successerit : Glabrio, consul the preceding 
year, now proconsul of Cilicia. liuic is the Dat. after successerit, the 
latter being the Subjv. because in a dependent clause in Indirect 
Discourse. Supply eum (antecedent of qui) as the subject of esse 
paratum. 

46. civibus : such as had business abroad, especially the Knights. 

§6. 48. causa quae sit : quae is interrogative (adjective form of quis), 
not relative, as is shown by the use of the Subjv. (Indirect Question 
depending on videtis), 



III. CONFIRMATIO (§6, line 52, to §50). 
1) The Character of the War (g§6-19). 

This IS a ivar of far-reaching scope. (Last part of §6.) 

a. It is a war for the honor of Rome. Mithridates has long defied 
her poiver, has massacred her subjects, intrigued with her enemies, and 
set at naught her icill iii the affairs of the East. (§§7-13.) 

b. It is a ivar for financial stability. The revenues derived froin 
Asia are endangered, and the enterprise of the publicani is paralyzed, 
not only by any actual successes which Ilithridates may win, but by 
the interruptions to agriculture, commerce, and grazing caused by the 
mere fear of his invasions. (§§14-16.) 

c. It is a war for protection to Roman citizens abroad. Maiiy 
enterprising citizens, besides the publicani, have interests in Asia. 
To these interests Rome cannot ivith impunity deny her protection, 
since such neglect is sure to impair the public credit, and precipitate 
a panic at home. (§§17-19.) 

62. eius modi quod : such as, etc., followed by a Subjv. of Character- 
istic (debeat). 

53. ad persequendi studium : to zeal in prosecuting . 

54. agitur : is at stake; here personal, with gloria for its subject, 
agatur in 1. 149 below is used impersonally with de and the Ablative 
in practically the same sense. 

55. cum . . . tum : meaning ? 
58, certissima : surest. 



256 NOTES 

59. pacis ornamenta : what is meant by the " ornaments of peace " ? 
requiretis : ivill miss. 

60. quibus (with consulendum) : ivhose interests. a vobis : why 
not the simple Dat. of the Agent with the Gerundive ? G. 355, r. ; 
A. & G. 232, N. ; B. 189, i. a; H. 388, n. and footnote. 

§7. 62. appetentes : what is the English derivative ? gloriae : 

G. 374; A. & G. 218, a; B. 204, i ; H. 399, i. i. praeter : beyo7id, 

i.e. 7no7'e than. 

63. gentis : Ace. Plural. vobis : compare a vobis above (1. 60) 
and Xote. 

64. macula: stain; referring to the massacre of Roman citizens by 
Mithridates' orders. superiore : last^ not counting the unimportant 
Second Mithridatic War waged by Murena. penitus insedit : has 
snnk deep, 

66. quod: in that, explaining tlio macula mentioned just above. 
is : subject of suscepit (1. 69) and regnat (1. 70). 

67. una significatione litterarum : ht/ the single intimation of a 
letter, i.e. by one wn'ften order. 

68. necandos, trucidandos : Ace. of the Gerundive expressing Design. 
G. 430; A. & G. 294, d; B. 337, 7, &, 2; II. 544, 2, n. 2. This is 
called the ''Factitive Predicate." 

69. dignam scelere : G. 397 ; A. & G. 245, a; B. 226, 2 ; H. 421, 
III. suscepit: more commonly in Latin (and Greek) a person 
suffering punishment is said to give (dare) or pay (solvere) the penalty 
as a fine, while he who inflicts punishment is said to take (sumere) it. 

70. annum lam tertium . . . regnat : has been ruling (and is still 
ruling). Account for this use of the Present tense. So in French, 
Depuis quand etes-vons ici? means "How long have you been (lit. 
are you) here ? " 

73. luce : with what word just above is this contrasted ? versari : 
operate ; see the Note on 1. 13 above. 

§8. 75. triumphavit . . . de : triumphed over. Both Sulla and Murena, 
his lieutenant, enjoyed the honor of triumphs for their exploits against 
Mithridates, but in neither case, of course, had Mithridates graced 
the occasion with his presence as a prisoner. 

78. regnaret: continued to ride; Subjv. after Consecutive ut. Note 
the restrictive force here of ita . . . ut, implying that while they 
triumphed, yet Mithridates went on ruling. G. 552, r. 3 ; A. & G. 
319, b. The two participles pulsus and superatus have a Concessive 
force {though). 

79. quod egerunt: in that they acted, or loere active, e.g. they took 
the field. quod reliquerunt : in that they left something undone^ 



SPEECH FOR THE MAXILIAis^ LAW 257 

e.g. they failed to crush Mithridates. Xote the Asyndeton (omission 
of the conjunction et or the like) between the two clauses ; so in 1. 81 
below, before Murenam. 

80. res publica : the public interests. During his absence in Asia, 
his democratic enemies had raised a revolt in Rome, thus precipitating 
the first civil war. See Introduction, §§21, 22. 

§9. 83. novi : for a 7iew {war). 

84. postea cum : stricth^ speaking the cum-clause explains postea, but 
translate : after having^ etc. What use of cum is this ? G. 585 ; A. 
& G. 325; B. 288, i, b; H. 521, n. 2. 

87. simularet : note the tense, differing from that of the preceding 
verbs and expressing contemporaneous action. Translate : while (cum 
above) pretending. 

88. ad eos duces : these words refer to the remnants of the Marian 
party, led by Quintus Sertorius, in the civil war between the Marians 
and Sulla. They held Spain. Sertorius made terms with Mithridates 
against their common enemy (Rome), agreeing to send him Roman 
troops with a Roman general in return for the ships and money that 
Mithridates promised to send to Sertorius. Sertorius, however, 
was shortly after murdered by one of his own officers, Perperna, 
who then proved no match for Pompey. ut : with dimicaretis 
(1. 91). 

89. disiunctissimis maximeque diversis : far separated and distinct 
(in character), i.e. Spain and Asia. cum: conjunction. 

90. binis: why not duabus? G. 97, r. 3; A. & G. 95, h; B. 81, 4, 
h; H. 174, 2, 3. bellum: subject of gereretur. 

91. district!; Xom. Plural of the Perfect Part, passive. de 
imperio : for supremacy. 

§10. 92. periculum : subject of depulsum est. alterius partis : 

from (lit. of) one quarter. 

93. plus firmamenti ac roboris : because Sertorius was a successful 
commander and was at the head of trained troops. The Genitives 
are Partitive. 

94. Pompei : Cicero credits Pompey with bringing the war to a close, 
as he did, but only after the murder of Sertorius had removed all 
effective opposition. 

95. virtute : generalship; so virtuti below, 1. 97. The Ablatives 
eonsilio, virtute are Ablatives of Means. in altera parte : in Asia. 
Throughout this passage Cicero refers to matters of recent history 
with much tact. It suited his purpose above to refer to the consilium 
and virtus of Pompey in the Spanish campaign notwithstanding the 
facts (see Note on 1. 94) ; he is equally careful now to attribute (tri- 

17 



258 NOTES 'j 

■I 

buenda) the failures of Lucullus to fortune and his successes to 
generalship. 

96. initia : translate as if it were an adjective agreeing with gesta- 
rum, and compare the Note on 1. 7 (auctoritatem) above. 

100. vera: deserved; falsa: undeserved. ei: Indirect Object. 

Translate : from Mm with detracta ; for Mm with adficta. 

§11. 101. de vestri imperi dignitate, etc. : as to tlie dignity, etc. 

102. exorsus : first part (division). 

105. mercatoribus . . . tractatis : Abl. Absolute =: cum mercatores 
tractati assent ; so milibus . . . necatis. Note milibus (PL of mille) with 
the Gen. acccording to the rule. G. 293 ; A. & G. 94, e. 

107. nuntio: Abl. of Means; tempore: Abl. of Time When. 

108. quo . . , animo : what, pray (tandem), ougM to he your feeling^ , 
etc. ; lit. of ivhat miud, Abl. of Quality. appellati superbius : 
addressed rather haughtily. The ambassadors referred to were sent 
to Corinth to attend a meeting of the Achaean League in 148 B.C. As 
to the treatment they received, accounts vary : some say that they 
were merely ejected, others that they were imprisoned. Cicero prefers 
to represent the case as mildly as possible, to contrast the former 
vigor of the Romans with their present apathy under supposedly 
greater provocation. 

109. lumen : eye. Corinth, at that time the richest and most luxu- 
rious city in Greece, was captured and sacked by the Roman consul 
Mummius (146 B.C.). Soon after, Greece became a Roman province 
under the name of Achaia. 

110. voluerunt : willed. For the use of exstinctum esse here, see G. 
280 (c). eum regem : Mithridates. 

111. legatum consularem: Aquilius, the Roman general whom Mith- 
ridates put to death just before the First Mithridatic War (Prefatory 
Note, §3). He had been sent to Asia on an embassy concerning the 
succession to the thrones of Bithynia and Cappadocia ; hence the 
word legatum. He was consul in 101 B.C. 

112. atque {and even) , . . excruciatum necavit : observe the Climax 
with which this sentence closes. 

113. libertatem imminutam . . . ereptam vitam: Chiasmus, or inver- 
sion in the order of words, as in the verse, ** Sweet is the breath of 
morn, her rising sweet. ^' Point out an instance of this figure in 1. 59 
above. 

114. ius legationis . . . persecuti sunt: they punished a mere verbal 
insult to the rights of ambassadors ; lit. they punished the right, etc. 
violated by a ivord, referring to the case of the Roman envoys at 
Corinth. For the translation of the participle violatum, compare the 



SPEECH FOE THE MA:N"ILIA:N' LAW 259 

phrase ante urbem conditam. So in the preceding libertatem imminutam 
and ereptam vitam as well as the following legatum interfectum. See 
G. 325, R. 3; A. & G. 292, a; B. 337, 5; H. 549, n. 2. 

§12. 117. ut : cbs (of Comparison). fuit : Indie, of an individual 

fact. G. 629, r.; A. & G. 342, a; B. 314, 3 ; H. 529, 11. n. 1. So 
accepistis further on. sit : after ne above (negative clause of Design). 

122. Ariobarzanes rex : his expulsion by Mithridates for the fourth 
time had recently occurred. He was restored by Pompey. 

123. toti Asiae: G. 346; A. & G. 227; B. 187, 11. a; H. 385, 11. 
125. cuncta Asia: either Local Ablative (G. 388; A. & G. 258, /, 2; 

B. 228, I, h ; H. 425, 2) or Nom. in apposition to civitates. 

127. certum: special ov particular. 

128. miseritis (from mitto) : Subjv. after Causal cum. alium : 
Glabrio. audent : Principal Parts ? 

§13. 129. boc idem quod (all three Ace. of Inner Object): what verb 
is to be supplied ? After idem translate the relative as or that. 

130. summa: highest {qualifications), sint: are united; why 
Subjunctive ? 

131. propter : near at hand. Pompey was in Cilicia, dictating to 
the piratical state which he had just conquered, quo : lit. dy ivhich; 
Abl. of Measure of Difference with the comparative aegrius. Trans- 
late: wherefore they ivant him all the more sorely {the sorer their ivant 
of him). 

132. ipso : mere. tametsi . . . venerit : dependent clause in 0. 0., 
hence Subjunctive. 

134. libere loqui : the much-cowed provincials were naturally afraid 
to be candid, Cicero means. 

136. dignos quorum . . . commendetis : worthy that you should commit 
their safety {worthy to have you commit ^ etc.). Note the construction 
after dignos. G. 631, i ; A. & G. 320, /; B. 282, 3; H. 503, 11. 2. 

137. atque hoc, etc. : and that too all the more, in that (quod), etc. 
The word atque has its usual force in adding something more impor- 
tant to what precedes. 

138. cum imperio : with full powers. For the meaning of imperium, 
see Introduction, §56. mittimus : the Indie, shows that the reason is 
given on Cicero's responsibility (not that of the provincials), and hence 
the statement is all the more impressive. A Roman general and army 
when once quartered in a province were usually as costly to the prov- 

: ince as the attacks of the enemy had been against whom they had 
been sent to deliver the province. eius modi : these words contain 

the real predicate idea after mittimus : all the others whom we send, 
etc., are of such a character that, etc. 



26o NOTES 

139. ipsorum: their oicn (that is, in contrast with that of the en- 
emy), adventus : Phiral, to represent all instances of the sort. 

140. audiebant : used to hear. 

141. temperantia, mansuetudine, humanitate : as a man of such 
moderation, etc.: Ablative of Quality. 

143. diutissime : compare this adverb in the three degrees, 
cominoratur : the Indie, because the clause is a mere circumlocution. 
G. 029, R.; A. & G. 342, a; B. 314, 3: II. 529, 11. n. 1. 

gl4. 144. nulla . . . lacessiti : without, etc. ipsi : as distinguished 

from the allies (socios). 

145. The wars liere mentioned were: the three Punic Wars, 264-146 
B.C. (cum Poenis) ; the war with Antiochus the Great of Syria (cum 
Antiocho\ a<,'ainst whom and his allies, the Aetolians (cum Aetolis), 
Rome took the part of her Greek allies in Asia, 192-190 B.C.; tlie 
Second ^lacedonian War, in which the Roman legion under Flami- 
ninus was pitted against the Macedonian phalanx under Philip V. of 
Macedonia (cum Philippo), resulting in the Roman victory at Cynosce- 
phalae in Thessaly, 197 B.r. quanto studio: Abl. of Manner. 

147. una cum : toyether with. 

148. praesertim cum : especially as ; Causal cum. This combination 
is almost as common in Gicero as quae cum ita sint (the Ciceronian 
formula) or esse videatur (a favorite close of the sentence). It is 
sometimes written cum praesertim, as in 1. 127. 

149. agatur : it is a (juration of (de). See Note on 1. 37 (aguntur). 
Note the phrases salus vestra agitur : your safety is at stake ; de salute 
vestra agitur: it is a question of your safety. Actum est de means 
it is all over luith. 

160. tanta . . . ut : only so great that (i.e. only sufficient). els: 
Abl. with contenti. G. 401, r (x.) G; A. & G. 254, h, 2; B. 219, i ; H. 
420, I, 4. ad . . . tutandas : to protect, i.e. to support the army, 
etc. 

151. vero : ivhile, almost = autem. It is usually, as here, in the 
second place in the sentence. 

152. agrorum, fructuum, pastionis : see Note on 1. 163 below. 

154. antecellat : with the Dat. on account of ante in composition. 

155. belli utilitatem : resources in war, lit. ivar -usefulness. 
§15. 158. ceteris : all other ; the regular meaning of this word. 

venit : the Perfect of Iterative (repeated) action. G. 567; A. & G. 316, 
3; B. 288, 3; H. 471, 3. at: marking a sharp contrast. in: 

in the case of. 

159. metus ipse: the mere fear of it. 

161. pecuaria (adj.) : supply res, and translate : the grazing indus- 



SPEECH FOR THE MAXILIAK LAW 26l 

try. relinquitur : ahandoned, neglected; so quite often in this 

oration. 

163. ex portu {customs' dues), ex decumis (tithes), ex scriptura (land- 
rent) : three important sources of revenue to the Roman treasury. 
The first mentioned were duties on exports and imports ; the second, 
tithes of cereals, wines, etc. ; the third, rent paid for the privilege of 
pasturing cattle on the public lands. 

165. fructus : income. 

§16. 167. eos : subject of esse preceding, the predicate being quo 
animo (Abl. of Quality). exercent : farm ; exigunt : collect. The 

first refers to the equites, or publicani ; the second, to their agents on 
the spot. 

169. propter : see ISTote on 1. 131. 

171. familias : establisJwients (slsixes, etc.). habent : maintain, 

172. portubus atque custodiis : harbors and coast-stations, at which 
the officers of the publicani prevented smuggling. periculo : risk. 

174. fructui: a source of profit ; lit. for a profit, Dat. of the Object 
For Which. G. 356; A. & G. 233, a; B. 191, 2; H. 390. Note the two 
Datives here. conservaritis . . . liberates : keep free (freed) : the 

Fut. Perf. of the Protasis (or Perf. Subjv. by attraction, representing 
the Fut. Perf.). What kind of Condition ? 

§17. 177. ac ne illud quidem : referring back to the case of themul- 
I torum civium, quibus est consulendum at the end of Chap. ii. (11. 60, 
• 61). Translate: a7id that too is Qiot to he overlooked, etc. This is the 
last (extremum) point in the enumeration of matters touching the 
stability of the financial world. 

179. quod ad multorum, etc. : a matter that, etc. 

180. quorum . . . ratio diligenter : due regard for ivhom. pro : in 
accordance ivith. 

181. et publicani : probably Cicero started with et, intending to 
follow it with a repetition of the word ; instead, he uses deinde 
(1. 187). Preserve the spirit by translating both followed by and then 
(deinde). homines bonestissimi, etc. : tnost worthy and substantial 
persons. Odious as the publicani were to the oppressed provincials 
they were indispensable to the Roman government with its system 
of revenue farming, since they were the only class of citizens rich 
enough to buy the contracts with the state. 

182. rationes et copias : interests and resources, contulerunt: 
have transferred, for the purpose of investment. 

183. ipsorum per se : in their own right, as individuals and citizens. 

184. curae : (for) a care =1 objects of care; compare note on 1. J74 
above (fructui). 



262 NOTES 

185. nervos: sineics. 

186. exercet: as in 1. 167, wliere see Note. firmamentum : prop 
and stay, ordinum : name the orders of Rome (Introduction, §11 
following). 

§18. 188. partim ipsi . . . partim eorum: the word partim is an old 
Accusative, used sometimes as an adverb, sometimes as an indeclin- 
able substantive with a Partitive Genitive. Here the first partim is 
apparently in apposition to the subject (homines), wliile the second is 
followed by a Partitive Genitive (eorum). Translate: in some cases. . . 
(while) others of them, ipsi: in person ; in contrast with these 

persons the second class of citizens transacted their business through 
agents. The former were, of course, absent from Rome (absenti- 
bus). 

190. conlocatas : invested. est humanitatis vestrae : it is the 
part of your humanity, G. 366, r. 1; A. & G. 214, d; B. 203, 5; H. 
401, N. 2. So sapientiae. 

191. eorum civium : not Partitive, but rather Appositive. G. 361, 2; 
A. & G. 214,/; B. 202; H. 396, vi. Translate with magnum numerum : 
a large class consisting of those, etc. 

192. videre . . . non posse (not ne possint) : Cicero states the impos- 
sibility as a fact, not as something to be striven for. 

193. illud parvi refert: it makes little difference. It would be a 
ruinous policy, he says, to argue that Rome could recover the revenues 
by victory even if one set of tax-farmers were lost, since the same set 
would not have the means (facultas) to make contracts (redimendi) 
again, and others would be held back from entering upon such con- 
tracts through their want of confidence. parvi : Gen. of Value. 
G. 382, i: A. & G. 252, a; B. 211, 3; H. 408, iii. 

195. isdem, aliis : Datives of Possession. 

§19. 197. quod: relative, its antecedent being id, in the next 
line. Asia (Xom.), Mitbridates : two subjects representing a 

single experience, hence the singular verb docuit. 

198. id quidem certe : that indeed at least (if nothing else). ca- 

lamitate docti : taught hy disaster. 

200. res : what is the meaning here ? solutione impedita : hy the 
suspension of payments ; Ablative Absolute. 

201. Mem : credit. 

202. ut non: without ; lit. in such a way as not to, etc. ; so again a 
few lines below. G. 552, R. 4. 

204. id quod ipsi videtis : not to be translated literally, but say : 
in a matter which you see for yourselves. The whole clause is a kind 
of Inner Object after credite. 



SPEECH FOR THE MA:N'ILIAN LAW 263 

206. ratio pecuniarum : financial system. in foro : the banks 

were situated on the Forum. 

206. versatur : prevails. implicata cum : inseparable from ; lit. 
enveloped with. illis, etc. : the distant (illis) finances of Asia ; illis 
is in contrast with the preceding liaec. 

207. ruere : its meaning is suggested by the form of its substantive, 
ruina. ut non : see Note on 1. 2C(i above. 

208. dubitandum : meaning with the Infinitive ? 

211. defendantur : Subjv. of Design after quo (= ut in eo). The 
closing words of this paragraph sum up the considerations that make 
for Cicero's view of the character of the war. 

2) The Magnitude of the War (§§20-26). 

Having spoken of the character of the war, I shall now speaJc briefly 
of its magnitude. This should not be underrated. The experience of 
Lucullus should be sufficient warning, and Lucullus is surely a man 
of acknowledged ability. To that commander indeed I am disposed 
to award full credit for his many successes — and this is more than 
the opponents of the Ilanilian Law have done. (§§20, 21.) 

''If Lucullus has accomplished so much,^^ some one may ask, " then 
what remains to be done .^" The question is a reasonable one. True, 
Lucullus routed Mithridates, but in the eagerness of the army to 
capture the rich treasures which Mithridates had left behind, they 
allowed the king himself to escape to the sheltering court of Tigranes 
in Armenia. Then Mithridates, his fallen fortunes reviving, ven- 
tured even to renew the ivar, and with such success in the endeavor 
that I dare not dwell upon the details. Enough that, in obedience to 
an old precedent against the prolongation of military commands, you 
have recalled Lucullus, and the question now is one that concerns the 
choice of his successor. (§§22-26.) 

§20. 213. enim (not for) : this word often gives an illustration or 
explanation of a point. The point Cicero seeks to impress upon his 
hearers is the magnitude of the war. He begins therefore by antici- 
pating a possible (potest) error that others may make in their estimate 
of the matter. Translate: now it is possible that it may be said, etc. 

214. gerendum : note the recurrence of forms in -dus (meaning must, 
ought). 

216. contemnenda esse videantur : may appear worthy of contempt. 

218. LucuUo : Cicero to all appearances makes a handsome acknowl- 
edgment of the exploits of Lucullus, but his object is to sharpen the 
attention of his hearers and prepare the way for his glowing eulogy 



264 NOTES 

of Pompey soon to follow, to which this praise of Luculliis is only 
a foil. 

219. debeatur: is due. dico : introducing a series of sentences 
in 0. 0., extending through esse gesta (1. 237). eius adventu : 
iipon his arrived ; the Abl. seems to imply something more than mere 
Time here, indicating the occasion of Mithridates' great preparations. 

220. Mitliridati : Genitive (usually in -is) ; compare Tigrani in 1. 267. 
The participles ornatas and instructas have the force of adjectives 
here, as is shown by the use of fuisse instead of esse. G. 250, 11. 1 ; A. 
& G. 291, &, R.; 11.* 471, 6, x. 1. 

222. Cyzenicorum : that of the Cyzenici. Cyzicus was a leading city 
of Phrygia, on the coast of the modern Sea of Marmora, opposite By- 
zantium (Constantinople). In relieving this place (liberavit) from the 
siege (obsidionis), Lucullus bottled up Mithridates, who escaped only 
after great losses by famine and sickness. Cyzicus remained loyal to 
Rome throughfuit the war. 

§21. 226. ducibus Sertorianis : Dat. of Advantage. The Sertorian 
leaders were, of course, the followers of Sertorius. See Note on 1. 88. 

227. studio: merely party zeal, odio being added as an epithet. 
Translate: hy the hatred of party zeal (Hendiadys). raperetur : 

was being hurried on. 

231. fuisset : observe, not esset, because the part, clausus has the 
force of an adjective. 

235. se : object of contulisse in a common phrase. alios reges : 

Tigranes (Mithridates' son-in-law) and other neighbors. 

237. vectigalibus : tributaries. laudis : Part. Gen. with satis, 

atque ita : some tliink that the word dicta (or the like) has been lost 
here ; otherwise the use of ita is strange. For the meaning of the 
combination, compare the phrase atque id : and that too. Translate : 
and {that it has been said), too, in such a way that you may perceive, 
etc. 

239. obtrectant : Indie, to give a Circumlocution in 0. 0, See G. 
629, R. (a); A. & G. 342, a; B. 364, 3; H. 529, 11. n. 1. legi, 

causae : Datives after ob- in composition. 

§22. 241. quern ad modum . . . possit : Indirect question. 

244. sic . . . ut : as (of Comparison). 

245. Medea : referring to the story of her flight from her home in Col- 
chis with Jason, taking her brother Absyrtus with her. When pursued 
by her father Aeetes, King of Colchis, she killed her brother, cut his 
body in pieces, and scattered the fragments in the sea in order that 
her father might be detained while gathering the scattered remains, 
quam : subject of dissipavisse. 



SPEECH EOR THE MAXILIA^^ LAW 265 

246. se persequeretur (0, 0.): represents her thought as me perseque- 
tur (Fut. in 0. R.)- The sequence (Impf. Subjv.) is taken according 
to the rule from dissipavisse, on which it depends (not from praedicant). 

247. conlectio dispersa : the membra were dispersa, but here the epithet 
is transferred to the act itself. Translate : tlie act of gathering them 
here and there. 

248. persequendi : translate as an abstract substantive. retar- 
daret : Subjv. of Design, and in the singular because of the close con- 
nection between the two subjects, often (as here) indicated by -que. 

249. maximam vim auri : one story ran that the wily Mithridates 
purposely had a mule, laden with treasure, placed between him and 
his pursuers, who in their dispute over the booty missed the main 
prize, Mithridates himself. Xote the meaning here of vim. 

251. ipse: in contrast with a maioribus (1. 250). superiore : for- 
mer. direptas congesserat : coordinate in translation, as if it were 
diripuerat et congesserat. 

252. dum conligunt : the Pres. Indie, is the usual construction with 
dum, while {during), even of past time. G. 570 ; A. & G. 276, e ; B. 
293, i; H. 467, 4. 

253. diligentius : rather too carefidly (euphemistic). 

254. ilium: Aeetes in pursuit of Medea; hos : the Romans in pursuit 
of Mithridates. 

§23. 255. timore et fuga: panicky flight (Hendiadys). 

256. diffidentem : Prin. Parts ? rebus : Dat. as always in clas- 
sical Latin (G. 401, r. 6; A. & G. 227; B. 187, 11. ; H. 385), while Mere 
and confidere usually take the Abl. of Things (Dat. of Persons). 

257. adflictum erexit, perditumque recreavit : choose your words with 
care in translation. 

258. plures etiam gentes: etiam regularly precedes the word whose 
meaning it heightens ; here it splits the combination, giving the im- 
pression that gentes is the important word, as opposed to individual 
eases. 

260. nationibus : Dat. after in- in composition. numquam, neque, 
neque: never, either, or ; distribution of the negative. G. 445; A. & 
G. 209, a, 3; B. 347, 2; H. 553, 2. 

261. lacessandas : provoked, (by attack); temptandas : tried, ov put to 
the test (to see how much ill-treatment they would stand). 

266. concitabantur : the Impf., as the tense that dwells on the pro- 
cess, is used here to describe the panic as it spread from one place to 
another. Just above (1. 259), the Perfect of the same verb was used to 
show the coincidence of the action with that of the leading verb, 
vSnit (Pf.). 



266 KOTES 

268. usus erat : not used ; this word admits of many translations. 

§24. 270. fuit enim illud, etc. : for this ivas the upshot (extremum) 
of the matter (namely), that a timely retreat, etc. was sought^ etc. 
rather than a further advance (into the enemy's country). Lucullus 
had a discontented army, far from any base of operations, in the midst 
of liostile peoples, who w^ere wrought up to the greatest pitch of excite- 
ment througli their fears of an invasion. So much Cicero tells us ; 
but Lucullus was further hampered by political intrigue at Kome. 

273. eorum : this word goes with auxiliis in the next line. Mithri- 
dates was helped not only by his own countrymen, but also by troops 
from other countries (adventiciis). ipsius : the distinctive pronoun, 
distinguishing Mithridates from his followers. 

276. ut adliciant: Subjv. of Result after fieri, a verb of Happening. 

278. nomen regale : = nomen regis ; a frequent use of the adjective. 

§26. 279. tantum . . . quantum numquam : i.e. more than ever. Both 
victus and incolumis are predicative attributes, and should be trans- 
lated: though conquered (i.e. in the hour of his defeat) and, ivhen safe 
(i.e. in the days of his safety), efficere : accomjjlish. 

281. eo (antecedent of quod) : see Note on eis, 1. 150. praeter : 
beyond, more than. 

282. ut illam, etc. : defines what happened. He means that Mithri- 
dates was lucky enough to reach liis country at all, but not content 
with his safe return he actually made an attack, etc. 

284. hoc loco : at this point. 

287. ex sermone rumor : hearsay rumor. Triarius, the lieutenant of 
Lucullus, with a division of the army was cut off and overpowered by 
Mithridates before Lucullus could reach him. Hence the calamitatem 
to which Cicero refers, the news of which reached Lucullus through 
the natives before the official messenger could arrive. 

§26. 289. belli offensione : reverse of war. tamen: i.e. notwith- 

standing the reverse. aliqua ex parte : in some measure. 

290. potuisset : verbs denoting Possibility, etc., usually take the 
Indie, in the apodosis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition, be- 
cause it is not the possibility that is Unreal, but the action of the In- 
finitive. Here, however, the use of the Subjv. shows that Cicero 
regarded the possibility itself under the circumstances as Unreal. G. 
597, R. 3, (a) and (b) ; A. & G. 308, c, and N. 1 ; B. 304, 3, n. ; H. 511, 
I, N. 3. The circumstances that made it impossible for Lucullus to 
recover lost ground are given in the next clause (vestro iussu, etc.). 
See also the last part of the Note on 1. 270 above. 

291. vetere exemplo : according to long-standing precedent, which he 
says was opposed to prolonging military commands. The rule had 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 26/ 

fallen into neglect, however, Luculhis himself having been in com- 
mand since the beginning of the war in 74 B.C. 
292. stipendiis confecti : wor7i out with service, in the army. 

294. consulto: advisedly. vos coniectura: lit. see through by 
putting matters together, that is, draw your own conclusions, from the 
facts stated, beginning with the words quod coniungant further on. 

295. coniungant : are waging in concert (con-). The Subjunctives 
are Characteristic. The war, he says, must have been serious to have 
caused such a stir. With these words he concludes his argument as 
to the magnitude of the war. 

3) The Choice of a Commander (§§27-50). 

There is hut one man in Rome who unites the four qualifications 
that every commander of the first rank should possess. In Pompey 
alone do we find these four requisites : (ai) military knowledge ; (b) sol- 
dierly and perso7ial virtues ; (c) prestige ; (d) good fortune (§27). 

(a) His military knowledge (§28). 

(b) His soldierly and personal virtues (§§29-42). 

(c) His prestige (§§43-46). 

(d) His good fortune (§§47, 48), and his present proximity to the 
scene of the war (§50). 

(In §49 Cicero recapitulates all that he has said concerning the 
character and the magnitude of the war, and the choice of a com- 
mander. See Note on lines 569-576.) 

§27. 298. fecisse videor, quare esset : account for the sequence esset 
(is), a. 518; A. & G. 287, i; B. 268, 2; H. 495, iv. Note the differ- 
ence of tense in the English translation. 

300. restat nt . . . videatur : a literal translation here would not make 
sense. Say: it evidently remains that I should speak, etc. For the 
construction after restat, see G. 553, 4; A. & G. 332, a; B. 297, 2; H. 
p. 276, footnote 2. 

301. utinam . . . haberetis : an Unreal Wish in Present Time. G. 261 
and the second paragraph on the same page ; A. & G. 267; B. 279, 2; 
H. 483, 2. See Note on 1. 272 of the First Oration against Cati- 
line. 

302. innocentium : stainless. 

303. deliberatio : question ; followed by an Indirect Question (qnem- 
nam putaretis). The tenses should be noted : esset : were (would be) ; 
putaretis : you think. potissimum : above all others. 

304. rebus, beUo : account for the case. G. 347; A. & G. 228; B. 187, 
III.: H. 386. 



268 XOTES 

305. nunc vero : hid as it is. unus : tlu only man; predicate 

and followed by a Characteristic clause (qui superarit). 

307. virtute: Abl. of Respect (Specification). quae res, etc. , is 
Interrogative, but quae . . . possit is a Characteristic relative clause. 

308. cuiusquam : in what kind of sentence is this word used ? 

§28. 309. sic : anticipates the following Ace. and Inf. and may be 
omitted in translation. 

310. res: qualifications ; rei: art, 

(a) His Military Knowledge (§28). 

His knowledge of the viilitary art is the result of a life-loiig and 
varied experience. Beginning ivith his boyhood y and continuing in 
his youth and manhood, this experience has heen one of uninterrupted 
success, 

312. homine : why Ablative ? debuit : had a right to be. 

313. e : from the days of. disciplinis : training. 

315. extrema pueritia : at the close of his boyhood. He was seven- 
teen wlien he served under his father in the Social War (89 B.C.). 

316. ineunte adulescentia : at the age of twenty-three in the first 
civil war, lie fought on the side of Sulla, who honored him with the 
title of Imperator. 

318. hoste : public enemy ; inimico : private foe, 

319. ceteri : all the rest, the regular meaning of ceteri. 

321. alienis : the regular possessive adjective of alius and translated : 
of others. The Ablatives in this sentence denote the Means. 

324. exercuerit: has engaged ; Characteristic Subjunctive. 

325. civile, etc. : this sentence contains an epitome of Pompey's 
whole military career up to this time. With its Roman compactness 
of expression, crowding the events of a quarter of a century within the 
compass of a few words, it forms a fine close to this chapter, in which it 
is sought to show that if experience is to count, then Pompey is the 
man for the present emergency. But it does more than this : it serves 
also as a transition to the detailed discussion of Pompey's several cam- 
paigns (Chap, xi.), leading up to what was in fact the climax of his 
achievement — his notable success in the war on the pirates (67 B.C.), 
the memory of which was still fresh in the hearts of his hearers (Chap, 
xii.). civile : Pompey sided with Sulla in the first civil war, and after 
defeating Carbo in Sicily passed over to Africa (hence Africanum), 
where he routed Ahenobarbus, and reestablished the authority of the 
Senate. Later, on his way to fight the Sertorian remnants of the 
democrats in Spain (hence Hispaniense), he met L. Junius Brutus, 



SPEECH FOR THE MAXILIA:N' LAW 269 

whom he defeated in Transalpine Gaul (hence Transalpinum). The 
servile bellum refers to the uprising of Spartacus, in suppressing which 
Poinpey also took part. The navale bellum was the war which he 
waged against the pirates of Cilicia. 

328. nullam rem . . . militari : that there is nothing based on military 
experience ; followed by a Characteristic clause. 

(b) His Soldierly and Personal Virtues (§§29-43). 

Of Pompey's merits as a commander mere words can give no ade- 
quate description. That the ordinary virtues of energy, courage, 
diligence, promptness, ayid prudence are his, was shown hy his con- 
duct in Italy, in Sicily, in Africa, in Spain ^ and repeatedly again 
in Italy, Notably in his recent campaigns against the pirates did 
he show his ability, whether to relieve the provinces of their fears on 
account of these marauders, to secure our tributaries, to protect our 
allies, or to restore the prestige of our navy on the high seas. (§§29- 
32.) 

To come nearer home, our very coasts and highways were long sub- 
ject to these piratical attacks, so that foreign visitors to our shores 
and our own citizens fell into the hands of these corsairs. And yet 
in how incredibly short a time did he clear the seas ! Not only did 
he make secure the three great granaries of Rome — Sicily, Africa, 
and Sardinia — from these attacks, but he strengthened every section 
of the empire, and pursuing the pirates to their very strongholds in 
Cilicia he brought them in suhjection to the Roman power. (§§32-35.) 

Above all, Pompey is unique among Roman gejierals in the posses- 
sion of those rare qualities that go to make the stainless soldier. The 
soul of honor, he has been singularly free from the usual vices of 
rapacity and dishonesty, and by his own self-control he lias instilled 
the same virtue in his soldiers. (§§36-39.) 

His moderation in other respects must explain his extraordinary 
success. How else can we account for the rapidity with ivhich he has 
achieved his own results in contrast ivith the exploits of others 9 
Neither pleasure nor avarice can allure him from the path of duty : 
and such are his humanity, his wisdom, and his affability that he is 
loved even by those whom he conquers. Does it not seem indeed as if 
he had been born by some special favor of Heaven that he might bring 
to a close all the wars that his generation has seen? (§§40-42.) 

§29. 331. iam vero : and again, introducing, as it often does, a 
transition. virtuti : emphatic position. oratio : ivords. 

332. illo dignum : consult your grammar (if necessary) and tell (1) 



270 KOTES 

the case construction after dignus and (2) its mood construction (with 
the relative). 

333. cuiquam : Dat. of the Agent. In what kind of sentence is this 
pronoun regularly used ? 

337. tanta . . . quanta non : i.e. greater than, as we should say in 
English. 

338. audivimus : heard of, 

§30. 340. L. Sulla : the events referred to here and in the four sen- 
tences following relate to Pompey's service in behalf of the aristocratic 
party under Sulla in his war against the Marians. This was in the 
first civil war beginning in 83 B.C. See Note on 1. 325. virtute : 

generalship. 

342. non terrore belli : because when Pompey was sent to Sicily, the 
democratic leader there (Perperna) offered no resistance but evacuated 
the island. Pompey, however, met and defeated Carbo, whom he put 
to death at Lilybaeum. Point out an instance of Chiasmus in this 
sentence. explicavit : extricated, 

343. oppressa : when overwhelmed. 

349. ab hoc absents : Pompey was in Spain when the war with Spar- 
tacus began. 

351. snblatum (from tollo) ac sepultum : Prin. Parts of these verbs ? 

§31. 354. qnis . . . locus : quis is used here (as often) for the adjective 
form of the interrogative pronoun qui. toto marl : G. 388 ; A. & 

G. 258, /, 2; B. 228, i, h; H. 425, 2. per: during. ' 

357. qui non : without, introducing a Characteristic Subjunctive. 

358. aut bieme aut referto, etc. : he who wished to sail the seas 
(navigavit) had to choose between the bad weather (bieme) and the 
pirates, who were, of course, most active in the summer, referto 
praedonum: G. (L. Ed.) 374, n. 1; A. & G. 248, c, r. ; B. 204, i; H. 
399 and 400, 3. 

359. hoc tantum bellum, etc. : the object of the sentence, in emphatic 
position. Preserve the order by translating: as for this war, so great, 
so disgraceful, etc. 

360. quis umquam arbitraretur, etc. : who would ever have dreamed, 
etc.; a Potential rhetorical question in Past time. G. 258 and 259; A. ' 
&G. 311, a; B. 280; H. 486, 11. 

361. omnibus annis : i.e. in a life-time. 

363. bosce : G. 104, i, r. ; A. & G. 100, footnote ; B. 87, footnote ; 
H. 186, I. 

§32. 364. cui praesidio : to whom. . .as a protection ; for the two 
Datives, see G. 356 ; A. & G. 233, a; B. 191, 2; H. 390, i. 

367. urbis : Ace. Plural. 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAIS^ LAW 2/1 

368. fuit : the Perfect of what is over and gone. G. 336, i ; A. & G. 
279, a; H. 471, ii. i, 2. 

369. proprium (with Gen.): peculiar to, that is, the special privilege 
of. a domo : the use of the prep, with domo is regular with words 
of measurement, as longe, procul, etc. G. (L. Ed.) 390, 2, N. 4. 

371. per hos : all these. 

372. dicam : the interrogative sign is omitted, as is usual in impatient 
questions. G. 453. For the tense of this word, and also of querar (1. 
374) and dicam (1. 376) below, compare commemorem (1. 379), and see 
Note on querar (1. 387). 

373. transmiserint : cross; here intransitive. The sequence is due 
to dependence on dicam, a Primary tense, rather than on clausam fuisse, 
the Perf. Infinitive. In contrast, observe in the next sentence that 
venirent depends on captos (esse) and therefore has a Past sequence, 
while the cum-clause depends on querar and so has a Primary 
sequence. summa : the depths of ; the position after the substan- 
tive is not usual with such adjectives. G. 291, R. 2; A. & G. 193; 
B. 241, I, and 350, 4, ^; H. 440, 2, n. 1. 

374. captos (sc. esse) : supply eos (antecedent of qui) as subject of the 
Infinitive. legati : envoys; who they were is not known. 

376. duodecim secures : the axes of the lictors as a symbol of power 
instead of the magistrates who possessed the power (Metonymy). As 
praetors when outside of Rome were entitled to six lictors, allusion 
seems to be made here to the capture of two praetors. 

§33. 378. innumerabilisque : according to Plutarch 400 cities fell 
under the power of the pirates. 

380. quibus . . . ducitis : because they were ports of entry for the 
grain supplies of Rome. These cities are named further on — Caieta, 
Misenum, and Ostia. 

381. vero : really. celeberrimum : much frequented. Caieta 
was a port of Latium. 

382. inspectante praetore : while a praetor looked on (helpless) ; Ab- 
lative Absolute. So inspectantibus vobis in 1. 387. 

383. ex Miseno : a town near Naples on the coast of Campania, in 
later days an important naval station. liberos : the Plural is 
rhetorical, only one child — the .daughter of M. Antonius, the orator 
and grandfather of *'Mark Antony" — having been kidnapped by 
pirates. eius ipsius : the very man. 

385. Ostiense (adj.): at Ostia. Ostia is from ostium, moi^^A; com- 
pare Portsmouth, Plymouth, etc. It was the harbor of Rome, 16 
miles distant, and was at the mouth of the Tiber. 

387. querar : not Fut. Indicative. G. 466; A. & G. 112, b; B. 280; 



2/2 NOTES 

H. 485 and 486, ii. prope : see Xote on 1. 385 above. ea : 

such, followed by a Characteristic relative clause (cui = ut ei) with 
the Subjunctive. 

391. modo ante : just at. videbatis : ^ised to see, 

393. Oceani ostium : to the ancients Oceanus meant a river, the mouth 
of which was the Straits of Gibraltar. audiatis : should he hear- 

ing. 

§34. 394. atque haec . . . praetereunda non sunt : while the main 
thought of this sentence is the rapidity (celeritate) of Pompey's 
achievements, and we might therefore have expected praetereundum 
non est, yet the deeds themselves must be told to show the manner 
of their doing; this confusion between two things accounts for the 
agreement of the predicate praetereunda with haec, the subject of the 
dependent clause, instead of its true subject, the dependent clause 
itself. This dependent clause (qua . . . sint) is an Indirect Question 
dependent on videtis. 

395. a me : instead of the more usual Dat. of the Agent with the 
Gerundive, perhaps for clearness ; compare Note on 1. 60. 

397. adire . . . confieere : Asyndeton (both verbs depending on po- 
tuit). tam brevi tempore, quam celeriter, etc. : to translate this lit- 

erally would not make good English. Say : who (inspired) with zeal 
(studio) m (of ), etc., ivas ever able, etc., in so sho7't a time as to equal the 
speed ivith ^vhich (quam celeriter) the storm (impetus) of war crossed 
the seas ivhen Pompey led f 

399. tempestivo ad, etc. : G. 359, r. 3; A. & G. 234, h; B. 192, 2, N. ; 
H. 391, II. I. 

§35. 404. confirmata, missis, adornavit : coordinate the three clauses 
in translation as if w^ritten, confirmavit, misit, adornavit. The two 
seas were the Mediterranean and the Adriatic. 

407. ut : in the rather forced sense of after. In its Temporal use 
ut regularly means as, when, etc. 

408. imperium populi Romani : although Rome was at this time a 
republic, empire is the right word here in the wider sense of dominion, 
power, etc. 

411. idem (Nom.): also. G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, i; H. 
451, 3. Cretensibus : Q. Metellus had been engaged since 68 B.C. 

in conquering Crete as one of the nests of piracy. He had shown 
much severity in the conduct of the war, and the Cretans in despera- 
tion had appealed to Pompey to interfere, Pompey being at the time 
in Pamphylia (in Asia Minor). It is questionable whether Pompey's 
commission by the Gabinian law included Crete in its terms. oS'ever- 
theless he did interfere, ordering Metellus to stop the w^ar. This order 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAN LAW 273 

Metellus ignored, and a conflict was imminent between the two Roman 
generals when Pompey was called away by the troubles in the far 
East, where the figure of Mithridates began once more to loom up in 
formidable proportions. 

412. legates deprecatoresque : envoys as suppliants ; Hendiadys. 

413. ita tantum bellum, etc. : thus a war so great, etc., a war in 
which all nations, etc., Cn. Pompeius prepared for at the close of 
winter, etc. 

§36. 418. haec: such, referring to what precedes. The thought is: 
*' I have now spoken of Pompey's merits as a general : how about his 
other merits ? " 

419. quid: a general term = ivhat do they amount to, or, simply, 
what of his other merits 9 It is afterwards split up into quantae 
atque quam multae, more specific terms, relating to magnitude and 
number. paulo ante : in §29. 

422. artes eximiae : splendid qualities. 

423. quanta innocentia : how stainless, lit. of how great innocence ; 
Abl. of Quality. 

425. temperantia : self-control, fide, facilitate, ingenio, humanitate : 
fidelity, affability, address, and refinement. ingenium is inborn 
character, especially talent or genius ; here it seems to mean a natural 
tact in dealing with others. 

426. qualia sint : what their character is (as seen) in Pompey ; In- 
direct Question. 

428. ex aliorum contentione : hy contrast with others. 
§37. 430. ullo in numero putare : esteem of any account. With this 
compare the phrase in numero nullo esse : to he of no reputation. 

431. veneant atque venierint (both from veneo, not venio) : Subjunc- 
tive of Characteristic. 

432. magnum aut amplum (qualifying quid, not hominem) de re 
publica cogitare : supply possumus putare from the preceding sentence, 
and translate: what high or noble thoughts {can we suppose) the man to 
have concerning the public weal, who, etc. quid : Ace. of the Inner 
Object with cogitare. 

434. propter cupiditatem provinciae : on account of their lust for a 
province, i.e. to retain command in a province. provinciae : Ob- 
jective Genitive. 

435. in quaestu: profitably invested; lit. in profit. Cicero makes 
the charge that some general or generals had taken money sent by 
the Senate for military purposes and appropriated it to the purpose 
of retaining their commands by bribery, or had actually used the 
money for private investment. 

18 



274 KOTES 

436. facit ut . . . videamini : makes it apparerit that yoti, etc. ; lit. 
causes that you seem. For the construction, see G. 553; A. & G. 382; 
B. 297, i; H. 498, ii. qui: interrogative, not relative, introduc- 

ing an Indirect Question. 

438. voluerit: Fut. Perf., but translated loosely as Present. 

439. quantas . . . ferant, quis ignorat : the former clause depends on 
the hitter as an Indirect Question, but preserve the order in translation. 

§38. 441. itinera : emphatic position. quae : interrogative, not 

relative. 

443. quid . . . existimetis : ^chat you are to thinh, not ichat you thi7iJc; 
representing an original Subjv., i.e. a Deliberative Subjv. in the Direct 
Question. G. 467, 3; A. & G. 334, h; B. 300, 2; H. 523, 11. i, n. 

444. utrum ... an : a Direct Disjunctive (or Double) Question. G. 
458 ; A. & G. 211, 2 ; B. 102, 4 ; II. 353. Cicero intimates that it was 
more destructive to allied cities to furnish winter-quarters for Roman 
armies than it was to hostile cities to be attacked by them. 

446. neque enim potest, etc. : for it is not x>ossihle for a general either 
to, etc. 

447. continere : control. se ipse : G. 311, 2 ; A. & G. 195, i ; 
B. 249, 2 ; n. 452, i. in se (Ace): towards himself. 

§39. 451. non modo : the second non (which is understood here) is 
omitted when followed by ne . . . quidem, provided the two clauses 
have the same verb. G. 482, r. 1 ; A. & G. 149, e; B. 342, 3, a; H. 
552, 2. Translate : 710^ only not. cuiquam : Dat. after nocuisse. The 
thought is, of course, extravagant : the soldiers under Pompey, ac- 
cording to Cicero, not only refrained from wilful violence with their 
hands, but even marched through the country without leaving any 
trace of their footsteps. 

452. iam vero : and now. 

453. hibernent : Subjunctive in Indirect Question, depending on 
sermones, etc. 

454. sumptum facere in\ = to make an outlay on. militem : sol- 
diery, Singular for the Plural. 

455. vis adfertur : is pressure brought to hear, the phrase being 
equivalent to a verb of Urging, hence followed by a Complementary 
Final clause, ut faciat. 

456. hiemis, non avaritiae perfugium : a refuge from the winter, not 
for avarice. The two Genitives differ in use, the first being the 
Objective Genitive, the second the Subjective Genitive. esse : that 
there should he. 

§40. 458. age vero : hut again, lit. h\U come. quali temperan- 

tia : how self -controlled, lit. of what self -control ; Abl. of Quality. 



SPEECH FOR THE MA]SiiLlA:N^ LAW ^75 

460. non : the position of the negative at the beginning of the sen- 
tence here gives effect to it all through. At the same time, by putting 
ilium next to non, Cicero emphasizes the pronoun, marking the con- 
trast between Pompey and other generals : ''Whatever was true of 
others, he was not helped by these extraneous causes." 

461. eximia vis : the extraordinary vigor, 

462. novi: unusual. 

464. non avaritia, non libido, etc. : note the position of the negative 
again, emphasizing the absence of these vices in Pompey's case. See 
Note on 1. 460 above. 

465. amoenitas : charm of scenery , lit. loveliness. 

466. nobilitas : fame. ad cognitionem : to {make) its acquaint- 
ance ; ad here (as often) with a substantive expressing Design. 

467. signa : statues, 

468. ceteri : supply imperatores. toUenda : to he carried off, that 
is, as prizes of war. 

469. ea : emphatic appositive to signa, etc., above. 

§41. 472. fuisse . . . homines Romanos, etc. : that Romans once really 
possessed this self-control, lit. ivere of this self-control. 
473. quod : a fact that ; in apposition to the preceding sentence. 
476. maiores suos : subject of maluisse. Whose ancestors are meant? 

478. iam vero : and finally, introducing a Climax, as often. 

479. faciles aditus : Pompey, he says, was so easily approached by 
private persons and so freely gave his attention to their complaints 
that, while he surpassed princes in true worth, he seemed on a level 
with the humblest in accessibility. aliorum : Subjective Geni- 
tive. G. 363, I ; A. & G. 214 ; B. 199 ; H. 396, ii. 

§42. 482. quantum consilio . . . valeat : how strong he is in counsel, 
how strong in the weight and fluency of his speech, etc. ; Indirect 
Question. 

483. imperatoria : worthy of a commander, 

484. loco : the Rostra. He means that they had heard him speak on 
public questions. fidem eius : {as for) his good faith; emphatic 
position. 

486. omnium generum : qualifies hostes. iudicarint : Subjv. after 
the Causal relative, quam =z cum cam. sanctissimam : inviolahle. 

487. dictu : explain the use of this form. G. 436 ; A. & G. 253, a; 
B. 340, 2 ; H. 547. utrum ... an : these words introduce either a 
Direct or an Indirect Question. Which here ? See Note on 1. 444, 
and compare the moods in the two cases. pugnantes and victi are 
predicate attributes to hostes. Translate : while fighting and after 
they are conquered. 



276 KOTES 

489. quin : why used here ? G. 555 ; A. & G. 33S, ^, N. 1 ; B. 298 ; 
H. 505, I. 

491. natus esse : Nominative because only a copulative verb (videa- 
tur) intervenes between it and the subject. G. 206 ; A. & G. 185, a; 
B. 168, 2 ; H. 362, 2. 

(c) His Prestige (§§43-46). 

The prestige necessary to the siLccessful conduct of a war Pompey 
possesses in a preeminent degree. Proof of this was furnished by the 
unanimity with which you demanded his appointment to the command 
against the pirates ; hy the fall in prices that followed immediately 
upon his appointment ; hy the happy effect of his mere presence in 
Asia when the cause of Pome agai7ist Mithridates and Tigranes was 
ivell-nigh lost. (§§43-45.) 

The Cretan affair, in which the inhabitants of that island appealed 
to Pompey for his intervention, shows what the enemies of Pome think 
of him. And did not Mithridates himself send an envoy as far as 
Spain for the purpose of treating with Pompey 9 (§46.) 

§43. 494. multum valet : has much weight ; Ace. of Extent. So 
plurimum further on. 

495. quin : see Note on 1. 489, where an affirmative was questioned, 
while here we have a negative. re : respect. idem : also, not 
the same. See Note on 1. 637 below, imperator : as a commander. 

496. vehementer autem, etc. : preserve the order of the clauses. Use 
the word "it" as the preparatory subject of pertinere, the real subject 
following in the two quid-clauses. The Subjv. (existiment) indicates 
an Indirect Question, dependent not on ignorat but on the general 
idea of obliquity inherent in the context, ignorat here takes an Ace. 
(the quid clauses) and Inf. (pertinere). Translate : that it has a great 
deal to do with the conduct of wars, what the enemy, what the allies 
think, etc., who is ignorant, etc.? 

498. ut aut contemnant, etc. : to despise, etc. ; Complementary Con- 
secutive clause, depending on commoveri. 

499. opinione : general impressions; fama: report (gossip) ; ratione 
certa : well-defined reason. 

502. id quod, etc. : a fact that, etc. (parenthetic). G. 614, R. 2 ; A. 
& G. 200, e ; B. 247, i, b ; H. 445, 7. 

503. indicia : as evidenced by the honors which they had conferred 
on Pompey. 

§44. 505. quo (= ut eo) : relative adverb introducing a Character- 
istic Subjunctive. illius diei : when the Gabinian law was passed. 



I 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAK LAW 2// 



507 : unum : construe with Pompeium. commune omnium gen- 

tium : because all were interested in clearing the Mediterranean of the 
pirates. 

509. ut plura non dicam : to leave more unsaid ; for the more com- 
mon ne of negative Design, non here negatives a single word (dicam). 

511. rerum egregiarum : conspicuous events. With the words qui quo 
die, etc., he begins to enumerate the events that indicated the prestige 
enjoyed by Pompey. He has already (in the first part of this section) 
adduced the popularity indicated by the passage of the Gabinian law 
as one of the signs, and devotes the remainder of this section and 
§§45, 46 to other evidences that go to prove the point, sumantur : 
let, etc. ; Optative Subjunctive. 

512. qui quo die = eo die, quo die is : tlie day on which he. Note 
the two relatives beginning one sentence, not to be reproduced in 
English. hello : Dat. after prae in composition. 

513. imperator : as commander. ex : after, 

515. unius hominis spe ac nomine : from the hope inspired by one man's 
name; lit. from the hope and name, etc. The depredations of the 
pirates had caused such a panic in Kome that famine prices prevailed 
in the grain-market, until the appointment of Pompey by the Gabinian 
law brought reassurance and relief. 

516, potuisset : the Apodosis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condi- 
tion, the Protasis being implied in the words in summa ubertate agro- 
rum = si agri uberrimi fuissent. See also Note on 1. 290. 

§45. 517. paulo ante : in §25 (end) above. To what disaster does 
he here refer ? See Note on ]. 287. 

518. cum . . . haberet : observe that three verbs follow this cum. 
What use of cum is this ? The main clause begins with the word 
amisissetis. 

520. amisissetis : an Apodosis to which nisi . . . attulisset is the 
answering Protasis. What kind of Condition ? ad ipsum discrimen 
eius temporis : for the very crisis of that occasion ; that is, in the nich of 
time. 

523. continuit : checlced ; retardavit : arrested, 

525. virtute : generalship, 

527. ipso {mere) nomine ac rumore : translate as Hendiadys, and com- 
pare Note on 1. 515. 

§46. 528. age vero : see Note on 1. 458. ilia res : explained by 

the following quod-clause, {namely) the fact that, etc. See G. 525, 2 ; 
A. & G. 333; B. 299, i; H. 540, iv. 

532. Cretensium : see Note on 1. 411. noster imperator : Metel- 

lus. 



2/8 KOTES 

533* in ultimas terras: i.e. Pamphylia, which was ultima to Rome 

but not to Crete. 

637. eum : subject of iudicari below, the two together being the ob- 
ject of maluerunt, to which ei is subject. But to preserve the emphasis, 
translate : a man (eum) whom Pompey always considered an envoy ^ 
[while] they to ivhom it was annoying (molestum) that he should have 
been sent to Pompey especially (potissimum), preferred that he should 
he considered, etc. At this time Metellus was in command against 
Sertorius in Spain, Pompey being a subordinate officer. Cicero means 
that the friends of Metellus were annoyed because Mithridates had 
sent his envoy to sound Pompey rather than his ranking officer 
Metellus. 

640. auctoritatem : Prolepsis. Gr. 468; A. & G. 385; B. 374, 5; com- 
pare H. 636, IV. 3. The subject of the dependent clause (here of 
valituram esse) is treated as the object of the leading clause, 

(d) His Good Fortune (§§47, 48). 

While it is not becoming in mortals to speak too boldly of such sub- 
jects, yet it may be said with truth that the most successfid com- 
manders have always been Fortune's favorites. This is so strikingly 
true in Pompey^s case that his successes have been more numerous 
and more marked than any other general has dared to hope for. You 
should be glad, therefore, to promote at once the public welfare and 
the success of one who has been its chief instrument, 

§47. 644. reliquum est ut, etc. : translate in the following order : 
de felicitate, quam nemo potest praestare {warrant, insure) de se ipso, 
(supply sed or the like) possumus meminisse et commemorare {record) 
de altero, reliquum est ut dicamus, sicut aequum est homines (supply 
dicere) de potestate deorum, timide et pauca (briefly). 

647. Maximo : Q. Fabius Maximus, whose policy in the Second Punic 
War against Hannibal gave him the nickname Cunctator (from cunctari : 
to delay) and to our vocabulary the word *' Fabian" (dilatory). 
Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, the conqueror of Syracuse in the 
same war. Scipioni : probably P. Scipio Aemilianus, who from 

his conquest of Africa in the Third Punic War was called Africanus. 
Mario : C. Marius, who in Cicero's childhood crushed the Cimbri and 
the Teutones. 

561. fuit enim profecto, etc. : for Fortune in a way (quaedam) 
has, I am sure (profecto), been yoked, etc. quidam (lit. certain) is 
often added to a word to tone down what might otherwise seem too 
bold a statement. ad : for. 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAIS" LAW 2/9 

554. hac . . . non ut dicam : not such. . .as to assert (implying really a 
want of moderation) ; Consecutive Subjunctive. 

556. ut . . . videamur : (such) that we shall appear. In this and the 
preceding clause the idea of Design necessarily inheres in the con- 
text on account of the Future of the first person (utar), although 
both clauses are Consecutive after hac. A sentence of pure Design 
(negative) follows in ne . . . videatur. 

§48. 559. gesserit : Subjv. of Indirect Question. 

560. ut: how. 

563. impudentem : presumptuous. 

564. tacitus: adjective for the adverb. Gr. 325, r. 6; A. & G. 181; 
B. 239 ; H. 443. auderet : Subjunctive of Characteristic. 

565. quod ut, etc. : and that this characteristic may, etc. ; lit. which 
thing may, etc. 

566. cum ... turn : G. 588; A. & G. 208, d; B. 290, 2; H. 554, i. 5. 

567. causa : to be taken with salutis and imperi as well as hominis. 
§49. 569-576. In this section Cicero recapitulates the arguments 

he has used in the Confirmatio under the heads of the character of the 
war, its magnitude, and the choice of a commander. Such summaries 
are necessary in any formal argument in order to keep in mind and 
enforce what has already been said before proceeding to the next 
stage of the subject. With the transitions with which Cicero passes 
from one part of an oration to the next, these summaries help to 
promote the coherence of the whole. 

569. cum: Causal. 

571. ei = bello: Dat. after prae- in composition (praeficere). 

573. quin : used because dubitatis is questioned. hoc tantum boni : 
this great Messing; Partitive Genitive. 

575. conferatis : ought to bring to hear, avail yourselves of. The 
Subjv. is original, representing the Deliberative Subjv. in the direct 
form. G. 555, r. 1. 

At this point, as a practical illustration of Pompey's felicitas, and 
as evidence of the will of the gods, Cicero in §50 closes the Confirmatio 
by reminding his hearers that that commander is already in Asia 
with an army. 

A Further Advantage (§50). 

In any event, Pompey should he your choice for the command on 
account of his consummate qualifications ; hut to all that I have said 
must he added the further advantage of his presence in Asia, a cir- 
cumstance that points to the way the gods are leading. 

§50. 578. erat deligendus: ivould be the one to choose ; why not 



280 NOTES 

essetl See G. 597, R. 3 (a); A. & G. 308, c; B. 304, 3, h; H. 511, 2. 
Note also the Concessive force of the Condition. 
679. nunc : as it is. 

580. opportunitas : luchy circumstance, ut . . . adsit, etc. : there 
are three ways in which these Subjunctives might be accounted for — 
(1) the influence of the preceding demonstrative (haec), leading to a 
Consecutive clause ; (2) the fact that the substantive opportunitas re- 
quires an explanation, also leading to a Consecutive clause ; (8) the 
meaning of the verb adiungatur (is added), although according to the 
grammars the third case is applicable only to impersonal verbs. G. 
553, 4; A. & G. 382, a, 2; B. 297, 2; H. 501, i. i. . It is to be noted, 
however, that the so-called impersonal verbs have an ut-clause for 
their subject, and in the present passage opportunitas only prepares 
the way for such a clause. In any case *the Subjunctives are Con- 
secutive, and perhaps are most naturally accounted for as explana- 
tory of opportunitas. G. 557; A. & G. 382, a, 2; B. 297, 3; H. 501, 
I. 2. 

581. ab eis, etc. : i.e. from the generals hitherto in command he 
could get a second army. 

584. committamus : should, etc. ; Potential Rhetorical Question, im- 
plying we should, etc. 

IV. REFUTATIO (§§51-68). 

Ohjections to the Manilian law have been raised hy Hortensius 
and Catulus, two men of unquestionable reputation. Their influence 
ill the pr-esent case, however, cannot avail with you, especially as 
both admit the truth of all that I have said concerning the necessity 
and the proportions of the war, and the supreme worth of Pompey. 

(§51.) 

1. The objections of Hortensius answered (§§52-58). 

2. The objections of Catulus answered (§§59-63). 

3. Senatorial objections in general answered, and authorities cited 
in defence of the proposed law (§§63-68). 

§51. 586. at enim : the usual words employed in introducing objec- 
tions. 

687. vestris beneficiis amplissimis adfectus : honored with the proudest 
distinctions at your hands, lit. affected, or treated, with, etc. The verb 
adficere with the Abl. (honoribus, laetitia, ignominia, iniuria, etc.) is a 
very common circumlocution in Latin in both good and bad senses, 
and is best translated freely as here. Q. Catulus : one of the 

noblest members of the aristocracy, consul in 78 B.C. itemque, 



f 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAIS" LAW 281 



efe. : observe that in each instance Cicero describes the man before 
naming him. The words summis . . . praeditus apply, therefore, to 
Hortensius, Cicero's rival in oratory, and, until eclipsed by Cicero in 
the trial of Yerres, the leader of the Koman bar. He was consul in 
69 B.C. 

689. ratione : vieiv. 

590. auctoritatem : influence, but in the next sentence opinions 
(auctoritates). In each instance the underlying idea is that of weight 
derived from rank or position. plurimum valuisse : has had the 

greatest weighty lit. has availed in the greatest measure; Ace. of 
Extent. 

692. cognoscetis : will hear of, i.e. later in his speech. The idea is, 
that although he could match Catulus and Hortensius in their oppo- 
sition to the bill with other statesmen who favored it, yet he preferred 
for the moment to waive this point, and have the matter settled on its 
merits. In §68 below, he names some of those who advocated the 
measure. 

693. ipsa re ac ratione : from the very reason of the case, lit. from 
the fact itself and reason ; Hendiadys. 

696. isti : referring (as often) to the opposite side. 
696. et necessarium, etc. : these two clauses (Ace. and Inf.) are in 
apposition to ea omnia quae . . . dicta sunt. 

1. The Objections of Hortensius Answered (§§52-58). 

Hortensius admits that if all the power granted hy the Manilian 
law is to be conferred on a single person, then Pompey is the man most 
worthy of appointment; hut he opposes on principle a measure that 
gives so much to one man. An ajiswer to this argument is furnished 
in the case of the Gahinian laiv of last year, which conferred like 
powers on Pompey, and has been amply justified hy the glorious results. 
For we, whose ancestors once ruled the seas, had become as helpless 
against the pirates as the most insignificant city, and now, thanks 
to the Gabinian laiv and to Pompey, we are once more masters of the 
world, (§§52-56.) 

How ungracious too is that opposition which would prevent the ap- 
pointment of Oabinius as Pompey* s lieutenant in the present war ! 
For to Gabinius, as the author of the former law, is due hardly less 
credit than to Pompey himself. (§§57, 58.) 

§62. 600. obsolevit : is out of date, lit. has grown old. oratio : 

argument. Observe the use here of iam as the " now " of experience 
— by this time. 



282 NOTES 

601. refutata: Nom., agreeing with oratio. idem : meaning ? 

602. pro : in accordance ivith ; that is, as was to be expected of, 

604. graviter ornateque : with iveight and studied effect, lit. weightily 
and ornately. 

605. promulgasset : had given notice of, as required by law, a few 
days before a measure could be voted on. 

606. permulta verba fecisti : spoke at length. 

§53» 607. plus apud . . . valuisset : had weighed more with ; Plupf. 
Subjv. in an Unreal (contrary to fact) Protasis of Past time, the 
Apbdosis (teneremus) denoting opposition to the Present time. 

609. vera causa : their true interests. 

610. an : in the Disjunctive (or Double) Question the second member 
is regularly introduced with this word. Here, however, as often, the 
first member of the sentence is only implied in the context. G. 457, 
I ; A. & a. 211, h; B, 162, 4, a; H. 335. Translate : or did this 
really seem an empire at the time when, etc. ? 

611. legati: see Note on 1. 374. 

614. rem transmarinam obire : conduct business across the sea. 
§54. 618. maritimis rebus : sea-power. 

621. tenuis : insignificant, lit. slender in resources, tarn in this 
sentence leads to a Characteristic clause, quae . . . defenderet. 
623. at : and yet, introducing a sharp contrast. 

626. permanserit: as denoting a Characteristic, this Subjv. is far 
more effective here than the simple Indie, of the bare fact would have 
been. ac : indeed. parte : why Ablative ? G. 405 ; A. & G. 
243, a; B. 218,8 ; H. 421, 11. 

627. utilitatis : for the meaning of this word, see Note on 1. 155. 
§55. 628. Antiochum : Antiochus the Great, King of Syria, and 

ally of Philip V. of Macedonia in the Second Macedonian War (200- 
197 B.C.). Persen : Perses, son of Philip V., in the Third Mace- 

donian War (171-168 b.c). 

629. Karthaginiensis : Ace. Plural. Carthage was the last rival Rome 
had in the struggle for supremacy in the ancient world. At the be- 
ginning of the First Punic War (264 B.C.) the naval power of the Car- 
thaginians was so far superior to that of Rome that their ambassadors 
told the Romans that they could not even wash their hands in the sea 
without permission from the Carthaginians. But the Romans were 
quick to learn from others, and after building their ships and devel- 
oping their own naval tactics they gained a victory in the first naval 
fight they had with their rivals (260 B.C.). The conquerors soon 
established their supremacy on the water, and extended their con- 
quests into the enemy's country. 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAK LAW 283 

631. ei : in apposition to nos (four lines above), but serving to eon 
centrate in one word the force of the preceding relative clauses. The 
effect may, perhaps, be reproduced by translating : we, alas ! 

634. salvos praestare : to warrant safe ; that is, guarantee the 
safety of. 

635. quo: whither; Terminal adverb. 

636. conuneabant : used to resort. The Imperfects throughout this 
passage (except carebamus) denote Customary Action. 

637. eidem : we also, idem is the regular word to unite two or more 
attributes or predicates on a person or thing. Gr. 310 ; A. & G. 195, 
e; B. 248, i ; H. 451, 3. 

639. Appia via : the greatest of Roman roads, extending along the 
western shore of Italy till it reached Capua, thence running more 
easterly and ending at Brundisium in the *' heel " of Italy. care- 
bamus : were losing, saw ourselves losing. 

640. magistratus . . . escendere : account for the case and also for the 
Infinitive. G. 377 and r. 3 ; A. & G. 221, h and c; B. 209, i, a; 
H. 409, III. and 410, iv. locum: i.e. the Rostra, where the people 
assembled in the contio to hear a question discussed before it came 
up in the Comitia for their votes. 

641. exuviis : the name Rostra itself was derived from the fact that 
its platform, from which orators addressed the people, was embel- 
lished (ornatum) with the bronze prows (rostra) of ships captured in 
the Latin War at Antium (338 B.C.). 

§56. 643. bono animo: with good intentions; Ablative of Man- 
ner, qualifying dicere below. te and ceteros are the subjects of 
dicere. 

646. dolori : vexation, on account of Roman apathy in the face of 
the depredations of the pirates. 

647. vestrae (not tuae) : referring not only to Hortensius but also to 
Catulus and all who had the same views (in eadem sententia) con- 
cerning the Gabinian law. Of course, the una lex was the Gabinian 
law, the unus vir Pompey, and the unus annus the year 67 B.C. 

649. aliquando : at last, lit. at some time. 

650. gentibus : peoples; why Dative ? G. 346; A. & G. 227; B. 187, 
II. a; H. 385, i. 

§57. 651. quo . . . indignius : wherefore all the more unworthy ; quo 
is Abl. of Measure of Difference (lit. hy which). obtrectatum 

{disparaged) esse : intransitive verbs must in the passive become im- 
personal, the Dative being retained. G. 217; A. & G. 230; B. 187, 11. 
h; H. 301, I. Translate : that — shall I say Gahinius or Pompey, or 
both, etc. — should have been disparaged in order that Gabinius might 



284 NOTES 

not he appointed lieutenant, that is, to keep him from being appointedy 
etc. 

653. expetenti, postulanti: Concessive participles. G. 664; A. & G. 
202; B. 337, 2, e; H. 549. 

654. utrum: modern English omits whether in the Direct Question. 

655. velit: ivould like; Potential, or perhaps Subjv. of Partial 
Obliquity, implying Pompcy's thought. quiimpetret: Subjv. of 
Characteristic. This is a common construction aftey idoneus, also after 
aptus, dignus, indignus. Translate : the proper person to obtain his 
tvish. cum : Causal, but may be translated ivhen. 

656. ad expilandos socios, etc. : if such men as these, says Cicero, 
might choose tlieir own legati, surely Pompey, the model soldier, 
should be allowed the same privilege. 

657. ipse: t?ie very man, i.e. Gabinius. The student should be 
cautioned against confounding the two laws here concerned— the 
Gabinian law of the preceding year, appointing Pompey in command 
against the pirates, and the present Manilian law for his appoint- 
ment to conduct the Mithridatic war. 

659. expers (from ex and pars) : without a share. 

660. qui . . . est constitutus : Singular because of the close connection 
between the two subjects, both having been created by the same 
law. periculo : risk, on account of the excited opposition to the 
passage of the law% and his responsibility for the consequences after 
its passage. 

§68. 661. an C. Falcidius, etc. : or {while) Falcidius, etc., although 
they had been tribunes of the people, ivere able to be legati the next 
year, are they (the opponents of the law) so careful in the case of (in) 
Oabinius alone, ivho, etc. The true reason for this opposition to the 
appointment of Gabinius (a reason of which Cicero says nothing) was 
possibly found in the old statute (the lex Aebutia, 170 B.C.) which pro- 
hibited the proposer of a law that created any office or power from 
active participation in the benefits of the office so created, for the 
present law, proposed by Manilius, only added to the powers already 
conferred upon Pompey by the law of Gabinius. According to Cicero's 
words the opposition was based on the fact that Gabinius had been 
tribune of the people the preceding year. 

662. honoris causa : ivith all respect ; a common phrase. 

666. etiam praecipuo iure esse : to enjoy even special rights, that is, 
Gabinius had a special claim to such an appointment ; Abl. of Qual- 
ity, deberet : Impf . because an Unreal Apodosis in Present time, 
Subjv. because Concessive (qui in 1. 664, its subject, being — cum is). 
Verbs of Obligation, etc., in the Apodosis of an Unreal Condition 



SPEECH FOR THE MAN^ILIAK LAW 28$ 

regularly take the Indie, unless there are other reasons for the use of 
the Subjunctive. Compare the Note on potuisset, 1. 290, where the 
Subjv. was used for a different reason. 

667. de quo legando : {the qiiestion) of his appointment as legatus. 
relaturos ad : will lay before ; the technical term for laying a subject 
before the Senate. qui si : and if they. 

668. me relaturum : only Magistrates had this right. As praetor, 
therefore, Cicero had the right unless forbidden by a higher Magis- 
trate. 

669. impediet ... quo minus : G. 549; A. & G. 331, e, 2; B. 295, 3; H. 
497, II. 2. This is the regular construction with impedire, although, 
on account of the negative, quin might have been used. Prohibere, 
on the other hand, regularly takes the Infinitive. 

670. vobis: Abl. with fretus. G. 401, r. 6; A. & G. 254, 2; B. 218, 
3; H. top of p. 228. vestrum ius beneficiumque : your right and 
favor, the right to appoint and the favor to be shown to Gabinius. 

671. intercessionem : i.e. of a tribune. 

672. quid liceat : what they are permitted {to do), i.e. how far they 
may go in their opposition ; Indirect Question. 

673. unus : = solus. 

674. socius: as ^arMer (sharer). 

675. alter, uni . . . alter : the first and the third of these words are 
regularly used of two definite persons, the one. . .the other; uni seems 
to be used to avoid too much repetition, although it refers to the same 
person as the second alter, i.e. Pompey. The first alter, of course, 
refers to Gabinius. See G. 319; A. & G. 203; B. 253, i; H. 459. 

2. The Objections of Catulus Answered (§§59-63). 

^5 for the objection raised by Catulus, that if any accident should 
happen to Pompey he would be without any successor, you made the 
proper answer in saying as you did that in such an event you would 
put your faith in Catulus himself. His second objection — that the 
measure is ivithout precedent — is also untenable, since in a time of 
war the Roman people are guided less by precedent than by expediency, 
as you have already shown in the case of Pompey himself. Indeed, 
Pompey' s career throughout has been a contradiction of all precedent, 
and that too with the assent even of Catulus and his friends. 

§59. 679. videatur : compare Note on 1. 300. 

680. si . . . poneretis, etc. : the direct question asked by Catulus was 
— si . . . ponetis (Fut.), si quid eo factum erit (Fut. Perf .), in quo (inter- 
rogative, not relative) spem babebitis (Fut.) or estis babituri (Fut. peri- 



286 NOTES 

phrastic) ? In the indirect form (as in the text) the periphrastic form 
(essetis habituri) is necessary because nothing else in the context shows 
that the time is future. G. 515 ; A. & G. 334, a; B. 269, 3 ; H. 529, 
II. 4. In the direct words given above, however, every verb is either 
Fut. or Fut. Perf., so that the periphrastic is not needed ; if used, it 
implies that Catulus put the question in the form of a present inten- 
tion : in ivliom are you going to put yoiir faith ? omnia poneretis : 
made everything depend on. si quid eo factum esset : if anything 
should happen to him; lit. if anything should have been done with 
him. For the use of the Abl. (eo) here, see G. (L. Ed.) 401, n. 7; A. & 
G. 244, d; H. 415, iii. n. 1. 

682. fructum : reivard. cum : = quod : in that, G. 582. 

684. res : enterprise, quam : = ut eam ; Characteristic relative, 

hence the Subjv. possit. 

687. quo ... hoc : the. ,. the ; Abl. of Measure of Difference. ^ G. 403 ; 
A. &G. 250, R.; B. 223; H. 423. 

688. dum per deos, etc. : so long as the immortal gods permit. G. 
569 ; A. & G. 328, 2; B. 293, 11.; H. 519, i. 

689. viri vita atque virtute : Alliteration. 

§60. 689. ' at enim ne,' etc. : but let no innovation be introduced, 
etc. : quoting the second and main objection of Catulus. Account 
for the use here of each of the words — ne (why not non ?), quid (kind 
of pronoun, and used after what words ?), novi (w^hy Gen. ?), and fiat 
(why Subjv. ?). 

690. non dicam, etc.: an instance of Praeteritio, or pretended sup- 
pression of facts really mentioned. See Note on the First Oration 
against Catiline, 1. 23. 

691. in : in a time of ; denoting the character of the time. G. 394. 

692. utilitati : expediency ; why Dative ? 

693. novorum consiliorum rationes : this does not differ in meaning 
much from the simpler nova consilia, the circumlocution being used 
apparently only to balance the similar form ad novos casus temporum 
preceding. Trans. : to new emergencies have adapted new measures. 

694. ab uno imperatore : i.e. Scipio Aemilianus, who destroyed 
Carthage in 146 B.C. and Numantia (in Spain) in 133 B.C. He was 
twice consul — the first time (147 B.C.) before he was of age, the second 
(134 B.C.) when there was a law ne quis consul bis fieret. His election 
in both cases, therefore, was contra exempla atque instituta maiorum 
(1. 690). 

698. vobis . . . esse visum ut, etc. : note this phrase for resolve, fol- 
lowed by an ut-clause of Design. For the career of Marius, read 
Introduction, §18 following. 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAN LAW 28/ 

§61. 701. in: meaning? novi: Part. Gen. after nihil. 

702. sint . . . constituta : Indirect Question depending on recorda- 
mini. summa voluntate : with the full approval, 

704. tarn novum, quam adulescentem privatum, etc. : so unprecedented 
as that a young man as a private individual, etc. In his young 
manhood Pompey had raised (conficere) an army for Sulla in the first 
civil war. The facts here referred to have already been related in 
the Note on 1. 325 above. 

709. imperium : trans, the imperium^ and see Introduction, §56. 

710. administrandum : factitive predicate expressing Design. G. 430; 
A. & G. 294, d ; B. 337, 7, ^ 2 ; H. 544, 2, n. 2. 

711. innocentia, etc. : Ablatives of Quality. 

712. victorem : crowned with victory^ part of the predicate. 

714. triumpliare : the honor of a triumph was reserved by usage for 
men of either consular or praetorian rank. Pompey had been neither 
praetor nor consul, so that it required a special dispensation of the 
Senate to remove the legal restrictions in his case. 

§62. 717. ut: a variation from the more commoti Ace. and Inf. 
used in the preceding clauses. There is little appreciable difference 
between the two constructions, the Ace. and Inf. stating the mere 
idea, the ut-clause emphasizing the condition of things that produced 
the result. Compare G. (L. Ed.) 558, n. 

719. Pompey when a mere knight was sent with proconsular powers 
to reenforce Metellus in his campaign against Sertorius. What was a 
proconsul ? See Introduction, §60. 

720. non nemo: some; lit. not no one. With this expression com- 
pare nemo non = everybody ; similarly non nihil means somewhat, but 
nihil non everything. See G. 449, 4; A. & G. 150, h; H. 553, i. qui 
diceret : to say ; Subjv. of Characteristic. 

721. privatum pro consuls : put side by side to make the contrast 
more striking. L. Philippus : a distinguished orator, an ex-consul, 
and Pompey's friend. 

722. non se . . . mittere : a witticism at the expense of the two con- 
suls, quoted by Cicero, of course, to enhance the credit of Pompey. 

723. in 60 . . . constituebatur : was built on him. 

724. munus : official duty. 

726. legibus solutus : released from the legal restrictions. The 
Senate suspended two laws in Pompey's favor to allow him to be- 
come consul (70 B.C.). At this time Pompey was thirty-six, and 
had held no curule office. (1) What was the age of eligibility for the 
consulship ? (2) What other magistracies must the candidate for the 
consulship have held previously ? See Introduction, §54. 



288 :NroTES 

728. licuisset: Plupf. because prior to fieret. iterum eques 
Romanus : when Pompey celebrated his second triumph on the last day 
of December, 71 B.C., he was only consul-elect (although he entered . 
upon his duties as consul the next day) ; Cicero, therefore, says that 
he was still a mere knight. 

729. quae . . . nova . . . constituta sunt, ea : all the unprecedented cases 
which have occurred, been established, in : meaning ? 

§63. 732. atque : and tvhat is more; the regular force of this 
word. exempla : precedents. 

733. profecta sunt in hominem a . . . auctoritate : have been created for 
the same man ivith the sanction of Catulus, etc., lit. have proceeded 
to the same man from the authority, etc. 

3. Senatorial Objections in General Answered, and Authorities Cited 
in Defence of the Law (§§63-G8). 

The Roman people have hitherto seconded the Senate in honoring 
Pompey : let not the Senate now prove false to the popular cause. In 
the case of the Oabinian laiv a year ago you showed more insight than 
did these same objectors, and thus saved the country. (§§63, 64, 11. 
736-750.) 

Again, the ill-repute into ivhich the Roman name has fallen in Asia 
and the neighboring countries by i^eason of the scandalous conduct of 
our former generals leaves us no choice in the matter : other generals 
might conquer the enemy, but only Pompey is proof against temptation, 
(§§64-68, 11. 751-794.) 

And if his appointment needs the sanction of statesmen, it has the 
approval of such eminent men as Servilius, Curio, Lentulus, and 
Cassius, (§68, 11. 795-806.) 

736. videant : why Subjunctive ? ne sit : why Subjunctive ? 

737. illorum : i.e. Catulus and other Senators. avobis: i.e. by 
the people. Observe that this clause, though grammatically coordi- 
nate with the next (vestrum ab illis . . . improbari), is logically subordi- 
nate to it. Translate : that {while) their opinion concerning the dig- 
nity of Pompey, etc. This placing of two clauses side by side on an • 
equal footing is called Parataxis (coordination). The more common 
arrangement here would have been Hypotaxis (subordination). See G. 
472 ; A. & O. p. 164. 

738. comprobatam semper esse : as the popular assemblies in Sulla's 
time had really very little authority and as this was the time to which 
Cicero is referring in this passage, it will be seen that he overstates 
the degree of *' popular approval" accorded to the measures of the 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAN LAW 289 

Senate ; this he does in order to claim a return now from the senatorial 
party (Catulus, etc.) in favor of the people. 

740. suo lure: with full right; that is, on account of the results 
that followed the passing of the Gabinian law, as stated in the follow- 
ing clause. 

741. vel: even^ 

743. quern . . . praepodferetis : to place him in charge ; Subjv. of De- 
sign, bejlo : why Dative ? 

§64. 74i4^rei publicae : what is the difference in meaning between 
consulere ^^mh. the Dative and with the Accusative ? 

745. re?fe (emphatic position) . . . conantur: they are right to try. 

746. sin autem . . . attulistis : if on the other hand you then showed 
r)iore insight (plus vidistis), etc., {and) in spite of their opposition (eis 
repugnantibus, Abl. Abs.) brought dignity, etc. Why is sin used here ? 

749. sibi, ceteris : Dat. of the Agent. On account of the following 
Dat. (auctoritati, Indirect Object of parendum esse), we might have ex- 
pected ab with the Abl., but the sense is so clear as to render the 
preposition unnecessary. 

750. parendum esse: obedience must he rendered; lit. it must be 
obeyed, impersonal. Observe that intransitive verbs are regularly 
impersonal in the passive. G. 217; A. & G. 230; B. 187, 11. b; 11. 
301, I. fateantur: why Subjunctive ? 

751. atque in hoc, etc. : in this and the three following sections there 
is an apparent repetition of what has already been said of the soldierly 
and other virtues of Pompey. Apart from the fact, however, that in 
oratory repetition is not only a virtue but a necessity, the similarity 
of thought between this passage and that of §36 following is only 
general : in the former case he eulogized Pompey as a commander 
under any circumstances ; in the present case he dwells upon his 
peculiar fitness for the command in Asia, where Roman generals and 
armies had brought the Roman name into ill-repute and where Pom- 
pey alone among Roman commanders enjoyed an unsullied reputation. 
His appointment was, therefore, a necessity if the people wished to 
rehabilitate the name xf Rome in Asia. regio: adjective, but 
translated as if written cum rege. 

752. in Pompeio : a common substitute for the Dat. of Possession 
when speaking of qualities. G. 349, r. 3. 

755. ita versari: so to act, followed by a sentence of Result. 
imperatorem: Singular for Plural (one standing for all). nisi: 

except or but (so frequently after negatives). 

757. pudore ac temperantia moderatiores : under betier control (i.e. 
than is usually the case) in modesty and self-resti^aint ; lit, more 
19 



290 ]S"OTES 

moderate, etc. si here is Concessive, as shown by tamen follow- 

ing, talis (Ace. Plural) : that is, nobody gives them credit for it 

on account of the exceptional occurrence. 

§65. 769. simus : Subjv. of Indirect Question. 

761. libidines et iniurias (after propter): the former is opposed to 
pudore above, and iniurias to temperantia. Translate eorum: on the 
part ofjlwse (Subjective Gen.). 

763. quam : interrogative. So quod preceding (1. 761). 

765. requiruntur : are in request. quibus (= ut eis) causa belli 

. . . inferatur : that aji excuse for ivar may he brought up against them : 
relative clause of Design. 

§66. 766. libentur (emphatic position) . . . disputarem : I shouldhave 
liked to discuss, lit. should gladly have discussed; Potential of the 
Past. G. 258; A. & G. 311, a; B. 280; II. 485, n. 1. Avoid the 
common error of supplying unnecessary words to explain the Potential 
Subjunctive as an elliptical Condition. coram: face to face. 

770. simulatione : under the pretence. 

773. capere possit : can hold, Juts room for. Even subordinate 
officers, he says, wore in the habit of putting on high and mighty airs 
(animos ac spiritus) in Asia. 

774. conlatis signis : in a j^itched battle ; Ablative Absolute, si- 
gna conferre means to bring standards together, engage in a close fight. 

775. idem (Xom.) : also. qui: one who. Note the rhetorical 
repetition (called Anaphora) of the relative, each having the same 
predicate possit. Observe also that the object of cobibere is se in each 
clause except the last, where it is particularized in the words manus, 
oculos, animum. The Subjv. is Characteristic ; so mittatur. See Note 
on 1. 655. 

§67. 780. pacatam: in a state of peace. 

784. pecunia publica : Abl. of Means. He refers to money sent out 
by the home government for military purposes. 

785. neque : split in translation {and not). quicquam : used on 
account of the negative. adsequi : gain, accomplish. classium 
nomine : on the score of the fleets. The word nomen here is probably 
used in the commercial sense of account. He seems to mean that 
when these commanders came to balance their accounts, they had 
nothing to show on the credit side of the navy's account. 

786. nisi ut : except that, introducing an actual limitation. G. (L. 
Ed.) 591, R. 3. detrimentis accipiendis : the use of the Gerundive 
(instead of the Perf. Part, acceptis) here maybe euphemistic, mention- 
ing a disagreeable fact less as a fact than as a prospect or possibility. 
Compare G. (L. Ed.) 426, n. 2. adfici: see Note on 1. 587 above. 



SPEECH FOR THE MA:N'ILIAN LAW 29 1 

787. qua . . . quibus . . . quibus : interrogative, not relative. 

788. iacturis : sacrifices, of various sorts to secure the necessary in- 
fluence, condicionibus : bargains, with politicians, creditors, etc. 

789. ignorant videlicet isti : of course they (the opposite side) do not 
knoiv ; ironical. 

790. quasi non . . . videamus : as ifive did not see. Why not videremus 
(Unreal, or contrary to fact), since he means, of course, we do see ? 
G. 602, 2d parag.; A. i& G. 312, r. ; B. 307, 2; H. p. 286, footnote 3. 

791. cum (conj.) . . . turn ; meaning ? Observe the position of non to 
negative all that follows. 

§68. 792. nolite dubitare : a Prohibition, never in prose ne with 
Imperative. quin credatis : that you ought to intrust, an orig- 

inal Subjv., as if in answer to the Deliberative question credamus : 
are we to intrust f See Note on 1. 575 above. 

793. qui . . . inventus sit : Causal relative, qui = cum is, since he. 

794. gaudeant : Subjv. of Characteristic after unus. 

795. auctoritatibus . . . auctor : in English the word authority «iay 
be applied either to the person or to his opinion ; hence the same 
English word may be used here in both cases. 

797. P. Servilius : Servilius, Curio, Lentulus, and Cassius, the four 
authorities cited in this paragraph, were all consulars (ex-consuls) 
and prominent members of the Senate. They had also had experience 
in the field. 

799. gravior : weightier. 

801. in quo . . . esse : see Note on 1. 752. 

802. pro : in Iceeping tvith, lit. according to, vestris : conferred 
hy you, lit. your. 

805. orationi : the argument. 

806. videamur (probably in its orig. sense) : may he looked upon, re- 
garded, that is, have the credit of. 

Y. PERORATION (§§69, 70). 

WJierefore, approving your law, Manilius, as I do, and the senti- 
ments that prompt your course, I call on you to stand firm in your 
proposal, and to fear the threats of no man. As for me, I pledge my 
every effort in hehalf of this measure, and I call the gods to witness 
that in doing so I have nothing to gain save the consciousness that I 
have done my duty to those who have honored me, to my country, and 
t» our provinces and allies. 

§69. 809. auctore populo Romano : having the approval of the Roman 
people; Abl. Absolute. 



292 NOTES 

810. neve : = et ne ; why not neque ] G. 543, 4 (end); B. 282, i, d ; 
U. 497, II. I, N. 

811. animi : courage; Partitive Gen. with satis. 

812. cum . . . videamus, quantam , . . videmus : seeing here present with 
so much enthusiasm (that is, so enthusiastic) so large a throng as we do 
(see) once more now (engaged) in (the task of) placing the same persoii 
in cominand: an awkward sentence, not easily turned into smooth Eng- 
lish, iterum : alluding to his command under the Gabinian law. 

814. quid est quod : what reason is there to, leading up to the Char- 
acteristic Subjunctive dubitemus. re : proposal, i.e. the proposed 
law. perficiendi facultate : the power to carry it through. 

816. Tlie second and the third quicquid (Inner Object) are taken with 
possum. hoc . . . praetoria : in the favor conferred on me (hoc) hy the 

Roman people, ay, in my (hac) official capacity as praetor; lit. m this 
favor of the Roman people, etc. Note the force of the Demonstrative 
of the First Person; also, of atque, completing the meaning of hoc 
beneficio. 

819. polliceor ac defero : I pledge and proffer. 

§70. 820. loco temploque : this consecrated spot ; Ilendiadys. The 
word templum i)rimarily meant that which is cut off, especially for 
a sacred purpose ; hence, any space so marked off, whether in the 
heavens (Introduction, §69) or on the earth, and then to the building 
raised upon such a place and duly consecrated. The term was applied 
to the Senate house {curia) and even, as here, to the Rostra. 

821, mentis: Ace. Plural. ad rem publicam adeunt : take part 

in public affairs. 

823. neque quo : nor because ; a rejected reason. G. (L. Ed.) 541, 
N. 2; A. & G. 321, r. ; B. 286, i, h; II. 516, 2. 

825. amplitudine : advancement, periculis : against dangers; 
Dative. honoribus : the regular word for public office, or the 
magistracies. What office had Cicero probably in view? See Pref- 
atory Note, last part of the last paragraph. 

826. ut hominem praestare oportet : so far as it behooves one (not a 
man, which would be virum) to do (or to ivarrant). For the use of ut 
in this limiting sense, see G. (L. Ed.) 642, r. 4. 

827. tecti : Perf. Pass. Participle of tego. 

828. ab uno : from any individual ; lit. from a single person. ex 
hoc loco : the Rostra, i.e. by speaking on political issues. 

829. ratione : plan, course. He means that he intends to continue 
his practice as a lawyer in the courts. 

§71. 832. tantum abest ut . . . ut, etc. : so far am I from, etc., that I, 
etc. Explain this construction, G. 552, r. 1 ; A. & G. 332, d; H. 502, 3. 



FIRST ORATIOK AGAIKST CATlLlKE 2g^ 

833. me : subject of suscepisse, two lines below. 

835. sed ego me, etc. : but as for me, invested ivith this office {lionoTe)^ 
honored mth such favors at your hands, I have thought that I ought, 
etc. Note the emphasis due to the repetition of the personal pronoun 
and the juxtaposition of the two words. 

839. rationibus : interests , like commodis, Dative after prae- in com- 
position (praeferre). 



FIRST OEATION AGAINST CATILIKE 

{In L. Catilinayn Oratio Prima) 
PREFATORY NOTE 

1. The four Orations against Catiline were delivered by Cicero in 
the year 63 B.C., when as consul he crushed the conspiracy formed by 
Catiline and others against the government. 

2. Catiline's Earlier Career. L. Sergius Catilina was born about the 
year 108 B.C., of a patrician family that had fallen into poverty. He 
began his public life in the bloody days of Sulla (Introduction, §§21- 
23), thus early distinguishing himself by the murder of his brother- 
in-law — an act nominally of party service but really committed to 
satisfy a private grudge. He was also said to have murdered his wife 
and his son. These crimes are only a small fraction of the total with 
which he is credited ; but as Cicero in these orations tells the story of 
his numerous villanies a repetition is needless here. Catiline was a 
bold, energetic man, of great physical strength and endurance, and 
not without a certain cleverness, especially noticeable in the influence 
which he possessed and exercised over others. While these qualities 
of body and mind w^ell fitted him for the part which he essayed to 
play, he lacked the patience and cool head necessary to succeed in his 
schemes. 

3. Catiline and Autronius. In 68 he was praetor urhanus, the follow- 
ing year going as propraetor to govern Africa (Introduction, §61). On 
his return to Rome (66 B.C.) he became a candidate for the consulship, 
but was forced to withdraw on account of a prosecution brought 
against him for extortion in Africa during his propraetorship. Now, 
P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla (nephew to the great 
Sulla), who had been elected consuls for that year, were convicted of 
bribery in the election, and hence were disqualified ; in their stead 
two other candidates were elected consuls. 



294 KOTES 

4. The First Conspiracy (65 B.C.). Autronius, the aggrieved candi- 
date, then made common cause with Catiline. They were joined by 
a third confederate, one Cn. Piso, a dissipated young noble. Their 
plan was to murder the successful candidates on January 1 (the day 
on which consuls regularly entered office) of the year 65. They were 
then to set themselves up at the head of the government, Catiline and 
Autronius as consuls, and Piso as generalissimo. The last named 
with an army was to seize the province of Spain as a base of military 
operations for the support of the revolutionists. Pompey's absence 
in Asia with the regular army left Rome without any armed force to 
quell the proposed insurrection. Unfortunately for the conspirators, 
the plot was divulged, and hence its execution had to be postponed 
to February 5. Again it failed, however, this time because Catiline 
in his impatience gave the signal before the hired assassins were 
gathered in sufficient numbers to carry out their purpose. Either 
from timidity or from indifference the Senate took no action against 
the conspirators further than to assign a guard to the consuls for 
their personal protection and an armed band to oppose that of the 
revolutionists. Many persons believe that this first conspiracy, as it 
is called, was organized in the interest of the democracy, and that 
Caesar and Crassus as leading democrats gave it their sanction, if not 
their active support. 

5. The Election in 64 B.C. Although Catiline was acquitted in his 
trial for extortion mentioned above, yet it cost him dearly for bribery; 
the decision of the court, also, came too late to enable him to be a 
candidate for the consulship in the year 65. The next year, however, 
he once more presented himself as a candidate with several competi- 
tors in the field. Of these, only two need be mentioned here : C. 
Antonius Hybrida and Cicero himself. The former, a weak character 
and a bankrupt, was believed to be in sympathy with Catiline's plans, 
which now included a proscription of many leading citizens (Introduc- 
tion, §32), a confiscation of their property, and especially an abo- 
lition of all debts. The alarm caused by Catiline's candidature, 
however, threw the influence of the best classes (boni, as Cicero calls 
them) on the side of Cicero, novus Jiomo though he was (Introduction, 
§55), resulting in his election at the head of the polls with Antonius 
as his colleague. Thus the first step in Catiline's programme failed 
through his defeat in the election. One of Cicero's first acts then 
was to induce Antonius to desert the conspiracy by promising him 
for his proconsulship (in 62 B.C.) the rich province of Macedonia. The 
two consuls, Cicero and Antonius, entered office January 1, 63 B.C. 

6. During Cicero's Consulship (63 B.C.). Undaunted by his repeated 



FIRST ORATIOK AGAINST CATILIiTE 295 

failures, Catiline again sought the consulship in the year 63, a year 
in which, for some reason not clear, the elections were held later 
(October) * than usual (July). Peaceful citizens were thoroughly 
alarmed by the rumors rife at this time concerning Catiline's inten- 
tions. It was said that there was to be a riot on election day ; that 
gangs of ruffians, of which the city was only too full, had been or- 
ganized for the purpose ; that Cicero, one of the consuls, with many 
other leading men, was to be assassinated. Accordingly, the day 
before the election Cicero summoned the Senate, and had the elec- 
tions again postponed in order to enable him to make further inqui- 
ries. The Senate was in session for several days. On October 21 
that body in consequence of Cicero's disclosures passed its ultimum 
decretum, or extreme decree, virtually declaring martial law in the 
usual words — Yideant consules ne quid res puhlica detrimenti ca'piant 
(* Let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm '). The 
announcement made by Cicero that had called for this extreme action 
was that the revolutionists were contemplating an armed insurrection 
— that Manlius, formerly an officer in Sulla's army, now Catiline's 
right-hand man, would be at Faesulae (in Etruria) on October 27 
at the head of an army. Cicero's words proved true. In fact, all 
through this period Cicero by means of spies kept himself informed 
of every move contemplated by the revolutionary party, and was thus 
enabled to defeat them at every point. 

7. October and November, 63 B.C. On the day of election (October 
28), in consequence of the threats made by Catiline, many Senators 
prudently absented themselves from town, while Cicero attended the 
ceremony, armed with a cuirass under his gown and surrounded by a 
guard of young men. These precautions show^ed Catiline the useless- 
ness of attempting violence. Moreover, the votes of the people went 
against him, so that he was again defeated. November 1 the con- 
spirators attempted to seize the stronghold Praeneste (about 20 miles 
S. E. of Rome), but failed because the inhabitants had been warned 
by Cicero in time to resist the attack successfully. Again, on the 
night of November 6 Catiline held a meeting of his adherents, at 
which it was arranged that two of them should murder Cicero early 
in the morning ; but before the meeting broke up, Cicero had heard 
all about the plot, and was prepared to baffle it when the would-be 
assassins presented themselves at his barred doors. 

8. The Speech. To protest against these continued outrages and 
adopt some energetic course to crush the conspiracy, Cicero again 
summoned the Senate on November 8 (some say November 7) in 
the temple of Jupiter Stator, one of the strongest positions in the 



296 * KOTES 

city, on the Palatine. Throngs of citizens keenly interested crowded 
the hill. When in the midst of the excitement, and in spite of the 
purpose for which the meeting had been called, Catiline as a member 
of the Senate had the hardihood to enter that body, the consul rose, 
and delivered his First Oration against Catiline, It has been said 
that the opening sentence of this speech {Quo usque tandem abutere, 
Catilina, patientia nostra ?) is more generally known than any other 
sentence from an ancient author, while ' ' the whole speech well mer- 
its its fame as a masterpiece of passionate and defiant eloquence " 
(Strachan-Davidson). As an immediate effect of the speech, Catiline 
left the* city to join Manlius in Etruria. 



1. tandem : often used to strengthen an interrogative or impera- 
tive sentence, and translated pray, in the name of heaven, or the 
like. abutere : of the two endings -ris and -re in the Second Per- 
son Singular Passive, Cicero regularly uses -ris in the Present Indica- 
tive and -re in the Future and other tenses. Notice the quantity of 
the penult (6). patientia: why Ablative ? G. 407; A. & G. 249; 
B. 218, I ; H. 421, i. Observe in this opening the three expressions 
quo usque, quam diu, and quern ad finem, beginning the first three sen- 
tences, and all meaning approximately the same thing, yet varying by 
shades of meaning. Translate : how far 9 how long ? to what lengths f 

2. iste: Demonstrative of the Second Person, meaning that of 
yours; compare Mc, Demonstrative of the First Person, meaning this 
of mine, and ille, Demonstrative of the Third Person, meaning that of 
his, hers, etc., or simply yonder. From its frequent use in speaking 
an opponent in a case at law, iste often carries a contemptuous sense. 

3. nihilne : stronger than the simple nonne, and translated not . . . at 
all. On account of its long subject, this sentence is best translated 
passively: Are you not disturbed at all by the guard on (lit. of) the 
Palatine by night (lit. nightly guard), etc. 

4. Palati: the smallest but most celebrated of the seven hills of 
Rome. It was the site of the original city, and was surrounded by 
the other six hills. Naturally the strongest position in the city, it 
was guarded on this occasion at night in anticipation of any attempt 
the conspirators might make to seize it. vigiliae : patrols. 

5. bonorum : patriots, a favorite word in these Orations, often con- 
trasted with its opposite improbi. habendi senatus: Gerundive 
construction, the substantive taking the case of the Gerund, while 
the Gerund is attracted to the gender and number of the substantive. 

6. ora voltusque : an instance of the figure called Hendiadys, in 



FIRST ORATIOK AGAIKST CATILIKE 297 

which two words are used to express a single complex idea. Trans- 
late: expression on the countenaiices ; lit. faces and expressions. 

7. non : used instead of nonne, the omission of the interrogative 
sign (-ne) being an indication of Astonishment, Blame, etc. G. 433 ; 
B. 162, 2, d. 

9. proxima: last; superiors: {night) before last. The exact dates 
here, as was stated in the Prefatory Note, §8, are uncertain. The 
meeting at Laeca's house described in Chapter iv. was held op the 
night of November 6 (superiore), and probably the attack on Cicero's 
life was not attempted until the following night or early on the 
second morning (proxima). egeris, fueris, convocaveris, ceperis : 
Subjv. in Indirect Questions, depending on the last clause of the sen- 
tence beginning with the words queni nostrum, etc. Note also that 
this last clause is itself a Direct Question. Avoid changing the order 
of clauses, and translate : What you did last night, what the night 
lefore, etc., who among us (lit. of us) is not aware P 

10. consili : Part. Gen. depending on the neuter quid. quern • 
from the interrog. quis, not the rel. qui. nostrum : explain the use 
of this form. G. 364, r. ; A. & G. 194, b ; B. 242, 2; H. 446, n. 3. 

13. vivit : learn the Principal Parts of this verb, and compare 
with those of vinco and vincio. immo vero : used either to remove 

a doubt or (as here) to heighten a previous statement, and translated : 
nay, rather. G. 471, c; A. & G. 209, d. consili: why Genitive ? 

G. 374 ; A. & G. 218, a; B. 204; H. 399, i. 3. 

15. oculis : Ablative of Means. 

16. viri fortes : ironical. videmur : fancy. furorem ac 
tela : mad violejice, lit. madness arid weapons ; Hendiadys. See Note 
on 1. 6 above. 

17. vitemus : Subjv. in Indirect Discourse after videmur. Cicero is 
quoting indirectly from the thought attributed to himself and his 
colleague in the consulship. duci: in English ought (oportebat) 
has come to be felt as a Present, the Past notion having been trans- 
ferred to the dependent Infinitive — to have been led. So conferri in 
the next clause. 

19. an : the regular conjunction for the second part of a Disjunctive 
(or Double) Question. But often, as here, the first part is omitted, 
being sufficiently clear from the context. Note that the interrogative 
force of this sentence does not really begin until the words Catilinam, 
orbem, etc., are reached, since the fate of Tiberius Gracchus was a 
well-known fact. Translate: Or (while) that honorable man, the 
pontifex maximus, Publius Scipio, as a private citizen, put to death, 
etc., shall we as consuls endure Catiline, desiring {as he does) to lay 



298 NOTES 

ivaste, etc. ? privatus is contrasted with consules, since the pontifex 

maximus was not a magistrate. For the historical facts referred 
to, see Introduction, §16 ; also, §17 for the experience of Gains 
Gracchus, referred to below. 

23. nam ilia . . . praetereo : an illustration of the common trick in 
oratory, w^hich pretends to leave unsaid the very things said. In 
rhetoric it is known as Praeteritio. Several examples occur in this 
oration. Shakspere makes Mark Antony in his funeral oration over 
Caesars body say: "I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him," and 
yef all through his speech Antony refers to his dead friend as ' ' the 
ruins of the noblest man that ever lived in the tide of times." C. 

' Servilius Ahala, Sp. Maelium : Ahala as master of horse to the dictator 
Cincinnatus slew with his own hand the rich plebeian Spurius Maelius 
(439 B. c), who was suspected of aiming at kingly power because he 
sold grain to the poor at reduced rates in a time of great distress. 

25. fuit : repeated for emphasis — there tvas, yes, there once was such 
vigor, etc. 

27. coercerent : Subjv. in a Consecutive Sentence, following the 
demonstrative ista. G. 552; A. & G. 219 ; B. 284; H. 500. 

28. vehemens at grave : avoid the habit of translating Latin words 
by their English derivatives when these are unsuitable. Use the 
Vocabulary. 

29. rei publicae : account for the case. G. 349, R. 4; A. & G, 231, a ; 
B. 190; H. 387. 

30. nos, nos : see Note on 1. 25 above (fuit). 

31. decrevit: Principal Parts ? ut . . . videret : Complementary 
Final Sentence. ne: that... not, introducing a negative Com- 
plementary Final Sentence. What words introduce a negative Con- 
secutive Sentence ? quid : Indefinite Pronoun, regularly used 
after si, nisi, ne, num, and Relatives. G. 315 ; A. & G. 105, d ; B. 252, 
i; H. 455, I. detrimenti : Partitive Genitive. nox nulla 
intercessit : in English this thought would have been expressed in a 
mere phrase, " before night " ; but Cicero, by making it a separate 
sentence, emphasizes the fact that the punishment was swift in 
overtaking the offenders. 

34. clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus : Abl. Absolute, but best trans- 
lated : sprung from illustrious father, grandfather, {and) ancestors. 

35. cum liberis : Abl. of Attendance. consularis : what does 
this word mean ? 

37. num : distinguish between -ne, num, and nonne. unum 

diem : Ace. of Extent in Time. L. Satuminum, C. Servilium : 

two demagogues in the time of Marius. See Introduction, §19. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 299 

38. mors ac . . . poena : two subjects with a Singular verb, because 
they express a single idea, death-penalty ; Hendiadys. rei publi- 
cae : of the state ; that is, imposed hy the state. Observe the curious 
notion involved in the verb remorata est, kept them ivaiting. 

39. patimur: we have been suffering. Account for the use of the 
Present in Latin. What other tense is similarly used ? G. 230 and 
234 ; A. & a. 276, a, and 277, h; B. 259, 4, and 260, 4 ; H. 467, 2, 
and 469, 2. hebeseere : to what class of verbs does this belong, 
and what are its Principal Parts ? aciem : edge, comparing the 
authority of the Senate to a sword. 

40. horum : to whom does this refer ? 

42. in vagina, etc. : continuing the metaphor of the sword. ex : 

according to. 

44. ad deponendam, etc. : expresses Design. Mention at least five 
ways of expressing the general sense of a Final Sentence. 

45. me : omit in translating. The use of the pronoun indicates 
that the matter desired was not altogether in his power. pa- 
tres conscript! : conscript fathers, the regular term used in address- 
ing the Senate. The expression has been explained in several ways. 
The most common explanation is that patres meant patricians, the 
Senate having originally been made up of patricians exclusively, 
while, at a later date, when that body was recruited from the plebeians, 
conscripti was added, meaning enrolled^ i.e. among the Senators. 

46. dissolutum : remiss. inertiae nequitiaeque : why Genitive ? 
See G. 378 ; A. & G. 220 ; B. 208, 2, a; H. 409, 11. 

47. castra : meaning of the Singular ? See the Vocabulary. What 
officer was in command at this camp ? 

49. in dies singulos : from day to day. 
61. atque adeo : yes, even. 

53. comprehend!, interfici : both depend on iussero. iussero : 
the Latin is more exact in the use of tenses in dependent clauses 
than the English. G. 242, r. 1 ; A. & G. 281, r. ; B. 261, 2; H. 473, 
2. This Fut. Perfect after si is loosely translated by the Present, if 
I order. credo : frequent in Cicero in an ironical sense — / 
suppose (not believe). 

54. mihi : Dat. of the Agent. G. 355 ; A. &. G. 232 ; B. 189 ; H. 
388. ne : after verbs of Fearing, what is the rule for the use of 
ne and uti G. 550, 2 ; A. & G. 331, /; B. 296, 2 ; H. 498, iii. n. 1. 
Observe, non belongs to only a part of the sentence, not the whole. 
Literally translated, the sentence reads : t?iat not true patriots (may 
say) that this was done by me too late rather than that any one 
may say it was done too cruelly ; more freely : not that true patriots 



300 ]^OTES 

{may say) this was done by me too late, bid rather that some one may 
say that it was done too cruelly. Since the sentence is ironical, Cicero 
means just the reverse of what he says ; namely, that he would be 
more afraid of being reproached by patriotic citizens for acting too 
tardily than of being criticized by any captious person for cruelty. 

55. veruin ego, etc. : biU for a weU-defiiied (carta) reason I am not 
yet induced to do that ivhich, etc. The Subjv. faciam follows adducor 
in a Complementary Consecutive Sentence. 

57. interficiere : what tense ? See Note on 1. 1 (ahutere). 

59. qui (= ut is) . . . fateatur : as not to admit, etc. This is the 
Subjv. in a Characteristic Relative Sentence. The construction is so 
frequent in Cicero that it would be well to make a special study of it. 
The relative here implies the notion of Character and Adaptation, and 
is followed by a Subjv. of Tendency. The following varieties of the 
construction occur (G. 631) : 1, with a definite antecedent, when the 
character is emphasized ; regularly after the adjectives idoneus, aptus, 
dignus, indignus ; also, after demonstratives (is, talis, tarn, tantus, etc.) 
and the two superlatives unus and solus ; 2, after negative expressions 
(nemo, nihil, etc.) and questions implying a negative answer (e.g. quis 
est, implying nemo est), and such indefinite expressions as sunt qui 
{there are some ivho), multi sunt, alii sunt, etc. ; 3, after comparatives 
with quam. Which two of these varieties are illustrated in the present 
passage ? 

60. qui audeat : Subjv. of Characteristic, belonging to the second 
variety (see preceding Note), quisquam erit being an indefinite ex- 
pression like multi sunt. 

61. oppressus: held in check. 

65. quid est . . . quod exspectes : to which variety of the Character- 
istic construction does this belong ? See Note on L 59. Observe that 
quid here is equivalent to nihil. 

66. tenebris : Abl. of Means. 

67. parietibus : paries means a partition wall, the wall of a house ; 
moenia, the walls of a city ; murus is the general word for wall. 

69. mihi crede : take my advice, caedis : why Genitive ? G. 

376 ; A. & G. 219 ; B. 206 ; H. 407. 

71. licet recognas : you may review; lit. it is permitted that you 
review. 

72. ante diem xii. Kalendas Novembris : October 21. G. p. 491 ; 
A. & G. 376 ; B. 372 ; H. 642. Be prepared to give the other dates 
in this chapter in their English form. ^ 

74. C. Manlium : it was Cicero's prediction referred to here that 
prompted the Senate to issue its ultimum decretum. 



FIRST ORATION AGAIKST CATILIIN-E 3OI 

75. num me fefellit, etc. : on account of the long subject, it is best 
to translate this sentence passively : Was I mistaken — / ivill riot 
say (lit. not only) in the event, so important, etc. — l)ut what is far 
more remarhahle, in the date ? idem : also, lit. the same, N'om. 

agreeing with the subject. G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, i ; 
H. 451, 3. 

78. contulisse : had appointed ; translated bv our Pluperfect because 
prior to an action already Past (dixi). 

80. sui conservandi, of saving themselves. G. 428, R. 1 ; A. & G. 
298, a ; B. 339, 5 ; H. 542, i. Note the use of causa to express Design. 
For the fact here stated, see the Prefatory Note, §7. 

83. commovere te : make a move, take a step ; lit. move or hestir 
yourself. 

84. discessu ceterorum : the tamen following shows that these words 
must be taken in a Concessive sense — notwithstanding the escape (lit. 
departure) of the rest. esse : ivould he, lit. were ; so translated 
simply to suit the English idiom. G. 254, r. 1 ; A. & G. 264, b ; B. 
271 ; H. 476, 5. The Subjv. remansissemus is due to 0. 0. after 
dicebas. nostra : Abl. agreeing with caede, but equivalent here to 
the Gen. Plural of ego (= of us), and so translated. 

85. quid: again. This word, either alone or with vero, igitur, etc., 
is very frequent in Cicero in the sense what of this, i.e. of ivhat I am 
about to say. 

87. sensistine : did you see ; or possibly -ne here leans to the nega- 
tive, VCL which case translate : did you not see. 

' 89. moliris : a word implying strenuous effort. audiam, videam, 

seiitiam : for the Subjv. see Note on 1. 59. 

91. superiorem: (mght) before last. 

93. priore = superior e. 

94. inter falcarios : to the street of the scythe-makers, a certain 
quarter of the city. 

95. compluris : Accusative Plural. 

96. socios : accomplices. 

97. hie in senatu, etc. : these words show the extent of the danger 
with which Cicero had to deal. The conspiracy included in its ranks 
men of even senatorial rank as well as a few knights. 

98. ubinam gentium: where in the world; Part. Genitive with an 
adverb of Place. 

103. atque adeo : see Note on 1. 51. cogitent : Subjv. of Char- 
acteristic. 

104. de re publica sententiam rogo : a technical expression, referring 
to the manner in which the presiding magistrate at a session of the 



302 NOTES 

Senate called on members for an expression of their views (sententiaxn) 
on public business (re publica). 

106. igitnr : well, resuming the story begun in the first part of the 
chapter. apud : at the house of. 

107. quo : interrog., introducing an Ind. Question, hence the Subjv. 
placeret. quos : relative, introducing a Final Sentence {men to 
leave at Rome). 

109. confirmasti : gave the assurance. 

110. morae : Part. GenitWe after paulum. G. 369 ; A. & G. 216, 3 ; 
B. 201, 2 ; II. 397, 3. etiam nunc : even now, still. viverem: 
Subjv. after a Causal conjunction quod in 0. 0. G. 541 ; A. & G. 
321 ; B. 286, i ; II. 516, 11. 

111. liberarent : Subjv. of Characteristic with definite antecedent. 

112. sese . . . interfecturos esse: after verbs of Promising, etc., the 
Fut. Inf. with subject expressed is the rule ; in English the simple 
Inf. is used — to kill. in meo lectulo : the diminutive is used here 
not in the sense of littleness, but rather, perhaps, with the idea of 
security : of all places a man might naturally be expected to be 
most secure from harm when he is in bed. Translate : in my very 
bed. 

114. vixdum etiam. . . diinisso (Abl. Abs.) : almost before your meet- 
ing had adjourned; lit. your meeting having scarcely yet even been 
dism issed. 

116. salutatum : to greet. How is the supine in -turn used ? G. 
435 ; A. &. G. 302 ; B. 340, i ; H. 546. 

117. id (temporis) : Accusative of Extent in Time. G. 336, r. 5; 

A. & G. 240, b ; B. 185, 2 ; H. 378, 2. viris : what is the Dat. 
Plural of vis 1 

119. quae cum ita sint : this being so ; Causal cum in the so-called 
''Ciceronian formula." 

121. nimium diu desiderant: have too long been missing. Account 
for the tense ; see Note on 1. 39. 

122. educ : note the [Imperative forms die, due, fac, and fer. si 
minus: how is this expression used? G. 592, R. ; A. & G. 209, e; 

B. 306, 2; H. 552, 3. quam plurimos : what force has quam with 
the superlative? G. 303: A. & G. 93, b; B. 240, 3; H. 170, 2. 

123. metu : Abl. of Separation. dum mode : if only, expressing 
a Conditional Wish. G. 573 ; A. & G. 314; B. 310; H. 513, i. 

124. me atque te : the regular order in Latin, whereas in English we 
say you and me. 

126. Note the phrase gratiam habere : to feel grateful. In the 
present passage gratia is postponed to the end of its clause, making 



FIRST ORATIO^q- AGAIKST CATILINE 303 

clearer the dependence on it of the quod-clause which immediately 
follows. atque : and especially. 

129. saepius: ^00 o/^e^i (a frequent meaning of the comparative), in 
nno homine : in the case of a single person. This is a common mean- 
ing of in with the Abl. 

131. consuli designate : of course, during the latter half of the pre- 
ceding year (64 B.C.). See the following Xote. 

133. proximis comitiis consularibus : at the last consular elections. 
These elections were regularly held in July, and the consul-elect 
entered office on the following January 1. campo : Campus Mar- 

tins, where the elections were held, just outside of the city. 

136. per me : by my private efforts. 

138. nunc iam: the absolute noiv usually without reference to 
what has already taken place (nunc) and the now of experience (iam) 
combined; translate: noiv finally. He has just been speaking of 
Catiline's personal attacks upon his life, but now, he says, the con- 
spirator has more ambitious aims. 

142. id quod, etc. : the two clauses are objects of facere. hitius 
imperi, etc. : The authority which I possess and the teaching of, etc. 
The word imperium refers to the official authority which he possessed as 
consul (Introduction, §56), and huius as Dem. of the First Person 
means this which I hold. Account for the Genitives. Gr., 359, r. 1 ; 
A. & (x. 234, d ; B. 204, 2 ; H. p. 205, footnotes 1 and 3. 

143. audeo : Prin. Parts ? Learn at the same time the Principal 
Parts of gaudeo, soleo, and Mo (the '* semi-deponents," as they are 
called). ad : as regards. 

145. iussero: for the translation of the Fut. Perfect here, see Xote 
on 1. 53. 

146. sin : hut if. This is the regular word to introduce a Condition 
that excludes a preceding Condition. G. 592; B. 306, 3. 

147. hortor: how translated? See Xote on 1. 39. exieris: Fut. 
Perfect, how translated? tuorum comitum : consisting of your com- 
panions ; Appositive Genitive. The word sentina {refuse, scum) is 
modified by both Genitives rei publicae and tuorum comitum. 

148. quid est, Catilina : well, Catiline; lit. ivhat is it, Catiline^ 

149. dubitas : with the Infinitive this word regularly means hesi- 
tate, imperante me : Abl. Absolute. 

150. consul hostem : placed side by side for the contrast, and last 
in the sentence for further emphasis. 

154. possit : Subjv. of Characteristic after quid est ; so metuat and 
^oderit after nemo est in the next sentence. 
\ 156. oderit : Perf. because a defective verb, else it would be Present; 



304 NOTES 

translate as Present, quae nota domesticae turpitudinis : what stain of 
domestic disgrace. Here quae is interrog., being the adj. form of 
quis, quid, ^yhich corresponds in form to the relative. 

157. vitae: why Dat. aiter inxista (branded 07i)? See G. 347; A. & 
G. 228; B. 187, iii. ; 11. 366. haeret in fama : clings to yourname 

{reputation). 

159. cui adulescentulo : for tvhat poor youth^ the diminutive indi- 
cating not littleness of body, of course, perhaps not mere youthfulness 
of years, but rather weakness of character; hence the Characteristic 
Subjv. following — such as (lit. whom) you could ensnare ivith your 
enticing arts (quern . . . inretisses). Note the derivation of inretisses 
from rete, a net, toil, snare. The tense is Pluperfect because its 
time is prior to that of the leading verb, itself Perfect (praetulisti). 

162. quid vero: these words, like quid alone, are often used by 
Cicero to introduce a general question, leading up to a more specific 
question as in the case here (nonne . . . cumulasti). Translate: hut 

again, and compare Note on 1. 85. cum. . . vacuefecisses : having 

cleared. What use of cum is this? G. 585; A. & G. 325; B. 288, i; 
H. 521, II. 2. Cicero charges Catiline with having murdered his first 
wife, and then his son by that wife, the second deed to accommodate 
his second wife, who (according to Sallust) objected to having a grown- 
up stepson. 

164. cumulasti: the central idea of this word is that of ** piling 
up." 

165. tanti facinoris immanitas : lit. the monstrosity of so great a 
crime, that is, so monstrous a crime. non vindicata esse: to have 
passed mipunished. 

167. praetermitto, etc.: what figure? See Note on 1. 23. 

168. proximis Idibus : Abl. of Time When. 

169. ad . . . pertinent : relate to. 

170. difficultatem: troubles. 

171. nostrum : the regular form to use with omnium. How is 
nostri used? 

173. cum : Concessive, horum neminem : not a man here, lit. no one 
of these men. 

174. nesciat : Subjv. of Characteristic. pridie Kalendas lanuarias : 
give the date in English. 

175. comitio : the Singular of this word (comitium) means the place 
of assembly; the Plural (comitia), either the assembly itself or the elec- 
tions for which it met. cum telo : armed, lit. with a weapon. The 
occasion was the sitting of the Senate on February 5, 65 B.C. See 
Prefatory Note, §4, 



I 



FIRST ORATION AGAIKST CATILINE 305 



177. non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum: not some reflection 
(or other) or panic on your part. 

178. obstitisse : ob in composition means towards, against, in front 
of ; hence obstare = to stand in one's ivay, thwart. ac iam ilia 
omitto : see Note on 1. 167 above (praetermitto). ilia refers to what 
follows (as often). 

179. nonmulta: not few in number. 

180. designatum: supply consulem from the next clause following. 

181. coniectas : aimed. 

182. declinatione et . . . corpore : hy a slight movement of the body ; 
Hendiadys. The metaphor is taken from fencing. The student 
should not take Cicero's words literally : he speaks of only one actual 
attempt on his life, and that was frustrated by his refusing to admit 
visitors to his house, as described in 11. 114-116 above. 

183. adsequeris : accomplish. What tense ? See Note on 1. 1 
(abutere). 

184. neque: split in translation (ancZ^iof). 

187. quae . . . quibus : the former is a relative (translated it), the 
latter interrogative {with what religious rites). In Latin the relative 
regularly takes the first place in its sentence, so that in translating 
it is often necessary to change the order of words, quod below gives 
the supposed reason for Catiline's course, and may be translated : as 
a reason that, or simply that ; thus, / know not ivith ivhat religious 
rites it (quae, referring to sica) has been consecrated and vowed that 
(quod, as a reason that) you should think it necessary to plunge it, 
etc. 

191. permotus : actuated ; why Nominative ? G. 528, i ; A. & G. 
330, b ; B. 332 ; H. 534, i, n. 1. quo debeo: here permotus esse 

is understood, but it is as unnecessary to supply the words in the 
Eng. as in the Latin ; so, after misericordia, we must understand per- 
motus esse videar, but in translating it is simpler to omit ut, and 
translate simply but by pity. nulla : in no wise, lit. none. Nomi- 

native. 

194. salutavit : greeted. si : this '' if " is equivalent to a Causal 
conjunction. post ; since. 

195. exspectas : are waiting for (not expecting). The idea is, their 
silence was significant enough ; was he also waiting for them to in- 
sult him in words ? 

196. quid, quod : what {of this), that, quid here stands for a whole 
sentence = ^' What do you think of this that I am about to tell you ? " 
See Note on 1. 85. 

197. ista : tftose {fiear you) ; Demonstrative of the Second Person. 

20 



305 NOTES 

199. simul atque (sometimes written simul ac) : as soon as. For tlac 
tense here, see G. 561 ; A. & G. 324 ; B. 287, i ; 11. 518, n. 1. 

200. nudam atque inanem : Pred. Adjectives to be translated after 
the verb reliquerunt. quo tandem animo : with what feelings, pray. 
On this clause depend the preceding chuises. tibi : Dat. of the 
Agent. 

201. servi mehercule mei si me . . . metuerent : to translate these 
words, if my slaves should /ear me, would be wrong ; note the tense. 
This is the Protasis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition, and 
your translation should imply the falsity of the supposition ; henc:^ 
translate : if my slaves feared 7ne, implying they do not. Read 
(with special attention to the examples translated) G. 507 ; A. & G. 
308 ; B. 304, i ; Yl. 510. isto: Dem. of the Second Person, an- 
ticipating the following te and tui. 

202. putarem : I should thiiik : the Apodosis (or conclusion) of the 
Conditional Sentence. reliquendam : what is the force of the 
ending -dusi This word must be repeated in translating the next 
clause (tu tibi urbem, etc.). 

204. si . . . viderem : how translated ? See Note on 1. 201 above. 

205. civium: Subj. Gen. after aspectu. G. 2G3, i ; A. & G. 214; 
B. 100; II. 306, II. 

206. oculis : Ablative of Cleans. 

209. si te parentes timerent . . . tui : the Roman was frugal in the 
use of words. If he wished to say " IMy father loves me," he would 
sometimes use not four words, Meus pater me amat, but only three, Me 
pater amat, the position of me as well as the natural inference suf- 
ficiently indicating whose father is meant. In such a case the pro- 
noun me does double duty : it shows the object of the sentence and 
at the same time, by its proximity to pater, suggests meus. In the 
present passage, Cicero, however, prefers to emphasize the rela- 
tionship ; hence he repeats the idea of te in tui of the next 
line. 

210. odissent : why Pluperfect ? It refers, like timerent, to Present 
time in an Unreal Condition, which is regularly Imperfect. Trans- 
late hated (not had hated), and see Note on 1. 156. 

211. aliquo : to some place or other. nunc : as it is. 

212. te patria : account for the position of te. See Note on 1. 209. 
nostrum : why not nostri T 

213. iam diu . . . iudicat : how is the Present tense translated here ? 
See Note on 1. 39. nisi : frequent after negatives in the sense of 
except, hut, etc. 

216. sequgre : what tense is this ? See Note on 1. 1 (abutSre). 



FIRST ORATIOiq- AGAI]S"ST CATILIKE 307 

216. agit : treats, deals. tacita (with Concessive force) : al- 

thoiigJb silent. 

218. uni: what case is this ? vexatio direptioque sociorum : re- 

ferring to Catiline's treatment of the provincials during his proprae- 
tprship in Africa (67 B.C.). He was prosecuted at the end of his 
term, but managed by bribery to escape punishment. Note the 
position here of tibi, and compare Note on 1. 209. 

220. ad neglegendas, etc. : Design. quaestiones (from quaero, 

inquire into, investigate) : law-courts. See Introduction, §61. 

222. ut potid : as {well as) I could, 

223. me totam esse in metu, etc. : that I should he wholly alarmed, 
lit. ivhole in fear. Note the use of the adjective totam for an 'adverb 
and the phrase in metu for an adjectival idea. This Ace. and Inf. 
with the one following is the subject of est ferendum. quicquid 
increpuerit (Pf. Subjv.), Catilinam timeri : that whatever (rumor) is 
noised ahroad, Catiline should he feared; Pf. (increpuerit) because 
the noise is prior to the panic, and Subjv. because the clause depends 
on an Infinitive. G. 629 ; A. & G. 342 ; B. 324, 2 ; H. 529, 11. • 

225. quod a tuo scelere abhorreat : that is inconsistent ivith your 
(Jife of) crime ; Subjv. of Characteristic. 

226. mihi : Dat. of Advantage, but translated fj^om me. 

227. ne opprimar: tliat I may not he overwhelmed; negative Final 
Sentence. sin : this word regularly introduces a second Condi- 
tion to exclude the preceding one. falsus : unfounded. 

228. haec : Neut. Plural. si . . . loquatur : the Ideal (less vivid) 
Condition. The proper auxiliary for the translation of this Condition 
is should or were to. So in the next clause : even if she should not 
he able to bring force to hear (upon you). See G. 596 ; A. & G. 305, 
6, 2, a ; B. 303 ; H. 509. quid, quod : see Note on 1. 196. 

231, tu te ipse : the subject rather than the object emphasized by the 
Nominative of ipse(G. 311, 2; A. & G. 195, i ; B. 249, 2; H. 452, i), lay- 
ing stress on his own agency in the matter. custodiam (sc. liberam) : 

when a citizen was to be tried on a criminal charge, he was not im- 
prisoned, but was allowed to go free on bail for his appearance at the 
proper time, or he might surrender himself into the keeping — free 
custody, as it was called — of some responsible person. Catiline had 
been indicted for riotous conduct {de vi). In this passage Cicero 
refers to Catiline's offers to give himself up in free custody to several 
persons successively. Each in turn declined to be responsible for his 
safe keeping until he applied to a friend (our text says M. Marcel- 
liis, 1. 239, but the name is in doubt). This friend, whoever he was, 
was not so watchful as the case required, since it was during his cus- 



308 KOTES 

tody of Catiline that the prisoner attended the meeting at Laeca's 
house two nights before this speech was made. Ilence Cicero's 
ironical words below (ad custodiendum dilig-entissimum) in reference to 
this friend's carefulness. 

232. ad : at the house of (usually apud), the verb habitare apparently 
implying motion (go aiid live). Compare ad me venire in the next 
line, and several instances further on. velle : were ivilling. 

234. domi meae : Locative. G. 411, r. 3 ; A. & G. 258, e; B. 232, 
2 ; H. 42G, 2. adservarem : Subjv. in a Complementary Final 
Sentence after rogasti. 

235. id responsum: like a verb of Saying, this substantive is fol- 
lowed here by an Ace. and Inf. construction, me nullo modo . . . esse. 

236. parietibus : see Note on 1. 67. qui . . . essem : a dependent 
clause in 0. 0. and also Causal in sense, hence Subjv. for two reasons. 

239. demigrasti : an allusion to Catiline's unsuccessful wanderings 
from person to person. What is the rule for thi^ contraction ? G. 
131, I ; A. & G. 128, «, i ; B. 116, i ; H. 235. videlicet: of course 
(ironical). 

240. ad custodiendum diligent issimum : very ca7'eful to giiard. 

241. sagacissimum : very sharp, keen. 

242. videtur ; its subject (antec. of qui) is understood. While the 
verb is personal according to the rule for its simple tenses, it is best 
to translate impersonally ; thus, how long does it seem that he, etc. 

243. custodia: why Ablative ? G. 397 ; A. & G. 245, a; B. 226, 
2 ; H. 421, III. iudicarit : for the contraction, see Note on demi- 
grasti above (1. 239). quae cum ita sint : see Note on 1. 119. 

244. dubitas : what does this verb mean when followed by the In- 
finitive as here (abire) "? See Note on 1. 149. 

245. istam : how is this pronoun translated ? See Note on 1. 2. 

246. ereptam : ivhich has escaped, the verb taking an Abl. of Sep- 
aration after it. 

248. refer : technical word for laying a matter before (ad) the Sen- 
ate, id enim postulas : for that is what you dema^id. 

249. ordo : give an account of the orders in Rome; see Introduction 
§^11, 12, and 15. decreverit : if this is a part of Catiline's lan- 
guage, dependent on dicis, it is Perfect Subjunctive ; if Cicero's 
words, Fut. Perfect. In either case translate as Present. 

250. id quod abhorreat a meis moribus: a course that (lit. that which) 
is foreign to my character. He seems to mean that as the Senate 
would certainly condemn Catiline, he did not care to be so severe as 
to lay the question before it. The real reason for not putting the 
question to a vote was that the Senate was not a judicial body, and 



FIRST OBATIOI^ AGAIKST CATILIKE 309 

hence had no right to pass sentence. Catiline knew this, and his 
request was a mere blind to make it appear that he was willing to 
abide by the decision of the Senate. Cicero also knew it, but he 
scores a point against Catiline in the next sentence by getting a kind 
of silent vote. 

251. faciam ut intellegas : a common circumlocution in Lat. vari- 
ously translated ; here, make you understand (show you). quid 
sentiant : Indirect Question, hence Subjunctive. For the meaning of 
the verb, compare the English derivative. lii : the Senate. 

253. metu : Abl. of Separation, si lianc vocem exspectas : if that is 
what you are waiting for me to say. Notice the force of lianc as the 
Demonstrative of the First Person. At this point Cicero pauses to 
see the effect of his words. As there is no remonstrance from the 
audience, he resumes in the next line with the words quid est, Catilina : 
ivell, Catiline? lit. what is it? 

255. quid exspectas, etc. ; lit. why do you wait for the authority of 
(those) speaking, of whom sile7it you see clearly the desire; that is, 
more freely, ivhy do you wait for the expressed wish of those whose 
silent desire you (so) clearly see. tacitorum, of course, agrees 

with quorum, but is best translated with voluntatem. 

257. si . . . dixissem : Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition — if I had 
said, implying the opposite to be true. The Apodosis is intulisset 
(1. 260). 

258. M. Marcello: a very different person from the one of the same 
name mentioned above as Catiline's friend (1. 239). The present 
Marcellus was a prominent aristocrat, consul twelve years later on the 
eve of the great Civil War, and an enemy to the democrat Caesar. 

259. senatus vim et manus intulisset: the Senate would have laid 
violent hands ; Hendiadys. 

260. cum (= quod) quiescunt, probant ; in that they are silent, they 
approve (their silence is a proof of their assent). See G. (L. Ed.) 582; 
A. &G. 325; B. 290, i; H. 521. 

262. neque : split in trans, (and not), lii : i.e. the Senate, sub- 
ject of the verbs understood from the preceding clauses. Of course, 
so important an occasion as the present was, had attracted a large 
attendance to this sitting of the Senate, not only members attending, 
but many knights (equites, 1. 263) and other worthy citizens (fortissimi 
cives, 1. 264). All alike, says Cicero, condemned Catiline by their 
silence. videlicet : to he sure (ironical). 

263. vita, etc. : before this clause, we must understand sed or et, 
but it is not necessary to supply either in translation. This omission 
of the conjunction is called Asyndeton. 



3IO KOTES 

265. quorum frequentiam : wJiose crowded presence. 

267. vix : not hardly, but = difficulter (as often). contineo : 
why Present ? eosdem : antecedent of the preceding quorum, and 
to be translated before the rehative. 

268. adducam ut . . . prosequantur : ivill induce them to escort, Com- 
plementary Consecutive Sentence. haec: lit. these things, said 
with a sweep of the hand, hence, this city. studes: tense as in 
contineo preceding. usque ad: as far as. 

270. quamquam : a7id yet, a frequent meaning of the word in these 
orations. te ut ulla res frangat : ivhat ! anything subdue you ? 

an Exclamatory Question. G. 558 ; A. & G. 332, c ; H. 486, ii. n. 
The same construction occurs in the next three sentences. Notice 
the emphatic position of the pronoun. 

272. utinam . . . duint : Heaven grant you this {change of) mind! 
A Wish thus expressed represents the matter wished for as in the 
Future, and hence still possible, duint is an old form of the Present 
Subjv. (compare malim, velim, etc.) for tlie regular form dent. Learn 
the following scheme for tlie exi)ression of Wishes : 

I. Possible : Cras (utinam) domi sim, ]\[ay I he at home to-morrow ! 

1) in Present time : Nunc utinam domi essem, Would 
I icere at home now ! 

2) in Past time : Heri utinam domi fuissem, Would I 
had heen at home yesterday ! 

The negative is ne. In the first form utinam may be omitted ; in tlie 
second and third forms, vellem, mallem, and (theoretically) nollem 
may take the place of utinam. See G. 261 ; A. & G. 267 ; B. 279 ; 
H. 483, I and 2. 

274. animum induxeris : how is the Fut. Perfect translated after 
si 1 quanta tempestas . . . impendeat : hoiv great a storm of odium, 
etc. ; Indirect Question, depending on video. 

275. si minus : see Note on 1. 122. in praesens tempus : for the 
present. memoria : Abl. of Cause, giving a reason for his immu- 
nity from blame for the present. 

276. est tanti : it is worth while, i.e. to take the risk of censure. 
Account for the case. G. 380, i, r. 1 ; A. & G. 252, a; B. 203, 3 ; H. 404. 

277. dum modo : if only, a Conditional Wish. G. 573 ; A. & G. 314 ; 
B. 310, I. ; H. 513, i. a periculis : Abl. of Separation. 

278. ut commoveare, etc. : a Complementary Final Sentence de- 
pending on est postulandum at the end of the sentence. Note the 
ending (-re), and see Note on 1. 1. 

279. ut temporibus rei publicae cedas : that you should yield to the 
needs of the commonwealth. 



II. Unreal 



FIRST ORATIO>^ AGAIKST CATILIKE 3II 

280. neque enim is es . . . ut te, etc. : for you are not such {a mmi) 
that either modesty has ever, etc. The Subjv. is Characteristic. 

283. inimico : personal enemy : Dat. (with mihi) after con- in com- 
position (conflare). 

284. vis : from volo. vix : see Note on 1. 267. 

285. feceris : Fut. Perfect in a Logical Condition. G. 595 ; A. & 
G. 307, c; B. 302, i ; H. 508. 

286. iussu : Abl. of Cause. sin autem servire meae, etc. : but if 
you prefer (mavis from malo) to minister to my praise and glory. 
Avoid confounding servare = to presei've, save (which takes the Ace.) 
and servire = to he a slave to, serve (which takes the Dat.). 

288. confer te : betake yourself. What three other verbs form the 
Imperative as fero does ? See Note on 1. 122. 

289. patriae : Dative after in- in composition (infer), 

290. latrocinio : brigandage. ut . . . videaris : why Subjunctive ? 
The non of this sentence negatives only the phrase eiectus ad alienos. 

291. quid . . . invitem : Potential Rhetorical Question. G. 259 ; A. 
& G. 311, a ; H. 486, 11. Rhetorical quesHons are so called because 
they are not genuine Questions, but strong statements in the inter- 
rogative form. 

292. sciam : Subjv. either (1) because dependent on another Subjv. 
(invitem), i.e. by Attraction, or (2) because Characteristic. The subject 
of esse praemissos is the omitted antecedent of qui. qui . . . prae- 
stolarentur : to wait for. Forum Aurelium : a small place in Etruria, 
about 50 miles from Rome. 

293. cui : Dat. of the Agent with the Perfect Passive (pactam and 
constitutam). In the next line the Agent is expressed by the more 
common a with the Abl. (a quo). 

294. aquilam : the eagle used as a standard. This particular eagle 
is said to have belonged to the democratic general Marius. 

295. quam : subject of esse futuram {which 1 trust may prove, etc.). 

296. cui : for which, referring like quam to the eagle. In translating 
this whole sentence it is best to take in sciam esse praemissam (at the 
end of the sentence) immediately after a quo : a man by whom I 
know has been sent forward that silver eagle, etc. 

297. tu ut . . . carere possis : what ! you able to do without that 
standard any longer. For the construction, 3ee Note on 1. 270 (ut 
frangat). 

299. a : from. 

301. ibis : emphatic position. quo : whither. 

304. ad {for) hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, for- 
tuna servavit : observe this thoroughly Ciceronian sentence. In pre- 



312 NOTES 

senting a succession of clauses, particularly in Climax, all having 
certain words in common, he often crowds the words that are com- 
mon to the whole into the first part of the sentence (ad banc te amen- 
tiam here), and then introduces the subjects and predicates in close 
succession. It is like " clearing for action " before *' firing the broad- 
side." Learn the Principal Parts of peperit, and at the same time for 
comparison those of paro and pareo, with the meanings. 

305. non modo : lit. not only, but often (as here) best translated, I 
\vill not say. The second negative in tliis sentence (ne . . . quidem) 
should be translated affirmatively even, rather than not even. The 
sentence begins with a general negative (numquam) and ne . . . quidem 
simply strengthens it, whereas in English two negatives destroy each 
other, making an affirmative. 

306. nisi : used after a negative in the sense of except. 

307. Order of words : nanctus es manum {a hand) improborum con- 
flatam (agreeing with manum) ex perditis (Abl. of Material) atque de- 
relictis (in the same construction as perditis) ab non modo fortuna 
(personified, hence ab to express the Agent), verum etiam spe. 

308. bic: here, i.e. with his boon-companions described in the pre- 
ceding sentence. perfru6re : note the ending ; what tense ? 

311. audies : ivill hear of. quemquam : a7iy 07ie {at all) ; the 
regular word for any in negative sentences. 

312. studium : pursnit. meditati : practised, deponent verb in 
a passive sense. illi qui feruntur labores tui : lit. those your labors 
that are talked of, that is, those much-talked-of practices of yours. 
The following Infinitives (iacere, vigilare) explain what these practices 
were, and are in apposition to labores. 

313. bumi : what case ? 

315. somno, bonis (property) : Dat. after the intrans. verb insidi- 
antem. G. 346 ; A. &. G. 227 ; B. 187, ii. a; H. 385. 

316. babes ubi ostentes : lit. you have where you may show off, 
that is, you have an opportunity to display ; Subjv. of Character- 
istic, patientiam : ahility to hear (followed by a Genitive). 

318. confectum : undone, ruined. tantum profeci : thus much I 
accomplished, leading up to the Consecutive clauses ut . . . posses and 
ut . . . nominaretur following. 

319. a . . . reppuli : defeated . . . for. exsul . . . consul : a play 
upon words. Cicero is fond of these plays. Several are noted in 
the first speech in this book {TTie Impeachment of Yerres). ' tem- 
ptare : attack ; vexare : harry, 

324. detester ac deprecer : may avert hy entreaty and prayer, 

326. etenim si mecum patria , , . loquatur : this Protasis introduces a 



FIRST ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE 313 

long quotation, which extends to the end of the chapter. Accord- 
ingly there appears to be no corresponding Apodosis (conclusion), the 
current of thought having been forgotten when we reach the end of 
the speech. But a slight examination will show that the Apodosis is 
contained in the first words of the following chapter (his ego sanctis- 
simis, etc.). See Note on these words below (1. 350). The Protasis 
quoted above is of the Ideal (less vivid) kind, and should be translated 
should or were to say. Note the position of the word mecum in front 
of patria. What does this position suggest ? See Note above on 1. 209. 

327. vita : why Ablative ? multo : why Ablative ? 

328. tune : = tu + ne, the interrog. sign, which is regularly added 
to the emphatic word ; hence translated will you (i.e. of all men). 
This tu is the subject of patiere (1. 332). 

332. abs te : the form ahs occurs only before te and the enclitic -que. 
It is avoided by Cicero in his later works. 

333. emissus, inmissus : a play upon words {let out and let in). Com- 
pare exsul, consul in 1. 319, and see Note. 

335. mactari imperabis : if the verb dependent on imperare is Active, 
imperare takes the Dative (Ind. Object) and ut + the Subjv. ; but if 
the dependent verb is Passive or Deponent, the Ace. and Inf. (as above) 
may be used. 

336. at, etc. : his country is supposed to be asking Cicero why he 
does not put Catiline to death, and to each of his supposed reasons 
the country opposes an objection beginning with this word at. 

337. morte multarunt : 2^u7iished with death. G. 378, r. 2 ; A. & 
G. 220, J, I ; B. 208, 2, b; H. 410, iii. 

338. rogatae : introduced, the technical term. 

340. praeclaram (emphatic position) vero, etc. : a fijie return tndy 
you are making (ironical). 

341. per te cognitum: known only through your persojial efforts. 
What does this mean? See Introduction, §55. 

343. omnis honorum gradus : what offices (honorum) had he filled? 

345. si quis : what words does quis (Indefinite) follow? See Note 
on 1. 31. 

346. severitatis : due to, or springing from, severity, Possessive 
Genitive. inertiae : supply invidia. 

350. Ms ego, etc. : here Cicero begins his answer to the complaint 
(querimoniam) supposed to come from his country, taking him to task 
for his alleged remissness in dealing with the conspirators. 

351. hoc idem: Ace. of the Inner Object. Neut. adjectives and 
pronouns are frequently used with verbs which supply the substantive 
idea necessary to the sense. Here the word sentiment is supplied by 



314 NOTES 

the verb sentiunt. We may, therefore, translate : who entertain the 
same sentiment. Similarly a little further on pauca = pauca responsa, 
the substantive responsa being contained in the verb respondebo. 

352. si iudicarem : not if I should judge, h\it if I Judged (thought). 
What kind of Condition? 

353. Catilinam morte multari : appositive to hoc preceding. 

354. gladiatori : rwffian. ad vivendum : Design. 

355. Saturnini (Gen.) at Gracchorum et Flacci : who were the summi et 
clarissimi viri that crushed Saturninus, the Gracchi, and M. Fulvius 
Flaccus? See Chap. ii. and the Notes. 

358. quid : followed by a Part. Genitive invidiae (lit. anything of 
odiiun). hoc parricida civium interfecto: Abl. Abs. =rsi hie parricida 
interfectus esset (Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after verendum erat). 

359. quod si ea mihi maxime impenderet : hut if {though) this odium 
threatened ine ever so much (maxime, in the greatest degree) ; the 
Protasis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition with Concessive 
force. 

360. hoc animo : lit. of this mind, that is, so disposed. The Demon- 
strative hoc prepares the way for the Consecutive clause ut putarem. 

361. partam: from pario. gloriam, non invidiam: Pred. sub- 
stantives after esse implied. He always thought, as he says, that the , 
odium created by doing one's duty was true glory rather than real 
odium. quamquam : as in 1. 270. 

362. qui . . . videant : Subjv. of Characteristic after the indefinite 
expression non nulli sunt. quae imminent : rel. clauses dependent 
on Subjvs. or Infs. are usually attracted into the Subjv. themselves, 
but here the rel. clause is a mere cirGjimlocution for a single word 
(pericula or the like). See Gj53»,' 1i. (a) ; A. & G. 342, a ; H. 524, 
2, 2. dissimulent: df^guisey conceal. 

364. mollibus : iceali, timid. 

365. non credendo : hy not 'believing (that the danger existed), 
quorum auctoritatem secuti: following {guided hy) whose influence; 
the participle secuti agreeing with the subject multi. 

366. improbi : a favorite word in these Orations as contrasted with 
boni. See the Vocabulary. 

367. si in hunc animadvertissem : Protasis of an Unreal (contrary 
to fact) Condition in Past time with an Apodosis in Present time 
(dicer ent, would be saying). regie : like a tyrant. 

368. quo intendit : whither he is aiming {to go). 

369. pervenerit : probably Perfect Subjv. by Attraction (see Note on 
1. 362, quae imminent), representing the Fut. Perfect dependently ex- 
pressed after intellego. Translate as if present : reaches, qui non 



FIRST ORATIO^^ AGAINST CATILINE 315 

videat : as not to see, Characteristic Subjunctive. Here quin might 
have been used for qui non on account of the preceding negative 
neminem. G. 552, 3; A. & G. 319, d; B. 284, 3; H. 500, 11. 

371. hoc uno (= solo) interfecto = si hie unus interfectus erit (Fut. 
Perfect): Abl. Abs. representing a Protasis. G. 667; A.&G. 310, a; 
B. 337, 2, b ; H. 549, 2. 

372. reprimi : checked ; comprimi : crushed, 

374. eodem: to the same place; compare eo, to that place, thither. 
naufragos : shipwrecked characters. Derivation of this word? 

376. stirps ac semen malorum omnium : the root and seed of 
all our misfortunes. Compare the Eng. expression '' root and 
branch." 

379. versamur : have been living ; a frequent word in Cicero, and 
variously translated. in, in the midst of. nescio quo pacto : 

somehow ; lit. I know not in what way, originally introducing an Ind. 
Question. It gradually lost its interrog. force and was treated as if 
one word, without affecting the mood of the dependent verb. Com- 
pare the Eng. phrase " I fear I-know-not-what.'* Read G. 467, R. 1 ; 
A. & G. 334, e ; B. 253, 6 ; H. 529, 5, 3- 

381. maturitas : the full development, in tempus erupit : has hurst 
upon the time. 

382. latrocinio : plot of brigands. unus : see Note on this word 
above (1. 371). toUetur : Principal Parts? ad: for. 

385. visceribus : the vital organs, vitals. 

386. aestu febrique : ivith the heat of fever (Hendiadys). iactantur : 
frequentative form of iacio. 

387. gravius : compare in its three degrees. 

389. relevatus — si relevatus erit (Fut. Perfect). istius : Cati- 

line's, poena : Abl. of Means. reliquis vivis : Abl. Abs. — si 

reliqui vivi erunt. 

391. secedant : what use of the Subjunctive? improbi : mean- 
ing ? bonis : meaning ? 

392. id quod : a rel. clause referring to a sentence i3 regularly intro- 
duced by these two words, less commonly by quod alone. G. (L. Ed.) 
614, R. 2 ; A. & G. 200, e; B. 247, i. b; H. 445, 7. 

394. consuli : Dat. 'after the intransitive insidiari. tribunal 

praetoris urbani : the court of the city praetor (of course, for purposes 
of intimidation). What were the duties of the city praetor ? See 
Introduction, §61. 

396. sit denique inscriptum : finally let it be written on, etc., what he 
thinks, i.e. what his sentiments are. Here quid is Ace. of the Inner 
Object. Why is sentiat in the Subjunctive ? 



3l6 ]S'OTES 

398. in nobis fore : Possession of Qualities is expressed by in with 
the Abl. or some other turn instead of the Dat. of Possession. 

400. consensionem : harmony. 

401. omnia: the ivhole plot. patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vin- 
dicata : choose suitable words to bring out the Climax intended, 
videatis: shall see, the Subjv. (Consecutive) getting its time (Future) 
from the leading clause (polliceor fore). 

403. hisce ominibus: with these prophetic words from me (hisce, Dem. 
of the First Person). He refers to the words used in 11. 397-402 
concerning the consuls' activity, the authority of the Senate, etc. For 
the ending -ce, see G. 104 R. ; A. & G. 100, footnote ; B. 87, foot- 
note 2 ; H. 186, I. cum summa, etc. : instead of ivith, we should 
say to in the sense here intended — to the highest welfare, etc. 

406. tu : subject of arcebis and mactabis, the last word. lup- 

piter : addressed to the statue of Jupiter the Stayer (Stator). qui 

isdem quibus base urbs (sc. constituta est) auspiciis, etc. ; ivho wast 
established under the same auspices as this city, etc. Observe the 
relative quibus following isdem according to rule. G. 310, R. 2 ; A. 
& G. 234, N. 2 ; H. 451, 5. 

409. a: from. 

411. inimicos : (personal) /oes; hostes: (public) enemies. la- 
trones : brigands. 

412. foedere: Abl. of Means. inter se : together, lit. among 
themselves. The Latin method of expressing Reciprocal Relations 
{each other, 07ie another) is by the use of inter with nos, vos, or se^ 
whether the verb be active or passive, transitive or intransitive* 
G. 231 ; A. & G. 196,/; B. 245 ; H. 448, n. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 

{First Oration against Catiline) 

I. Translate Cat. 1. 3, 7 : Meministine through esse dicebas. 

1. Explain the Roman method of dates, and give the Latin for 
Sept. 10, Oct. 21, and March 4. 2. Account for the use of id quod 
in 11. 76, 77. (See Note on 1. 392.) 3. Explain the use of idem in 
1. 77. 4. Account for the form sui in 1. 80. 6, How is ne used in 
Questions ? num % nonne 1 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 317 

II. Translate Cat. i. 8, 21, through 1. 269 : At si through prose- 
quantur. 

1. What kind of Condition in the first sentence ? 2. Give the Dat. 
Plural of vir and of vis. 3. What is the exact force of vim et manus ? 
4. Explain the use of cum in cum quiescunt probant. 5. To what word 
is vix equivalent ? 6. Justify the use of the Present contineo. 

III. Account for the following cases (figures in parentheses refer- 
ring to lines of the text): consili (10), diem (37), caedis (69), morae (110), 
metu (123), vitae (157), ea (186), animo (200), tanti (276), cui (293), vita 
(327), severitatis (346). 

IV. Tell what you can about the following words and phrases : 

1. credo. 2. murus, moenia, and paries. 3. consularis, consul, and con- 
sul designatus. 4. boni and improbi. 5. abhorrere a with the Abla- 
tive. 6. tandem. 7. quaestio (1. 220). 8. nescio quo pacto. 9. ubinam 
gentium. 10. quam plurimos. 11. servare and servire. 12. mavis. 
13. patientia famis. 14. proximis comitiis consularibus. 15. furorem 
ac tela. 

V. Discuss the Characteristic Subjunctive. (See Note on 1. 59.) 

2. Grive the scheme for the expression of Wishes. (See Note on 1. 272.) 

YI. 1. Contrast bic, iste, and ille. 2. What is Cicero's usage with 
reference to the endings -re and -ris in the Second Person Singular 
Passive ? 3. How is si minus used in Conditions ? sin ? 4. Discuss 
the use of an in Questions. 5. After what words is the Indefinite 
pronoun quis, quid used ? 6. What is a frequent translation of 
quamquam in these Orations ? 7. Name three verbs besides duco that 
form the Imperative without the final e. 8. Distinguish between the 
use of nostrum and nostri, as Gen. Plural of ego. 9. Give five ways 
of expressing Design. 10. How are Reciprocal Relations expressed ? 

VII. Tell the Principal Parts of : 1. vivo, vinco, and vincio. 2. 
pario, pare, and pareo. 3. tollo. 4. audeo, and three other " semi- 
deponents." 

VIII. Explain the term Praeteritio. 2. Hendiadys. 3. Asyndeton. 
4. Give an example of Cicero's plays on words. 5. In the following 
sentence, account for the position (i) of te alone, then (ii) of the first 
four words : Ad banc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, 
fortuna servavit. 



3 I 8 NOTES 

SECOND OEATION AGAINST CATILINE 

{In L. Catilinam Oratio Secunda) 

PREFATORY NOTE 

On the evening of November 8 (but see the last paragraph of the 
Prefatory Note to the First Oration against Catiline)^ after Cicero's 
denunciation in the Senate, Catiline left the city for the camp of 
Manlius in Etruria. The next day Cicero summoned the people to 
the Forum, and there told them in the Second Oratio7i against Cati- 
line of what had occurred on the preceding day. He reminded them 
that while he had gained an important point in driving Catiline out 
of town, yet Catiline's adherents still remained in Rome, ready under 
the leadership of P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, as Catiline's representa- 
tive, to carry out the plans of the conspiracy. 



1. tandem aliquando : tlie second word merely strengthens the first. 
Translate : now at last. Quirites : a word of uncertain origin, 

but regularly used in addressing the people. Translate : fellow- 
citizens. 

3. vobis, urbi : Dal. of Disadvantage after the intransitive minitan- 
tem. ferro flammaque : ivith fire and sword, Abl. of Means. 

4. vel, vel, vel:.this conjunction, which is connected with the verb 
volo, gives a choice between alternatives, and may be translated : if 
you choose, if you prefer, or the like. It is a good general rule in 
translating Latin to preserve as far as possible the order of words ; 
thus. Now at last Catiline, raging with boldness, etc., we have either 
driven out of the city, or allowed to escape, or, if you prefer, have 
escorted him with words as he went of his own accord (ipsum, lit. 
himself). 

5. a"biit, excessit, evasit, erupit : notice the Asyndeton (common in 
Climax). Get the exact meanings of these words, varying from 
merely going aivay (ahiit) to precipitancy in rushing out (erupit) of 
the city. 

6. moenibus : Indirect Object after the complex pernicies compara- 
bitur. G. 345 ; A. & G. 225, e; B. 187, i ; H. 384, i. Translate : 
against the city (with special reference to the walls or fortifications). 

7. atque hunc quidem, etc. : yes, him at all events as the sole leader, 
etc. Observe the meaning of unum here ; also, that atque is used to 



li 



I 



SECOND OEATIO]^ AGAi:srST CATILIKE 319 



Skid to what precedes something more important. The important 
thing here is that Catiline was the head and front of the conspiracy, 
and yet had been driven out. As will be seen in the course of this 
speech, Cicero's object now was to make Catiline's adherents follow 
him. sine controversia : beyond dispute. 

9. versabitur: ivill play about. See Xote on Cat. i. 13, 31 (1. 379). 

10. in campo : supply Martio. The Campus Martins, as the place 
where the consular elections were held, was a frequent scene of Cat- 
iline's operations. intra domesticos parietes : how does paries 
differ from moenia ? Is the gender of paries according to rule ? Gr. 
t5o, 2 ; A. & G. QQ, d ; B. 45, 2 ; H. 104. loco : position, a mili- 
tary term. 

12. cum est . . . depulsus : explain this use of cum by reference to 
Xote on Cat. 1. 8, 21 (1. 260). cum hoste : Abl. of Attendance. 

nullo: why not nemine? Gr. 70, d; B. 57, 3 ; H. 457, 3. The Abl. 
Abs. may be translated : without anybody's preventing it. 

14. cum : as in 1. 12 above. 

15. latrocinium : brigandage. 

16. quod, etc. : the four clauses beginning with this word all depend 
on the last clause of the sentence (quanto . . . putatis), and give the 
ground for his grief. 

17. vivis nobis : leaving us alive ; lit. we (being) alive, Abl. Abso- 
lute, ei : Dat. of Disadvantage. 

18. civis : Ace. Plural. incolumis (Ace. PL), stantem : Predica- 
tive Attribution. G. 325. The second quod (preceding stantem) is 
repeated for rhetorical effect, and may be omitted in translating. 

19. quanto maerore : Abl. of Manner. tandem : force ? 

20. iacet . . . prostratus est : lielpless he noiv lies arid prostrate. Note 
the emphatic position of the verb iacet. 

.24. evomuerit, proiecerit : Subjv. of Partial Obliquity, giving the 
imputed reason for the city's rejoicing (laetari). G. 542 and 541 ; A. 
& G. 321 ; B. 286, i ; H. 516, 11. 

25. talis, qualis . . . oportebat, qui . . . accuset : the clause beginning 
with qualis (Ace. PL) is parenthetical, and may be translated : and 
such all ought to be. The relative qui, on the other hand, introduces 
a Characteristic clause in the Subjv. after the demonstrative talis. 
The whole may be translated: And if any one is of such a cha7'acter — 
and of su^h all ought to he — as to (qui) accuse me in the vei'y point (in 
lioc ipso), etc., (namely) because I did not arrest {for not arresting), 
etc., this is not my fault, but {the fault) of the times. While he thought 
it perfectly proper that everybody should take him to task for not 
arresting Catiline, yet such a course on his part would have been 



320 NOTES 

premature, because so many persons had failed to realize the true 
state of things. 

31. mos : usage. res publica : puhlic interests. Notice here three 
subjects with a singular verb, because the three express a single com- 
plex notion. huius imperi : of this office (which I hold). 

35. qui . . . crederent : Subjv. of Characteristic. quae deferrem: 
Subjv. hj Attraction, depending on another Subjunctive. 

36. illo sublato: hi/ his removal; lit. he having been removed^ Abl. 
Absolute. iudicarem: Unreal (contrary to fact) Protasis ; how 
translated? See Note on Cat. i. 7, 17 (1. 201). 

37. non modo invidiae . . . periculo : the Latin is inconsistent here. 
Translate : at the risk not only of 'unpopularity, hut even of death ; 
or, at the risk not only of my popularity, hut even of my life. 

38. cum viderem : seeing, Causal. 

39. re . . . probata : since the matter had 7iot even then (i.e. at that 
late day) been proved, etc., Abl. Absolute. 

40. multassem : Subjv. in 0. 0. after viderem, while the Plup. rep- 
resents the Fut. Perfect, as is shown by the following Fut. Infinitive 
fore. This last word is translated : that the result ivoiUd he, and is 
followed V)y Consecutive ut. 

44. quem quidem : and {as for) him (lit. ivhom) indeed. . hostem : 
as an enemy, to be translated after the words quam (how) . . . putem. 
The latter is an Indirect Question depending on intellegatis. 

45. licet intellegatis : you may know, lit. it is permitted you should 
know. 

46. moleste fero : a common phrase expressing various shades of 
feeling from regret to indignation or anger, and hence followed by a 
quod-clause giving the reason for the emotion. exierit : Subjv. 
of Partial Obliquity. Cicero here puts himself in the place of his 
hearers, and quotes his own reason as if it were that of another. 
comitatus : deponent used in a passive sense. utinam . . . eduxisset : 
explain mood and tense. See Note on Cat, i. 9, 22 (1. 272). 

48. mihi : Ethical Dative, confined to personal pronouns. It has 
been translated hless my soul (Lane), a good translation, but a little 
heavy. See G. 351; A. & G. 236; B. 188, 2, h; H. 389. Tongilius, 
Publicius, and Minucius were three of Catiline's worthies. in 
praetexta : in his boyhood. The garment is put for the age at which 
it was worn. The praetexta was worn until the seventeenth year. 

49. aes alienum : lit. the money of others (alienum = aliorum), a 
descriptive phrase for debt. 

51. quanto aere alieno : Abl. of Quality. The words describe viros 
preceding, and may be translated : how deeply in debt. Cicero lived 



SECOND oratio:n" against catilixe 321 

in an extravagant age when a man's importance in the world was 
measured somewhat by the amount he owed. 

52. itaque : and so. ego : subject of contenmo (1. 55). prae : 

in comparison with. Translate the Ablatives with prae immediately 
after itaque so as to bring in ilium exercitum last with its modifiers 
conlectum, etc., below. 

55. ex senibus : Ablative of Material. G. 396 ; A. & G. 244 ; H. 
415, III. 

56. agresti luxuria : he has in mind the old soldiers of Sulla, who 
had received grants of land in Italy, and had lived beyond their 
means. They are described in §20 below. Note here the use of the 
abstract for the concrete, luxury for luxurious persons. 

57. vadimonia: i.e. for their appearance in court. 

59. ostendero. Fut. Perfect, translated as Present after si. The 
praetor's edict was the public announcement at the beginning of his 
term of office of certain rules which he would observe in the admin- 
istration of his judicial duties. Cicero says that it was unnecessary to 
show to Catiline's adherents the army of the government, for if he 
merely showed them what was in store for them in case they got into 
court, it would be enough to make the party collapse (concident). 

60. quos, quos, quos : rhetorical repetition. In translating omit all 
but the first. 

62. mallem . . . eduxisset : / would rather that he had led out. Ac- 
count for this construction, comparing Note on I. 46 above (utinam 
eduxisset). milites : as his soldiers, qui si : for if they. 
The relative in Latin is more common than in English, and must 
often be resolved into the demonstrative with an appropriate con- 
nective {and, but, for, etc.). 

63. mementote : the First Imperative is wanting in this verb. 
non tain . . . quam : not so much , . . as. 

65. atque : and moreover. hoc : 07i this account, 

66. neque : split in translating (and . . . not). 

67. cui sit : Subjv. in Ind. Question, depending on video, and 
Perfect because prior to the time of video. Each quis after the first 
has depoposcerit (Pf. Subjv.) for its predicate. Apulia was the dis- 
trict on the southeast coast of Italy ; Etruria, on the west coast, just 
north of Latium; Ager Picenus, on the eastern coast, opposite to 
Etruria; Ager Gallicus, on the northeast coast. 

69. superioris noctis : of a few nights ago, lit. of the former night. 
At whose house was the plot formed ? 

71. hi : emphatic position because contrasted with Catilina. He 
means that their leader was gone : why did not they go too ? 
21 



322 NOTES 

72. ne : su7'elj/, adverb, not the common conjunction of negative 
Design. perpetuum : endless. illam : used instead of the 

Dem. of the First Person because he looks upon his former leniency 
as a thing of the past, and hence distant. 

74. exspectavi : have been tvaiting for. 

75. factam esse aperte coniurationem : because Catiline's flight was a 
virtual confession that Cicero's charges were true. 

76. nisi vero : ironical. This combination is peculiar to Cicero, 
and always takes the Indicative. G. 591, r. 4 ; A. & G. 315, b. The 
Bi following may be omitted in translating. 

77. non iam : no longer. locus : room. 

78. unum : one point, 

79. desiderio : through longing y Abl. of Cause. sni : for them. 
Objective Genitive. 

80. Aurelia via : the road leading through Etruria, Catiline's real 
destination, to IMassilia, his pretended destination. 

81. ad vesperam consequentur : they ivill overtake him towards even- 
ing. 

83. fortunatam, etc. : why Accusative ? G. 343. i ; A. & G. 240, 
d ; B. 183 ; II. 381. si quidem eiecerit : Fut. Perfect (how trans- 
lated ?) in the Protasis of a Logical (simple) Condition with Causal 
force. G. (L. Ed.) 595, r. 5 ; A. & G. 155, c; H. 507, 3, N. 2. Its 
Apodosis is implied in the words fortunatam, etc. 

84. uno : alone. exhausto : used in a figurative sense {drawn 
off) to suit the Metaphor in sentinam of the preceding sentence. 
mehercule : an oath, sometimes written also as two words (me hercule), 
meaning literally me Hercules, that is (supplying some word like 
iuvet), ma 7/ Hercules help me ! 

85. mali . . . sceleris : Partitive Genitive after the interrog. quid. 

86. conceperit : Subjv. of Characteristic. Notice that the position 
of non in this sentence emphasizes ille, he. 

87. quis veneficus : as quis is a substantive pronoun, we might have 
expected its adj. form qui with veneficus, gladiator, etc. The sub- 
stantives are really Appositives, and the meaning is who that is a 
poisoner ; but avoid these heavy phrases, and say simply what poi- 
soner, etc. 

88. subiector : forger, 

89. nepos : spendthrift, 

91. familiarissime : on the most intimate terms. Observe the posi- 
tion of the negative, emphasizing the superlative, and compare non 
ille above (1. 86). 

92. per hosce annos : in all these years. We might have expected 



SECOXD ORATIOis' AGAIXST CATILIXE 323 

the Abl. of Time Within Which, but note the negative (sine) and 
see G. 336, R. 2. 

94. iamvero: once more; a common phrase in Cicero introducing 
a new thought, especially in Climax. The new thought here relates 
to Catiline's influence over the young. in ullo homine . . . fuit : did 

any {other) man ever possess ; why not Dat. of Possession ? G. 349, 
R. 3. 

96. serviebat : was {in the hahit of) ministering to. aliis , . . 
aliis: to some .. .to others. fructum: the substantive correspond- 
ing to the verb fmor, hence enjoyment {indulgence). 

97. impellendo : hy encouraging {them); adiuvando : by (actually) 
helping. His promises were more than mere words. 

100. nemo negatives the whole sentence, and its negative force is 
strengthened, not destroyed, by the following ne . . . quidem, G. 
445 ; A. & G. 209, a, 1 ; B. 347, 2 ; H. 553, 2. non modo may 

be translated I ivill not say, and ne . . . quidem, even (affirmatively). 

102. oppressus : overwhelmed, quern non asciverit : Subjv. of 
Characteristic after nemo fuit. 

103. atque : and further, adding (as it usually does) something 
more important to what precedes. eius diversa studia in dis- 
simili ratione : his varied tastes in a different field {sphere). 

105. ludo gladiatorio' : gladiators were trained in schools to fight 
with deadly weapons for the entertainment of the Romans on public 
occasions. They were either selected from captives taken in war or 
were slaves, rarely free-born citizens. paulo audaoior : a little 
holder, i.e. than the ordinary. G. 297; A. & G. 93, a; B. 240, i ; H. 
444, I. 

106. in scena: the stage was regarded as a degrading profession, 
and hence was open as a rule only to the lower classes. levior, 
nequior : see Note on audacior above (1. 104). Compare the adj. nequior 
in the three degrees. 

108. stupromm . . . perferendis : hy the practice of dehauchery and 
crime accustomed to endure cold, hunger, etc. G. (L. Ed.) 401, 
N. 2. 

110. fortis . . . cum {although) . . . consumeret : in his public utter- 
ances before the people, Cicero was fond of moralizing when the 
opportunity presented itself. He here intimates that when a man 
abuses his powers as Catiline had done, it is cause for calling him a 
coward for his failure to make a proper use of his powers as aids to 
industry and instruments of virtue (industriae subsidia atque instru- 
menta virtutis) : that the cause w^as not sufficient, however, to influence 
Catiline's adherents (istis), and hence he was proclaimed (praedicabatur) 



324 NOTES 

a hero (fortis) by them. Hence the use of Concessive cum here. G. 
587 ; A. & G. 326 ; B. 309 ; 11. 515, iii. 

113. hunc: by its emphatic position the real, though not the 
grammatical, subject of tlie sentence, hence the use of the reflexive 
sui. G. 309, 2 ; A. & G. 196, c ; B. 244, 4 ; H. 449, 2. Note the 
Fut. Perfects in this sentence. 

114. nos, etc. : see Note on 1. 83. 

116. non lam: see Note on 1. 77. hominum: of the creatures ; 
often used for forms of the determinative is, particularly to express 
contempt, as here. 

117. libidines, audaciae : abstracts become concrete in the Plural. 
Translate : deeds of lust, hold acts. 

118. nisi : hut, except, the usual meaning after a negative (nihil). 

119. fortunas : estates. obligaverunt : have mortgaged. res: 
property. fides : credit. Having squandered their money and 
even mortgaged their estates, they now found their credit impaired 
by the failure of the political schemes through which they had hoped 
to satisfy their creditors. 

121. in abundantia: denotes the Character of the Time (G. 394), in 
the days of their ahuiidance (prosperity). quod si : now if. 

122. essent illi quidem desperandi : they ivould, it is true, have to he 
despaired of. quidem {it is true) in its Concessive sense of "I 
yield this point," preparing the way for a following reservation (but). 
How do you account for the use of the Subjv. here (usually Indie, in 
the Passive Periphrastic) ? G. (L. Ed.) 597, r. 3 {h) ; B. 304, 3, n. ; 
A. & G. 208, c, N. 1. 

124. quis . . . possit : Subjv. in the Potential Rhetorical Ques- 
tion, inertis : Ace. Plural ; so dormientis below. homines : 
creatures. 

126. mihi : as in 1. 48 (see Note). 

127. vino languidi, confecti cibo : note the change in the order of 
these words — substantive adjective, adjective substantive — called 
Chiasmus. It is also common in English. Compare the familiar 
**to fresh woods and pastures new" (Milton). 

128. obliti : from oblino. 

• 130. quibus : why Dative ? confide : I feel sure. 

132. quos si . . . rei publicae (1. 134) : and if my cojisulship, since it 
cannot heal, shall-succeed-in-removing (sustulerit) them (quos), it will 
have prolonged the repuhlic not {merely) for some brief period, hut, 
etc. For the translation of quos si, see Note on 1. 62 above (end). 
The use of the Fut. Perfects in both clauses denotes simultaneous 
accomplishment (G. 244, r. 4). For the phrase nescio quod tempus. 



SECOND ORATIO:S" AGAINST CATILINE 325 

see Note on Cat. i. 13, 31 (1. 379). rei publicae is the Dat. of Ad- 

vantage, but is best translated as if the Direct Object of propagarit. 

135. pertimescamus : Subjv. of Characteristic after the negative 
expression nulla est, etc. So possit in the next sentence. 

137. unius : tliis refers to Pompey, who had four years before this 
cleared the Mediterranean of the pirates and was at this time in Asia 
Minor, settling matters with Mithridates, whom he had just con- 
quered in the Third Mithridatic War. 

139. nobis: why not a with the Ablative ? G. 355 ; A. & G. 232 ; 
B. 189, I ; H. 388. 

142. sanari . . . resecanda : Metaphor borrowed from surgery. qua- 
cumque ratione : in any way I may, lit. hy whatsoever method, 

143. ad: for, i.e. to threaten. The preposition expresses Design. 
145. in urbe, in eadem sententia: such a blending of the literal and 

the figurative use of words in the same sentence would not be toler- 
ated in English. permanent : Pres. for Future. G. 228 ; A. & G. 
276, c ; H. 467, 5. ea quae merentur : Indie, (instead of the Subjv. 
by Attraction) because the words are a mere circumlocution for a 
single word (merita or the like). See G. 629, R. ; A. &. G. 342, a ; H. 
529, II. N. 1. 

147. etiam : — et iam, even now. 

148. quod ego si : resolve the relative into a demonstrative with a 
suitable conjunction, now if I. . .this, i.e. this result. 

149. homo : meaning ? See Notes on 11. 116 and 124. That the 
sentence is ironical is shown by the use of videlicet, forsooth. 

151. simul atque : as soon as. 

152. ut (with convocavi) : as soon as, Temporal, hence the Indica- 
tive. G. 561 ; A. & G. 324 ; B. 287, i ; H. 518. 

155. quo : resolve as usual into a demonstrative (eo), etc. quis 
senator : see Note on 1. 87. 

156. aspexit : looked upon, regarded. denique : finally, the 
usual word in the last of a series. 

157. quin etiam: quin (= qui, Abl. and ne) may introduce a neg. 
question {why .. .not), or (as here) it may lose its original interrog- 
ative force and introduce a startling statement. Translate : ivhy, 
even. 

158. ordinis : hody ; lit. order. 

159. nudam atque inanem : denoting the result of the action of the 
verb reliquerunt. hie : lit. here, hence at this stage (of the occur- 
rences in the Senate). 

160. vehemens : stern. This word with the following relative clause 
is, of course, ironical. 



326 - NOTES 

161. quaesivi . . . fuisset necne: asked Catiline tvhether he had heen, 
etc., or not : Ind. Disjunctive Question without any interrog. sign in 
the first part, and the second part consisting of the single word necne. 
G. 459; A. & G. 211; B. 162, 4; H. 529, 3, 2. Note that the verb 
quaero takes a with the Abl., although the prep, is omitted in transla- 
tion, ad: at the house 0/ (usually apud). 

164. egisset, constituisset, asset descripta: Subjv. in Ind. Question, 
depending on edocui. Witli proximam, the word noctem is understood. 
The first night referred to was that of the meeting held at Laeca's 
house, and the next was that on which he tried to execute his plot 
against Cicero's life. 

166. el: Dat. of Agent. ratio : ^^Za^i. descripta: mapped out. 

166. duhitaret : hesitated. eo, quo = in eum locum in quern (locum). 

167. pararet : to be translated by the Eng. progressive Pluperfect. 
Why? cum: construe with scirem. securis, fascis : symbols 
of the consular authority, which Catiline intended to usurp. 

169. fecerat : Indie, because not part of the question after quaesivi 
above, but a mere explanation to his present audience. 

171. credo : force? 

172. Manlius centurio : i.e. a subordinate officer, in contrast with 
Catilinam ducem in 1. 173. The contrast shows the absurdity of the 
supposition that Manlius rather than Catiline was the responsible 
person in the case. The effect is heightened by the position of non 
before Catilinam. 

173. populo Romano: Dative after in- in composition (indixit). 

175. in exsilium Massiliam: into exile at Mussilia. Note the dif- 
ference between the Latin and the English idiom. G. 337, r. 6 ; 
A. &. G. 259, h ; compare B. 182, 2, 6. Catiline had pretended to go 
into exile at Massilia (Marseilles), but was really on his way to the 
camp of Manlius in Etruria. 

177. condicionem: task. See Note on fortunatam, etc., 1. 83. 

178. si . . . pertimuerit {takes fright), deseruerit, abiecerit {abandons). 
converterit : explain the tense used here. 

182. iter : object of converterit. Xote the position of this word, 
dividing the two phrases that describe two courses of action. 

183. spoliatus, obstupefactus {paralyzed), perterritus, depulsus, as well 
as eiectus, all go with esse to form the Pf . Inf. Passive. 

186. vi et minis: threats of force^ Hendiadys. ilium, si hoc 

fecerit . . . existimari : as the two clauses have the same subject, ilium 
referring to that subject precedes both, thus making a repetition 
unnecessary — a frequent occurrence in the economy of the Latin lan- 
guage, fecerit is Subjv. by Attraction, representing a Fut. Perfect 



SECOND ORATION AGAI]S"ST CATILIi^E 327 

after a Primary tense (erunt). The Subjv. has no Future tenses. If 
the context points to the Future (as is indicated in the present case 
by the leading verb erunt), the ordinary tenses of the Subjv. are used 
to express Future relations: the Pres. Subjv. representing a Fut. and 
the Pf. Subjv. representing a Fut. Perfect. 

187. improhum: agitator; mis&rMxci'. poor wretch. 

189. est mlM tanti : see Note on Cat. i. 9, 22 (1. 276). 

190. dum modo . . . depellatur : see Note on Cat. i. 9, 22 (1. 277). 

191. dicatur sane eiectus, etc. ; let him by all means, etc. 

193. non est iturus : does not intend to go, denoting a present inten- 
tion, a . . . optabo : will pray to, lit. will desire from. 

194. invidiae . . . causa : Design. ut . . . audiatis : Complemen- 
tary Final Sentence depending on optabo. 

197. illud: this, referring to what follows. • invidiosum (adj.): 
a cause of unpopularity, lit. a hateful thing. The subject of sit is 
the quod-clause following. 

198. emiserim : alloived him to escape, cum : since, Causal. 

200. eidem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent : what would the same 
persoris say if he had heen put to death ? quamquam ; and yet 

(as often). isti: i.e. Catiline's friends in the city. dictitant: 

keep saying. non tarn . . . quam : meaning ? 

202. nemo est . . . qui . . . malit : because they were in the plot, and 
hence if Catiline had really gone to Massilia in voluntary exile, 
their own plans would be spoiled. While they pretended, therefore, 
to pity him, they in reality had no sentiment in the matter apart from 
their own selfish aims. 

204. me bercule : see Note on 1. 84. 

205. se interfici mallet : explain the use of the reflexive. See Note 
on Cat. I. 2, 4 (1. 45). latrocinantem : (acting) as a brigand. 

206. nunc vero : but as it is. cum : Causal. 

207. praeter : contrary to. 

208. vivis nobis: Abl. Absolute. Roma: why without preposi- 
tion? G. 391 ; A. & G. 258, a ; B. 229, i, a; II. 412, 11. optemus, 
queramur: G. 263, i; A. & G. 266; B. 274; II. 484, 11. 

211. quern, quia, quod: note this typical collocation of relatives. 
Translate : whom I do not fear, because, as (quod, lit. which circum- 
stance) I have always wished, a wall is between us, 

213. dissimulant: conceal their purpose, Romae : G. 411 ; A. 
& G. 258, c, 2 ; B. 232, i; H. 425, 11. 

214. quosquidem: not whom indeed ; resolve the relative as usual 
into demonstrative and conjunction. si . . . possit, studeo : a Con- 
ditiou is determined by the form of its Protasis ; hence this is the 



328 NOTES 

Ideal (less vivid) Condition with an Indie. Apodosis. Note the Future 
sense of the Apodosis, however, where ulcisci studeo, am eager to 
punish, almost = cum studio ulciscar (Pres. Subjv.). See G. 596, i ; 
A. & G. 307, 2, d; B. 303, h; II. 509 and 511. 

215. sanare sibi ipsos: cure them for their own sakes, lit. heal 
themselves for them. 

216. neque: split in translating (ancZ. . .^lof). possit: Subjv. in 
Ind. Question, its subject id referring to the wish just expressed. 
Translate : a7id I do not see ivhy that cannot he done, if they will 
listen to me, > 

217. generibus : classes. 

218 : singulis : lit. to one by one ; more freely, to every 07ie of them, 
219. quam: Indef. Pronoun after si. This clause, if expressed in 

full, Avould be si quam medicinam aiferre potero. Note the Fut. potero, 

used for exactness. 

221. est : consists. magno in aere alieno : {though) deep in debt, 
the Concessive force being derived from the context. 

222. quarum: referring to possessiones, and Objective Gen. with 
amore. They are unwilling, he says, to part with their estates (pos- 
sessiones) in order to free themselves from debt (dissolvi), although 
their assets exceed their liabilities. 

224. bonestissima : thoroughly respectable. voluntas : their in- 

tentions ; causa: their cause, i.e. political principles. 

226. tu agris . . . adquirere ad Mem: a Potential Rhetor. Quest., im- 
plying its own answer in the negative. To make the meaning clear, 
translate et, a7id at the same time : Could you be endowed and sup- 
plied with land, ivith houses, etc., and at the same time hesitate, etc. ? 

227. de . . . detrabere: to take from, or to sacrifice a part of. 
fidem: credit. Notice the instance of Chiasmus here (see Note above 
on 1. 127), and also of Asyndeton. 

228. omnium : of everything. 

229. an tabulas novas : the first part of this Disjunctive (or Double) 
Question is contained in the word bellum above. By new tablets he 
means a wiping out of all debts, a frequent feature in the programmes 
of Roman revolutionists. In that age of extravagance and vice, 
debt was the normal condition of the ambitious. meo beneficio : 
thanks to me, lit. by my kindness. 

231. verum auctionariae \ but (they shall be) those of the auctioneer. 
He means that he intends to force these debtors to sell their property 
in order to pay their debts. 

232. salvi : solvent. 

233. quod si, etc. : and if they had bee?i willing to do this earlier. 



SECOND ORATIOX AGAIKST CATILINE 329 

234. certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum ; struggle against usury 
with the returns {income) from their estates, cum here is translated 
against to avoid the repetition of the word with. The thought is, 
that these landowners were making an unsuccessful effort to meet 
the interest on their debts with the revenue derived from their 
estates, whereas if they had only sold part of their property and paid 
what they owed, they would have been better off. 

235. his . . . uteremur : we should find them. The two adjectives lo- 
cupletioribus, melioribus are predicative, not attributive to civibns. 

236. minime : least of all. 

238. magis . . . vota facturi : more lihely to utter prayers. 

240. alterum : = secundum. 

242. rerum potiri : get the upper hand. The Gen. (instead of the 
Abl.) is the rule in this phrase. bonores . . . arbitrantur : that is, 

as long as the country was in a state of quiet (quieta), they despaired 
of obtaining the honors that their fellow-citizens had to bestow ; 
their only hope, therefore, lay in revolution. The words quieta re 
publica are in the Abl. Abs. construction ; so perturbata with re pub- 
lica understood. Each may be translated with a cum-clause. 

244. hoc . . . videtur : this piece of advice must apparently (videtur, 
lit. seems) he given ^Ti-em (quibus). quod reliquis omnibus: supply 

praecipiendum est. 

246. me ipsum vigilare, etc. : the Ace. and Inf. is due to the idea of 
Saying implied in the preceding sentence. 

247. animos : courage, spirit. esse in : used instead of the Dat. 
of Possession because speaking of Qualities. G. 349, r. 3. bo- 
nis : meaning ? 

249. immortalis : Accusative Plural. 

251. praesentis : in person, Ace. Plural, agreeing with deos. 

252. quod si iam sint . . . adepti : now if they were even to succeed-in- 
ohtaining (lit. should have obtained), the Pf. Subjv. representing the 
Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after sperant. 

253. illi : subject of sperant. quae : Xeut. Ace. Plural, agree- 
ing with its antecedents cinere and sanguine in sense as inanimate 
objects rather than in gender (Masc). 

254. mente conscelerata, etc. : Ablative of Manner. 

255. non vident ... sit necesse : power got by force must yield to 
superior force is the meaning ; even a runaway (fugitive) slave or a 
professional fighter (gladiatori) would have a chance to overthrow a 
regime set up by revolutionary methods. For the translation of 
si adepti sint, see Note on 1. 253 above. 

259. ex ... est : to. . .helongs. iste : contemptuous. 



330 NOTES 

260. succedit : not succeeds, 

261. quas Sulla constituit (planted) : it is said that Sulla when dic- 
tator (82-80 B.C.) rewarded 120,000 of liis soldiers with assignments 
of land, especially in Etruria. Faesulae, where Manlius was now in 
command of Catiline's forces, was a Sullan colony. universas : 
(taken) altogether, or as a class. esse : consist. 

263. in . . . pecuniis : in translating supply some expression like pos- 
session or acquisition of. These old fighters had not been accustomed 
to the role they were playing as landlords, and hence had lived beyond 
their means. 

264. aedificant (and delectantnr further on) : why Present ? G. 570 ; 
A. & G. 276, e; B. 293 i. ; H. 467, 4. 

265. beati : well off, prosperous. familiis : establishments, reti- 
nues of attendants, slaves, etc. 

266. si . . . sit excitandus : Logical (simple) Condition, but Subjv. 
because the whole is introduced by ut, Consecutive. eis denotes 
the Agent, and ab inferis, from the dead, is Abl. of Separation. 

268. agrestis (Ace. PI.) : countrymen (neighbors of the veterans), 
tenuis, egentis : Ace. Plural. 

269. rapinarum veterum: of the old-time plunder, i.e. the kind that 
they had in the days of their commander Sulla. vetus usually 
(not ahvays) means of long standing, while antiquus means old in 
origin. We might, therefore, have expected the latter word here. 

270. utrosque : hoth croivds, i.e. the veterans and their country 
neighbors just described. uterque in the Plural is used regularly 
(as here) of sets only, not of single individuals, the latter being repre- 
sented by the Singular. Thus, uterque = both men ; utrique = both 
sides, parties, sets. 

271. eos hoc (moneo) : the former is the Outer Object and the latter 
the Inner Object. See G. 376, r. 1, and 333, i ; A. & G. 219, c; B. 
206, 2, a ; II. 374, 2. desinant : note the mood. 

272. illorum temporum : i.e. the times of Sulla, with the proscrip- 
tions that made them a reign of terror. tantus dolor : so painful 
a memory, lit, so great a pain, 

273. non modo, etc. : different from the use commented on in the 
Note on 1. 100. In the former case the sentence began with a negative 
(nemo), which negatived the whole sentence and was strengthened by 
ne . . . quidem in its second clause ; in the present instance, there is no 
such general negative affecting the whole sentence, hence a second 
non must be supplied after non modo. Translate : so that noiv, I will 
not say (non modo) meii, but even the cattle do not seem likely to endure 
(put up with) those times (again). See G, 482, r. 1 ; A. & G. 149, e 



SECOXD OKATIOX AGAI]SrST CATILI:N'E 33 1 

(6th liue) ; B. 343, 2, a; H. 552, 2. ista is the Xeut. Ace. PI. 

referring to temporum. Observe that passurae agrees with the near- 
est rather than with the strongest gender (with pecudes rather than 
homines). 

277. premuntur : have heen iveighed down ; why Present ? 

278 : male gerendo negotio : lit. hy hadly managing their business, 
hence, through dad management. 

279. vetere : long-standing vacillant : are tottering. 

280. vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bonorum : the three stages in 
the experience of a bankrupt — (1) giving hail for his appearance in 
court, (2) the trial in court, and (3) the confiscation of his property to 
satisfy the claims of his creditors. 

282. infitiatores lentos : tardy debtors, contrasted with milites 
acris. 

284. conruant : let them fall. it a ut, etc. : in such a way 
that. . .not, i.e. without. non modo : as above in 1. 273, on which 
see Note. 

285. illud : this pronoun refers to the Ind. Questions following. 
291. neque : as this word is followed by et, it should be split in 

translating, but observe that the English idiom would subordinate the 
first clause here, using some such conjunction as since. pereant : 

note the mood. sane : hy all means. 

294. numero, genere {character). G. 397 ; A. & G. 253 ; B. 226 ; 
H. 424. 

295. quod : one that, 

296. de eius dilectu, immo vero decomplexu eius ac sinu : lit. fl'om his 
choice, or rather from his embrace and bosom ; more freely, his chosen 
friends, or rather the friends of his very heart and bosom. 

297. pexo capillo : Abl. of Quality. imberbis (Ace. PI.) : beard- 
less, implying youthfulness and effeminacy. bene barbatos : either 
{\) full-bearded, the Romans of this period as a rule wearing no beard, 
or (2) with their dainty beards, in possible allusion to some ultra- 
fashionable manner of trimming their beards. 

298. tunicis : the tunic ordinarily worn by the Romans as their 
principal under-garment had short sleeves and reached to the knees 
or thereabout. The deviations from the rule noted here (manicatis, 
talaribus) were, therefore, marks of effeminacy. togis : the semi- 
circular outer garment of the Romans, called the toga, was usually of 
restricted size, but in the case mentioned in the text was so large as 
to resemble drapery (velis). 

299. antelucanis: all-night. 
301. versantur ; art found. 



332 NOTES 

303. neque : split in translation and repeat solum. saltare et 
cantare: regarded as accomplishments unworthy of a sober Roman. 

304. nisi exeunt : in the use here of the Present for the Future the 
two languages coincide. 

305. scitote : explain the form. G. 267, R. ; A. & G. 269, e. 

306. sibi . . . volunt : mean. 

308. illis carere : do ivitliout them. noctibus: G. 393 ; A. & G. 

256 ; B. 230 : II. 429. 

310. nivis : Accusative Plural. 

313. bellum, etc. : ironical, of course. cum: since, Causal. 

314. cohortem praetoriam : see the Vocabulary under cohors. 

316. vestra, vestros : your own, in contrast with Catiline's forces, 
etc. 

317. gladiatori : Dat. after ob- in composition (opponite). con- 
fecto et saucio : of course, not to be taken literally, his wounds con- 
sisting only in having his plot exposed, and himself forced out of 
town by Cicero. 

320. urbes . . . tumulis silvestribus : the towns, which were the 
strongholds of the colonies and loyal to the government, are con- 
trasted with the ivoody hillsides, which were all that Catiline could 
control. 

323. omissis his rebus : leaving ont these advantages ; Abl. Absolute. 
The advantages are enumerated in the words senatu, equitibus, etc., 
following as Ablatives in apposition to rebus. 

324. nos suppeditamur, eget ille : with which we are supplied {and) 
which he is without. Both Chiasmus and Asyndeton are illustrated in 
these words. 

326. si: ?/, / say ; with velimus forming the Protasis of an Ideal 
(less vivid) Condition, the Apodosis intellegere possumus being almost 
equivalent to intellegamus. Compare Note on 1. 214 above. 

327. causas : the causes, i.e. the principles, or motives, of the two 
sides. inter se: see Note on Cat. i. 13, 33 (1. 412). 

328. iaceant : for the meaning of this word, see Note on 1. 20 above. 

329. ex liac parte : on the one side ; illinc : on the other. The two 
Demonstratives have their usual force with reference to persons. 
Throughout this passage the student should pick his words care- 
fully in order to bring out the exact force of the Latin words con- 
trasted, pudor, pudicitia : the former is modesty^ as a state of mind ; 
the latter, purity, as a condition of the body. 

335. bona ratio cum perdita : the words have their usual Ciceronian 
sense. Translate : a patriotic policy with a revolutionary {one). 
341. mibi : Dat. of the Agent with consultum atque provisum est. 



SECOKD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 333 

S44. praesidi : Part. Genitive after satis. G. 369 ; A. & G. 216, a, 
4 ; B. 201, 2 ; H. 397, 4. coloni, municipes : the colonists were 

those who were originally sent out from Rome to various parts of 
Italy, and carried their citizenship with them ; the inhabitants of the 
free towns were those living in conquered towns in Italy who, in 
time, acquired the rights of citizenship. After the Social War there 
was practically little difference between the two classes. 

345. nocturna excursione : this refers to his abrupt departure from 
the city with threats of destruction against his enemies in Eome. 

347. gladiatores : see Note on 1. 105 above. The conspirators had 
counted on the help of various schools of gladiators at Capua and 
elsewhere, but had seen their hopes dashed by the decree of the 
Senate which placed these schools under strict surveillance. 
f[uam : the relative often (as here) agrees with a predicate substantive 
(here mamim) rather than with its antecedent (here gladiatores). G. 
614, R. 3, &; A. & G. 199 ; B. 250, 3 ; H. 445, 4. 

348. animo meliore : of a better disposition (better disposed), Abl. of 
Quality. 

349. continebuntur : will he held in checJc. 

352. de : (the question) of, a frequent translation of this preposition 
in the technical phrase referre de aliqua re ad senatuin. 
354. vocari.: i.e. by the ofB.cial criers (praecones). 

357. contra : against, that is, as a menace to. vestrum : the 
regular form of the Genitive (instead of vestri) with omnium. 

358. cui : Indefinite pronoun. 

359. solutior: rather remiss, G. 297 ; A. & G. 93, a; B. 240, i ; 
H. 444, I. hoc exspectavit: has been waiting for this (result). 
The following ut-clause is Consecutive, giving an explanation of the 
demonstrative hoc. 

360. quod reliquum est : (as for) what remains. 

363. portis, viae : why Dative ? 

364. qui vero : but he ivJio. commoverit : Fut. Perfect, but 
translated as Present ; so deprehendero further on. cuius : 07i 
tvhose part, lit. of tvhom. 

369. esse voluerunt : intended should be. 
371. atque: and further. 

374. me. . . imperatore: with me alone in the garb of peace (togato, 
lit. dressed in the toga) as your leader and general ; Abl. Absolute. 

378. patriae : Dat. of Ind. Object after the intransitive impendens. 
G. 346 ; A. & G. 227 ; B. 187, 11. a; H. 385, 11. 

379. deduxerit : Fut. Perfect, illud : anticipating (as often) a 
clause (ut . . . possitis, Consecutive), but with an intervening relative 



334 KOTES 

clause (quod videtur). Translate : / shall surely accomplish that {re^ 
sulf) which seems scarcely to be hoped for, etc., (namel^O ihat not only 
no patriot (lit. neither any good man) shall perish, hut that you may 
all, etc. Observe the use of the rare combination neque . . . que. 

383. prudentia . . . fretus : G. 401, r. 6 ; A. & G. 254, &, 2 ; B. 218, 
3 ; H. NOTE, top of p. 228. 

385. quibus ducibus : Ablative Absolute. The antecedent isdeorum. 

389-393. In translating this last sentence do not separate any Eng- 
lish word from its modifiers — a common fault with beginners. This 
sentence may, in fact, be taken as an illustration of questions that 
frequently rise in rendering Latin into acceptable English. Imme- 
diately after ut we might bring in (1) the Abl. Absolute copiis supera- 
tis with its adjuncts, translating it actively and as an Abl. of Means 
(by) ; then (2), tlie main verb defendant with its modifying a with the 
Ablative; and lastly (3), the rel. clause quam . . . voluerunt. This 
order is open to tlie objection that a rel. clause usually makes a weak 
ending, as it does here, notwithstanding the sonorous Latin superla- 
tives. It may be better, therefore, to translate in the order (2), (8), 
and (1). The antecedent urbem, which is incorporated in the rel. 
clause, must precede the relative in translation. The English would 
then. run as follows ; that from the infamous crime of desperate citi- 
zens they ivill defend this city, which they have willed should be, etc., 
by conquering all the forces, etc. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

(In L. Catilinam Oratio Tertia) 

PREFATORY NOTE 

With his First Oration against Catiline, Cicero drove the con- 
spirator out of Rome ; in the Second he announced the fact to the 
people assembled in the Forum, at the same time warning the Cati- 
linarians who remained in the city to leave. Then the Senate by 
proclamation declared the two leaders, Catiline and Manlius, to be 
outlaws, put under the ban any of their followers who should not have 
laid d()wn their arms by a certain day, and called out new levies of 
troops, with Antonius, Cicero's colleague in the consulship, at their 
head. Meanwhile Cicero kept a sharp lookout in the city for positive 
evidence against the conspirators. For this he had not long to wait. 



THIRD ORATION AGAIKST CATILIis^E 335 

In the Third Oration against Catiline, delivered December 3, he 
tells the people in the Forum the interesting story of his success in 
this regard. 



1. In translating the first sentence preserve the order of words as 
far as possible. Translate first the objects of the sentence, beginning 
with rem publicam and ending with urbem; then the phrases which 
immediately follow, through amore ; then the main verb videtis fol- 
lowed by the Ablatives lahoribus, etc., through meis; then the partici- 
ples, etc., observing that the phrases e flamma, etc., modify only the 
first participle ereptam. 

2. vestros : this word qualifies all four preceding substantives, but 
agrees with the nearest in gender. Gr. 290 ; A. & Gr. 187, a, i ; 
B. 235, B. I ; H. 439, i. 

4. deorum : Subjective Gren. with amore, while erga vos is used in- 
stead of the Objective Gen. for the sake of clearness. G. 363, R. 1 ; 
A. & G. 217, c; B. 200, i ; H. 396, in. n. 1. 

7. non minus : a statement is often made stronger in the form of 
a denial of its opposite, hence the rhetorical figure called Litotes. 
G. 700 ; A. & G. 209, c; B. 375, i ; H. 637, viii. 

9. quod salutis . . . servamur: because the joy of safety (being saved) 
is certain, {while) our lot at hirth (nascendi condicio) is uncertain, 
and because we are born, etc., (while) we are saved, etc. Observe the 
Asyndeton, shown by the word while in parentheses. 

11. ilium: he refers to Romulus, the mythical founder of Rome. 

13. sustulimus : have exalted. esse ... in honore : to be (held) in 
honor. 

14. conditam amplificatamque : (when) built and enlarged, that is, 
after it had become a great city. 

15. urbi, templis : Dat. after the compounds subiectos, circumdatos. 

16. subiectos, circumdatos : in translating treat these participles as 
relative clauses, and bring out the force of the prepositions sub and 
drcum, their prefixes. 

17. idem : Nom. Plural, agreeing with the subject understood, but 
(o be translated, we also, G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e ; B. 248, i ; H. 
451, 3. rettudimus : the verb tundo has a reduplicated Perfect, 

i tntudi, but its compound with re- loses the vowel of the reduplication 

(u) ; hence the double t. Similarly reppuli, repperi, etc. 
I 20. per me : through me, the Personal Instrument, because he was 
^ acting as the representative of the Senate. 

21. quanta et qua ration© . , , sint : what important matters have been 



336 NOTES 

traced out and grasped, and hy what method. This is an Indirect 
Question, depending on the Final cUiuse ut (1. 20) . . . scire possitis. 

23. principio : with this word Cicero begins the story of his success 
in catching the conspirators red-handed in their treasonable plot. 

ut : ever since* paucis ante diebus : a few days ago. On what day 

did Catiline leave the city, and what is the date of the present speech? 

24. cum . . . reliquisset : having left, a frequent translation of cum 
Historical. 

27. possemus : Subjv. in Ind. Question with the notion of Design 
present. Notice that the tense is Impf. even after the Pure Perfects 
vigilavi and providi, according to common usage. G. 511, r. 3 ; 
A. & G. 287, a ; B. 268, i ; H. 495, i. tum, cum . . . eiciebam : cum 
denoting mere time takes the Indicative here. The use of tum em- 
phasizes the Temporal idea. The Impf. denotes continued effort 
{was trying to drive out), the notion of effort being made still more 
distinct by the use of the word volebam further on, repeating the 
thought. 

28. non iam : no longer. huius verbi : attaching to (lit. of) this 
ivord. cum : since, Causal. 

29. ilia : supply invidia. quod . . . exierit : Subjv. on account of 
the idea of Obliquity involved in the preceding words. The Causal 
conjunctions quod, quia, and quoniam regularly take the Indie, except 
in Ind. Discourse, Partial or Total. 

30. exterminari : do not translate ** exterminate," but follow the 
derivation. 

31. restitissent : Subjv. because in a dependent clause in 0. 0. 
The tense represents the Fut. Perfect. Cicero's thought in the direct 
form was ei qui restiterint, infirmi erunt. 

32. putabam : ivas thinking, i.e. all the time, the Impf. denoting 
action coincident with that of eiciebam and volebam. atque : as the 
words following this conjunction show a change from his previous 
policy of inactivity, we should say hut in English. ut vidi : as soon 
as I saw {came to see). Note the tense in contrast with the preceding 
Imperfects. 

34. in eo : i.e. in the effort; leading up to the Final clause ut . . . vi- 
derem. 

35. molirentur : were driving at. 

36. quoniam . . . minorem fidem faceret oratio mea : since my words 
were commanding less credence, i.e. than they ought. Why Subjv. 
here ? See Note above on 1. 29 (quod exierit). 

38. rem comprehenderem : might grasp the situation. tum de- 

mum : then at last, implying the notion * ^ not until. " 



1 



THIRD ORATIOK AGAINST CATILIKE 337 

39. cum : conjunction. The clause completes the thought sug- 
gested by ttun demum. In this passage notice the contrasted words 
auribus (1. 36), animis (1. 38), and oculis. He says that he had not yet 
succeeded in making much impression on their ears, and hence he 
began to devise ways of getting ocular proof of the facts, that the 
people might at last wake up to the necessity of using their minds in 
providing suitable safeguards, etc, 

40. videretis : should see, the Fut. sense being due to its dependence 
on a Design clause. 

41. AUobrogum : a tribe of Transalpine Gauls whose chief city was 
Vienna. They had sent envoys (legates) to Rome to petition the Sen- 
ate for relief from the exactions of their Roman governors. In this 
expectation they had been disappointed, and the conspirators, headed 
by Lentulus, thought they saw a chance to make use of their discon- 
tent. The envoys, thinking it well to seek advice before entering 
into an alliance with the conspirators, reported the matter to their 
Roman patron, Q. Fabius Sanga. It was through this man that 
Cicero heard of the affair. He induced the visitors to feign devotion 
to the conspiracy, and in this way he succeeded in securing the com- 
promising letters that led to its overthrow. belli . . . tumultus . . . 
causa : force of causa with the Gerund ? To outbreaks in Italy or its 
immediate neighbor Gaul, the word tumultus was applied ; to dis- 
turbances elsewhere, bellum. 

42. P. Lentulo : at this time praetor and hence senator. He had 
even been consul in 71 B.C., but having been expelled the following 
year for immoral conduct he was now forced to begin his career anew 
in order to rehabilitate himself. 

43. eodemque itinera : Catiline was in Etruria, through which coun- 
try the envoys had to pass on their return to their homes in Gaul. 

45. comitem: in other words, Volturcius went along as the repre- 
sentative of the conspirators in the city. 

46. ad Catilinam : for (addressed to) Catiline. litteras : the 
last word in the Ace. and Inf. clauses depending on comperi above 
(1. 41). The main clause begins with facultatem, opportunity. 

47. quod, etc. : when a rel. clause refers to a sentence, it is more 
commonly introduced by the two words id quod. 

63. qui omnia . . . sentirent : being men who entertained all excellent 
and nolle sentiments concerning the state ; Causal rel. clause. G. 633; 
A. & G. 320, e; B. 283, 3 ; II. 517. omnia here is the Ace. of the 

Inner Object. See Note on Gat. i. 12, 29 (1. 351). 

55. pontem Mulvium : across the Tiber, two miles north of Rome, 
over which the envoys were to pass on their way to their destination. 

22 



338 KOTES 

57. fuerunt : ivere {stationed). 

58. eodem : to the same place, ipsi : the Distinctive pronoun, 
distinguishini^ the envoys from tlie rest of the party. 

59. ex praefectura Reatina : a ])raefectiire was (1) either the office of 
the Magistrate sent out yearly from the home government at Rome 
to govern certain towns or (2) the town itself (as in this case). Rcate 
was a Sabine town, devoted to Cicero, who was its legal representa- 
tive, or patro7ins, at Rome. 

60. opera : service ; why Ablative ? praesidio : Dat. of the 
Object For Which (Design). 

62. tertia vigilia: the night (from sunset to sunrise) was divided 
into four watches (vigiliae) ; hence, in this case, the night was nearly 
three-quarters gone. magno comitatu : the preposition cum is 

omitted ou account of the adjective. G. 399 ; A. & G. 248 ; B. 220, 
I ; n. 419, III. 

65. res . . . ceteris : that is, only the praetors at first were in the 
secret. 

66. interventu Pomptini, etc. : that is, the praetors explained matters 
to the Gauls. 

68. integris signis : with their seals unbroken, 

69. ipsi : as usual, tliis pronoun is used in a Distinctive sense, dis- 
tinguishing the Allobroges and Volturcius from the letters that they 
bore. comprehensi : haviyig been arrested. 

70. improbissimum machinatorem . . . Gabinium : it was through Ga- 
binius that the Gaulish envoys had held their conference with the 
conspirators, and secured the compromising letters with their signa- 
tures and seals. 

74. credo . . . vigilarat : an ironical allusion to the stupidity and 
lazy habits of Lentulus. See 1. 213 below and Note on Lentuli som- 
num. The sarcasm is the more pointed from the fact that the letter 
which Lentulus "spent the night in writing" was only two or three 
lines long. It is given in 11. 151-154. 

76. cum (conj.) . . . viris . . . placeret : although it was the advice of 
(lit. it pleased) some eminent and illustrious men of this state, etc. 

78. prius . . . quam ad senatum deferrem : before reporting the matter 
to the Senate. The Subjv. is used because in 0. 0. after placebat 
(equivalent to a verb of willing). Observe also that the idea of nega- 
tive Design is present, i.e. his friends did not wish him to report the 
case unless the letters contained proof of treason. 

79. si esset inventum : this form represents the Fut. Perfect after a 
Past (placeret). The direct words were si erit inventum. temere : 
without cause, tumultus : disturbance. 



THIRD ORATION AGAIKST CATILIKE 339 

80. negavi : to be translated, said. . .not (rather than denied) ac- 
coi-ding to rule. G. 447 ; A. & G. 209, b. esse facturuin ut : a 

common circumlocution in Latin for the simple verb that follows ut. 
The awkwardness of a literal translation here is increased by the 
presence of a second negative (non) after negavit. Translate : I said 
that concerning a danger affecting the state (lit. piihlic danger) I could 
not hut (non) lay the matter unprejudiced (integrum, lit. fresh) before 
the council of state (i.e. the Senate). 

82. etenim si : for even if, Concessive. 

85. frequentem : fidl, 

87. qui efferret : to bring out, the relative introducing a clause of 
Design. si quid telorum : such weapons as, the Genitive being 

Partitive after the neuter quid. 

90. fidem . . . dedi : lit. gave him the public faith; more freely, 
promised him immunity, i.e. for any disclosures that he might 
make. 

91. sciret : a part of Cicero's injunction to Yolturcius, hence Subjv. 
by Attraction to the mood of indicaret, itself Subjv. in a Complemen- 
tary Final Sentence. 

92. vix : = difficulter, and not to be translated scarcely. 

94. ut . . . utereter, ut . . . accederet : to avail himself of, {and) to ad- 
vance. These Complementary Final clauses depend on the idea of 
ordering involved in the substantives mandata and litteras. 

95. id autem : this moreover. eo consilio : loith this design, the 
phrase preparing the way for the final clause ut . . . praesto asset. 

96. ex omnibus partibus : on all sides. 

97. erat: why not Subjunctive ? G. 628, r. ; A. & G. 336, b; B. 
314, 3 ; H. 524, 2. 

98. qui . . . exciperet: to intercept ; relative clause of Design. 

100. sibi (et litteras) : note the reflexives carefully in this passage. 
The first three (sibi, suam, and sibi) refer to the Gauls as the subject 
of the sentence. 

101. ad: addressed to. data: neuter because its subjects (ius 
iurandum, litteras) denote inanimate objects and differ in gender. G. 
286, I ; A. & G. 187, b; B. 235, 5. 2, /3 ; II. 439, 2. 

102. sibi . . . esse praescriptum : the Dat. of the Active construction 
must be retained in the Passive, although w-e translate : that they had 
been directed. 

104. sibi (copias) : this refers to Lentulus, and the other conspirators, 
the writers of the letters here quoted indirectly. But in sibi (confir- 
masse), further on, the reference is again to the m.ain subject, the 
Gauls. Before the Ace. and Inf. pedestris . . . defuturas, we are to un- 



340 NOTES 

derstand some such expression as saying, implied in the preceding 
words (esse praescriptum). 

105. ex : according to. Sibyllinis fatis : the Sibylline books 

were kept in the temple of Jupiter at the Capitol, and were consulted 
in times of need. tertium Cornelium : Lentulus was a member of 

the gens Cornelia, as were also Cinna (one of the democratic succes- 
sors to Marius) and Sulla. Hence Lentulus assured the envoys that 
he was the third of the name for whom a great destiny was reserved. 

108. eundemque : and that he also, introducing the same subject 
with a new predicate. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e ; B. 248, i ; H. 451, 3. 

109. qui esset, etc. ; heing the tenth year since the acquittal, etc. It 
is not known to what event Cicero refers here. The violation of her 
vows of chastity, however, by a Vestal virgin was regarded as a 
crime of the gravest significance, for which she was buried alive. 

110. Capitoli incensionem : in 83 B.C. at the outbreak of the first 
civil war. 

111. Cethego cum ceteris : the Dative of Possessor is often asso- 
ciated with the Abl. of Attendance. 

112. Lentulo at aliis . . . placeret : Lentulus and others advocated; 
lit. it pleased Lentulus and others. Saturnalibus : Abl. of Time 
When. This was the name of a festival held in honor of Saturn on 
Dec. 17. It was a time of general merry-making, when differences of 
rank were disregarded : the rich kept open house, and special indul- 
gence was granted to slaves ; hence a favorable time for the proposed 
outbreak. Kote the Asyndeton between the last two clauses. 

115. ne longum sit: i.e. not to detain you, tabellas: wooden 

folding tablets, not unlike folding slates, with raised margins round 
the edges, the inner surface being covered with wax, an which the 
letter- writer wrote with a metal point (stilus). The whole was then 
tied round with string (linum, two lines below) in a knot sealed with 
wax (signum, seal, also two lines below). 

117. cognovit: acknowledged it as his. linum: see Note on 

tabellas, 1. 115. 

119. sese : i.e. the writer, Cethegus. orare: supply se for subject. 

120. ut . . . facerent : Complem. Final clause after orare. sibi . , . 
recepissent : had taken upon themselves. eorum : the persons ad- 
dressed, the Gauls (AUobrogum senatui et populo), while sibi refers to 
the subject of its own clause (legati). 

121. qui ( = cum is) . . . respondisset : although he had answered; 
Subjv. with Concessive relative. G. 634 ; A. & G. 320, e ; B. 283, 3 ; 
H. 515, III. tamen : i.e. notwithstanding the evidence against 
him. 



THIRD ORATIOK AGAIis^ST CATILINE 34I 

122. quae erant deprehensa : for the gender, see Note on 1. 101 (data), 
and for the mood, resisting Attraction, see G. 629, r. ; A. & G. 342, 
a; H. 529, 11. n. 1, 2 ; compare B. 324, i. 

123. bonorum ferramentonmi studiosum : an amateur {student) of good 
steel implements. 

127. in eandem fere sententiam : to about the same effect, 

130. avi : P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 B.C. 

131. quae: i.e. imago. 

132. eadem rati one : in the same manner. 

134. si quid vellet : 0.0. after feci potestatem (/^are him permis- 
sion), implying speech. In the direct form it would be si quid vis 
(Pres. Indie). 

136. exposito atque edito : set forth and recorded, quid sibi 

esset cum eis, quam ob rem, etc. : what business he had ivith them that 
{as a reason that) they, etc. esset here is Subjv. of Ind. Question 

while venissent is Subjv. of Characteristic. 

139. per quern (from quis) . . . venissent : Ind. Question. The go- 
between was P. Umbrenus, as stated by Cicero in lines 186, 187. 

140. nibilne : ne is always attached to the emphatic word in ques- 
tions. Here it emphasizes the negative nihil, thus calling in question 
the wholesale denial of Lentulus — nothing at all ? 

141. esset : is (not was), stating a general truth. The Latin 
tense is Impf . in obedience to the law of sequence. 

142. cum: although. 

144. ingenium : talent (natural) ; exercitatio : readiness (acquired). 

145. valuit, superabat {tried to surpass) : note the diilerence of 
tense. 

149. perturbatus : Concessive, as shown by the following tamen. 

151. quis sim : Indirect Question depending on scies. 

152. locum: position, i.e. to what lengths. 

153. ecquid: whether any thing , introducing an Ind. Question. cura 
ut . . . adiungas : explain this circumlocution. G. 271 ; A. & G. 269, g, 

154. infimorum: meaning slaves. 

156. ex eis : the Abl. with ex is frequently used for the Part. Gen. 
What other prepositions may be so used? 

157. cum...tum: not only .'. .but also. G. 588; A. & G. 208, d; 
H. 554, I. 5. In this combination prominence is given to tlie second 
word or clause, ilia often (as here) refers to what follows (tabellae, 
signa, etc.). certissima : unmistakable. 

162. inter se : this phrase, expressing Reciprocal Relations, is vari- 
ously translated to suit the meaning of the verb with which the ex- 
pression is associated. It may mean from, ivith, at, etc., one another, 



34^ NOTES 

or simply, one another. Here, at one another is the meaning. G. 221 ; 
A. & G. 196, /; B. 245 ; H. 448, N. 

164. expositis atque editis : see Note on this expression above (1. 136). 

165. de summa re publica : co7icerning the welfare of the state, quid 
placeret : Ind. Question depending on consului. principibus : leading 
men. 

169. quid senatus censuerit : account for mood and tense. 

170. virtute : hy my resolution. 

171. sit liberata: Subjv. in 0. 0., the reason (quod) being quoted by- 
Cicero from the language used by the Senate. The leading verb being 
a virtual Past (Hist. Present), we might have had asset liberata, the 
sequence following the sense rather than the tense. As an illustration 
of this point, notice essem, fuissent, removisset a little further on. 

173. usus - essem : had found. forti fidelique are Pred. adjec- 
tives. Be careful not to confound opera here (Abl. of opera, -ae) with 
opera, the Plural of opus. 

174. viri forti, conlega meo : C. Antonius Hybrida, a man of weak 
character, who was even suspected of sympathizing, if not actually 
cooperating, with the conspirators, until he was bought over by 
Cicero's promise of Macedonia as his province in his proconsulship the 
next year. 

175. a suls et rei publicae consiliis removisset : had excluded them 
from his {personal) counsels and those of the state, i.e. had broken 
off all communication, both private and public, with the conspira- 
tors. 

176. ita: to this endy leading up to the Complementary Final 
clause ut . . . traderetur. cum . . . abdicasset : the law shielded the 
Magistrate as long as he was in office, and hence he had to resign 
before he could be brought to trial. The resignation of the praetor- 
ship was, therefore, necessary in the case of Lentulus before he could 
be put under arrest. custodiam : see Note on Cat. i. 8, 19 (1. 231). 

179. erant : Indie, because Cicero's words, not a part of the decree 
of the Senate. So depoposcerat, erat, est, deduxit, erat, constabat 
further on. 

183. ex: Partitive, i.e. {one) of . 

184. Faesulas : see Note on Cat. ii. 9, 20 (1. 260). On account of 
the idea of motion involved, the Ace. is used here where the Eng. 
would prefer the preposition at. To '* deduce " (i.e. plant) a colony 
was a familiar expression in early American history. 

186. versatus: engaged. 

188. ea : such, followed by the Consecutive clause ut . . . arbitraretur. 

190. hominum : Subjective or Objective Genitive ? G. 363 ; A. & G. 



THIRD OIIATIO:?^ AGAi:srST CATILIKE 343 

213 ; B. 199 and 200 ; H. 396. re publica conservata: Ablative 

Absolute. mentis : Accusative Plural. 

192. supplicatio : a thanksgiving, covering a period that varied from 
one day to several. See Note on pulvinaria, 1. 314 below. 

193. eorum : the gods. meo nomine : i7i my honor. quod : 
not the feminine quae, agreeing with supplicatio, but the neuter quod, 
referring to the whole preceding sentence. 

194. post: since. togato: dressed in the toga, i.e. as a civil 
Magistrate. See Note on Cat. 11. 13, 28 (1. 374). contigit: fre- 
quently used (as here) of good fortune. 

195. civis : Accusative Plural. 

196. liberassem : why Subjunctive ? See Note above on 1. 171. 
quae ... si : and if this. conferatur : Ideal (less vivid) Condition, 
and translated with the auxiliary should. The real Apodosis {we 
should find, or the like) is suppressed, being implied in the context ; 
if expressed, it would have been Pres. Subjunctive. The apparent 
Apodosis hoc interest {there is this difference) is Indie, because the 
difference exists whether one look for it or not. 

197. ceterae : supply supplicationes constitutae sunt. gesta : like 
conservata, Abl. Abs. with re publica understood. una(Nom.): 
alone. Note the Asyndeton. 

198 : illud quod faciendum, etc. : referring to the resignation men- 
tioned in the next sentence. 

199. factum atque transactum : legal phrase. 

201. ius : the technical term for right{s). His rights as a praetor 
consisted in exemption from prosecution as explained above (1. 176), 
and as a citizen in immunity from the summary punishment which 
(as Cicero says further on) was visited upon the praetor C. Glaucia in 
the days of Marius (100 B.C.). magistratu se abdicavit: that is, 
was allowed to resign. 

202. et quae religio . . . liberaremur (1. 206) : that in punishing P. 
Lentulus {as) a private {citizen) we might he freed from that religious 
scruple (religione) which had not deterred C. llarius, etc., from (quo 
minus), etc. Observe in this sentence : (1) the meaning of religio ; (2) 
the Dat. Mario with non fuerat (lit. had not existed for Marius), the 
phrase with religio implying Prevention. G. 549 ; A. & G. 331, e, 2 ; 
B. 295, 3 ; H. 497, 11. 2. 

204. nominatim : hence, the contrast with the present decree, which 
had actually named the offenders. 

205. religione : repeated for the sake of clearness. 

210. concidisse : have collapsed. 

211. cum pellebam , , .providebam: the use of the same tense in the 



344 HOTEg 

two clauses indicates coincidence of action. Translate : in trying to 
drive out (pellebam, Impf. of Attempted Action), I had this in mind. 
For this use of cum, see Note on the famous cum quiescunt, probant, 
Cat. I. 8, 21 (1. 260). 

212. remote Catilina : Ablative Absolute = si Catilina remotus asset 
(0. 0.), representing in the direct form the Future Perfect remotus 
erit. miM : Dat. of the Agent with pertimescendam. 

213. Lentuli somnum : sleepiness; see Note on 1. 74 above. Lentulus 
was slow and stupid ; Cassius (L. Cassius Longinus, praetor in 66 
B.C. and one of Cicero's competitors for the consulship in 64 b.c.) was 
fat and stolid ; Cethegus, fiery and impetuous, the hotspur of the 
conspiracy. 

215. unus : alone. tam diu dum : {only) so long as. With these 
words Cicero begins once more to paint the character of the conspira- 
tor, but in rather different colors from those employed before. In 
the First Oration {Cat. i. 9, 26), delivered before the Senate, in Cat- 
iline's presence, the conspirator is represented as a mere profligate 
with only something more than the usual share of physical vigor and 
ready for any crime against the laws of society ; in the Second Ora- 
tion {Cat. II. 4, 7 foil.), delivered before the people, he is painted 
chiefly as the companion of the dissolute and discontented, an enemy 
to every honest citizen ; in the present case, as the consul's victory is 
hovering within sight, the enemy is described in rather extravagant 
style, the passage down through the words ferre poterat representing 
a stronger character than Catiline seems really to have been. 

216. norat : = noverat, the Plupf. of a defective verb wdth the force 
of an Imperfect. aditus : the means of approaching. 

218. consilium: subtlety, consilio: why Dative ? G. 349, r. 4; 
A. &G. 231, a; B. 190; H. 387. 

219. manus, lingua : what does Cicero mean ? certas res : defi- 
nite objects (aims) ; certos homines : trusty persons. There is here a 
play upon words that cannot be reproduced in English. 

220. delectos ac descriptos habebat : stronger than deligebat ac de- 
scribebat. G. 238; A. & G. 292, c; B. 337, 6 ; H. 388, i, n. Above 
(1. 209) the verb teneo is used with the Perfect Participle Passive in 
the same way. 

221. cum mandarat (for mandaverat, Plup.), putabat : Iterative (or 
repeated) Action in Past time. When two actions are repeated, one 
being prior to the other, tenses of completion are used for the prior 
action, tenses of continuance for the subsequent, according to the 
following scheme (G. 567) : Past Time — Quotiens ceciderat, surgebat, 
as often as he fell, he rose ; Present Time — Quotiens cecidit, surgit, as 



» 



THIKD ORATION AGAIXST CATILINE 345 



often as he fallSy he rises ; Future Time — Quotiens ceciderit, surget, as 
often as he falls {shall have fallen), he will rise. For the thought, 
Cicero means that Catiline did not count as done any task that he 
intrusted to another : when he wanted a thing done, he saw to it 
himself. 

222. non ipse : note the position of the negative, emphasizing the 
pronoun — that he personally, etc. The Subjunctives are Character- 
istic after the negative clause nihil erat. 

223. hunc hominem : to preserve the emphasis due to its position, 
translate the obj. of this sentence first — {as for) this man, etc., unless 
I had forced {him), etc., / should not readily have warded off, etc. 
What kind of Condition ? 

229. non ille : note again the position of the negative and see Note on 
1. 222. Saturnalia: see Note on 1. 112. Cicero means that Catiline 
would have thought the date too far off, as explained in the next 
clause. 

230. rei publicae : Dat. of Ind. Object. 

231. commisisset ut: would have made the blunder of allowing, fol- 
lowed by a Consecutive clause, commisisset and the two preceding 
Subjvs. (constituisset, denuntiavisset) are Apodoses of an Unreal (con- 
trary to fact) Condition with a Protasis implied in the preceding 
sentence. testes : as witnesses, Pred. Nominative after deprehen- 
derentur. 

232. quae : resolve as usual — hut these matters. nunc : as it is. 
236. quod si : now if. 

238. ut levissime dicam: to say the least; Final clause. dimi- 

candum . . . fuisset : we should have had to struggle, etc. nobis : 

Dat. of the Agent. 

240. hostis : Pred. Nom. after esset. periculis : Abl. of Separa- 

tion, pace, otio, silentio : Abls. of Manner with Adjectives ex- 

pressed (tanta, etc.), hence without Preposition. 

242. quamquam : and yet. 

244. cum . . . tum (1. 246) : not only . . . but especially. Translate 
id, tliat conclusion. 

245. quod: Causal conjunction. humani consili . . . esse potuisse : 
could have been {an achievement) of human ivisdom. G. 366, r. 1 ; 
A. & G. 214, c ; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. 

248. nam ut ilia omittam, etc. ; what figure is this ? See Note on 
Cat. I. I, 3 (1. 23). 

249. visas . . . terrae motus : compare Shakspere's Julius Caesar (i. 3) 
where in a similar manner '* portentous things" are said to have pre- 
ceded the murder of Caesar. To point his moral, Cicero makes the 



346 KOTES 

most of the people's superstitions. ab : in ; the Latin gives the 

Point of View From Which. 

250. ut (terrae) : rhetorical repetition. Omit all but the first ut in 
translating. 

251. tarn multa: Nom. but translated, in so tnany instances, nobis 
consulibus : in our consulship ; Abl. Absolute. 

252. ut baec . . . viderentur : Consecutive clause after tarn multa. 

254. praetermittendum : to he overlooked ; relinquendum : to he dis- 
regarded. 

255. Cotta at Torquato consulibus : in 65 B.C. Note the Romans' 
method of giving particular years in their liistory. 

256. de caelo: i.e. hy lightning. The usual phrase is de caelo 
tangi (lit. to he toioched from heaven) ; so two lines below tactus est 
without the limiting Ablative. 

258. legum aera: laiv tahlets, lit. hroiize {tahleis) of the laws; in- 
dicating the material on which the laws were generally engraved. 
Stone was also so used. 

259. ille . . . Romulus : yonder Romulus — said with a gesture. 

260. quem inauratum : that is, whose gilded statue. 

261. fuisse: once stood, the Perfect implying that it no longer stood 
there intact. Otherwise we might have expected esse with meministis. 
G. 281, 2, R.; A. & G. 336, A, n. 1 ; H. 537, i. 

262. cum haruspices convenissent : Subjv. with cum, notwithstanding 
the preceding Temporal phrase quo tempore. Pure time is expressed 
by the Indie, with cum ; but here the conjunction gives the occasion or 
circumstances, marking a closer connection between the two clauses 
than that of mere time, in fact characterizing the time. G. 585 ; 

A. & G. 323 and 325 ; B. 288, i ; H. 521, 11. 2. Etruria: the art 
of the soothsayers, i.e. of interpreting the divine will from the entrails 
of sacrificial victims, originated in Etruria. 

265. appropinquare . . . nisi . . . flexissent : notice the Fut. meaning of 
appropinquare, ivere approaching^ implying would soon he at hand; 
hence, flexissent, should turn aside, avert, the Pluperfect Subjv. 
(after dixerunt) representing Fut. Perfect flexerint in the direct words 
of the soothsayers. Do not confound this Condition with the Un- 
real ; it is the Logical Condition in 0. 0. G. 657 ; A. & G. p. 375 ; 

B. 319, a; H. 527, i. 

267. et (ludi) . . . neque res ulla : hoth . . . and nothing. 

269. idem : how translated ? G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, i ; 
H. 451, 3. facere : no subject expressed because none is needed, 
the soothsayers simply ordering the mahing of a larger statue, etc. 

270. contra atque : adjectives and adverbs of Likeness and Unlike- 



THIRD ORATIOK AGAINST CATILIKE 347 

ness take atque or ac after them. G. 643 ; A. & G. 234, a, n. 2 ; B. 341, 

1, c ; H. 459, 2. Translate : to turn it toward the east (orientem), 
opposite to the way (contra atque) it had formerly faced. 

271. si illud signum conspiceret (Looked towards, faced), fore ut . . . 
inlustrarentur : the Logical (simple) Condition of the Future in 
0. 0., representing in the direct form si . . . conspiciet (Fut.), inlustra- 
buntur (Fut.). The periphrasis fore ut with the Subjv. is more com- 
mon in the Pass, than the Fut. Infinitive. See G. 248 ; A. & G. 288, 
f ; B. 270, 3, a ; H. 537, 3. quod videtis : the new statue on the 

Capitol, facing the east, overlooked the Forum, where Cicero's audi- 
ence was now standing. 

275. atque : and further, introducing the crowning fact in his con- 
tention that the gods were responsible for the case. conlocandum 
locaverunt : verbs meaning to Contract, Let, Undertake, etc. , take the 
Ace. of the Ger. of the Object to be effected, or Factitive Predicate, 
as it is called. G. 430 ; A. & G. 294, d; B. 337, 7, 5, 2 ; H. 544, 

2, N. 2). Translate : gave the contract for the erection, etc. Notice 
the difference between the simple verb locare, give a contract for some- 
thing to be done, and the compound conlocare, set up, erect. 

277. neque superioribus consulibus, etc. : the words imply neither last 
year nor this until to-day. See Note on 1. 255. 

279. bic: lit. here, (adv.), that is, in these circumstances, 

280. praeceps : perverse. mente captus : Mind of heart. haec 
omnia, etc. : said with a sweep of the hand, and referring to the 
whole visible world. 

282. ita ; to this effect, anticipating the following Ace. and Infini- 
tive. 

284. et ea: and that; more usually Singular, here Plural for 
rhetorical reasons. 

285. ea : those {deeds), referring to caedes, etc., above. 

287 : illud vero . . . ut . . . ut, etc. : the first ut introduces an ordinary 
Consecutive clause after ita praesens {so opportune), while the second 
explains illud {this fact). Translate : hut is not this fact so opportune 
that it seems, etc., {namely) that when early this morning both the 
conspirators and the witnesses against them (eorum) were, etc., the 
statue was being set up at that very moment 9 For the use of the 
second ut, see G. 557 ; A. & G. 332, /; H. 501, 2. 

288. Optimi Maximi : best {and) greatest. Observe the Asyndeton in 
this formula. 

294. quo (etiam) : Abl. of Measure of Difference with the compara- 
tive maiore, but to be translated, wherefore. maiore odio, etc. i 
of greater hatred, Abl. of Specification after digni, 



348 NOTES 

295. domiciliis, tectis : Dative after in- in composition (inferre). 

297. ego, me : emphatic repetition to sharpen the contrast with ille, 
ille in the next sentence. 

300. dis : the important word of the sentence, hence put first. 

302. iam vero : and 7iow. 

304. tantae res creditae, etc. : matters of such importance would not 
have been intrusted, and the letters would not have been given over, 
etc., so rashly to strangers and barbarians, unless, etc. 

306. huic tantae audaciae : abstract put for the concrete, that is, 
boldness for bold men. The case is Dat. of the Ind. Object. Trans- 
late as if Abl. of Separation {from). quid vero : but again, lit. 
but what {of this) ? 

307. ut homines Galli . . . neglegerent . . . anteponerent : Consecutive 
clauses after a verb of Effecting (esse factum) in 1. 312 below, but do 
not change the order of the clauses, id, in 1. 311, sums up all that pre- 
cedes, quae gens una : superlatives (una) are often incorporated 
in the rel. clause, as here, whereas the Eng. idiom places them before 
the relative {the only iiation that remains, etc.). G. 616, 3 ; A. & G. 
200, d; H. 453, 5. 

309. videatur : Characteristic Subjv. after the superlative una. 
imperi : sovereignty. 

310. ultro (lit. voluntarily) : unsought, qualifying oblatam. 

311. non divinitus : the negative, as usual, preceding the important, 
word. 

312. praesertim qui ( = cum ei) . . . potuerint (Perfect Subjv.) : espe- 
cially when they might have prevailed, etc. ; Concessive rel. clause. 

314. ad: at. pulvinaria: lit. the couches upon which the 
images of the gods were laid before the temples, on occasions of 
prayer or thanksgiving, with banquets spread before them. Trans- 
late, shrines. 

315. celebratote: the impressive Second Impv., proclaiming the 
thanksgiving. G. 268, 2 ; A. & G. 269, d; B. 281, i, b; H.487,i. i. 

320. togati, togato : see Note on 1. 194 above. The disturbances with 
which Cicero compares the events of his own consulship happened in 
the period of the first civil war, waged between the democratic party 
under Marius and his successors, and the aristocratic party under Sulla 
(Introduction, §§21-23). The events referred to may be summed up as 
follows : (1) The trouble began in 88 B.C. when, after Sulla's departure 
from Rome as the duly appointed commander against Mithridates, 
the tribune P. Sulpicius proposed to depose him in favor of Marius. 
Sulla returned to Rome at the head of his army and overthrew his 
enemies, Sulpicius being killed and Marius barely saving himself by 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 349 

flight. Sulla then returned to the field against Mithridates. (2) The 
next year, when L. Cornelius Cinna renewed the democratic schemes 
of Sulpicius, his colleague Cn. Octavius drove him out of the city at 
the cost of so much bloodshed (10,000 victims were said to have 
fallen) that the day was ever after known as the '* day of Octavius." 
Hence Cicero's words : omnis hie locus acervis, etc. (3) Shortly after 
(postea) Cinna and Marius raised an army, and returning to the city, 
got the upper hand (superavit). For five days and nights they held 
a carnival of bloodshed, killing many of the most prominent aris- 
tocrats. Hence the words lumina civitatis in 1. 325. (4) Although 
Marius had died in 86 B.C. and Cinna been killed in a mutiny two 
years later, Sulla's enemies were still active when he returned from 
the East in 83 B.C. He defeated them in the battle of the Colliue 
Gate (82 B.C.) and by his " proscriptions " lessened the number of his 
fellow-citizens (diminutione civium, 1. 327) by some four or five thou- 
sand executions. After reforming the constitution he resigned his 
dictatorship ; he died in 78 b.c. (5) Shortly after his death M. Lepi- 
dus tried to overthrow his constitution, but in the outbreak that 
followed was defeated by his colleague Q. Catulus (77 B.C.), the son of 
Marius' colleague a quarter of a century earlier. 

334. ipsius . . . ceteronim : contrasted words, hence put as far apart 
(sometimes as close) as possible. Cicero means that the country did 
not grieve so much for the death of the principal author of the 
trouble, Lepidus himself, as for that of all the others implicated in 
the disturbance. rei publicae : Dat. after ad- in composition (attulit). 

337. pertinerent : Characteristic Subjv. after eius modi, of such a 
character. non illi . . . voluerunt : they did not wish, the pronoun 

emphasized by the position of non. They wished only to put them- 
selves at the head of the government (rem publicam), not to destroy 
it, says Cicero. 

340. atque illae . . . diiudicatae sint : these words are thought to be 
a transcriber's explanation of what precedes, afterwards creeping into 
the text by mistake. 

343. uno : strengthens the superlatives. post : since. 

345. quale bellum, such a war as, quo in bello : a war in which. 
Kote the Latin tendency to incorporate the antec. in the rel. clause. 

346. lex : principle. 

347. salva, salvi : the words in a slightly different sense, the former 
referring to the salvation of the state, the latter to these persons' 
solvency. 

348. in hostium nmnero ducerentur : should he regarded as (lit. in the 
number of) enemies, 0, 340, r. 1 (end) ; H. 362, 2, n. 3. 



350 NOTES 

360. tantum : {only) so many, lit. so much, with Part. Genitive. 
351. restitisset: should survive; Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after put as- 
sent. 

354. pro : in return for, rebus : services, lit. circumstances. 

355. insigne: mark. 

360. eius modi, quod possint : Characteristic Subjunctive. 

361. memoria: Abl. of Means. So sermonibus and monumentis. 

363. litterarum monumentis : records of literature. 

364. eandemque diem . . . consulatus mei : and I am sure that one 
a7id the same period (diem) — tvhichi trust shall prove everlasting — has 
been extended both for the safety, etc. He means that the continued 
existence of the government must always remind the world of his 
consulship. 

367. alter, alter : the former refers to Pompey, the latter to himself. 
371. est : helojig to, attach to, with Poss. Genitive (rerum). quae 

illorum : as {to the deeds) of those, 

373. isti : refers to the same persons as illorum above. hostis : 
Ace. Plural. 

374. vestrum : that is, yoxir duty. ceteris : Dat. after prosunt. 
recte : adv. modifier of facta {right deeds). G. 437, R. ; A. & G. 207, 
c; H. 548, n. 2. 

375. mihi mea: emphatic by position and repetition ; translate 
after ne. providere : subject of est, and itself followed by a neg. 
Complementary Final Clause. mentes : this word with its modi- 
fiers is, like mihi mea, emphatic by position, but must be translated 
after ne. 

378. mihi ipsi : explain this Dative. G. 217 ; A. & G. 230 ; B. 
187, II. b ; H. 384, 5. Translate : and yet, fellow -citizens, to me per- 
sonally (ipsi) no harm can be done, etc. nihil is Ace. of Extent in 
Degree, but for convenience is to be translated as part of the subject. 

379. bonis : tr^te patriots (the usual meaning in these Orations). 

381. dignitas : prestige. tacita : {though) silent, Concessive. 

382. neglegunt: disregard. 

383. est etiam nobis, etc. : / have even such a disposition {am so 
disposed) as not only to, etc. audaciae : Dative, not Genitive. 

385. ultro : voluntarily. He means he will be the aggressor. 
quod si : but if. 

387. convertit: Present for Future. 

388. qua condicione : i.e. on what footing the people wish them to 
stand. velitis : Subjv. in Ind. Question. obtulerint : expose, 
the Perfect Subjv. representing the Fut. Perfect after a Primary 
tense. 



FOURTH 0RATI0:N^ AGAINST CATILINE 35 1 

389. mihi quidem ipsi : {as) for me personally^ Dat. after ad- in com- 
position (adquiri). 

390. possit : why Subjunctive ? in honor e vestro : m the dis- 
iinction{s) which yoio confer, lit. in your honor. 

392. videam: Subjv. after cum Causal. libeat: Characteristic 
Subjv. after the preceding neg. sentence with quicquam. 

393. illud : explained by the following Consecutive ut-clause. 

395. conservanda re publica : Abl. of Cause, invidia implying feeling 
or emotion. Observe here that the Perfect Pass. Part, might have 
been used (Abl. Abs.), but would have had a slightly different force, 
since it would have looked backward while the Gerundive looks for- 
ward, laedat . . . valeat : Asyndeton, some conjunction being 
(intentionally) omitted. 

396. in re publica : in public life. 

398. virtute : merit ; Abl. of Means. 

399. venerati: Perfect Part. (Nom. PL), but best translated as 
Present. 

402. aeque ac : just (lit. equally) as ; ac being used after the adverb 
of Likeness. 

403. id ne . . . faciendum sit : that it may not have to he done, etc. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

{In L. Catilinam Or alio Quart a) 

PREFATORY NOTE 

1. On December 5 (two days after delivering the preceding ora- 
tion), Cicero convened the Senate to ask its advice on the question, 
What should be done with the prisoners ? The meeting was held in 
the Temple of Concord, at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, about which 
many citizens were gathered ready with arms to carry out the wishes 
of the consul. 

2. The Debate. To Silanus, as consul-elect, the question was put 
first (Introduction, §75, footnote). He advocated the death-penalty. 
Other Senators were then consulted in regular order, until among the 
praetors-elect Caesar was asked for his views. While fully recogniz- 
ing the guilt of the men, Caesar warned the Senate against taking 
any step which they might afterwards have reason to regret. He 
therefore proposed life-imprisonment for the culprits, and confisca- 



352 NOTES 

tioii of their property. Shortly after Caesar's speech, Cicero a', 
chairman rose, and in his Fourth Oration against Catiline summed 
up these two opinions, somewhat as a judge might sum up the argu- 
ments in a case at court. Caesar's proposal had made a deep impres- 
sion upon the Senate, and seemed likely to prevail, when young Cato, 
a tribune-elect, sprang to his feet, and in severe terms denounced all 
half-way measures. The conspirators, he said, were criminals, caught 
in the act, and deserved summary punishment. An effort was made 
to adjourn the Senate before taking any action but failed, and Cato's 
motion for immediate execution was carried by a large majority. 

3. The Execution. Without loss of time Cicero adjourned the 
Senate, and proceeded to carry out the sentence. He ordered that 
the prisoners should be brought from their places of confinement, and 
led to the door of the ancient dungeon known as the Tullianum, a 
large oblong underground cliamber with a smaller dungeon, circular 
in shape, beneath. As each prisoner was brought to this place, he 
was thrust down into the lower chamber, and there strangled by the 
executioners {tresviri capitales). When the fifth and last man was 
thus executed, the consul departed, and on his way through the Forum 
said to the wondering citizens whom he met, Vixerunt (' They have 
lived,' i.e. they live no longer). 

4. Legality of the Executions. For nineteen centuries men have de- 
bated the question w^hether the executions were legal or not without 
having reached a definite conclusion. A schoolbook may, therefore, 
well leaA^e the matter undiscussed. Nevertheless there are certain 
well-ascertained facts relating to the case which should be noted here. 
It is known, for example, that it was an old principle in the Eoman 
law that no citizen might be put to death without the assent of the 
people ; and that this principle had been reaffirmed in a law of the 
tribune Gains Sempronius Gracchus in 123 B.C. (hence called a lex 
Sempronia, as usual, after the gentile name of the proposer). 

(1) Now Cicero made the point that the conspix^ators were not citi- 
zens, but enemies, and as such were not entitled to the protection of 
a law made for citizens. If it was true that they had forfeited their 
citizenship, then Cicero's contention was correct; but this ''if" in- 
volves one of the very points at issue. In the case of Catiline and 
Manlius, there could be no doubt : they were self-confessed enemies, 
being already in Etruria with an army ready to strike ; but how with 
Lentulus, Cethegus, and the rest of the conspirators in the city ? The 
letters which they had written and which Cicero had intercepted, 
pointed clearly to the existence of a plot of a dangerous kind, but the 
writers had not actually done anything, had not been caught in any 



I 



FOURTH ORATION AGAIXST CxlTILINE 353 

overt act, and hence they were entitled to the benefit at least of a trial 
in court. It should be remembered also that the Senate was not a 
judicial body, and hence could not pass upon the questions involved. 

(2) On the other hand, it is also known that in times of grave peril 
the Senate passed, as it did in this instance, its ultimiim decretum, 
or extreme decree, authorizing the consuls to *'see to it that the 
commonwealth suffered no harm." The exact extent of the powers 
conferred on the consuls by such a decree is not clear now, and was 
not clear even in that day. Some said that it gave the consul plenary 
powers even to carry out the death-penalty, if need be, without trial. 
The democrats questioned this interpretation. 

In a strict interpretation of the laws, therefore, the legality of the 
executions is still an open question ; and yet few persons would deny 
that Cicero in putting to death Lentulus, Cethegus, and their accom- 
plices acted in the only way in which he could crush the uprising. 
His course was generally approved by the people, who showed their 
approval by hailing him as savior of his country. 

5. Defeat and Death of Catiline. The vigorous course pursued by 
the consul frightened the followers of Catiline, and caused the rebel 
army in Etruria to waste away. Nevertheless Catiline, who never 
lacked courage, rallied his 3,000 desperate men about him near 
Pistoria (twenty miles from Faesulae), and there, while trying to re- 
treat to Gaul, was crushed between two Roman armies, one commanded 
by the praetor Q. Metellus Celer, the other by a lieutenant under 
Cicero's colleague Antonius. 



4. iucunda : pleasing ; grata : welcome, 

5. voluntas: i.e. good-will. 

7. miM (emphatic position) si haec, etc. : for my part, if these were 
the terms on which the consulship ivas given to me ; lit. if this condi- 
tion of the consulship, etc. 

10. dum modo . . . pariatur : explain the use of dum modo. See Note 
on Cat. I. 9, 22 (1. 277). The verb is Singular because dignitas sa- 
lusque expresses a single complex notion. 

12. non : the negative is repeated for rhetorical effect, and placed 
before the emphatic word in each instance. This repetition is called 
Anaphora. forum : the Forum was surrounded by various public 
buildings, among them the courts of justice ; hence the w^ord aequitas. 

13. campus : the consular elections were held in the Campus Mar- 
tiuSy and, like every important step in the life of the Romans, were 
preceded by the ceremony of taking the auspices ; hence the Campus 

23 



354 NOTES 

is liere spoken of as consecrated ivith the consular auspices (consulari- 
bus auspiciis consecratus). curia: called summum auxilium, etc., 

because the Senate shaped the foreign policy of the country. 

16. sella curulis : see Introduction, §55. 

17. fuit : Singular predicate with several subjects because each is 
considered apart from the others. multa tacui : have suppressed 
much. Sec Xote on Cat, i. 12, 29 (1. 351). 

18. meo quodam dolors : Abl. of Manner, but best translated, at the 
cost of some pain to myself, in : in the midst of. 

20. ut : with eriperem (1. 24), forming a Consecutive clause, explain- 
ing the words hunc exitum (1. 19). G. 557 ; A. & G. 332, /; H. 501, 
1.2. 

25. subeatur: Subjv. for Imperative (Opt. Subjv.) with the preced- 
ing rel. clause as its subject, the whole being the Apodosis of the 
Logical (simple) Condition whose Protasis is si . . . voluerunt (11. 19, 
20). 

26. fatale : destined. 

27. cur non laeter : Potential Rhetorical Question, implying its own 
answer. consulatum . . . exstitisse : what other construction may 
follow verbs of Emotion ? Principal Parts of exstitisse (not from 
exsto) ■? 

30. consulite vobis : distinguish between Dat. and Ace. when used 
with this verb. 

34. debeo : / must {cannot help). pro eo ac : in proportion as. 
G. 643 ; A. & G. 234, a, n. 2 ; B. 341, i, c; II. 554, i. 2, n. 

35. relaturos esse gratiam (with mihi above) : will reward me. si 
quid obtigerit : Fut. Perfect (translated as Pres.) in the Protasis of 
a Logical (simple) Condition. 

36. aequo animo, etc. : Ablative of Manner. 

37. immatura consulari : a premature {death) to a consular, i.e. one 
who has once enjoyed the consulship can have no higher ambition. 

38. sapienti: to a philosoj^her, i.e. the philosopher is indifferent to 
everything external, even to death. This was a tenet of the Stoics, 
who taught the sternest morality. ille ferrous qui . . . movear : so 
iron-hearted as not to he influenced : Characteristic Subjv. following 
ttie Demonstrative pronoun ille. 

39. fratris : his brother Quintus Cicero, at this time praetor-elect. 
A few years later he served with Caesar in his Gallic war. 

41. neque meam mentem non, etc. : note in this sentence the two 
negatives, making a strong affirmative, and the sever alsubj^cts with 
their modifiers, filling three or four lines. It is best to translate non 
fail to, and treat the whole sentence as if passive, taking mentem as 



I 



FOURTH ORATIOK AGAINST CATILIKE 355 

subject and the real subjects as agents {hy) : nor do my thoughts 
(mentem) fail to he recalled, etc. The position of non makes domum 
the emphatic word. 

42. uxor : Terentia, by whom he had two children — Tullia (filia), 
probably fourteen years old, and Marcus, only two (parvolus filius). 

44. ille : hy him (keeping up the passive translation). 

46. gener: C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, the first husband of Tullia. 
As he was not a member of the Senate at this time, he was probably 
standing near the door of the temple with the crowd that attended 
this session of the Senate. moveor : the position of the word 
emphasizes Cicero's contradiction of the negative statement — / am 
indeed influenced. in earn partem uti : to the end that, with a 
Complementary Consecutive clause. 

47. vobiscum : the Senate ; omnes : his family. oppresserit (Fut. 
Perfect) : crush, 

48. una : general, lit. one. peste : ruin, 

49. pereamus : Subjv. on account of the idea of (negative) Design 
involved. G. 644, r. 3, a. 

52. non Ti. Gracchus, etc. : {it is) not Tiherius Gracchus for wish- 
ing as he did (lit. hecause he wished), etc. , not Oaius Gracchus for 
attempting, etc., etc., {that) is hrought, etc. For the story of the 
Grracchi and of Saturninus, read Introduction, §§16, 17, 18, and 19. 

53. agrarios: the agrarian party, i.e. the adherents of the younger 
Gracchus in his measures providing for the allotment of public lands 
to the poorer classes of citizens. 

54. Memmium: a candidate for the consulship in 100 B.C. murdered 
at the instance of Saturninus. 

55. in discrimen aliquod: to some test or other. The Indefinite pro- 
noun makes the phrase vague, as was probably intended in deprecia- 
tion of the former danger in contrast with the present. 

56. indicium : the har, lit. judgment. tenentur ei qui, etc. : in 
our power are those who, etc. ad : for, expressing Design. 

57. omnium : while with this word Cicero regularly uses the Geni- 
tive forms nostrum and vestrum (rather than nostri and vestri), yet 
sometimes instead of the personal pronouns in the Gen. case he uses 
the possessive forms noster and vester. We have, for example, de 
nostro omnium interitu {Gat. i. 4, 9), but vitamque omnium vestrum {Gat. 
III. I, 1), and again in the present passage the possessive rather than 
the Genitive. 

61. ut interfectis omnibus (Abl. Abs.) nemo . . . relinquatur : coordi- 
nate in translating (although strictly the Abl. Abs. is subordinate, of 
course) — that all {of us) may he put to death and not a man he left. 



356 NOTES 

etc. ne . . . quidem here simply strengthens the general neg. nemo 

and should be translated affirmatively — even. Note the exceptional 
use here of ut nemo instead of ne quis in a Final clause. 

64. rei : tJie accused men. 

65. multis iudiciis : i.e. by its decrees as explained in the following 
words. 

66. gratias egistis : thanked. 

68. Lentulum . . . coegistis : see Note on Cat, iii. 6, 14 (1. 177). 

71. meo nomine : in my honor. 

72. honos: the antec. incorporated in the rel. clause. Transhite : 
an honor which. togato : explain the meaning. nemini : 
Dat. of Agent. 

77. referre ad vos . . . integrum . . . et de facto quid, etc. : to lay before 
you, as if still an open question, hoth what your decision is concerning 
the fact, etc. The Subjunctives iudicetis and censeatis indicate In- 
direct Questions depending on referre. 

79. quae sunt consulis : ivhich a consul should ; lit. are the coiisid's, 
Possessive Genitive. 

80. versari: ivas rife. nova: revolntionary schemes^ lit. new 
ill inijs. 

81. misceri: were brewing. concitari mala: mala is the Ace. 
subject of concitari, yet like the Ace. of the Inner Object gets its sub- 
stantive idea from the verb. Translate : a wicked turmoil caused, 

85. delatum sit: Subjunctive in Ind. Question, depending on videtis. 

86. huic: refers to f acinus of the preceding sentence. adfinis: 
Ace. Plural. 

87. opinione: account for this Ablative. G. (L. Ed.) 398, N. 1 ; A. 
& G. 247, b ; B. 217, 4 ; H. 417, N. 5. Translate : than you suppose, 

89. serpens : participle. 

90. sustentando : by ivithholding your hands; prolatando : by pro- 
crastination. Both are Ablatives of Means. 

91. ratione: method. With placet, supply vindicare from the fol- 
lowing clause. 

92. sententias : the regular word for the views expressed by a sen- 
ator on a public question or the vote by which he declared his views. 
Translate : views, or proposals. D. Silani : (that) of D. Silanus. 
G. 308, R. 3 ; A. & G. 195, b ; B. 247, 3 ; H. 451, i. See Prefatory 
Note, §2. 

93. haec : meaning here ? See the Vocabulary. 

94. Caesaris : what was his rank at this time ? See Prefatory 
Note, §2. ^^^ 

95. removet : sets aside {rejects)-, amplectitur: includes. 



FOURTH OIIATIO:^" AGAi:Js'ST CATILIXE 357 

96. uterque : regularly Singular when referring to individuals, 
being Plural only of sets or parties. pro : suitably to. Caesar 
as praetor-elect had the consulship before him as the only honor 
remaining to complete the cursus hoiiorum. 

97. in . . . versatur : lit. is engaged in, i.e. advocates. The word 
admits of various translations. alter : one, subject of putat. 

98. conati sunt : Indicative because Cicero's words, not a part of 
the quotation. qui : notice the rhetorical repetition of this word 
in this and succeeding lines. See Note on 1. 12. 

100. punctum : Accusative of Extent in Time. temporis : Parti- 

tive Genitive. 

103. alter intellegit, etc. Cicero contends that Silanus in recom- 
men'^ing the death-penalty is really less severe than Caesar, who advo- 
cated life-imprisonment as the proper punishment of the conspirators. 
At the same time he interprets the course of each Senator in his own 
way. He says, for example, that Silanus recollects (recordatur) that 
there are precedents for his proposal, although it does not appear 
that Silanus had mentioned them, and he declares that Caesar is 
aware (intellegit) that death is often a blessing, etc., of which the 
prisoners were unworthy, deserving rather all the pains of perpetual 
imprisonment. 

107. et ea : and that. ad : for, expressing Design. singu- 

lar em : special. 

109. dispertiri : with eos understood for its subject. He means 
that they should be scattered by giving them over in custody to the 
various provincial towns. iubet : not orders. habere : to 
involve. iniquitatem : a hardship. 

110. si velis : lit. if you should wish, that is, if one would : Ideal 
Second Person. G. 595, R. 3. ** It would be unfair to force the towns 
to be responsible for the prisoners' safe keeping, while a mere re- 
quest to this effect would meet with questionable success," is his 
meaning. 

112. qui . . . putent : Characteristic relative clause with Indefinite 
Antecedent. 

113. esse suae dignitatis : Predicate Genitive. G. 366, r. 1 ; A. & 
G. 214, c; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. adiungit : adds. Notice the em- 
phatic position, implying, ''But this is not all, for he also proposes," 
etc. 

114. ruperit : probably Pf. Subjv., representing Fut. Perfect in 
Caesar's direct words, but note that the two forms are the same. 

115. borribilis (Ace. PI.) : because demanding great severity. 

116. eorum : this word limits poenam and is antecedent of quos. 



358 KoTEs 

117. per senatum : that is, through its decrees. per populum : 

that is, through measures passed in the Comitia. 

120. multos uno (supply dolore) : side by side for contrast. 

122. itaque : and so. The sentiment here expressed, that the idea 
of future punishment was a mere bugaboo invented by ancient writers 
(antiqui) to frighten would-be offenders, does not accord with what 
Cicero has written elsewhere. It is to be remembered, however, that 
he is merely summing up the views of Silanus and Caesar, and it is 
very evident that he is doing his utmost to make it appear that death 
for the prisoners would be true mercy both to them and to their 
countrymen. 

124. voluerunt : maintained. 

125. eis remotis = si ea (i.e. supplicia) remota essent, representing 
the Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after a Past (intellegebant). 

127. ego mea : emphatic by repetition and juxtaposition. mea 

, . .intersit : is to my personal interest, G. 381, 2 ; A, & G. 222, a; 
B. 211, I, a; H. 408, i. 2. 

129. in re publica : in puhlic life. popularis : political term for 
democrat as opposed to the optimates, or aristocrats, who were iden- 
tified with the Senate. 

130. hoc . . . cognitore (Abl. Abs.) : ivitli him as the author and ad- 
vocate. 

131. populares : j90^?Jar, i.e. of the people. sin: supply eritis 
secuti. How is this conjunction regularly used ? 

132. nescio an: I do not know hut. G. 457, 2; A. & G. 210, /, r. ; 
B. 300, 5 ; H. 529, 3, N. ^. negoti: trouble, Part. Genitive with 
amplius. 

133. rationes: considerations. 

134. vincat : let .. .prevail over {outweigh). ipsius : his own, as 
distinguished from that of the maiorum. 

135. postulabat: Singular predicate with two subjects, the latter 
forming a single complex idea. 

136. obsidem : guarantee, lit. hostage. 

137. intellectum est : it was seen, that is, when Caesar spoke in the 
debate. quid interesset : ivhat a differeyice there is. contiona- 
torum: agitators, those who addressed the people in the contio for 
selfish purposes. 

138. saluti: ivelfare. 

139. de istis : = eorum, Partitive with non neminem, some, or perhaps 
here, one. Cicero seems to have had in mind particularly Metellus 
Nepos, the tribune-elect, and creature at this time of Pompey, who 
was offended because Cicero had dealt with the present trouMe^ingle- 



FOURTH ORATIOK AGAIl^-ST CATILINE 359 

handed, failing to call on Pompey to suppress the threatened out- 
break. A few weeks later, as Cicero was about to make the usual 
farewell speech at the close of his consulship on the last day of 
December, 63 B.C., this same Metellus, as tribune, interposed with 
the declaration that he who had deprived Roman citizens of their 
right of appeal to the people (referring to the execution of the con- 
spirators) had no right to address the people. 

140. de capite . . . sententiam ferat : cast a vote concerning the civil 
rights, etc. 

143. The order is : iam hoc nemini dubium est quid qui (he who) de- 
crevit custodiam reo, etc., iudicarit de tota re et causa, iudicarit is the 
Subjv. in Ind. Question, and its subject is the preceding rel. clause. 

145. re : the fact ; causa: the case (in its legal aspects). 

146. legem Semproniam : i.e. the law of C. Gracchus, whose gentile 
name was Sempronius. 

149. latorem : that is, C. Gracchus. iussu populi : as this is not 
true, some have supposed that Cicero said rather iniussu {without the 
order), which certainly makes the sense clearer. If C. Gracchus, says 
Cicero (according to the changed reading), who proposed the law, 
was put to death without appeal, all the more may the present of- 
fenders be so treated. 

150. idem: he also, i.e. Caesar. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, 
I ; H. 451, 3. largitorem et prodigum: Concessive, implying 
*'with all his extravagance in courting the good-will of the 
people." 

153. popularem: a friend of the people. 

156. se iactare : to malce a parade, i.e. in order to gain credit for 
political purposes. 

158. ut omnis animi cruciatus (Ace. PL), etc.: that even poverty and 
beggary may follow {he added to) every, etc. 

160. hoc : Caesar's proposal. Note the coincidence of attainment 
denoted hj the Fiit. Perfect in both the dependent and the principal 
clause (statueritis, dederitis). 

161. ad : before. 

164. obtinebo: / shall maintain (the view). 

165. tanti sceleris immanitate = tam immani scelere: attribute (sub- 
stantive) used for attributive (adjective). 

166. de : by. G. 397, R. 

167. ita mihi . . . liceat, ut . . . moveor : lit. so may it be permitted me, 
etc., as I am moved, etc. ; more freely, as I hope to be permitted, etc., 
I am actuated, in being rather severe in this case, not by cruelty, etc. 
Observe the common form of Asseveration expressed by ita with the 



360 NOTES 

Opt. Subjunctive (liceat) followed by ut with the Indicative (moveor). 
G. 262 ; A. & G. 267 ; B. 279 ; H. 483, 4. 

170. videor mihi : I fancy, 

173. animo: i.e. with my mind's eye, Ablative of Means. 

175. bacchantis : as lie revels, lit. revelling. cum vero mihi pro- 

posui . . . perliorresco : but ivhenever I picture to myself ; lit. have placed 
before myself, etc., Iterative Action in Present time. G. 567 ; A. 
& G. 322 ; compare B. 288, 3, and H. 518, n. 2. 

177. purpuratum: suggesting the oriental form of despotism with 
courtiers robed in purple. Of course, in republican Rome the mere 
thought of a king was hateful. huic : i.e. Lentulo, Dat. of Advan- 

tage — for him, implying at his side. 

185. sumpserit: the Latin says *'take" where the English says 
inflict punishment. For the mood and tense, compare Note on 1. 114 
above (ruperit). 

186. utrum . . . an . . . videatur : explain the construction. G. 460 
and 458 ; A. & G. 211 and d; B. 162, 4 ; H. 353, i. 

187. mihi : supply videtur. The word is emphatic by position — to 
MY mind. 

188. qui non . . . lenierit : Causal rel. clause. nocentis suum : the 
two words side by side for contrast between the culprit and his 
victim. 

189. in : in the case of (as often). qui, qui, qui : see Note on 
1. 12 above. 

192. id egerunt, ut, etc. : have aimed at this, (namely) to set up, 
etc. 

195. sin : account for the use of this word. 

197. nisi vero : ironical (as usual) — unless indeed. L. Caesar : 

not the well-known Caesar, but a relative. • He was consul the year 
before this. His sister, referred to in this passage, was Julia, who 
had been twice married — first to M. Antonius Creticus (father of Mark 
Antony), and after his death to the present conspirator, Lentulus ; 
hence the word virum, husband, in the text (1. 200). 

201. avum suum: M. FulviusFlaccus was the maternal grandfathei 
of Lucius Caesar. As an adherent of Gains Gracchus, he perished in 
the riot of 121 B.C. with his leader. 

202. filiumque eius : son to Flaccus, and uncle to L. Caesar. The 
fact that Lucius Caesar, Cicero means, could in his speech have con- 
demned his own relative Lentulus, comparing his case with that of 
his grandfather and uncle, was a strong argument in favot of the 
death-penalty. The younger Flaccus here referred to had been sent 
by the party of Gracchus to the consul Opimius in order, if possible, 



I 



FOURTH ORATIOK AGAIi^ST CATILIKE 36 1 



to make terms with the senatorial party, but was thrown into prison 
by the consul and afterwards murdered. 

203. quorum quod (interrog.) simile factum: what deed of theirs 
(quorum, lit. of whom) was like {the present crime) ? 

205. voluntas : the spirit j lit. inteiit. versata est : was rife. 
For the historical facts, see Introduction, §§16, 17. 

206. contentio : rivalry. avus Lentuli : P. Cornelius Lentulus, 
consul in 162 B.C. and a leader of the senatorial party in the time 
of Gracchus. 

207. ille : i.e. the grandfather ; Mc in the next sentence refers to the 
present Lentulus, the grandson. 

211. trucidandos : to he butchered. G. 430; A. & G. 294, d; B. 337, 
7, 5, 2; H. 544, 2, N. 2. 

213. vereamini, censeo : you must surely he afraid, I thirik ; ironical. 

219. exaudio : this word implies indistinctness of hearing on account 
of distance or surrounding noise. It seems to refer here to whispers 
exchanged between the Senators. 

221. ut : meaning after verbs of Fearing ? G. 550, 2 ; A. & G. 331, 
/; B. 296, 2 ; H. 498, iii. n. 1. 

222. ad : with transigunda, expressing Design. 
224. cum . . . tum : not only . . . hiit also, 

231. sentirent : Characteristic Subjunctive after the superlative 
sola. unum atque idem : see Note on 1. 302 below. 

232. cum viderent : seeing. 

234. in . . . numero habendos : for the meaning of this phrase, see 
Note on Cat. iii. 10, 25 (1. 348). 

236. ceteri (vero) : subject of consentiunt (are united), but on account 
of its emphatic position best translated, hut as for the rest, i.e. the 
other citizens. 

237. ad: that is, to promote, 

239. equites : the class from which Cicero himself was sprung, and 
for which he always has a word of praise. commemorem : should 
I mention, Potential Rhetorical Question. 

240. ita . . . ut : provided that. G. 552, r. 3 ; A. & G. 319, h. 

242. huius ordinis : ivith (lit. of) this order, i.e. the Senate. con- 

cordiam: Cicero prided himself on bringing the two great orders of 
Rome into harmony at this time. The coalition, however, was the 
result only of a community of interests in a period of danger. So long 
as Catiline was plotting against the existing status, the Knights as the 
rich men of Rome with much at stake naturally acted with the Sen- 
ate in upholding the government and thwarting his revolutionary 
schemes ; after the conspiracy was crushed, the old jealousies revived, 



362 NOTES 

and the '* harmony of the orders" proved to be without any perma- 
nence of character. Three years after this speech, Pompey, to whom 
Cicero looked for cooperation in guiding the fortunes of his ' ' new 
party," joined Caesar and Crassus in forming the First Triumvirate. 

244. quam si : resolve the relative into demonstrative and conjunc- 
tion — ayid if this. 

245. confirmatam : made sure, established, 

246. confirmo: I assure. 

248. defendundae: in defendi7ig, lit. of defending. 

249. tribunes aerarios : revenue officers of one kind or another, with 
a rank just beneath the equestrian order. scribas: government 
clerks. This speech was delivered on December 5, the day on which 
(Mc dies) the newly elected quaestors regularly entered upon their of- 
ficial duties (Introduction, §53). On this first day of their official term 
they drew lots to determine their respective fields of duty, the cere- 
mony taking place in the treasury building (aerarium). Cicero says 
that notwithstanding their personal interest in this ceremony, the 
clerks had left the treasury building to attend as patriotic spectators 
the great debate going on in the Senate. 

264. non : as usual, preceding the words to be emphasized. 

256. cum . . . turn : see Note on 1. 224. sit : Subjv. of Charac- 
teristic after the interrogative quis est, two lines above. 

257. operae pretium : tvorth ivhile. 

259. virtute : personal merit, buius civitatis : of our franchise, 
lit. of this citizenship. He means that by meritorious conduct they 
had gained (consecuti) the rights of citizenship. 

260. patriam : Pred. substantive after an implied copula. Trans- 
late : look upon this as their native land. loco: 7'anJc, Abl. of 
Origin. G. 395 ; A. & G. 244, a; B. 215 ; H. 415, 11. 

263. communis res publica : the geyieral ivelfare. 

265. qui modo ... sit : he he only {provided he he). Account for the 
construction. G. 627, r. 1 ; A. & G. 320, d; B. 283, 5; H. 503, N. 1. 

266. tolerabili condicione : Ablative of Quality. 

267. perhorrescat : Subjv. of Characteristic after the negative ex- 
pression nemo est. So cupiat and conferat following. ^ taec : these 
{institutions), 

268. quantum audet . . . potest : these clauses have the force of neuter 
Accusatives with the Part. Genitive voluntatis— as much of his good 
will as he dares and as he can. For the Indie, see G. 629, R. {a) ; A. 
&G. 342, a; H. 529, it. n. 1. 

270. si quem . . . commovet : for convenience translate as if passive — 
if any one of you is perchance disturhed by that which, etc. boc 



FOURTH OPvATIOX AGAIXST CATILIIS'E 363 



r 

H|aod auditum est : this is explained by the following Ace. and Inf. 
'■henonem, etc.). 

271. circum : round to, or (with concursare) is running the rounds of. 

273. quidem: indeed, often (as here) followed by an adversative 
conjunction (sed). 

274. tarn . . . miseri . . . qui non . . . velint : the Subjv. is Characteristic 
after the Demonstrative adverb tarn. Translate : as not to wish. 

275. ilium: yonder, emphasized by the negative non preceding it. 
Cicero probably pointed to some such shops within sight along the 
Forum. sellae : i.e. the workman's 6e?ic7i. 

, 279. immo vero : or rather, the following words heightening the 
'P previous statement. 
"* 280. genus : class. oti : i^eace. 

282. quorum si quaestus : resolve the rel. as usual — and if their 
profits, etc. The two Ablative Absolute phrases, occlusis tabernis, 
incensis (sc. tabernis), may be resolved into cum- or si-clauses. Hence, 
the last part of this sentence stands for a disguised Conditional (Un- 
real, or contrary to fact), of which incensis is the Protasis (= si incensae 
essent) and futurum fuit is the Apodosis. Gr. 597, R. 3 ; B. 304, 3, h ; 
A. &G. 308, c; H. 511, 2. 

288. atque : and even. 

291. consentiunt : for meaning, see Note on 1. 236. impiae : 

because planned by citizens, her own children. Piety with the 
Romans meant reverence or respect for one's parents and, by transfer, 
one's country as well as for God. In English we retain the original 
meaning of the word in the expression " filial piety." 

294. ilium {yonder) ignem Vestae, etc. : the sacred fire was kept day 
and night upon the altar in the temple of Vesta by virgins who had 
dedicated themselves under vows of chastity to the service of th^ 
goddess. 

297. anima : translate as if Plural. 

300. quae facultas : an advantage ivhich. 

301. id quod : the regular form for a rel. clause referring to a 
sentence (instead of a single word) as antecedent. Translate : some- 
thing that. 

302. unum atque idem sentientem: breathing one and the same senti- 
ment. Exi)lain the Accusatives. See Note on Cat. i. 12, 29 (1. 351). 

303. cogitate quantis . . . delerit : a compact and weighty sentence, 
typical of the Latin language, and to be rendered in English only 
by making two sentences of one. The grammatical predicate delerit is 
Subjv. because in an Ind. Question, but the real predicate or main point 
of Cicero's question lies in the participles with their adjuncts. Trans- 



364 KOTES 

late : Think hy how great labors the empire {was) founded, etc., {that) 
one night almost destroyed. He refers to the night on which the 
Allobroges were stopped at the Mulvian bridge. 
309. praecurritis : outstrip. 

311. functa: supply esse. consulari (adj.): = consulis (Gen. of 
substantive). 

312. ante quam redeo : G. 575 ; A. & G. 327, a; B. 291, i ; H. 520, 
I. I. 

313. quanta: rel., not interrog., which would have required the 
Subjv. of Ind. Question. quam: also rel., but best resolved into 
a demonstrative with "and " {and yon see that it is very large). The 
meaning is, that every man engaged in the conspiracy which Cicero 
had put down would prove his personal enemy in future. 

317. plus valuerit: shall have more weight. 

318. me, factorum: account for the cases. G. 377 ; A. & G. 221, h; 
B. 209 ; n. 409, iii. 

323. bene gesta : supply re publica, forming Abl. Abs. = quod res 
publica gesta est, giving the reason for the thanksgiving ; so con- 
servata re publica following. 

324. sit : this and the following Subjunctives are Concessive. G. 
264 ; A. & G. 266, c ; B. 278 ; II. 484, iii. Scipio : the elder 
Scipio, who defeated Hannibal at Zama in the Second Punic War 
(202 B.C.). 

326. alter Africanus : the younger Scipio (adopted by the elder 
Scipio's son), who destroyed Carthage in 146 b.c. and Numantia (in 
Spain) in 133 B.C. 

328. Paulus : father of the younger Scipio (the latter getting his 
name through adoption). He distinguished himself at Pydna (168 
B.C.) in the Third Macedonian War. 

330. Marius qui bis, etc. : by his victories over the Teutones and the 
Cimbri. See Introduction, §18. 

332. Pompeius : see Note on Cat. 11. 5, 11 (1. 137). isdem : con- 

strue with regionibus, etc. quibus solis cursus : supply continetur. 

334. aliquid loci : a modest phrase, although Cicero was not modest 
about his achievement. The Genitive is Partitive. gloriae : 
Poss. Genitive as predicate. 

335. nisi forte: ironical. G. 591, r. 4 ; A. & G. 315, h ; H. 507. 
3, N. 1. quo: ivhither, introducing a rel. clause of Design, hence the 
Subjv. possimus. So revertantur further on. 

337. uno loco : in one respect. 

338. quod, etc. : giving the reason w^hy Cicero's victory in peace 
involved greater dangers than a general's victory won in war* 



FOUETH ORATIOK AGAINST CATILIISTE 365 

339. oppress! serviunt : {when) crushed become our slaves. 

340. autem: ivhile. 
342. cum reppuleris, . . . possis : Ideal Second Person, yo^t in the sense 

! of one, in a Temporal sentence, where cum = si. Observe the Iter- 
: ative idea due to the association of a tense of completion (reppuleris, 
Pf. SLibjv.) with a tense of continuance (possis, Pres. Subjv.). 

344. mihi : Dat. of Agent with the Pf . Pass. Participle susceptum. 

345. id : subject of posse near the end of the sentence. It refers 
to the warfare he expects to be waged upon him by his personal foes. 

348. haerebit : iviJl ahide. 

349. neque ulla, etc. : was this prediction verified ? See Note on 
1. 242 above. 

351. conspirationem : not conspiracy, as the word bonorum shows; 
coniuratio is the word for "conspiracy." 

353. pro : in the place of. Cicero declined the provinces to which 
he was entitled at the close of his terms as praetor {^^ B.C.) and consul 
(63 B.C.). If he had accepted them he would have been a propraetor 
or proconsul with imperium and an army. 

356. clientelis : if he had accepted a province, he might have formed 
valuable connections with the provincials, for the governor of a prov- 
ince, by winning the confidence of the community which he governed, 
often afterwards became its pair onus, or legal representative in 
Rome. In such a case the provincials were called his " clients." 
hospitiis : ties of friendship. 

357. urbanis opibus : that is, by the influence which his prestige in 
the city gives him. 

358. tueor : guard (those already acquired) ; comparo : acquire (new 
ones). pro (meis studiis) : in return for. Observe the change in 
tlie meaning of pro from that in the preceding lines. 

362. quae dum: for so long as this, referring to memoriam. The 
relative here is resolved into ea enim. 

367. solius : Genitive to agree with the possessive idea in suo. 

373. babetis eum consulem qui, etc. : you have for consul one (lit. 
him) who, etc. The relative is Characteristic, hence the Subjv. du^- 
bitet, possit. 

375. per se ipsum praestare : answer for on his own responsibility. 



366 NOTES 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 

{Pro Ar cilia) 

PREFATORY NOTE 

1. The Pro ArcTiia was delivered by Cicero in G2 B.C., the year 
after his consulship, in defence of the rights of his old friend Archias 
as a Roman citizen. It is perhaps, with the exception of the four 
speeches against Catiline, the most widely known of Cicero's speeclies. 
Archias had been accused of usurping the rights of citizenship with- 
out legal authority. The charge had little foundation. It seems 
likely that the prosecution was inspired by the democratic friends of 
Pompey, between whom and the aristocratic friends of Archias, the 
Luculli, much friction had existed ever since the Manilian Law was 
passed, for by that law Pompey superseded L. Lucullus as com- 
mander in the Third Mithridatic War. 

2. Who Archias was. Archias was a Greek, born about 119 B.C. at 
Antioch (in Syria). In boyliood he was precocious, and gave rare 
promise as a poet. At the age of sixteen or seventeen he began to 
travel, and visited various cities in Asia Minor, Greece, and Southern 
Italy. Wherever he went, he was, according to Cicero, received with 
enthusiasm. 

3. In Eome. In 102 he came to Rome, where his ability and his 
personal attractions made for him many friends among the foremost 
families. With the Luculli he was especially intimate. He became 
an inmate of their house and took their gentile name Licinius with 
the praenomen Aulus, thus giving his Greek name Archias the Roman 
form of A, Licinius Archias. A few years after coming to Rome — 
just when cannot be said with certainty — he became interested in 
Cicero, about thirteen years his junior, who with his younger brother 
Quintus was attending school in Rome. To this personal interest 
shown by Archias, Cicero, in the opening words of his speech, attrib- 
utes his first inspiration to literary ejffort. 

4. At Heraclia. While travelling with M. Lucullus, Archias visited 
Heraclia, one of the Greek cities that gave to lower Italy its name of 
Magna Graecia. Heraclia honored its distinguished guest with the 
gift of citizenship, his friend Lucullus being present and assisting at 
the ceremony. The same honor had already been conferred on him 
by several other cities of Magna Graecia. 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 36/ 

5. The Case. As a result of the Social War (Introduction, §20) two 
[ laws had been passed, by either of which Archias might have become 
la Roman citizen. These laws were (a) the lex lulia of 90 b.c, which 

provided that the inhabitants of any town which had not engaged in 
the Social War against Rome might, if it desired, be admitted collec- 
tively to the Roman franchise ; (b) the lex Plautia-Papiria of 89 B.C., 
which provided that any individual might be so admitted, provided 
he fulfilled these three conditions : first, he must be a citizen of some 
federated city of Italy, i.e. of a city enjoying treaty relations with 
Rome ; secondly, he must have a domicilium, or fixed abode, in 
Italy ; thirdly, within sixty days after the law was passed, he must 
declare before a Roman praetor his purpose to become a Roman 
citizen. 

To prove his case, Archias used the provisions of the lex Plautia- 
Papiria, and claimed (1) that he possessed the civitas, or citizen- 
ship, of Heraclia (and really of four other cities besides) ; (2) that he 
had long been a resident of Rome ; and (3) that he had made the 
required declaration in due time before the praetor, Q. Metellus, 
in 89 B.C. 

The prosecution objected (i) that Archias could not produce the 
documentary evidence of the civitas of Heraclia, and (ii) that his 
name did not appear on the census books of Rome. In reply to the 
first objection, it was shown by the defence that the record office of 
Heraclia had been destroyed by fire during the Social War, so that 
it was true that Archias could not produce the documentary evidence 
of his being an Heracliot ; but, on the other hand, his friend Lu- 
cullus was a witness to the fact, and his evidence was corroborated 
by the best citizens of Heraclia, a delegation of whom was present at 
the trial for the purpose of testifying. As for the second objection, 
it was a well-known fact that the duty of taking the census of Rome 
(registering the names, the property, etc., of the citizens, for the 
purposes chiefly of taxation) had been generally neglected in recent 
years since personal taxation had been abolished ; also, on the only 
two occasions (in 86 and 70 B.C.) when the censors had performed this 
duty, Archias was absent from the city. Everybody, however, knew 
that Archias had been a resident of Rome for many years, and had 
availed himself of the rights of citizenship without objection from any 
quarter. 

6. The Speech. As was said above, the prosecution had little foun- 
dation on which to rest its accusation ; hence, while the fact is not 
definitely recorded, it is morally certain that Cicero won his case. 
The interest of the speech, however, does not rest upon its merits as 



368 NOTES 

a legal argument, but rather upon its character as the utterance of 
an ancient Roman on the glories and pleasures of literature. 



1. The opening sentence consists of three Protases, each followed 
by a relative clause, and an Apodosis beginning with the words earum 
rerum (1. 6). est in me : = habeo, denoting Possession of Quali- 
ties, indices : the case was tried before a jury with a praetor 
(Cicero's own brother Quintus) as presiding judge. quod sentio 
quam sit exiguum : and I am aware liow slight this tSy the relative 
being resolved into conjunction and demonstrative. 

2. exercitatio dicendi : readiness of speech. 

3. huiusce rei : that is, dicendi. ratio : theoretical knowledge. 

4. profecta: j^^oceeding, tluit is, derived from. 

5. aetatis : life. abhorruisse : has been free. 

6. vel: even, strengthening the superlative. hie: m7j client, a 
frecpient use of tlie Demonstrative of tlio First Person. A. Lici- 
nius : the advc^cate calls liis client by his Poman name for effect. 

7. fructum repetere : demand a return (as of something due). quoad 
longissime : as far back as, lit. iip to the time that farthest. 

9. ultimam : earliest, lit. farthest from the present. inde usque 
repetens : looking back from that time on. Notice that the verb is 
intransitive lierc, and has a different meaning from that in 1. 7 above. 

10. mihi principem : my chief adviser, predicate after exstitisse. 

13. non nullis . . . saluti: G. 356 ; A. & G. 233, a; B. 191, 2 ; II. 
390. a quo : to be translated after its antecedent huic further on 
— surely (profecto) to that very man from whom, etc. 

14. quo : ivith ivhich, Al)l. of Means. Tha relative is followed by 
Subjv. of Characteristic (possemus). opitulari : help ; servare : 
save. The words are afterwards echoed in opem and salutem. Note 
the difference between ceteris, all the others, and alios, some others. 

15. quantum est situm in nobis: as far as lies in our {my) power ; 
lit. as mnch as is situated in us. quantum is Ace. of Extent. 

16. ac ne quis, etc.: the thought is — "You may be surprised at my 
attributing to Archias a poet so much of my success as an orator ; 
but since all the arts that pertain to culture are really related to one 
another, I have not confined my attention to oratory." 

17. quod ... sit : Subjv. in Partial Obliquity, being the implied 
thought of his audience. in hoc sit : = Mc habeat, referring to 
Archias. See Note on est in me above (1. 1). 

18. neque : split in translating — and not. ratio : meaning as 
in 1. 3 above. ne nos quidem: loe (I) too, . ,not. 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHTAS 369 

19. penitus : that is, exclusively. dediti fuimus : for the use of 

fuimus instead of sumus, see G. 250, R. ; and corapare A. & G. 291, 6, 
R., and H. 471, 6, N. 1. 

22. inter se : see Note on Cat. 111. 5, 13 (1. 162). 

23. cui : Indefinite pronoun. vestrum : Partitive Genitive (not 
vestri). in quaestione leg-itima : in a legal inquiry, that is to sav, 
a case in court. iadicio : trial. 

24. cum : Concessive, but it may be translated when. 

25. apud : before. praetorem : see Note on iudices above (1. 1). 
Quiutus Cicero was a man of some literary pretensions, though better 
known as a soldier. 

26. tanto conventu . . .frequentia: Abl. Abs., but best translated as 
Abl. of Place Where (which takes in as a rule)— in so croivded an 
assemblage (Hendiadys) ; lit. the assemblage and crowding being so 
great. 

27. uti : verb, its subject being me in 1. 23. quod a consuetudine 
. . . abhorreat : which is foreign to {inconsistent ivith), subordinate 
clause in Indirect Discourse, depending on mirum videatur (1. 23). 

29. quaeso a vobis : I beseech you, the words beginning the main 
clause of the sentence. 

30. veniam ; indulgence, favor. quern ad modum : as. 

31. ut me . . . patiamini : Complementary Final clause, explaining 
the favor asked for. 

32. hocconcursu: Abl. Abs., as also the following hac humanitate 
and hoc praetore exercente, but all three may be freely translated — 
before this gathering, etc., before {men of) your culture, finally before 
this praetor presiding over the court. 

35. in: in the case of. persona: character. The term is bor- 
rowed from the stage ; so tractata est, has been rejivesented. 

36. otium ac studium : {a life of) studious leisure, Hendiadys. 

37. uti : in the same construction as loqui two lines above, the two 
Infinitives with their subject me depending on patiamini. 

38. quod si : and if this. tribui : granted; concedi: yielded. 

39. sentiam, perficiam : Future Indie, in Logical Condition. The 
latter is followed by a Complementary Consecutive clause, ut . . .,pute- 
tis. G. 553, I ; A. & G. 332 ; B. 284 ; H. 501. 

40. segregandum : supply esse. cum : notwithstanding, Con- 
cessive. 

41. si non : instead of nisi and according to rule. G. 591, {a) i and 
2 : A. & G. 315, a, i ; B. 306, 2 ; II. 508, 3. asciscendum fuisse: 
Apodosis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition, depending on 
putetis, with si non esset for its Protasis. The direct form would be 

24 



370 :n^otes 

asciscendus fuit. G. 597, r. 3 ; A. & G. 308, c ; B. 304, 3, h ; H. 
511, 2. 

42. ex pueris excessit : passed out of boyhood ; lit. passed out of the 
hoys. 

44. contulit : coordinate with excessit, both following ut priinum. 
Antiochiae : the capital of Syria. The case is Locative ; observe that 
its appositive urbe following is Ablative. G. 411, r. 2 (3); A. & G. 
184, c ; B. 169, 4 ; H. 363, 4, 2. 

45. loco: ra?zA:, Abl. of Origin (not appositive to Antiochiae). cele- 
bri : populous. 

46. hominibus : this word depends on adfluenti ; so studiis. 

47. adfluenti : in the same construction as celebri and copiosa. oji- 
nibus : Dat. after ante in composition (antecellere). 

48. contigit : it teas his fortune^ lit. it happened. post: ad- 
verb. 

49. adventus : Plural, implying successive visits to the various cities 
in Asia and Greece. For a similar reason tlie Impf. celebrabrantur is 
used. G. 231 ; A. & G. 277 ; B. 260 ; H. 469. 

60. ipsius : Distinctive pronoun, contrasting the real man with his 
reputed self. 

61. Italia: particularly in the south, where there were so many 
Greek colonies that it was called Magna Graecia.. tunc : that is, 
in the interval between the last of the Gracchan disturbances (121 B.C.) 
and the Social War (90-88 b.c.) with the succeeding struggles between 
the Marians and Sulla (88-82 B.C.). 

65. hunc : 7))y client here. et : observe that this conjunction 

occurs four times in the sentence. The first and the fourth et may 
for convenience be translated not only . . .hut also. 

56. civitate: ivith citizensliip. For the CiLSe, see G. 348 ; A. & G. 
225, d; B. 187, i. a; H. top of page 198. 

67. aliquid : implying a higher standard than the use of quid (or 
quicquam) would have done, as in English something means more than 
anything. ingeniis : works of genius. Abstracts often become 
concrete in the Plural. 

68. hac tanta celebritate famae: Abl. Abs., supplemented by the 
following cum-clause, giving the Circumstances of his arrival (not pure 
Time, which would require the Indicative). 

59. absentibus : that is, to those ivhom he had not yet met. 

60. consule : Singular for Plural, agreeing with Mario as the more 
important of the two names — when Marius was consul with (lit. and) 
Catulus. nactus est, etc. : hit upon, implying that Archias was 
lucky in the time of his coming to Rome. 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 37 1 



|H 62. studium atque auris : enthusiasm and taste, lit. zeal and ears 
(the ear being the organ of taste in music, rhythm, etc.). 

63. posset : Characteristic Subjunctive. praetexxatus : Roman 
boys wore the toga praetexta until seventeen years of age. Cicero 
uses the word with a double object — to indicate the period of life to 
which it applied, and also to produce a favorable effect by speaking 
of Archias as if a native of Rome. 

64. domum suam : G. 337, R. 3 ; A. & G. 258, h, x. 1 ; B. 182, i, h ; 
H. 380, 2. 

65. ingeni ac litterarum : Hendiadys, the second word narrowing the 
scope of the first. Translate : a mark of his literary gifts. G. 366, 
R. 1 ; A. & G. 214, c ; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. The Demonstrative hoc 
is explained by the Consecutive ut-clause following. G. 557 ; A. & G. 
332, /; B. 284, i; H. 501, i. 2. Supply est with hoc. 

67. temporibus illis : Abl. of Time Within Which. For the proper 
names in this section, see the Vocabulary. 

68. illi : tlie ivell-knoivn, a frequent meaning of this pronoun. 

70. et patre et filio : loth father and son. We might have expected 
the Plural for the Singular Catulo. 

73. quod: in that, giving the reason for the preceding state- 
ment, colebant : on account of its long subject, translate pas- 
sively — he teas courted ly, etc. 

74. percipere : to learn, lit. to grasp. 

75. si qui forte, etc. : such as made the 2^rete7ice, lit. if any, 
etc. 

76. satis longo intervallo (Abl. Abs.) : after a sufficient interval, 
i.e. in due time. 

78. Heracliam: a prosperous Greek city of Lucania (in Southern 
Italy), which enjoyed especially favorable treaty rights with Rome ; 
hence the words aequissimo iure, etc. (Abl. of Quality). 

79. ascribi: to be enrolled (as a citizen). se : the subject of the 
Inf. is expressed because what he desired was not entirely within his 
control. G. (L. Ed.) 532, r. 2, 2d part. 

80. cum . . . turn: although. . .yet especially. ipse per se : on his 
2}e?'sonal account. 

81. auctoritate : influence (due to rank); gratia: popularity {j^^v- 
sonal). 

82. civitas : meaning as in 1. 56. For the law of Silvanus and 
Carbo (better known as the lex Plautia-Papiria from the gentile names 
of the tribunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo), see the 
Prefatory Note above, §5. si qui : see Note on 1. 75 above. 
These words begin an indirect quotation from the law, hence the 



372 NOTES 

Subjunctives, ferebatur, however, is Indie, because merely explana- 
tory. The Pluperfects represent Fut. Perfects of the direct form. 

85. apud: before. professi : declared themselves, i.e. given in 

their names. 

87. haberet : had had (and was still having). For the Imperfect, 
see G. 284 ; A. & G. 2T7, h; B. 260, 4 ; II. 469, 2. 

89. nihil aliud nisi : after negatives, nisi is common in the sense of 
except. 

90. causa dicta est: our case is stated, i.e. there is no need to say 
more. 

91. Grati : Gratius was the accuser, an obscure person otherwise 
unknown. 

92; adest : here is. religione : scrupulous honor. fide : 

good-faith. non : translate witli the Infinitives not that (ratlier 

than that. . .not). 

95. iudici : trial. publico: official, i.e. the testimony of the city 

of Ilerac'lia. 

97. hie: in these circumstances, lit. here. 

98. Italico bello: at the time of the ItalianWar (i.e. the Social War, 
90-88 B.C.), Abl. of Time When. 

99. omnis (Ace. Phiral) : emphatic by position. ad: touching 
{with regard to). 

100. Tliis line contrtins an instance of Asyndeton; also of Chiasmus. 

101. memoria . . . memoriam : the word-play cannot be reproduced, 
the former word referring to the faculty of the mind, the latter to the 
official records. 

102. cum: Concessive. religionem: i.e. the scrupulous testi- 
mony. 

103. ea : the preceding cum-clause ends withriidemque, while ea (re- 
ferring to the testimony, etc., just mentioned) is the object of 
repudiare. Notice the Asyndeton after repudiare. 

105. idem: at the same time ; lit. the same {person), Nom. Singular. 
G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, i; H. 451, 3. an: the first part of 
a Disjunctive Question (with utrum or the like) is often (as here) 
omitted, being supplied mentally. G. 457, i ; A. & G. 211, h ; B. 
162, 4, ci ; H. 353, n. 4. 

106. annis : Abl. of Measure of Difference. ante civitatem da- 
tam: before {the right of) citizenship {ivas) granted. G. 325, r. 3 ; 
A. & G. 292, a; B. 337, 5 ; H. 549, n. 2. He means before the lex 
Plautia-Papiria was passed. 

108. at, etc. : quoting the opponent's objection. immo vero: 

nay, indeed. 



THE DEFENCE OF AKCHIAS 373 

109. quae solae, etc. : ivhich {are) the only ones from that registra- 
tion-list (professione) and that hoard of praetors {that) possess the 
authenticity of public records. The prep, ex here is Partitive. 

111. nam, cum Appi, etc. : this sentence explains tlie statement just 
made. Of the three praetors Appius, Gabinius, and Metellus, the 
last-named, he says, was the only one whose records were to be 
trusted, since Appius was careless and Gabinius was unprincipled, 
even before his conviction (for extortion as governor of Achaia) had 
destroyed all confidence in his ofiicial conduct, levitas and calamitas 
are both modified by the Genitive Gabini, and subjects of resignasset. 
Xotice the Asyndeton between the two subjects. 

115. tanta diligentia: Abl. of Quality. 

116. venerit . . . dixerit : exceptional sequence after the Secondary 
tense fuit, ivas. G. 513 ; A. & G. 287, c; B. 268, 6 ; H. 495, vi. 

118. A. Licini: i.e. of Archias, whose name was registered in its 
Roman form. 

119. quid est quod: what reason is there why, followed by a Char- 
acteristic Subjunctive (dubitetis). 

121. cum: conjunction with impertiebant below. mediocribus : 
i.e. commonxjlace persons, not gifted as Archias was. 

122. humili arte : dependent on praeditis. praeditis : like the pre- 
ceding mediocribus, this word is the Indirect Object of impertiebant. 

123. credo : I suppose, ironical. The four proper names here are 
those of the four cities (or their inhabitants) which, besides Heraclia, 
had conferred citizenship on Archias. Rhegium, Locri, Naples, and 
Tarentum were all Greek cities in Southern Italy, or Magna Graecia, 
called here simply Graecia. 

126. noluisse : supply largiri from the preceding clause. quid : 
again, a general interrog. leading up to the specific question he is 
about to ask. post civitatem, etc. : see Note on 1. 106 above. 

127. legem Papiam : an alien law carried by a tribune Papius, and 
aimed at ridding the city of the foreigners that helped to swell the 
ranks of the city mob. It was passed about 65 B.C. 

129. illis : supply tabulis {registers). Archias, for reasons of his 
own, in 89 B.C. based his petition for the Roman franchise on his 
citizenship of Heraclia rather than that of any other of the cities 
that had lionored him. 

131. census nostros requiris scilicet: yoio ash forsooth for our census- 
lists, est enim obscurum : ironical, meaning that all the world 
knew. 

132. proximis censoribus : under the last censors, i.e. the last that 
had taken the census (70 B.cj. So superioribus further on means under 



374 NOTES 

the preceding {censors), that is, the last but one who had performed 
the duty (86 B.C.). In both years Archias was absent from Rome. 

134. primis : that is, the first after Archias became a citizen. On 
this occasion the census was not taken. 

136. non confirmat : does not establish . tan turn modo : only, 

137. iam turn : at that particular time. pro cive : as a citizen, 

139. in . . . versatum esse : ivas using {enjoying), et : loth, 

140. adiit hereditates : came into inheritances, i.e. property left by 
will. 

141. in beneficiis : among {those recommended for) rewards. The 
meaning is that he was reported (delatus) to the Treasury (aerarium) 
for distinguished service under Lucullus, such a recommendation 
being good evidence that he was regarded as a citizen. 

143. neque . . . neque : translated affirmatively, subdividing the gen- 
eral negative numquam. G. 445 ; A. & G. 209, a, 2 ; B. 347, 2 ; H. 
553, 2. revincetur : ivill he refuted. 

145. quaeres, etc. : at this point Cicero begins the second part of 
his speech with a panegyric on literature in general, and on Archias 
in particular as a type of the literary man. Grati: see Note 
on 1. 91. 

146. ubi, etc.: ivith that ivherein our spirits are refreshed, Charac- 
teristic clause. G. 631 ; A. & G. 320 ; B. 283, i ; H. 503, i. 

148. suppetere : intransitive. Its subject is the following relative 
clause (quod dicamus, something to say), posse . . . nisi . . , excolamus : 

in Indirect Discourse the distinction between Conditional Sentences 
often disappears. This may be either the Logical^or the Ideal Condi- 
tion. G. 656, 3 ; A. & G. 337 ; B. 319, 320 ; H. 527. 

152. pudeat: G. 263, 3 ; A. & G. 266 ; B. 275, i; H. 484, iv. si 
qui : see Note on 1. 75. 

153. litteris : Abl. of Means. The verb abdere also takes in with 
the Ace. (on account of the idea of motion) and in with the Abl. (of 
rest or the result of motion). Distinguish between the Singular and 
the Plural of littera. 

154. neque . . . neque : see Note on 1. 143. communem fructum : 
the general profit, i.e. the good of the world. 

155. quid: interrogative. pudeat: 'PotentisA {should, etc.). 

156. vivo: have been living. G. 230 ; A. & G. 276, a; B. 259, 4 ; 
H. 467, III. 2. a nullius umquam me tempore : for the position of 
these words, see Note on Cat. i. 10, 25 (1. 304). tempore here means 
needs (as often). 

157. abstraxerit, avocarit, retardarit : Consecutive Subjunctives. 
159. reprebendat, suscenseat: Subjv. in Potential Rhetorical Ques- 



THE DEFENCE OE ARCHIAS 375 

tions, implying their own answers (G. 259). Observe that these 
questions are also the Apodoses of the Logical Condition with 
si . . . sumpsero for their Protasis. 

160. The order is : si tantum (object of sumpsero) temporum, quan- 
tum conceditur ceteris (Dat. of Agent) ad obeundas suas res, ad cele- 
brandos {attending in crowds), etc., egomet sumpsero miki ad recolenda, 
etc. 

163. tempestivis : protracted. 

167. oratio et facultas : power of speech, Hendiadys. The close 
connection is shown by the Singular predicate (crescit). quanta- 
cumque, etc. : however much (or little) I may possess. The Indicative 
is the rule with general relatives, although the English implies a Sub- 
junctive. G. 254, R. 4 ; B. 312, i ; H. 476, 3. 

168. quae si: and if this (accomplishment). 

169. ilia : object of hauriam. quae is relative with ilia for ante- 
cedent while ex quo is interrogative, introducing an Indirect Question, 
hence the Subjv. hauriam. Translate : / hioiv from what source I 
draw, etc. 

171. nam nisi, etc. : unless the instructions of his teachers and his 
own reading had convinced him, etc., is his meaning. 

173. nisi : see Note on 1. 89. laudem : true ivorth. 

175. parvi esse ducenda : are to he counted of little importance. G. 
379 ; A. & G. 252, a; B. 203, 3 ; H. 404. 

177. obiecissem : Apodosis of the Unreal (contrary to fact) Condi- 
tion, the Protasis of which begins the sentence (nisi suasissem). The 
allusion is to his experience with the conspiracy of the year before 
(63 B.C.). 

179. exemplorum vetustas: time-honored p)recedents, lit. the long 
existence of examples. G. 360, i, r. 2; B. 354, i, l. The words pleni, 
plenae, plena are apparently used absolutely {full, i.e. of instruction), 
in which case the Genitives belong to the substantives, not to the 
adjectives. Others take exemplorum Avith plena {full of instances), 
iacerent . . . nisi accederet : Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition. 

182. expressas : 2^ortrayed. 

188. istane : Dem. of the Second Person, as explained in the fol- 
lowing relative clause with tu for subject. 

190. est quod respondeam : I have something at least (certe) to say in 
reply. The Subjv. is Characteristic. 

194. illud refers to what follows (as often). ad laudem . . . valu- 

isse: has availed for (i.e. to produce) distinction and worth. 

196. atque idem ego: and yet I also. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e ; H. 
451, 3 ; B. 248, i. 



376 NOTES 

197. ratio conformatioque : systejnatic training, ITeiidiadys. 

198. nescio quid: G. 467, r. 1 ; A. & G. 384, e; B. 258, 6 ; H. 529, 

5, 3. 

199. ex hoc numero: i.e. among these. The Ace. and Inf. construc- 
tions in this and the following clauses depend on contendo above. 

200. Africanum : Scipio the Younger, scholar as well as sol- 
dier. Laelium, Furium : friends of Af ricanus. The name of the 
former gives the title to Cicero's well-known treatise Laelius sive de 
Amicitia. 

203. Catonem ilium {famous) senem : the elder Cato, so called to dis- 
tinguish him from his great-grandson Cato Uticensis, and also be- 
cause he lived to be 85 years old. He is variously called also Censor 
(having been 'censor in 184 B.C.), Sapiens {the sage), and M&ioT {the 
elder). For the meaning of ilium, ^-ee Note on 1. 288. 

204. nihil: not at all. adiuvarentur : Impf. in an Unreal (con- 
trary to fact) Protasis, either denoting continued action in Past time 
or involving the generic idea. G. 597, R. 1 ; A. & G. 808, a ; B. 304, 
2; n. 510, N. 2. 

206. si non : Concessive, hence not nisi. See Note on 1. 41 
above. 

209. ceterae: all other {diversions). temporum : Gen. of Pos- 
session. 

210. omnium limits all three substantives. haec studia, etc. : 
one of tlie most famous passages in the world's literature. 

211. secundas res: tlio meaning of these words is suggested by their 
opposite further on, adversis. With the latter siipi)ly rebus (Abl. 
Absolute). 

215. quod si : hut even if. Concessive, as shown by tamen following. 

216. deberemus : it woidd still (tamen) he our duty. 

217. nostrum: Partitive Genitive with quis. 

218. Rosci : Q. Roscius, the great comedian of the Roman stage, 
who had died only a few months before (nuper). 

220. videbatur : while this verb is regulaily personal (the imper- 
sonal being rare), it is often best translated impersonally, or even 
parenthetically as here, as tve all tli ought. 

221. ergo: well, argumentative. corporis motu : i.e. grace of 
movement, a characteristic of Roscius as an actor. 

227. cum (Concessive) . . . nuUam : without having written a single 
letter, 

228. tum agerentur : ^vere the issues of tJie day, lit. were heing dis- 
cussed. This verb is regularly used of political transactions in the 
Senate, the Forum, etc. 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 377 

229. ex tempore: translate by the English derivative. revo- 

catum : encored, 

232. diligam, admirer, putem : Deliberative Subjunctive. G. 265 ; 
A. & G. 268 ; B. 277, a; H. 484, v. 

234. atque : and further, sic : redundant, merely anticipating 
the following Ace. and Inf. clause. 

235. doctrina, praeceptis, arte : Abl. of Definite Price. G. 404 ; 
A. & G. 252 ; B. 225 ; H. 422. Xote the meaning of constare here. 
In the sense consist of, it regularly takes ex. 

238. ille: ivell-lnown. G. 307, 2 ; A. & G. 102, h; B. 246, 3 ; H. 
450, 4. quod . . . videantur : Subjv. of the quoted reason (Partial 

Obliquity), the thought being that of Ennius, not Cicero. Ennius 
was the first of the great Roman poets. He was born at Eudiae in 
Calabria (the "heel" of Italy) in 239 B.C. He is frequently quoted 
■ by Cicero. 

240. sit : may it he, Optative Subjunctive. 

241. poetae : Appositional Gen. with nomen. G. 361, i ; A. & G. 
214, /; B. 202 ; H. 396, vi. 

242. saxa et solitudines, etc. : the story ran that Amphion, the son of 
Jupiter and Antiope, queen of Thebes, became himself king of Thebes, 
which city he fortified with walls. By playing on the lyre he caused 
the stones to move of their own accord, and take their places in the 
walls. Of Orpheus, the son of Apollo and the muse Calliope, it was 
related that when his wife, the nymph Eurydice, died, he sang such 
tender strains that he enchanted even wild beasts to follow him like 
lambs, while rocks and trees also moved from their places. 

245. moveamur: seeXote on 1. 232 above. Homerum: the great 

epic poet of Greece, the honor of whose nativity was claimed by seven 
cities. Note the variety of words used by Cicero for '' claim," dicunt, 
vindicant, etc., arranged in the order of a Climax. 

249. inter se : ivith one another. ergo : as in 1. 221, where see 

Note. alienum : an alieii, i.e. to six of the seven cities that 

claimed him. 

251. vivum, noster : contrasted with post mortem and alienum pre- 
ceding. 

254. Cimbricas res : referring to the well-known victory of Marius 
over the Cimbri (102 B.C.). 

255. adulescens: in his youth ; lit. a youth, Predicative Attribu- 
tion. Archias was about seventeen in 102 B.C. See the Prefatoi-y 
Note, g 2. durior : someivhat rude {unsympathetic), 

259. patiatur: Subjunctive of Characteristic. Theniistoclem : 

the famons Athenian statesman, general and admiral, through whom 



3/8 KOTES 

Athens became a great naval power, and througli whose advice the 
Long Walls were built, lie was the hero of Salainis, where the Per- 
sian fleet of Xerxes w^as routed by the Greeks (480 B.C.). 

260. Athenis : Locative. cum ex eo quaereretur : upon being 
asked ; lit. ivhen it was asked of him, impersonal. 

261, quod, cuius : interrog. pronouns, hence followed by Subjv. in 
Indirect Question (audiret). 

263. Plotium : L. Plotius Gallus, the first Roman to teacli rhetoric 
at Rome. 

264. Mithridaticum bellum : see the Prefatory Note to the speech 
For the Manilian Law, §4. 

266. ab hoc : that is, by Archias. 

269. aperuit Lucullo imperante (Abl. Abs.), etc. : that is, by his 
military successes against Mithridates, Lucullus threw the Pontic 
kingdom open to Roman merchants, etc. 

270. natura et regione : by natural situation, Hendiadys. 

271. non maxima : no very great, i.e. a rather small band. 

272. Armeniorum : they were allies of Mithridates. 

273. laus: the glory. Cyzicenorum: Cyzicus was an important 
seaport on the southeastern shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmora). 
During the war it remained faithful to Rome. The text refers to its 
siege by Mithridates until relieved by Lucullus (eiusdem). The Ace. 
and Inf. clause (urbem, etc.) is the subject of est. 

275. nostra: Pred. Nom. either with laus (understood) or pugna 
further on for subject. The correct reading here is questionable. 
Translate : (as) ours will it always be spoken of and proclaimed, that 
7narvellous naval fight off Tenedos, when by the efforts of L. Lucullus 
(lit. Luculhis contending) the leaders of the enemy were slain and their 
fleet crushed. The et preceding incredibilis may be a mistake for est. 
The fight took place in 73 B.C. in the beginning of Lucullus' cam- 
paign against Mithridates. 

279. quae quorum : two relatives beginning the same sentence, as 
often in Latin. The antecedent of the former is what precedes, while 
that of the latter is (ab) eis following, quae is the subject of effe- 
runtur, and should be translated and. . .these things. 

281. Africano superiori : to the elder Africanus, a friend of Ennius. 
By his victory over Hannibal at Zama (202 B.C.) he brought 
the Second Punic War to an end, and won the surname Afri- 
canus. 

282. is: i.e. his statue. ex marmore : Abl. of Material, regu- 
larly with the prep, in classical Latin. G. 396 ; A. & G. 244, 2 ; H. 
415, m. 



THE DEFEl^CE OF ARCHIAS 379 

* 

286. huius : referring to the younger Cato (Cato Uticensis), who was 
present in court. See Xote on 1. 203. 

286. illi : see Note on 1. 238. The proper names refer to some of 
the national heroes, especially Q. Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cuncta- 
tor on account of his successful policy of delay in the struggle with 
Hannibal in the Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.) ; Marcellus, who 
took Syracuse in the same war ; and Fulvius Nobilior, who in his 
victorious campaign against the Aetolians (189 B.C.) took the poet 
Ennius along as his companion. 

288. ergo: as in 1. 221. ilium: Ennius. fecerat : the word 

"poet " comes from a Greek word meaning " maker." Rudinum 

. . . Heracliensem : E-udiae was a rather small place, Heraclia a city of 
some importance. Hence the contrast in favor of the latter as the 
city that had given citizenship to Archias. 

290. civitatibus : Dat. of Agent. 

292. nam : introducing a reason for rejecting the anticipated objec- 
tion that Ennius was worthier of recognition because he wrote in 
Latin while Archias wrote in Greek. 

294. Graeca : Greek, Singular in English, Xeut. Plural in Latin. 
So Latina. 

297. quo pervenerint : the antecedent of quo is eodem (to the same 
]joint, i.e. as far) and the verb is Subjv. by Attraction, depending on 
the Inf. penetrare. G. 629 ; A. & G. 342 ; B. 324 ; H. 529, ir. 

298. cum . . . tum : ivliile. . .at the same time. 

299. populis: Dative after ampla, honorable. haec: that is, 
gloria famaque. 

300. de vita dimicant : fight at the peril of their lives. 

305. qui . . . inveniris : to have found {in) Homer, etc., Causal relative 
clause. G. 633 ; A. & G. 320, e; B. 283, 3 ; H. 517. 

307. quid: see Note on 1. 126 above. 

308. Magnus : the surname of Pompey, conferred by Sulla. 

311. milites : {mere) soldiers, the substantive having adjectival 
force. 

314. credo : ironical, as usual when parenthetical. 

315. ut donaretur perficere non potuit : could not have managed to 
he presented, etc. Note the Indie. Apodosis potuit according to ride. 
G. 597, R. 3; A. & G. 308, c; B. 304, 3 ; H. 511, i, n. 3. 

317. repudiasset : the Protasis to this Apodosis is contained in pe- 
tentem. G. 593, 2 ; A. & G. 310, a; B. 305 ; H. 549, 2. quern: 
i.e. Sulla. 

318. poeta de {of) populo : that is, an untrained poet. subie- 
cisset : had passed up to him, as he sat on the tribunal at an auction 



380 NOTES 

sale of goods confiscated. quod epigranuna, etc. : an epigram 

that he had made about {on) him ; incorporation of the appositive 
(epigramma). G. 616, 2 ; A. & G. 201, d; B. 251, 4, h. 

319. tantummodo . . . longiusculis : only in longish distichs. A line of 
poetry is called a verse ; two lines make a distich (or couplet). The 
reference here is probably to the elegiac distich, consisting of the 
dactylic hexameter and pentameter in alternate lines (verses), longi- 
usculis is a diminutive formed from the neuter of the comparative 
degree of longus, meaning a hit longer, i.e. than the laws of metre 
allow. 

321. ea condicione, etc. : Sulla was a wit as well as a statesman and 
soldier. 

322. mali . . . tamen dignum : unskilled {as he ivas), yet ivorthy. 
324. expetisset : tlic Apodosis of an Unreal (cont. to fact) Condition 

witli its Protasis implied in the context. So impetravisset further on. 

326. qui praesertim : Causal relative = praesertim cum is. usque 
eo : /o such a degree. 

327. de suis rebus scribi : his exploits to he ivritten about; lit. {it) 
to be \critten about his exploits, impersonal. 

328. pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum : S2)eaking a rather 
lirary aud outlandish dialect ; lit. sounding a certain fat and foreign 
{sound). 

331. prae nobis ferendum : must be candidly admitted ; lit. m^ist be 
borne in front of us. 

332. optimus quisque maxime : every man in proportion to his merit, 
Q. 318, 2 ; A. & G. 93, c ; B. 252, 5 ; H. 458, i. 

334. in eo ipso . . . volunt : in the very quarter (i.e. in their books) 
in which they declare-their-contempt-for (despiciunt) name and fame, 
they are willing to be named and famed, de se goes only with prae- 
dicari, which is impersonal, while nominari has se understood for its 
subject. 

336. Decimus Brutus: as consul in 138 B.C. he conquered the Gal- 
laeci in Spain (hence called Gallaecus), and, according to the custom, 
built temples, etc., out of the spoils. He was a patron of Accius, an 
early tragic poet. 

339. Ennio . . . Fulvius : see the last part of Note on 1. 286. 

341. imperatores prope armati : contrasted with togati {in the garb 
of peace) indices further on. 

345. me indicabo : I ivill tell you my secret, lit. will reveal myself. 
The words are said in a spirit of fun, although Cicero was never really 
disposed to underrate the importance of the events of his consulship 
referred to in the next sentence. 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 38 1 

352. adornavi : I supplied him with material, i.e. for his work. 

353. banc laudis : in Latin, neither the demonstrative nor the de- 
terminative (is) is used in translating the phrase that of. G. 308, 
R. 3 ; A. & G. 195, h; B. 247, 3 ; H. 398, i, n. 1. hanc here means 
something more definite, having an adjectival force rather than a 
pronominal. Translate : this {meed) of praise (of which I have been 
speaking). 

356. exerceamus: Characteristic Subjunctive. certe si, etc. : this 
sentence contains two Protases followed by three Apodoses (Unreal). 

357. quibus regionibus : the antecedent incorporated in the relative 
clause. G. 616, i ; A. & G. 200, &; B. 251, 4, a; H. 445, 9. 

361. nunc: as it is. optimo quoque : compare Note on 1. 332. 

365. parvi animi : Gen. of Quality. videamur : are we to appear. 

Deliberative Subjunctive. See Note on 1. 232. 

369. an statuas, etc. : or {while) many eminent men have been careful 
to leave behiiid them (lit. have carefully left), etc., shall 7iot we greatly 
prefer, etc. For the translation, compare the Note on Cat. i. i, 3 
(1. 19), 

370. imagines : portrait-masks of deceased members of noble fam- 
ilies, which only nobles had the right to possess {ius imaginum). 
See Introduction, §68, and footnote. 

374. iam turn : even then. 

377. afutura : destined to he absent. 

378. mei : Part. Genitive. nunc quidem certe : now indeed at 
any rate. 

380. 60 pudore : Abl. of Quality. So ingenio and causa with their 
attributives further on. 

381. cum . . . tum : meaning ? 

382. vetustate : by the duration {of their friendship). quantum: 
Pred. Ace. after existimari. 

383. quod . . . videatis : Characteristic Subjv. after tanto. 

388. eum : object of accipiatis, six lines below, which with its intro- 
ductory ut depends on petimus. 

395. de causa: i.e. about the legal question involved, to which he 
had devoted the first part of his speech. pro : according to. 

397. omnibus : Dat. of the Agent. autem : on the other hand. 

399. ipsius studio : the text here is doubtful, some editors reading 
ipso. It is possible that ipsius, as the Gen. of the Distinctive pronoun, 
was used (if at all) to distinguish Archias the poet from Archias the 
man of talent in general (ingenio). 

400. indicium exercet : presides over the court. See Note on iudi- 
ces (1. 1). 



382 NOTES 



THE DEFENCE OF MILO 

{Pro Milone) 
PREFATORY NOTE 

1. In April, 52 b.c, Cicero spoke in defence of his friend and snp- 
porter Milo, who was on trial for the murder of Clodius in January of 
that year. It was to the personal hostility of this same Clodius that 
Cicero owed his banishment (March, 58 B.C.), while for his restoration 
(September, 57 B.C.) he was indebted largely to the faithful services 
of the man whom he was now called upon to defend. 

2. The Situation in Rome. The First Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey, 
and Crassus), whicli had been formed in 60 B.C., was dissolved by the 
death of Crassus in 53 b.c, but the agreement between Caesar and 
Pompey was nominally still in force. Caesar, still absent as procon- 
sul in Gaul, was now nearing the completion of his great work of 
conquering that country, while Pompey as proconsul of Spain was 
permitted to remain at Rome in order to rule the city. But to rule 
the capital at this time was not an easy matter. Party spirit had 
degenerated into ruffianism, and murder and arson were crimes of 
daily occurrence. The most dangerous elements of the population 
with an unscrupulous leader at their head could at any time break 
up the popular assemblies, and otherwise make orderly government 
impossible. Such a leader was P. Clodius Pulcher, a renegade aris- 
tocrat, who, posing as a democrat, did all the mischief he could 
with his crowd of armed freed men and slaves. In the absence of 
any efficient police force the only way to deal with Clodius was to 
fight him with his own weapons. This necessary but inglorious part 
was played by T. Annius Milo, who in the interest of the Senatorial 
party opposed to the Clodian gangs his own bands of hired swords- 
men. For five years these two adventurers had been engaged in a 
series of struggles, which ended only with the death of Clodius. 

3. The Murder of Clodius. In 53 B.C. Milo was a candidate for the 
consulship, and Clodius for the praetorship. That both should be 
successful was incompatible with the plans of either ; hence each 
resorted to bribery and intimidation to defeat the election of the 
other. As a result of this struggle, no election could be held that 
year, and the year 52 B.C. began without any consuls in office. On 
January 18 of the new year, Milo, who was chief magistrate of his 



THE DEFENCE OF MILO 383 

native town of Lanuvium (about 25 miles southeast of Rome), set out 
from Rome for that place on official business, accompanied by a few 
friends and about 300 men. On the same day Clodius happened to 
be returning to Rome with about 30 armed slaves. The two parties 
met on the Appian Way at Bovillae (10 miles from Rome), and the 
inevitable conflict happened. From words the two sides soon fell to 
blows. Clodius received a sword-cut, and was borne by his friends 
into a neighboring house. By Milo's orders he was dragged out into 
the road, and put to death by Milo's men. 

4. Anarchy follows. When the body of Clodius was brought to the 
city, his political adherents carried the naked corpse into the Forum, 
and there by their wild speeches wrought the mob up to the highest 
pitch of excitement. The multitude then carried the body to the 
Senate-house, and improvising a funeral pile out of the furniture set 
it on fire, and with it the building. Other outrages followed, result- 
ing in all the horrors of mob-law. In default of any consuls, Pompey 
was called on by the Senate to restore order, and was appointed 
*' consul without colleague." He at once set about enlisting a strong 
force of troops, and then had two laws passed, one dealing with the 
murder and other riotous acts, the other with the bribery that had 
been practised. Under the powers conferred upon him by the former, 
he organized a special court of inquiry (quaesfio) to investigate the 
facts. In ordinary circumstances the case would have been tried in 
regular course before the court de vi, i.e. one of the quaestiones per- 
petuae (Introduction, §61), but party feeling ran so high, and the 
public disorder was so great, that a trial by martial law was necessary. 
Hence in organizing his special court, he surrounded it with such 
safeguards as to make corruption impossible. Moreover, when the 
case came up for trial he had his troops marched into the Forum, 
presenting the unusual sight of a law-court surrounded by armed 
soldiers. 

5. At the Trial. The trial occupied four days, of which the first 
three were devoted to the examination of witnesses. On the fourth 
day the time came for Cicero to speak. The strange sight of soldiers 
present on such an occasion, the "gag-law'* by which each speaker 
was limited to a certain time for his speech, the excitement of the 
spectators together with the noisy demonstrations of the Clodians, 
and the ardor of his own interest in the outcome of the trial — all 
proved too much for the orator's overwrought nerves, and he made a 
poor and halting speech. His actual words on the occasion can only 
be conjectured, but afterwards at his leisure he wrote out the speech 
which has come down to us under the title of Pro Milone. Milo was 



384 :NroTES 

condemned by a vote of 38 to 13, and went into exile at Massilia 
(Marseilles). Four years later he returned to Italy, and was killed in 
an attempt to raise a revolt against Caesar. 



1. ne turpe sit, etc. : that it is disgraceful for one ivho undertakes 
(incipient em) to speak in behalf of a brave man to feel fear. 

2. minima : least of all. Cicero makes physical courage the strong 
point in Milo's character ; hence Milo's counsel must also be cour- 
ageous. 

5. novi, nova: strange {unwonted). iudici : court. The case, 
he means, was not tried before the regular court. See Prefatory 
Note, .§4. 

6. quocumque inciderunt : wherever theij fall ; lit. have fallen, the 
Perfect of Iterative Action. consuetudinem : tliat is, custo7nary 
appeara7ice. 

7. requirunt : 7niss. 

9. non . . . non adferunt : do not fail (non) to bring. G. (L. Ed.) 
449, R. 2 : A. ife G. 209, c; B. 375,* i ; TI. 637, viii. 

10. contra: that is, to prevent. 

11. aliquid: something, that is, of alarm. 

13. ne non timere quidem: not even be reassured; lit. not even not 
fear. sine aliquo timore : ivithout some fear or others i.e. a name- 

less fear. 

15. quae: these precautions. opposita: unfriendly. tem- 

pori : to the occasion. 

18. consilium: discretion {sou7id judgment). qui profecto putaret : 
who assuredlg ivould have thought. G. 258 ; A. & G. 311, a; B. 280; 
PI. 486, III. 

19. nee iustitiae suae : neither consistent with his (sense of ) justice. 
G. 366 ; A. & G. 214, d; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. So sapientiae below. 

21. auctoritate publica : ivith the authority (sanction) of the state. 
Pompey would not, says Cicero, have shown his usual judgment if 
he had brought his soldiers about the court-room for the purpose of 
encouraging the mob. 

24. quieto . . . magno animo : undisturbed. . .courageous ; lit. of a 
quiet spirit, etc., Abl. of Quality used as predicate. 

26. silentio : that is, freedom from interruption. 

27. quae quidem est civium : so far at least as it consists of citizens. 
For the Restrictive use of the relative, see G. (L. Ed.) 627, rr. 1 and 
2 ; A. & G. 320, d; B. 283, 5 ; H. 503, n. 1. tota: wholly, ad- 
jective for adverb, 



THE DEFEXCE OF MILO 385 

31. de se . . . decertari : that this day's contest concerns, etc. ; lit. 
that on this day it is contested concerning, etc., impersonal use of 
the passive lafinitive. 

32. est . . . eorum : consists of those. 

34. omnibus exitiis publicis : ivith every Jcind of public disaster, Abl. 
of Means. hesterna etiam contione : at the meeting even of yester- 

day, Abl. of Means, but best translated as if Abl. of Place Where. 
Cicero refers to. a mass-meeting which had been summoned the day 
before by the tribune T. Munatius Plancus, a leader of the Clodians, 
who appealed to the mob to be present in court the next day in full 
force for the purpose of intimidating the jury, and securing a verdict 
against Milo. 

"^5. ut vobis voce praeirent : that is, to dictate to you. quid 

iudicaretis : what your verdict ivas to he. The Subjv. is original. 
G. 467, 3d paragraph ; A. & G. 334, h ; B. 315, 3 ; H. 523, 11. i, n. 

37. retineatis : that is, not to banish him. Exile would be the 
penalty in case of Milo's conviction. 

38. prae : in comparison ivith, that is, when he thought of. 
40. adeste animis : he courageous ; lit. he present ivith courage. 

42. bene meritis : deserving. Xote the phrases bene, male, optime, 
etc., mereri, meaning deserve ivell, ill, very well, etc. 

43. locus : occasion, amplissimorum ordinum delectis viris : to 
chosen men of the most honorable rank. 

45. voltu et verbis : by your manner and looks, contrasted with re 
et sententiis : by your conduct and votes. 

49. lugeamus : ice are to grieve. The Subjv. is original ; compare 
Note on quid iudicaretis above (1. 35). So recreemur two lines below. 

50. fidem : honor. virtutem : courage. 

51. nobis duobus : for us two. i.e. the speaker and his client. 

54. suppliciorum : meaning exile with its attendant hardships, about 
which Cicero could speak from bitter experience. 

55. equidem : for my part. 

56. dum taxat : at least. fluctibus contionum : the storms of 
political meetings. 

57. quia semper, etc. : because his sympathies had always been on 
the side of patriots against {mere) agitators ; lit. he had always felt 
in behalf of, etc. 

58. iudicio : trial. consilio : court. 

61. ad . . . infringendam : Ave might have expected the reflexive with 
Fut. Infinitive or tlie Gen. of the Gerund. Translate the preposition 
looking to, expressing Design. 

62. per talis vires : the present jury was one of exceptional dis- 

25 



386 NOTES 

tinction and integrity, among tlie members being Cato Uticensis, 
whose name for incorruptibility was proverbial. 

65. abutemur : take advantage of. videritis : Fat. Perfect. 

66. nee deprecaturi sumus : we neither intend to pray (as suppli- 
ants), contrasted with postulaturi (below), demand (as a right). 

70. illius : that is, Clodius. Observe that this pronoun regularly 
refers in this speech to Clodius, whereas Mc {my client here) refers to 
Milo. 

71. fuerint : shall prove to he, Future Perfect. 

73. audaciae telisque : Ilendiadys, as often with the enclitic -que, 
which merely adds a complement to the first word. 

75. ante quam . . . venio : G. 575 ; A. & G. 327, a; B. 291, i ; H. 
520, I. I. earn orationem : that {part of my) argument. 

76. propria vestrae quaestionis : appropriate to your {present) inquiry, 
79. quae veniat in indicium : which is at issue, Subjv. by Attraction. 
82. stultissimi disputant : {are so) silly {as to) maintain, primum 

indicium de capita . . . Horati : the first trial on a capital charge {in the 
case) of Iloratius^ Tins is an aTTrfsIon to~Ehe legend of the"lloT?itit~ 
and the Curiatii. The victorious Tloratius, after killing the three 
Curiatii, stabbed his sister because she showed her distress for the 
death of one of the Curiatii, her lover. For this Horatius was sen- 
tenced to death, but on making an appeal w^as acquitted. 

84. nondum libera civitate : because still ruled by kings, is the 
meaning. 

87. quaeratur: inquiry is made (i.e. by legal process), impersonal. 

88. defendi : it is said in defence, nisi vero : ironical, as usual. 

89. P. Africanum : the brother-in-law of Tiberius Gracchus. C. 
Carbo was an ardent democrat under the Gracchi, but after the death 
of C. Gracchus he w^ent over to the side of the aristocracy. 

91. respondent: Subjv. after qui (1. 89) in a Causal sense, /or an- 
swering. 

92-94. The instances of Ahala, Nasica, Opimius, Marius, and 
Cicero himself are here cited as proof that homicide is sometimes 
justifiable, the point that Cicero is trying to establish, neque enim 
posset . . . non haberi : for neither. , .nor (ant). . .could be held as other- 
wise than (non), etc. Notice that neque negati^^s th e whol e, , 

97. eum qui . . . matrem necavisset : that is, Orestes, who slew his 

/mother Clytaemnestra and her paramour Aegisthus. He then fled to 

.' Athens, where he was tried before the court of Areopagus. The jury 

of men (hominum) being equally divided (variatis) for and against 

him, Athene, the goddess of wisdom, who presided over the court, 

cast the deciding vote in his favor. 



THE DEFENCE OF MILO 38/ 



100. duodecim tabulae : history and fiction having been appealed to, 
? the written law is now cited by Cicero to prove his point that homi- 
cide is sometimes justifiable. The Twelve Tables formed the first 
code of laws (451-450 B.C.) that the E-omans had, and remained the 
foundation of Roman law for several centuries after the Christian era 
began. nocturnum furem, etc. : that a thief hy night might he hilled 
with impunity in ivhatever way {one chose, i.e. under any circum- 
stances), while a thief hy day {might he killed) if, etc. 

102. quis est qui, etc. : who is there that thinks that tinder whatever 
circumstances one (quis) may he hilled, punishment should follow ; lit. 
in ivhatever manner one has heen hilled, there should he a punish- 
ing, puniendum is impersonal. 

106. quae multa sunt : and there are many {such occasions), the 
antecedent of quae being supplied out of tempus. 

107. defenditur : is repelled. pudicitiam : as the important word 
in the sentence, put first for emphasis. 

109. propinquus : {though) a relative, Concessive. ab eo : that 
is, by the man insulted. 

110. adferrebat : offered, lit. tried to hring. 

111. atque : and what is more. ille: that is, Marius. 

112. insidiatori : compare Note on pudicitiam above (1. 107). The 
case is Dative after in- in composition. 

114. comitatus: no prominent Roman at this time ventured in 
public without an armed retinue in case of attack. volunt : mean. 

116. nata lex: that is, a law of nature, lit. horn law. 

118. adripuimus, hausimus, expressimus : ive have caught (by instinct), 
have d7'unh iii (in daily life), have ivrung out (of experience). ad 

quam non docti, etc. : ivhich we have learned not hy instruction (docti) 
hut hy nature (facti, lit. created), not hy training (instituti) hut hy 
intuition (imbuti). 

121. omnis bonesta ratio : every proper consideration. 

126. esse cum telo : heing armed {arming oneself). The law, says 
Cicero, forbids not homicide, only premeditated homicide. 

127. cum causa, non telum quaereretur : ivhen the cause {of the 
trouhle), not {the matter of hearing) arms, teas the suhject investigated. 
The sequence is Past because vetat, though Present in tense, is Past 
in sense, recording the intention of those who made the law. 

134. sequitur : that is, is the next point to consider, 

136. contra rem publicam : contrary to the puhlic interests, 

137. sententiis : votes. studiis : tohens of sympathy. 

139. quam nee tacitis, etc. : how outspoken and unmistahahle ; lit. 
how neither silent, etc. 



388 NOTES 

140. quando : interrogative. frequentissimo : croivded (full). 

141. summum : at rnost, Adverbial Accusative. 

142. declarant: for convenience translate passively, (this) is shown 

. I 143. ambusti tribuni : at the mass-meeting held in January on the 

/ /lay after the murder, the tribune Plancus, one of the Clodian 

\) /Speakers in the Forum, narrowly escaped suffocation by the smoke 

' and flames from the burning Curia hard by ; hence the words ambusti 

I {roasted, singed) and int armor tuae (lifeless, limp). 

144. potentiam: evil influence, the regular meaning of the word, 
cum diceret : saying. quod : relative, not interrogative, the Subjv. 

being due to 0. 0. 

148. auctoritas : weight (as a public man) ; gratia : influence (per- 
sonal). 

l60. appelletur ita sane : let it he so said by all means {call it so and 
ivelcome). dum modo : G. 573 ; A. & G. 314 ; B. 310, i. ; H. 

513, I. 

153. erant : i.e. were already in existence. See Introduction, §61, 
Note 1. 

154. vi : riot, the term being technical. 

156. incesto stupro : this refers to a scandal of ten years before. In 
63 B.C., when the mysteries of the goddess Bona Deawere being cele- 
brated at the house of Caesar, Clodius, in violation of the sacred law 
forbidding the presence of men at the ceremony, entered the place 

\ disguised in woman's attire. For this sacrilegious act he was tried. 
He pleaded an alibi, but largely through Cicero's evidence failed to 
' prove it. Cicero testified that he had seen Clodius on the streets a 
few hours before the deed was committed. Clodius would have been 
convicted but for profuse bribery. Cicero's share in the matter made 
Clodius his life-long enemy. 

157. asset erepta : Subjv. in Causal rel. sentence (cuius = cum aius). 
G. 633 ; A. & G. 320, e; B. 283, 3 : H. 517. senatui : from the 
Senate, Dat. of Ind. Object. The power to determine the character 
of the court (indicium) was taken away by the action of a tribune who 
vetoed the resolution passed by the Senate. 

160. M. Lapidi: the year 52 B.C. began without any consuls in 
office. According to the custom in such cases, the Senate appointed 
Lepidus interrex. (See Introduction, §67.) The passage in the text 
refers to the siege of his house by the mob, impatiently demanding 
that the consular elections be held before the regular formalities had 
been observed. 

163. non : otherwise than. In a free state, says Cicero, any act of 



THE 1)EFEN"CE OF MILO 389 

violence is contrary to the public interests, even when it is necessary, 
as was true in the case of the Gracchi and of Saturninus. 

164. ilia defensio : that is, self-defence, opposing force with force. 

167. e re publica: to the advantage of the state, opposed to contra 
rem publicam. 

168. decrevi : voted {declared hy my vote), followed by Ace. and In- 
finitive. 

171. crimen: the question of guilt. 

172. notavi : I censured. quod si per . . . licuisset : if that mad 
trihune (i.e. Vldincm) had permitted . Xote the phrase per me licet: 
so far as I am concerned you may. 

174. decernebat : it ivas {for) decreeing, Impf. of Interrupted Ac- 
tion. 

175. extra ordinem: out of tumij i.e. before other cases could be 
tried. 

176. sententia: the vote on the resolution of the Senate. This 
resolution consisted of two parts — one censuring the riots, the other 
recommending an immediate trial by existing laws. The second 
part was vetoed, as Cicero says, on the motion of somebody or other 
(postulante nescio quo), so that it had only the sanction of the Senate 
(auctoritas senatus), and did not become a Senatus decretum. See 
Introduction, §19, last sentence. 

179. at enim : the usual words for introducing an objection. et 
de re et de causa: hoth concerning the fact and cojicerning the {law of 
the) case. 

180. tulit (supply rogationem) : proposed a measure, technical term. 

181. esset : Subjv. because quoted indirectly from Pompey's law. 

182. nempe ut quaereretur : xohy, that an investigation should he 
held. 

183. factumne sit *? at constat: whether the deed ivas committed? 
But that is obvious. paret : it is clear. 

184. etiam in, etc. : even in the case of. iuris defensionem : the 
plea of right (justification). 

186. neque quaeri, etc. : he woidd never have ordered an investiga- 
tion to he made, etc. The words quaerere {investigate as a court of 
inquiry) and quaestio {an investigation or court of inquiry) should be 
remembei'ed, since they occur again and again in this speech. 

""'187. banc salutarem litteram : this letter of iveal, lit. this salutary 
letter ; illam tristem: that one of ivoe, lit. that sad one. The former 
refers to the letter A, standing for Ahsolvo, ' I acquit,' and the latter 

\ to the letter C, for Condemno, * I convict.' With one or the other of 
these letters each juror recorded his vote on liis voting tablet. Ob- 



390 KOTES 

serve Cicero's use of the pronouns here, the letter of acquittal being 
referred to as hanc (i.e. near the speaker), that of conviction as illam 
(i.e. distant). 

191. defensionem : the {opportunity of) defence, instead of summary 
punishment. 

192. non interitum: because, as he has already said, everybody 
knew that. 

193. ipse: in contrast with mihi, to my mind, above (1. 188). quod 
sua sponte fecit, etc. : whether he thought that ivhat he did on his own 
responsibility must be attributed (ivas a tribute due) to (the character 
of) Clodius or to the times. The rel. clause resists Attraction into 
the Subjv. because it is a mere circumlocution for his ** course of 
conduct." 

197. patronus : the fundamental idea conveyed by this word is tliat 
of a protector and legal representative. The persons thus protected 
were called the clients of the patron. Cicero probably means that 
Drusus was a man of such prominence and usefulness as to deserve 
the title of patron of the Senate. 

199. nihil . . . populus consultus : that is, no new law was proposed 
for a judicial inquiry. 

204. quern immortalem, si fieri posset, etc. : that not even the natu- 
ral death of one ivliom all could have wished to be immortal, was 
waited for, cuperent is Potential of the Past, giving^ ppssctjts Past 
sequence ; posset is Subjv. by Attraction. [The Africanus referred to 
"Tras Scipio Aemilianus, wTio opposed the land measures of Gains 
Gracchus ; while the matter was still pending, he was secretly nmr- 
L^ I dered in his bed. Who the murderer was, was never known, although 
\ ' it is thought to have been Carbo. At the time Africanus was past 
middle age, hence the word necessariam (na^wra?), implying that in the 
natural course of things he had not very much longer to live anyhow. 

206. lata : proposed. 

207. quia non alio, etc. : that is, there were already on the statute- 
books laws that dealt with cases of murder, and hence the fact that 
the murdered man happened to be a man of prominence was no reason 
for proposing special legislation. 

208. intersit : grant there is a difference, Concessive. G. 264 ; A. 
& G. 266, c; B. 278 ; H. 484, iii. Observe that this sentence is at 
the same time the Protasis of an Ideal Condition with si omitted, the 
following sentence being the Apodosis. G. 593, 4 ; A. & G. 310, 5, 
N. ; B. 305 ; H. 487, 3. 

210. teneatur : should be restrained. 

213. quod . , , sit interfectus : Subjv. after Causal quod, the reason 



THE DEFEXCE OF MILO 



391 



being indirectly quoted from_the other side (istis). in monumentis : 

amid the memorials. The Appian TTav, the scehVof the mnrder,"" 

'was^built in the censorship of the dead man's distinguished ancestor 
Appius Claudius Caecus (312 b.c.) as far as Capua. It was after- 
wards extended as far as Brundisium in the **heel" of Italy. For 

j the corrupt form of Clodius' name the populace seems to have been 

1 responsible. 

215. qua : = ut ea, denoting Design. 

218. M. Papirium : six years before this, Clodius, acting for the king 
of Armenia, undertook to release the king's son, the young Tigranes, 
who was held by Pompey as a hostage at Rome. He was carrying 
the young man along the Appian Way when a party of Pompeians 
forcibly interfered. Papirius, one of the Pompeians, lost his life in 
the fight. 

219. liomo enim nobilis, etc.: bitter irony — " a nobleman had com- 
mitted murder, but it was in the midst of his own family memorials, 
and the man he had killed was only a Knight." 

221. tragoedias : tragic interest, quae: that is, the Appian 

Way. usurpatur ; is spoken of, lit. is made use of, parri- 

cidae : traitor. 

225. templo Castoris : where the Senate often met. During one of 
its sessions in August, 58 B.C., an attempt was made to assassinate 
Pompey by a slave of Clodius, when the latter was tribune. In the 
next sentence we are told that the violence of Clodius during his 
tribunate also drove Pompey into his own house, where he remained 
barricaded for the remainder of Clodius' term of office. 

226. interficiendum : Factitive Predicate, expressing Design. G. 
430 ; A. & G. 294, d; B. 337, 7, ^, 2 ; H. 544, 2, n. 2. 

227. ei: his, lit. for Jiim. csiTuit: thsit is, abseiited hi77iself fro?n, 

231. dignum : that is, wo7ihy of a quaestio. 

232. summa : Predicate Nominative, but translated iii the highest 
degree. 

235. si unus ille, etc. : because Pompey at this time was the only 
prominent man in the city. Where was Caesar then ? Cicero ? 

238. exitus: the issue {the results). consilia: the motives. 

242. vel . . . vel : shall I sag. . .or, lit. either. . .or. 

245. qui . . . conferre audeamus : /or venturing to co?npare, Causal 
relative. 

248. luget senatus, etc.: the irony is more marked from the em- 
phatic position given to the predicates, ivoe-hegone is the Senate, in 
tears the equestrian order, etc. 

252. "No," Cicero means, " Pompey's course in proposing this 



392 KOTES 

inquiry (quaestionem ferendam) was not prompted by his regard for (he 
character of Clodius.*' These words are in answer to tlic (juestion 
propounded at the end of Chap. vi. (Publione Clodio tribuendum, 
etc.). 

254. divina quadam : almost prophetic. 

255. ilium: that is, Clodius. sibi : that is, Ponipey. 

257. fides reconciliatae gratiae : tJie good-faith {sincerity) of his 
reconciled favor, referring to the later reconciliation that had occurred 
between Pompey and Clodius. 

268. quamvis atrociter, etc. : however sternly he proposed (his meas- 
ures); that is, however stern the measures Pompey proposed, ipse, 
with its usual Distinctive force, contrasting Pompey with the jury. 

261. secrevit : did he exclude. 

264. continetur familiaritatibus : is confined to (lit. hounded hy) inti- 
mate friendships. 

266. consuetudines victus : the social intercourse of life. Observe 
that victus is Genitive of the substantive. esse cum: he (shared) 
with. 

267. ex eo quod : as a result of the fact that, lit. (arising) out of the 
fact, etc. 

268. cum legeret : in choosing, as he did. Causal cum. ad fidem 
suam pertinere : touched his good-faith (concerned his conscience). 

269. non studiosos mei : (men that icere) not devoted to me. mei is 
the Objective Genitive. 

270. quod: in that (hecause), L. Domiti : a brother-in-law to 
Cato Uticensis, and prominent member of the aristocratic party. 

273. consularem : supply praeesse. principum : leading men. 

credo : ironical. 

276. creavit : Pompey nominated Domitius to preside over the 
court, and the nomination was confirmed by the Comitia. potis- 

simum : ahove all others. 

276. popularis insanias : the mad pranhs of demagogues. Domitius 
as quaestor in 67 B.C. helped, by his active opposition, to defeat a 
measure which proposed to extend the franchise to freedmen. 

278. causam crimenque : the charge in the case, Hendiadys. 

282. iuris disceptationem : a discussion of the law (right) involved, 

284. reliquum est : with these words the principal clause of the 
sentence begins. 

285. uter utri insidias fecerit : which plotted against the other, lit. 
which of the two against which of the tivo made the plot. For the 
two interrogatives in one sentence, see G. (L. Ed.) 470, r. ; H. 454, 3. 

289. cum statuisset : having determined. In this sentence we have 



THE DEFEXCE OF MILO 393 

the advocate's way of saying that Clodius had determined to be a 
candidate for the praetorship. 

291. anno superiore : the year before, i.e. 54 B.C. The elections that 
should have been held that year were not held until July of the fol- 

. lowing year, so that if Clodius had been elected he would have been 
in office for only about half the regular term, hence the words non 
mult OS mensis. 

292. qui : = cum is, since he ; Causal. Paulus was an aristocrat, 
and hence opposed to the pranks of Clodius. 

293. conlegam : as his colleague. 

294. integrum : unbroken, full. 

295. annum suum: the technical term for the first year in which 
a man might legally be a candidate for office. The annus suus of 
Clodius as a candidate for the praetorship was 54 B.C. (to serve in 
53 B.C.), but according to Cicero he preferred, for the reason stated, 
to forego (reliquit) the honor of an election in his first year. 

296. religions aliqua : the auspices were always held before an 
election, and possibly on this occasion they were unfavorable ; yet no 
such religious scruple deterred Clodius, says Cicero. 

302. fieri: teas being elected, i.e. was making headway towards suc- 
cess, eius : that is, Milo's. 

304. totam . . . tota : emphatic by position. comitia : the elections. 

305. se interponebat : acted as agent (between the voters and Milo's 
competitors). 

306. Collinam novam: the meaning of this sentence is not clear. 
The Colline was the name of one of the four city tribes ; some say 
that it was the most disreputable. The sense may be that Clodius 
levied (conscribebat, a military term) all the worst characters in Rome 
and distributed them throughout the city in such a way as to suit his 
purposes. 

307. quanto . . . tanto : the. , .the. G. 403 ; A. & G. 250, r. ; B. 223 ; 
H. 423. The sentence has been translated: "the more potions he 
brewed, the better grew Milo." For the use of ille and hie here, see 
Note on 1. 70. 

311. saepe esse declaratum: the elections had been frequently in- 
terrupted by the veto, and other devices for obstructing their pro- 
gress, but although never completed they went far enough to show 
Milo's advantage. 

313. quibus : Abl. of Means applied to persons (servos). Etruria: 
where Clodius had estates. 

314. deduxerat : he probably imported these slaves to swell the 
ranks of his city gangs. 



I 



394 NOTES 

318. quin etiam: nay, even. Favonio: M. Favonius was a sena- 
tor and an active enemy of Clodius. 

319. ilium : used by Clodius in speaking of Milo. ad liunc M. 
Catonem : to Cato here. Cato was a member of the jury ; see 
h 198. 

323. soUemne, legitimum, necessarium : Cicero is accounting for 
Milo's leaving the city at this particular time. soUemne does not 
mean ** solemn " here. 

324. ad flaminem prodendum : to appoint a priest, a duty w^hich he 
was called upon to perform by virtue of his position as chief magis- 
trate (dictator) of Lanuvium, his native town. 

327. quod re intellectum est : as ivas known from the sequel, lit. hy 
the fact. The clause is in parenthetic apposition to the sentence 
ut. . . conlocaret. More commonly such a clause is introduced by id 
quod. 

328. atque ita profectus est : and, ivhat is more, he set out under such 
circumstances, i.e. so suddenly. Notice the regular force of atque. 

330. obire facinoris locum, etc. : to' attend to {select) the place and 
the time for {executing) his crime. 

333. calceos et vestimenta : Milo as a senator wore the senatorial 
shoe, sandals with leather straps crossing the instep and carried round 
the lower calf, decorated with a half-moon or crescent {lunata) of 
ivory. These he changed for the ordinary shoe, and his toga for the 
travelling cape, a heavy affair without sleeves. paulisper dum se 
uxor, etc. : notice the familiar, every-day character of this description, 
a strong point for the simplicity required in the Narratio. 

334. id temporis, etc. : the demonstrative is followed by cum (= ut 
tum), introducing, as any other relative might, a Characteristic 
Subjv. (potuisset). Translate : then set out at such a time when Clo- 
dius, etc. 

339. hie insidiator : that is, Milo — said, of course, ironically. 

340. cum (uxors) : preposition. 

342. fundum : Clodius owned an estate called Albanum near the 
spot where the two parties met. liora undeoima : that is, about 4 

P.M. The meeting was probably two hours earlier than this, but 
Cicero stretches his point to suit his case ; see §49 below. It is 
generally believed that the meeting was pure accident, bat Cicero by 
his manipulation of the facts makes out a strong case against Clodius. 

344. de loco superiore : locus in its military sense of j9os*7ion. Notice 
the order of attack as represented by Cicero : first, some of the 
Clodians ran down from a ridge and attacked the coach, killing the 
driver ; the rest formed two divisions, one of which, led by Clodius, 



THE defe:^ce of milo 395 

"^attacked the coach from behind, while the other fell upon Milo's 
slaves, who were following the coach. 

345. adversi : that is, they got in front o/the coach to stop it. 
349. quod putarent : for the irregularity of mood, see G. (L. Ed.) 
541, X. 3 ; A. & G. 321, n. 2 (end) ; B. 286, i, a; H. 516, ii. i. ex 

quibus : equivalent to the Partitive Genitive. G. 372, r. 2 ; A. & G. 
' 216, c; B. 201, i, a; H. 397, x. 3. 

352. pugnari : impersonal passive — that a fight icas going on. ad : 
near. 

354. fecerunt id servi Milonis : the implied antecedent of the second 
qui in 1. 350 is the subject of fecerunt, but to press home the conten- 
tion that it was Milo's slaves, not Milo, who did the deed, he repeats 
the antecedent servi Milonis. In this way Cicero prepares the Avay for 
an explanation of Milo's course in giving his slaves their freedom. 
If he did not account for it in this way, the natural supposition would 
be that he gave them their freedom to prevent their testifying against 
him. 

355. derivandi criminis : of shifting the blame. 

356. ut : as (of Comparison). 

357. in tali re : = si quid tale accidisset, a disguised Protasis. G. 
593, 3 ; A. & G. 310, a; B. 305, i ; H. 507, n. 7. 

360. vi victa vis : Alliteration. So vi vis (1. 107), viri vires (1. 838), 
and viri virtus (1. 1021). 

361. nihil dico quid res publica, etc. : I say nothing (of) ivhat the 
state has gained (i.e. by the death of Clodius). 

363. natus est, potuerit, servaret: notice the sequence. For the 
Pf. Subjv., see G. 513 ; A. & G. 287, c; B. 268, 7, a; H. 495, vi. 
The Impf. Subjv. is regular. 

364. quin servaret : without saving. G. 556 ; A. & G. 319, d ; B. 
284, 3 ; H. 500, 11. nihil habeo quod, etc. : I have nothing to say 
in defence. The Subjv. is Characteristic. 

370. quin iudicetis : see preceding Note on quin servaret. 

373. optabilius fuit : G. 254, r. 1, and 597, r. 3 ; A. i& G. 308, c ; B. 
304, 3, a ; H. 511, i, n. 3. non : here = non modo. 

374. quia se non . . . tradidisset: for not having, etc.. Causal clause 
in Partial Obliquity, the reason being quoted. 

375. hoc : this pronoun refers to what precedes, while illud in the 
next line refers to what follows. 

381. notavit : for the meaning, see Note on 1. 172 above. 

383. quid : Indefinite pronoun (not Interrogative). 

384. Mc : my client (as usual); illi : against him, i.e. Clodius (as 
usual). Supply insidias fecit {plotted). 



396 NOTES 

386. With §32 the Confirmatio begins. 

387. in ilia belua : in the case of that hrute, i.e. CJodius. docere: 
show. causam : motive. 

390. illud Cassianum : the iveU-liiown {question) of Cassius (i.e. L. 
Cassias Longiniis). cui bono fuerit : who was the gainer f lit. to 

whom tvas it for an advaiitage ? G. 356 ; A. & G. 233, a ; B. 191, 2; 
11. 390. in : in the case of. 

392. fraudem: crime, improbi : like boni above, used in a moral 

rather than the usual political sense. haec adsequebatur : ivas to 

gain these advantages, Inipf. of Expected Action. Observe that 
Milone interfecto = si Milo interfectus esset, the Ideal Condition from a 
Past Point of View. 

394. non eo consule : without his (i.e. Milo's) being consul^ Abl. Ab- 
solute. With quo following, consule must be repeated. 

395. quibus, si non adiuvantibus, at coniventibus certe: for con- 
venience change the order and translate, with ivhose cojinivance at 
least, if not their (actual) help. 

397. eludere : have free play, furoribus : mad schemes, illi : 
that is, Milo's competitors, supposing them to be elected. 

398. cuperent si possent : Ideal Condition after ratiocinabatur, giv-^ 
ing Clodius' Point of View in the Past. 

399. cum : Causal. tantum beneficium : that is, in helping their 
canvass. 

400. an vero, etc. : what ! are you alone in the dark (ignorant) ? 

402. hospites : as guests (strangers). 

403. versamini : are yon passing your time 9 peregrinantur : 
play truant, neque in . . . versantur : instead of attending to, lit. 
and are not engaged ivith. 

407. Sexte Clodi : a client of Publius Clodius and a man of low birth. 
He was a ringleader in the disturbances of the period. librarium : 

that is, the roll of manuscripts of laws which Cicero says Clodius had 
intended to pass if elected praetor. 

409. palladium : Sextus is represented as rescuing these documents 
as if they were a second palladium, alluding to the image of Pallas, on 
which depended the safety of Troy in the Trojan War. 

412. deferre posses : after these w^ords some texts insert what is sup- 
posed to be a fragment of the speech actually delivered. Their drift 
is that Clodius would not have dared to mention the law so long as 
Milo was alive, much less if he were consul, while its vicious character 
might be inferred from the fact that the mere mention of it gave of- 
fence, et aspexit me : Sextus is supposed to have looked at the 
orator in a menacing- manner for attacking his law, when Cicero 



THE DEFENCE OF MILO 397 

exclaims : see ! he looked at me with the very eyes with which he was 
wont, etc. 

414. movet me quippe lumen curiae: he disconcerts me, to he sure, 
does the light of the Senate-house, said with a double meaning, ironi- 
cally referring to Sextus as a political light, and alluding to his share 
in setting fire to the Senate-house. 

418-423. spoliatum imaginibus, etc. : the elaborate ceremonies ob- 
served at the funerals of distinguished Romans included the pompa, 
or funeral train, in which persons specially designated for the pur- 
pose bore the imagines, or images, of the ancestors of the deceased. 
The exsequiae were the funeral rites, including the laudatio, or funeral 
oration. Of all these honors, says Cicero, the body of Clodius had 
been deprived by Sextus and the populace when they hurried with 
the corpse into the Forum and then to the Curia ; hence he had no 
right, he says, to be angry with Sextus (irasci non debeo). 

426. cur . . . admitteret . . . optaret : why he should, I ivill not say, 
commit {the crime), etc. The Subjv. is Characteristic after quid erat 
cur, and also original. For the latter use, see Xote on 1. 35 (quid 
iudicaretis). 

434. solutam : untrammelled. 

438. quis dubitaret : icho u'ould have hesitated, Potential of the Past 
in Rhetorical Question, 

439. se metu, periculo rem publicam : Chiasmus. at nunc : hut as 
it is. The speaker maintains that the death of Clodius was a positive 
disadvantage to Milo, in depriving him of what had been his most 
glorious occupation I In future Milo must rely upon the ordinary 
means (usitatis rebus) of showing his patriotism and winning popu- 
larity. 

443. vos adepti estis, ne, etc. : yoii gained the point of having no 
citizen to fear. G. 553, i ; A. &. G. 319, a, x. 

450. doloris sui : of his personal grievance, in contrast with a 
grievance of the state. haec : these passions {motives). 

455. ille erat ut odisset, etc. : the fact ivas {is), that Clodius hated 
ill the first place the defender, etc. Observe the emphatic position 
of the Demonstrative. For the Subjv., see G. 553, 4 ; A. & G. 332, 
a, 3 ; B. 284; H. 501, i. i. 

457. lege Plotia: under the Plotian law Milo accused Clodius of 
riotous conduct {de vi) during the former's tribunate in 57 B.C. Al- 
though he renewed the charge repeatedly (quoad vixit), the case was 
never decided. 

461. reliquum est ut, etc. : this whole passage is ironical. 

463. Clodius : supply fecit, 



398 NOTES 

464. cessi : he means, in exile (58 B.C.). 

467. diem . . . dixerat : he had, of course (credo), named the day for 
me ; mult am inrogarat : had proposed a fine ; actionem perduellionis 
intenderat : had hrought action for treason. These are all technical 
terms in legal phraseology. As the words are said in irony, the 
speaker means the reverse of what he says ; namely, that Clodius did 
not name the day for his trial (for executing the Catilinarians with- 
out appeal) as the law required, nor propose a fine in the Comitia 
Tributa, nor bring him up before the Comitia Centuriata on the capi- 
tal charge of perduellio. Any one of these courses was open to a 
Magistrate who brought a criminal charge against a citizen. 

474. cum . . . adesset : for standing by me, i.e. for siding with him 
at that time against Clodius. Ilortensius was now associated with 
Cicero in defending Milo. 

477. quam a Catilina, etc. : not to be taken literally. The meaning 
is, that Clodius was a worthy successor to Catiline. 

479. Pompeio : see Notes on 11. 218 and 225. istam: your (De- 
monstrative of the Second Person), the other side having said so 
much of the Appian Way as a memorial of Clodius' ancestors. 

480. Papiri : see Note on 1. 218. 

482. ad regiam : near the palace (of Numa), now used as the official 
residence of the ponf if ex maximus. 

483. haec fuit ne, etc. : sought {only) to prevent, etc.; lit. was this, 
lest, etc. 

486. potuitne : -ne often has the force of nonne in Rhetorical 
Questions. 

487. domum ac deos penatis suos : after Cicero's recall from exile, 
Clodius kept up a systematic course of persecution against the orator 
and his friends, setting fire to his brother's house, attacking Cicero 
himself on the streets, and storming the house of Milo. 

493. illo die: August 4, 57 B.C., when the measure was passed re- 
calling Cicero from exile. 

496. eam laudem : the glory of that deed. pro : as. vin- 
dicaret : Unreal Apodosis with si fecisset for Protasis, the whole follow- 
ing ut Consecutive. 

497. at quod erat tempus : yet ivhat an occasion it was, i.e. for Milo 
to put Clodius out of the way. 

502. auctor : adviser. illius : of Clodius (as usual). cuius : 

Pompey's. 

505. cum . . . fecisset : Pompey was one of the duumviri, the two 
chief Magistrates, of Capua, which had been colonized in 59 B.C. with 
many of his veterans. 



THE DEFEXCE OF MILO 399 

506. eius: the pronoun refers to Poinpey in violation of the rule for 
the reflexive, yet is readily intelligible since the participles are equiv- 
alent to parenthetical cum-clauses. 

615. M. Antonius : in 53 B.C. when he was a candidate for the 
quaestorship. Ten years later he was Cicero's bitter enemy. 

516. gravissimamque . . . reipublicae partem : a most important sliare 
in state affairs, 

519. qui locus : ivliat an opport unity, 

520. in scalarum tenebris : the dark stairways of the shops bordering 
on the Forum, were favorite l\iding-places for runaway slaves. 

524-525. Observe the asyndetic succession of sentences in these 
lines, reflecting the rapidity of the action. destringendos, iacien- 

dos : G. 430 ; A. & G. 294,'^; B. 337, 7, &, 2 ; H. 544, 2, x. 2. 

528. cum (gratia) : preposition. noluit . . . voluit : supply in- 
terimere. The thought is, that Milo, having refrained from killing 
Clodius when he might have done so with impunity, would certainly 
not have slain him when he had no special provocation, and especially 
on the eve of an important election. 

529. lure, loco, tempore: with rights place, and time {in his 
favor). 

534. quam timida sit ambitio : ichat a ticklish thing a canvass {for 
election) is, 

539. tarn moUe, tarn tenerum, tam aut fragile, etc. : so sensitive, so 
impressionable, so frail or else so fickle. 

542. recte factis : G. 437, r. ; A. & G. 207, c; H. 548, n. 2. fas- 

tidiunt : are captious {inclined to criticize). ^ 

546. veniebat : was he coming (likely to come) ? in lioc : in 

him. idem: also. 

548. quod caput est audaciae : and this is the main source of boldness 
(in wrongdoing). The clause is appositive to what follows. 

556. Petilius and Cato were members of the jury. 

559. post diem tertium . . . quam : G. 403, r. (end) ; A. & G. 262 ; 
B. 357, I ; H. 430, n. 1, 3. 

563. modo : just noiv. In the JSJarratio (^§24-31) he gave a mere 
outline of the story, which he now repeats in detail in the Confirmat to 
for the purposes of proof. 

569. nisi . . . approperaret : unless he ivere {had been) in a hurry, the 
Impf. being used of the Past in the Unreal Condition to describe a 
continuous frame of mind. 

573. ut...sic: ivhilc.on the other hand. G. 482, 4 ; A. & G. 
107 ; H. 515, n. 5. 

675. in: in the case of. ut: Concessive. G. 608 ; A. &G.313, 



i. 



400 NOTES 

a ; B. 308 ; H. 515, iii. Patinam : an unknown person, possibly 

a citizen of Lanuvium. 

580. quaesierit sane : well, suppose he did ask, Concessive Subjunc- 
tive ; so corruperit following. G. 2G4 ; A. & G. 266, c; B. 278 ; H. 
484, III. quid vobis largiar : liow much I grant you. 

584. cuius iam pridem, etc. : {the man) according to whose testimony 
some time ago, etc. See Note on I. 156. Interamna was eighty or 
ninety miles from Rome. 

586. Albano : the name of the estate of Clodius. 

591. liberatur non profectus esse : is acquitted of {the charge of) 
having set out icith the design, etc. 

593. quippe si . . . erat : naturally so, if Clodius luas not likely to 
meet him. Observe the advantage which Latin has over English in 
the use of pronouns ; in the translation of this sentence one or the 
other of the proper names must be used to prevent ambiguity. 

•598. iacent : are routed. testibus : the Agent treated as Instru- 

ment ; compare Note on 1. 313 (quibus). Cicero, * 'like a genuine lawyer, 
does not regard a witness as a human being " (Tyrrell). 

599. nisi audisset, fuisse rediturum : G. 597, R. 4 ; A. & G. 337, h ; 
B. 321 ; H. 527, iii. 

600. respiravi, liberatus sum : 1 Ireathed again, I was saved, said 
in a spirit of raillery. 

607. quid . . . nuntiaret : lohat news could he have told. Potential of 
the Past. 

614. age, sit ita factum : come, suppose it was so. Concessive. Com- 
pare Note on quaesierit, 1. 580 above. Age, originally an imperative, 
was often (as here).used as a mere interjection. 

616. quod heres erat : the fact that he was heir, subject of adferebat. 

617. properato opus : G. 406 ; A. & G. 292, h; B. 218, 2, c; H. 414, 
IV. X. 3. 

621. cum insidiator esset : Causal cum. The words, of course, are 
ironical. si . . . sciebat : the Indie. (Logical Condition) instead of 

Subjv. (Unreal) grants the point for the sake of the argument. 

623. ei neganti : a disguised Protasis with several Apodoses fol- 
lowing. 

625. ille occultator et receptor : a notorious hiding-place and haunt, 
appositives to locus {locality). The neighborhood, he means, with its 
bad reputation, would have kept Milo from being suspected. For 
the force of ille here, see G. 307, 2 ; A. & G. 102, h; B. 246, 3 ; H. 
450, 4. 

626. indicasset, ostendisset : would have told the tale, etc. Observe 
that these are Apodoses of an Unreal Condition, yet follow Causal cum. 



THE DEFENCE OF MILO 4OI 

627. deinde : disguised Protasis, equivalent to si hoc factum esset. 
Cicero says that Etruria was full of people who had been victims of 
Clodius' violence, each of whom was an enemy on whom suspicion 
might well fall. 

631. quod ut sciret : now granting that Ifilo Jcnetv, etc., Concessive 
ut. 

634. cur neque ante occurrit, etc : Cicero argues that if Milo was 
really on the lookout for Clodius, it was strange that he did not 
waylay him either before he reached his country seat or after he left 
it, rather than at the place itself, where Clodius naturally had every 
advantage. 

635. venturus esset: Subjv. of Partial Obliquity, i.e. of the thought 
imputed to Milo. 

636. etiam utile : even an advantage. The Demonstratives in this 
section have their usual force, hie referring to Milo, ille to Clodius. 

644. alienum : ill-timed. 

645. prae se tulisse : made no secret of it, lit. bore in front of Mm. 
649. fuisse metuendum : ivas {something) to he feared, because under 

any circumstances travel by night was unsafe in the neighborhood. 

651, caput : chief point. Observe the emphatic position of locus, 
also of ad insidias, the latter to be construed with aptidr. 

655. insanas illas substructiones : those crazy building-operations of 
his, the epithet being transferred from the person to his conduct. 
Clodius had been building on an extravagant scale. hominum 
mille : Part. Genitive with the Singular mille is rare, with the Plural 
milia the rule. 

656. edito . . . putarat : ironical. 
659. spe : i7i reliance on. 

. 664. impeditissimum : most embarrassing (cumbersome). 

665. vestitus an vehiculum, etc. : {the character of) his attire, etc., 
referring to his heavy cloak, the rumbling coach, and his wife as a 
companion. 

666. constrictus : ha7npered (that is, by her presence). 

669. qui convenit : hoiv is it suitable {appropriate, reasonable) ? 

670. sciebat in Alsiensi esse : that is, that Pompey was in his villa 
at Alsium (30 or 40 miles away on the coast of Etruria). 

672. dum veniret : G. 572 ; A. & G. 328 ; B. 293, iii. 2 ; H. 519, 
II. 2. 

675. semper ille, etc. : notice the lively effect produced throughout 
this paragraph by the omission of words readily supplied from the 
context. 

676. comites Graeculi : (usically) his companions {were) GreeJcUngSy 



402 NOTES 

the diminutive denoting contempt. On this occasion (turn), however, 
says Cicero, Clodius had no trifiers (nugarum) with him. 

680. qui . . . duceret : heing the kind of man to take with him, etc. 
The Siibjv. is Characteristic. 

681. nisi ut . . . diceres : except that you ivould have said that each 
man picked his mate, lit. man was picked ly man. For the use of 
nisi ut here, see G. (L. Ed.) 591, r. 3. At the same time, diceres is 
Potential of the Past, its subject being the Ideal Second Person. 

685. mulier, viros : Clodius is called a woman in contempt for his 
fighting qualities when compared with Milo. 

687. ilium: that is, Clodius, as usual. Observe, however, that ille 
in the next sentence refers to Milo, while the following illi (odio) and 
ille (auderet) again refer to Clodius. 

690. propositam et paene addictam : put up for sale and almost 
knocked down (as if at auction). 

693. Martemque communem : and impartial Mars, meaning the 
wavering fortunes of war. 

695. inscitiam pransi : Cicero charges Clodius with being somewhat 
the worse for over-indulgence. 

696-698. For the order of the attack, see Note on ]. 344. 

698. haesit : was caught (trapped). ab eo . . . expetiverunt : in- 

flicted xtpon him, 

700. Free men were never put to torture ; even slaves could be 
tortured to prove their masters' guilt only in cases of incestus, or 
when (as probably in this case) the authorities made an exception in 
special cases. Cicero scouts the idea that Milo manumitted (manu 
misit) his slaves to prevent their testifying against him. 

704. niliil ad tortorem : (thafs) nothing to the torturer. 

705. in eculeo est : rests with the rack. The eculeus was a wooden 
horse for the slave to straddle with heavy weights tied to his legs and 
arms. 

709. nescis . . . reprehendere : you don't know how to criticize the act 
of an eyiemy, i.e. they ought to criticize Milo rather for having done 
too little for his slaves. 

716. non tanti : not so important. Gen. of General Value. quam 

quod : as the fact that. 

719. dedendi fuerunt : G. 597, r. 3 ; A, & G. 308, c; B. 304, 3, h; 
H. 511, 2. 

721. quod minus moleste ferat : that he finds more comforting; lit. 
that he hears less hardly. The Subjv. is Characteristic. quam . . . 

esse persolutum: observe the Ace. and Inf. used here instead of a 
quod-clause as in 1. 716 above. 



THE defe:n"ce oe milo 403 



I 

I^H 724. quaestiones : the examinations (of Clodius's slaves under torture). 
^M 726. Appius : Appius Clodius, chief accuser and elder brother of 
Clodius. 

729. ut fuit in Clodium : as was the case against Clodius, For the 
thought, see Xote on 1. 156. proxime deos : G. (L. Ed.) 359, n. 1; 

A. & G. 207, h ; B. 141, 3 ; H. p. 234, x. 2. Cicero means that since 
slaves could testify against their masters only for sins against the 
gods, an examination of Milo's slaves in the present case would be 
treating Clodius as a god. 

733. non quin : not hut that {not because not). G. 541, R. (2d ex.) ; 
A. & G. 321, R. ; B. 286, i. h; H. 516, 2. The corresponding affirma- 
tive follows in sed quia with the Indie, according to the rule. 

736. heus tu, Rufio, etc. : you there, Reddy — to take a chance name — 
mind, please, you tell no lies. Cicero represents the manner in which 
the slaves would be examined ; *'if the slave testifies the wrong way, 
he'll be punished for it ; otherwise, he may expect his liberty." The 
literal meaning of verbi causa is for the sake of a word {name). For 
cave mentiaris, see G. 271, 2 ; A. & G. 269, a, 3 ; B. 276, c; H. 489, 
2. For sis (= si vis), see G. (L. Ed.) 269. Tyrrell says that the 
ancient slave was represented on the stage as red-haired. 

744. integrius, incorruptius : ironical. 

757. praesertim audienti, etc. : Concessive participles = praesertim 
cum (Pompeius) multa audiret, etc. Some of the rumors referred to 
are mentioned lower down. 

760. in utramque partem: in either direction, i.e. in two ways, ex- 
plained by the two Consecutive clauses following. 

761. versari: is hovering. 

765. facti rationem : the circumstances of the case. 

766. recenti illo nuntio, etc. : when the news of Clodius' murder was 
still recent, Abl. Absolute. 

768. imperitorum : that is, of those who did not know his character. 

772. tanti . . . putasse : had rated so high. The price that Milo paid 
was, according to his enemies, the willing loss of his country. 

773. careret cum . . . explesset : the two verbs represent Future and 
Future Perfect Indicative respectively changed to Subjunctive after 
ut Consecutive, while cum has its Conditional force. G. (L. Ed.) 583; 
H. 507, 3. 

774. non dubitaturum quin . . . cederet : would not hesitate to submit ; 
lit. would not doubt but he ought to submit. G. (L. Ed.) 555, E. 3 
(end) ; A. & G. 332, ^, n. 2 ; B. 298, b; H. 505, i. i. 

779. portenta : monsters, that is, Catiline's confederates. 

780. miseros civis : G. 343, i ; A. & G. 240, d; B. 183 ; H. 381. 



404 NOTES 

788. ut: how. 

794. conducta : rented. Cicero is now retailing the current stories 
of Milo's treasonable designs. 

795. Tiberi : G. 389; A. & G. 258, g, n. ; B. 218, 9 ; H. 425, i, i. 

797. haec: these stories. 

798. quaesita: investigated. 

803. quin etiam audiendus, etc. : ivhy, they even had to listen to some 
slaughterer or other from the Circus Ilaximus, (one) Licinuis, (who 
said) that Milo's slaves, etc. Notice that qui follows nescio in a com- 
mon phrase, equivalent to an Indefinite pronoun ; the words **who 
said " are implied in audiendus. 

805. apud se : either at his house, or at his shop, some editors sup- 
posing that the popa, or priest's assistant, kept an eating-house in 
which he utilized tlie rejected parts of the sacrificial victims. 

809. non poteram . . . non : / could not help. illius mei patriaeque 

custodis : against (lit. of) him, my oivn and my country's guardian, 
illius is Objective Genitive. 

811. credi popae : impersonal, according to the rule, but in English 
personal {that the slaughterer should he believed), G. 217 ; A. & G. 
230 ; B. 187, 11. h; H. 384, 5. 

812. videretur : looked like. 

815. oppugnata domus : the storming of the house (lit. the stormed 
house), i.e. as report said, by Milo's party. Julius Caesar was at this 
time pontifex maximus, and his official quarters were in the regia 
(1. 482). 

818. celebri : croivded, implying that the attack on Caesar's quarters 
if it had actually occurred could not have escaped notice. 

820. tota re puhlica suscepta : now that the puhlic welfare rested on 
his shoulders, Abl. Absolute. Note the force of the preposition sub 
in suscepta. 

822. qui diceret : to say, Characteristic Subjunctive. cum telo : 
armed. 

823. nudavit : Milo is subject. The omission of a pronoun (or 
noun) to show a change of subject in successive sentences is not usual. 

824. fidem non faciebat : could not secure confidence in him, 

826. insidiose ficta : maliciously invented. 

827. cum tamen : and yet at the same time, lit. when nevertheless. 
This is cum Inversum, introducing the main thought of the sentence, 
hence the Indie, perhorrescimus (1. 830). 

828, Clodianum crimen : the ■ charge of hilling Glodius, lit. the 
Clodian charge. 

829, §a. vooi I that is, so loud, leading up to the Consecutive clause 



I 



THE DEFENCE OF MILO 405 

ut . . . possis. Pompev was seated outside of the building at some dis- 
tance, hence tlie word exaudire, catch {hear under difficulties), 

834. Capitolinae : that is, {stationed) on the Capitoline Hill. ex- 

cubiae : sentinels ; vigiliae : patrols {night watches). 

839. si quidem : Causal in force. G. (L. Ed.) 595, R. 5 ; H. 507, 
3, N. 2. 

843. locus : opportunity. 

844. neminem hominem : such expressions as nemo homo, nemo civis, 
nemo orator, etc., for nuUus homo, etc., are common in Cicero. While 
the substantives are strictly appositional, yet the phrases are usually 
translated no man, no citizen, etc. 

847. peste : plague-spot, monster, referring to Clodius. 

848. ad salutem meam : Milo as tribune in 57 b c. worked zealously 
for Cicero's recall from exile. 

849. in periculo capitis : in a trial affecting his rights as a citizen. 
Note the technical term caput for civil rights, 

852. quae si non probaret : Impf. Subjv. in Unreal Protasis, express- 
ing action continued from the Past into the Present. Translate : 
if he had not been proving these things (all the time). 

855. conquietura : liliely to have rest. ne : not to be confounded 
with the particle of negative Design. ille : instead of the usual 
hie, referring to Milo. 

856. ita natus est et ita consuevit : is such a man hy nature and such 
hy habit of life ; lit. has been so horn, etc. antestaretur : would 
call to witness, that is, to his merits. 

858. vitae . . . ratio : life's course. 

860. ad tempus aptae : time-serving {worldly-wise). simultationes : 
pretences {of friendship). 

863. salutaribus rebus tuis : your own fortunes {being) prosperous, 
Abl. Absolute. 

864. motu aliquo communium temporum: through some disturbance 
of the public interests, qui quam crebro, etc. : and how frequently 
that happens lue ought to hnow from experience (experti, having ex- 
perienced). 

866. unius: G. 303 ; A. & G. 93, b ; H. 444, 3. 

867. desideres: Characteristic Subjv. after cum with definite ante 
cedent (tempus). 

868. iuris publici : constitutional law. For the case, see G. 374 : 
A. & G. 218, a; B. 204, i ; H. 399, i. 2. 

871. versiculo : a mere line (not applied to poetry here). 

872. hunc exercitu, etc. : that he, I say {after having had) an army, 
a kvyt granted to him^ woidd have waited for a court in punishing 



406 - NOTES 

the designs of one ivlio was trying to hreal' up the courts themselves by 
violence. hunc is appositive to Pompeium (four lines above), merely 
repeating the subject for clearness. In the relative clause (qui toUeret) 
there is apparently a blending of the Characteristic and the Condi- 
tional, implying '* if Milo were a man of such a character." 

877. oporteret: ought; liceret : may. The Subjvs. are Character- 
istic, quod: the fact that. 

883. contra : that is, in spite of. quod : that which, relative. 

For tlie meeting referred to, see Note on 1. 34. 

885. Clodianum crimen : see Note on 1. 828. 

889. mentiri gloriose : to proclaim the glonous lie, lit. lie gloriously. 

893. conlegae : M. Octavius, to rid himself of whose opposition 
Tiberius Gracchus resorted to the revolutionary step (hence per sedi- 
tionem, hy seditious means) of passing a law to oust him from oflice. 

896. nefandum adulterium : see Note on 1. 150. 

901. iuratus : under oath. quaestionibus : that is, of her slaves 
and by her husband, L. LucuUus. The wife was the younger sister of 
the well-known Clodia. 

902. civem : Cicero, when as consul he put the Catilinarians to 
death, and crushed the conspiracy. 

904. qui regna dedit, etc. : '' Ijike Caesar himself, Caesar's ape [Clo- 
dius as tribune in 58 B.C.] kept governorships and other posts, great 
and small, on sale for the benefit of his fellow-citizens, and sold the 
sovereign rights of the state for the benefit of subject kings and 
cities" (Mommsen). 

907. civem domum vi, etc. : Pompey. See Note on 1. 225. 

909. aedem nympharum : where the censors kept their records, in- 
cluding the register of voters. Clodius probably wished to destroy 
the evidences of election frauds. 

911. cui iam nulla lex, etc. : that is, who ignored the law, etc. 

912. calumnia litium : hy the trickery of laivsuits {malicious prose- 
coitions). 

913. vindiciis ac sacramentis: litigants between whom property was 
in dispute made formal claim (vindicia) to possession, and pending 
the decision deposited sums of money (sacramentum) with the court. 
The money of the loser was forfeited to the state. Cicero means that 
Clodius did not use such legal methods in settling his own disputes, 
but resorted to force, even to military onslaughts (signis inferendis). 

919. laniculo : a hill across the Tiber. According to Cicero, Clo- 
dius wished to own everything from the Tiber to the Alps. 

924. in alieno : on another man'^s {property). 

925. cui viro : the words imply that, as a man, Furfanius might 



THE DEFENCE OF MILO 407 

have taken care of himself, hence in contrast with muliercula, a 
diminutive denoting pity ; poor woman. 

928. sed ausum esse : Anacoluthon. G. 697 ; A. & Gr. 385 ; B. 374, 
6 ; H. 636, iv. 6. Observe that a verb of Saying (dicam) intervenes 
between this verb and its subject qui (1. 925). 

930. mortuum : a dead (hody) corpse, qua invidia : = cuius rei 
invidia. The Abl. is Causal. 

931. huic asset taU viro conflagrandum : a blaze {of public indigna- 
tion) would necessarily be liindled against this worthy man (lit. such 
a man), Appium : Appius Claudius, the elder brother of Clodius. 

938. rem publicam privates, longinquos propinquos, alienos suos : con- 
trasted pairs. 

943. imperium : emphatic position. If Clodius had been elected 
praetor, he would have possessed the imperium. 

956. pudor, pudicitia : modesty {and) purity, 

958. quonam . . . ferret : Indirect Question, depending on timendum, 
which implies '* think with fear." 

959. unum . . . plurimum . . . profuisse : has been by preeminence (unum) 
the most useful man within the memory, etc. unum strengthens the 
superlative. 

971. verissimam: most reasonable {ivell-grounded), 

972. hoc : that is, Pompey. 

976. ea quae . . . vestra : subject of habere potuissent, of which the 
object is quod ius {what right). dominants homine : Abl. Absolute 

for the Protasis of an Unreal Condition. 

979. libentius . . . quam verius : ivith more pleasure than {regard for) 
truth. 

980. etenim si praecipuum, etc. : for although it (i.e. his hatred) 
had a right to be {might ivell be) my chief {motive), 

982. versaretur : was represented {involved) ; that is, his own hatred 
for Clodius was hardly greater than that which everybody else felt. 

985. quin sic attendite : why, mark this. This is one of the two 
instances of quin with the Impv. cited in Cicero. G. (L. Ed.) 269. 

986. et quae volunt . . . videmus : and what they (i.e. our thoughts) 
will to see, they gaze on {with as clear vision) as ice discern ivhat ive 
see {with our eyes). 

989. sed ita si : but {only) 07i condition that. The suggestion of 
Clodius' recall to life is supposed to have caused consternation in the 
court, hence the abrupt question quid voltu extimuistis ? 

996. facturum fuisse : G. 597, R. 4 ; A. & G. 337, b ; B. 321 ; H. 
527, III. 

1000. qui: in whose case, lit. who (subject). 



408 KOTES 

1006. cantus : melodies; carmina: songs. 

1015. nisi ut ignoscatur : except that he he pardoned, sibi must be 
supplied with the impersonal passive ignoscatur. 

1020. quamquam qui . . . probari : and yethoiv (qui, adv.) could any 
man fail {non) to app^ve Ms own salvation. Notice the convenient 
active translation ; also the reflexive referring to the real, though not 
the grammatical, subject. 

1022. cecidisset: had proved to he, lit. had hef alien. 

1026. nostra : predicate ; so nostram in the next clause. 

1033. proposita invidia, etc., with unpopularity, etc., set hef ore him 
{in prospect), Abl. Absolute with Concessive force. 

1035. populi grati est : it is {the marl') of a g rate fid people ; so viri 
fortis further on. 

1038. uteretur: miglit have made, Potential of the Past. qua: as. 

1044. nisi qui . . . divinum : creep t the man icho thinks there is no 
{such thing as) divine power or authority. 

1051. neque in his, etc. : Parataxis for Hypotaxis. G. 472, 2 and 3; 
A. & G. p. 164. The thought is, that if man's weak frame is capa- 
ble of showing vigor and sensibility, the same virtue must reside in 
the universe. The sense may be made clear by translating et non 
inest, etc. : icithout its heing {found) also in this vast and splendid 
activity of nature, 

1059. felicitates atque opes : {the hlessiiigs of ) prosperity and power. 
perniciem : that is, Clodius. 

1060. iniecit : inspired. 

1066. religiones : that is, holy i^laces. 

1067. conunosse se : to have roused thejnselves. G. 131, i ; A. & G. 
128, a, I ; B. 116, i ; H. 235. et ius . . . retinuisse : and to have 
protected their rights in his case. 

1068. Albani: the tragedy occurred near the Alban Mount. 

1070. sacrorum . . . aequales : ptartners and peers of the Roman people 
in religious rights, that is, worshipping the same gods, etc. 

1073. vestrae arae . . . viguerunt : {the spirit of) your altars, etc., 
ivas quickened. Notice the Alliteration. 

1075. Latiaris luppiter : the protecting deity of the Latin cities. He 
had a temple on the Alban Mount. 

1080. Bonae deae : see Note on 1. 156. 

1087. nee vero non, etc. : and indeed. . .did not (nee) fail (non) to in- 
spire his creatures with madness. For the thought, see Note on 11. 
418-428. 

1089. sine cantu atque ludis : music and gladiatorial shows were 
features at the funerals of distinguished Romans. 



THE DEFENCE OF 3IIL0 4O9 

1094. ullo : any {other). eius mortem : i.e. he in death. vita : 

i.e. he in life. 

1098. pateretur: had been suffering. G. 234; A. & G. 277, h ; B. 
200, 4 ; H. 469, 2. 

1102. me patria expulerat, etc. : upon Cicero's banishment Clodius 
burned his house on the Palatine, plundered his villas at Tusculum 
and Formiae, and persecuted his family. 

1104. Cn. Pompeio . . . indixerat : see Notes on 11. 218 and 225. 

1105. mei fratris : see Note on 1. 487. 

1107. instabat, urgebat : he was insistent, he ivas persistent. The 
fourteen Pluperfects preceding these words produce a hammering 
effect, with their like endings (Assonance). This effect is reinforced 
by the Imperfects, with their similar endings, side by side. capere : 
contain (hold), 

1108. incidebantur : that is, Clodius was having his laws engraved 
before they were passed, so sure did he feel of his election as praetor. 

1110. quod quidem ille adamasset : if at least he had taken a fancy 
to it. For the Restrictive relative, see G. 627, r. 1 ; A. & G. 320, d ; 
B. 283, 5 ; H. 503, n. 1. 

11J.2. ilium ipsum: that is, Pompey. novo reditu in gratiam: 

Clodius and Pompey became reconciled in 56 B.C. 

1114. Caesaris, etc. : in other words, he counted on Caesar's back- 
ing. 

1116. urgebat: was a iveight upon him. 

1122. in privato . . . profecerat : had it (i.e. the Senate) leen success- 
ful in this same man's case as a private citizen ; lit. had it accom- 
plished something. 

1123. praetore : (him as) praetor. This is a virtual Unreal Protasis 
(= si praetor f actus esset) to the Apodosis fuissent ; so praetorem (1. 1120) 
and in eo praetore (1. 1124). 

1124. in eo praetore . . . per quem tribunum : in the praetor ship of 
one through whom when tribune. Cicero contends that since Clodius, 
when only a tribune, could work so much harm to him an ex-consul 
(by sending him into exile, etc.), no actual consul could have with- 
stood the rascal in the praetorship. 

1126. oppressisset omnia, etc. : heivould have sivept everything before 
him, ivould be oivning (and) holding everything. 

1130. homo efFeminatus fortissimum virum : contrasted words, hence 
placed side by side, and in chiastic order. 

1133. ille vero consul : he assuredly as consul. When once elected 
praetor, Clodius might have looked forward to his election as consul 
three years later. 



4IO NOTES 

1138. templum . . . public! : the temple of public morality, honor, in- 
telligence, {and) statesmanship. The Ace. and Inf. is due to vidimus 
in the preceding sentence. 

1142. neque id fieri, etc. : a7id that that, too, should he done not by, 
etc. 

1147. ab : from. 

1152. falcibus: pickaxes, ad Castoris : G. 362, r. 3 ; A. & G. 

214, b; H. 398, i. 

1158. (in) for tuna singular! : Abl. of Place Where. divina . . . fide : 
Abl. of Quality. 

1160. In the Peroration, which begins here, Cicero makes the usual 
appeal to the jurors. He entreats them to acquit Milo (1) on the 
ground of his merits and (2) for the speaker's sake, and closes when, 
as he tells them, liis emotion prevents him from saying more. 

1164. nolite . . . parcere : G. 271, 2 ; A. & G. 269, a, 2 ; B. 276, c; 
n. 489, I. True to his character, Milo maintained a defiant attitude 
at the trial. 

1167. etenim si, etc. : spectators at the gladiatorial shows, Cicero 
argues, feel pity only for the brave ; then how much more should the 
jury pity Milo the dauntless citizen for his present bold demeanor. 

1170. ut vivere liceat, obsecrantis (Ace. PI.): beseeching for permis- 
sion to live. 

1178. * valeant,' inquit, ' valeant cives mei ' : 'fareivell,^ he says, ^fare- 
well to my feUoiv-cifizens.'^ 

1183. si . . . non licuerit : Concessive. G. 591, a, 2 ; B. 306, 2, a, 

1184. at carebo mala : I shall at least be rid of bad {government). 

1191. mibi umquam . . . putarem : could I have dreamed that 1 should 
ever lack the support of the p)cUriotic 9 The Subjv. is Potential of the 
Past. 

1192. cum (te) : conjunction, otherwise tecum would be used ; com- 
pare mecum following. 

1198. mihine ea soli, etc. : am I the only one to whom it can bring 
no aid, etc. ? 

1201. quo: G. 617 ; A. & G. 199, a; B. 250, 5 ; H. 445, 8. negat 
enim, etc. : for he says, yes, he says, that it is not without the grati- 
tude of the citizens (lit. the citizens being ungrateful) that he has done 
what he has done ; {but that he has acted thus) while they were timid 
and on the lookout for dangers, he does say. The Ablatives Absolute 
are the emphatic words of the two sentences. Notice also the instance 
of Litotes, non negat. 

1205. eam: appositive to plebem, etc., the latter being in emphatic 
position. 



THE DEFENCE OF MILO 4I I 

1207. tribus : from tres. 

1213. vocem praeconis : after an election the result was proclaimed 
by a herald. This empty form, Mile is represented as saying, was all 
that was lacking to confirm his election as consul. The vote in his 
favor was unanimous (cunctis suffragiis) so far as it went, but the 
election was interrupted by mob violence. 

1216. facinoris, facti : the context makes the former me^n plot (deed 
in contemplation) and the latter crime {deed already done). 

1224. si esset habenda ratio, etc. : if it was to he a matter of rewards, 
lit. if regard must he paid to rewards. Observe the shifting of 
sequence from Present to Past. After addit (1. 1217) we have sit, 
fuerit, and vicerint ; then esset, consolaretur, etc., conforming to the 
sense (Past) rather than to the tense (Present) of the leading 
verb. 

1231. nulla umquam . . . vetustas : no lapse of time will ever hring 
silence, quin hoc tempore : ivliy, at this very time. Notwithstand- 
ing this Temporal phrase the cum following is Concessive. 

1232. invidiae meae subiciantur : are hurled to kindle {the fires of) 
odium against me, lit. are hurled under my odium. The Dat. is due 
to sub in composition. 

1235. Etruriae festos . . . dies : that is, the festival already celebrated 
(actos) or appointed (institutes) by the Etrurians for future anniversa- 
ries of the day on which their tyrant Clodius was slain. 

1236. ab : since. altera : second. 

1239. non laboro : I do not trouhle myself {do not care). 

1242. haec tu : supply a verb of Saying. 

1251. sed ne hunc quidem ipsum, etc. : that is, not even in the present 
case itself as to make me forget, etc. 

1254. meo capite . . . quam Milonis : in my own civil rights rather 
than {those) of Milo. 

1262. temporum : needs. 

1264. dimicatio capitis : struggle for civil life. 

1275. dignior . . . qui . . . excipiat : ivorthier to receive. 

1284. hos: that is, the jury. 

1287. mene non potuisse, etc. : depends on respondebo. Observe that 
me is emphasized by having the enclitic -ne attached to it. 

1289. quae est grata gentibus : the break here indicates that some 
words are missing. The meaning seems to l)e that the whole world 
(supplying, as some do, omnibus with gentibus) was interested in 
Milo's welfare, and that even the jury (to which eis probably refers), 
while it might condemn him, approved his course. 

1291. quo deprecante % JS.e: at ivhose intercession 9 My own. 



412 NOTES 

1293. indicia : plot^ lit. evidences (of a plot), referring to the con- 
spiracy of Catiline. 

1294. omnes in me . . . dolores : to me and mine from that source 
{there) comes (but) increase of sorrow. Notice the position of dolores 
and the meaning oi redundant {overflow, he super ahundant). The 
Romans were fond of metaphors based on the action of water. 

1296. ei: rhetorical Plural, referring to Milo. 

1299. qui: how, 

1301. utinam . . . fecissent : G. 260 and 261 ; A. & G. 267 and h ; B. 
279, 2 ; H. 483, i and 2. Compare with the following pace tua dixe- 
rim: may I say it (have said it) with your pardon, i.e. forgive the 
ivoi'ds. 

1303. utinam . . . viveret : after the preceding utinam fecissent we 
should expect an ut-clause, but owing to the intervening clause the 
construction is changed to the form of another Wish. 

1306. minime, minime : the emotional character of the closing words 
usual in Roman pleadings was regarded as essential to the highest art 
in oratory. 

1307. luerit : grant that he has paid, Concessive Subjunctive. 

1308. hicine: G. (L. Ed.) 104, i. x. 3 ; A. & G. footnote, p. 67 ; B. 
footnote 2, p. 50 ; II. 186, vi. 1. 

1309. si forte : supply extra patriam morietur. 

1316. prae lacrimis : Preventing Cause. G. 408, R. 3 ; A. & G. 
158 ; H. footnote, p. 237 



OKATION FOR MARCELLUS 

{Pro Ilarcello) 
PREFATORY NOTE 

1. Between the date of the Pro Milone and that of the Pro Marcello 
there is a gap of six years, during which we have no speeches by 
Cicero. The interval was occupied with his administration as pro- 
•consul of Cilicia (51-50 B.C.) and the events of the civil war (49-47 
B.C.), followed by Caesar's dictatorship (47-44 B.C.). Three speeches 
delivered while Caesar was dictator are from this circumstance some- 
times called the Caesarianae. They are the Pro Marcello (46 B.C.). 
the Pro Ligario (46 B.C.), and the Pro Rege Deiotaro (45 B.C.). The 
Pro Marcello was delivered in the Senate. 

2. M. Claudius Marcellus. In the years just preceding the civil war 






ORATIOX rOR MARCELLUS 413 

between Caesar and Pompey, one of the bitterest enemies that Caesar 
had was Marcellus, the aristocratic consnl in 51 B.C. By his advo- 
cacy of extreme measures at this critical period, in the effort to check 
Caesar's growing power, he helped as much as any one else to precipi- 
tate the war. At the close of the conflict, after Caesar had conquered 
his enemies, and was engaged in the taslv of restoring order and 
reconciling the differences that had led to the struggle, Marcellus re- 
tired to Mytilene (in Lesbos, an island off the coast of Asia), disdain- 
ing to ask for pardon, or even to accept it when proffered unasked, 
until persuaded to do so by his friend Cicero. On his way home from 
exile, Marcellus was assassinated for some reason by a friend named 
Magius at Piraeus (the chief harbor of Athens). 

3. The Speecli. In pardoning Marcellus, Caesar acted in deference 
to the united wishes of the Senate. His moderation was so unex- 
pected that it broke down the resolution which Cicero had formed 
after Pompey's defeat at Pharsalia to hold his peace, and evoked 
from him this rather extravagant panegyric on Caesar's generosity. 
Extravagant as his language is, however, the enthusiasm that inspired 
it is easily understood. Caesar's conduct was in striking contrast 
with that of Sulla, who made a cruel use of his victory over the 
Marians ; and again it was very different from what Cicero and other 
Pompeians had been led to expect of Pompey himself, had the latter 
been victoriotis over Caesar. Hence the orator was carried away by 
his emotions, believing as he did that in Caesar's magnanimity he 
saw the prospect of better things for the country itself. 



2. dolore : sorrow (on account of the civil war just closed) ; verecun- 
dia : delicacy (because he was not of the victorious party). 

9. Marcello . . . reddito : in the restoration of Marcellus, Abl. Abso- 
lute. 

13. cum : Concessive. in eadem causa : that is, on the Pom- 

peian side. 

15. versari in : should he engaged in {be enjoying). 

20. his omnibus : that is, the other members of the Senate. 

21. quasi . . . sustulisti : the figure is that of an army marching to 
battle. For the thought, Cicero sounds in this sentence the key-note 
of the speech — the hopes awakened by Caesar's clemency. 

22. intellectum est, etc. : for I had it made clear to my mind in- 
deed, in : in the case of. 

25. commemoratis offensionibus : Abl. Abs. with Concessive force. 
In his consulghip Marcellus had not only urg^ed the question of 



414 NOTES 

superseding Caesar in his command in Gaul before his time expired, 
but " seized the opportunity of wounding him in his most sensitive 
part. A distinguished citizen of Novum Comum, one of the towns 
recently founded by Caesar as a burgess-colony, was staying in Rome. 
In the view of Caesar this man should have been regarded as a full 
burgess of Rome, and as such have enjoyed as complete an immunity 
from corporal punishment as the consul himself. Marcollus had him 
publicly scourged " for some trifling offence, and, when the man 
protested, **told him to go and show his scars to Caesar" (Tyrrell). 

30. ex quo: Jieiice, lit. from tvhich {circxnnstance). 

34. illo : than lie. 

37. nullius: the usual Gen. of nemo, and not in agreement with in- 
geni. 

40. pace tua : tvith your permission. 

43. usurpare : S2)eah of (habitually), lit. use again and again, 
omnis: Ace. Plural. 

51. cuiusquam : used on account of the negative vix. 

63. bellicas laudes : tlie lioiiors of war, 

55. propriae : monopolized hy^ lit. peculiar to. For the case of im- 
peratorum, see G. 350, R. 1 ; A. & G. 234, d; B. 204, 2 ; IT. 391, ii. 4. 

60. es paulo ante adeptus : have just ivon, 

61. socium : {(is) partner, 

66. se non offert : does not thrust herself, 

69. gentis : Accusative Plural. 

74. animum vincere, etc. : the five Inf. phrases, used as substan- 
tives, are afterwards summed up in the appositive haec, three lines 
below. 

76. extoUere iacentem: contrasted words, hence placed side by side. ' 

79. illae quidem: answered by sed tamen (1. 82). G. (L. Ed.) 307, 
R. 4 ; A. & G. 151, e ; B. 347, i ; II. 5G9, in. 3. 

82. nescio quo modo : somehoiv or other. 

88. gestis rebus : actual history ; fictis : fiction. With the latter 
supply rebus. 

91. ut, quicquid belli, etc. : so that, whatever the fortune of war has 
left remaining of the state, you wish it to he saved. The Gen. reliqui 
is Partitive. The ut-clause is Consecutive in a loose sort of depend- 
ence on mentem . . . cernimus. 

92. quibus : interrogative. So quibus and qua following. The 
object of efferemus, prosequemur, and complectemur is te, the first word 
in the sentence. 

95. ilia auctoritas : almost = vir ilia auctoritate praeditus. 

98. C. Marcelli: probably the exile's cousin (consul in 5jD B.C.), al- 



i 



ORATIO>s^ FOR MARCELLUS 415 



though he had a brother of the same name (consul in 49 B.C.). See- 
11. 330, 331 below. 

100. memoria obfudit : the Romans were fond of metaphors bor 
rowed from the action of water ; hence the frequent use of the verbs 
fluere (with its compounds), perfundere, confundere, manare, redundare, 
etc., in figurative senses. Compare the use of the substantive flumen 
in 1. 37 above. 

102. suam : referring to the logical, rather than the grammatical, 
subject. Thus used, suus is often (as here) emphatic. G. 309, 2 ; A. 
& G. 196, c ; B. 244, 4 ; H. 449, 2. nobilissimamque familiam, 

etc. : English requires us to supply quorum, but Latin and Greek often 
omit a second relative when it would stand in a new case. G. (L. Ed.) 
636 ; H. 453, 2. 

106. magnae : predicate adjective. quidem : see Note on 
1. 79. 

107. idem (Norn.) : at once (that is, at one and the same time). 

108. tanta est ut. etc. : the real result of tanta begins with the words 
at haec (1. Ill), but when these words are reached the construction is 
changed (Anacoluthon) from the regular Consecutive Subjv. to Fut. 
Indicative (florescet). For convenience, supply the word '^ while " with 
the first clause after ut. 

114. ante : = antea, adverb. 

115. viceras : had surpassed. 

116. perinde . . . atque : exactly as. He means that he is afraid that 
he cannot convey to his hearers all that he thinks and feels. 

118. ea, quae: both words are Ace. Plural, while ilia (i.e. victoria) 
is Nominative. " Caesar has given up the fruits of his victory " is the 
thought. 

119. occidissemus : were ruined, the Plupf. denoting resulting con- 
dition. 

124. quam late pateat : how far-reaching it is. ad ilia arma : 

that is, to side with the Pompeians in the war. 

126. erroxis : epexegetical Gen. after culpa. G. 361, 2 ; A. & G. 214, 
/; B. 202 ; H. 396, vi. 

135. depace audiendum : that we should listen (to proposals) coiicern- 
ing peace. 

139. hominem : that is, Pompey. 

140. private consilio, non publico : through personal, not political 
motives. tantum . . . valuit ; had so much influence with me. 
Pompey had helped to bring about Cicero's recall from exile. 

142. prudens : with my eyes open, lit. foreseeing. 
144. minime obscurum : that is, perfectly well known. 



4l6 KOTES 

145. Integra re : when the matter (ix\ the issues that led to the war) 
u'as still undecided. 

146. cum . . . periculo : at (lit. tvith) the risk of my life. After the 
battle of Pharsalia, Cicero advocated surrender, and was nearly killed 
by the young Pompey. 

149. censuerit, fuerit : Asyndeton. id: that {decisioii). 

150. turn, cum : at a time ivheii, cum Historical, characterizing the 
temporal circumstances. 

156. certorum hominum : of ivell-knoivn persons, referring to tlie 
Pompeians with their extravagant language before Pharsalia was 
fought. 

165. alterius partis : the phrase limits victoriam, but on account of 
its emphatic position is best translated, as for the other side (i.e. 
Pompey's party). 

167. futuram fuisse : G. 597, R. 4; A. & G. 337, J, 2 ; B. 321; H. 527, 
III. The sentence is a short way of saying (in the direct form) : si 
Pompeius victor fuisset, victoria iracunda fuisset. 

168. otiosis : non-comhata?its. 

169. ubi fuisset : the Pompeians regarded as enemies all who failed 
to leave Italy and follow Pompey. 

174. contulisse : to have tra7isferred, 

175. fruere(Impv.) : inake the most of, lit. enjoy. 

183. summa bona: technical phrase in ancient philosophy for the 
supreme good, on which depend human happiness and progress. 

185. a virtute, a fortuna : the preposition is used on account of the 
personification (Agent). 

186. commodata : lent. For the favors of Fortune the French have a 
proverb, La Fortune vend ce qit'on croit qu'elle donne. 

188. lapsis : in agreement with viris. opinione : notion, idea. 

189. rei publicae : puUic interests. 

200. iste : with its usual force as Demonstrative of the Second Per- 
son, the word implies *' the person of w^hom you are thinking." de 
tuisne : {one) of your oitm friends 9 

202. una tecum fuerunt : were o/ice(but are no longer) on your side. 
The Plural is used because ex hoc numero =: ex numero horum. 

204. ut quo duce . . . suae : that he does not prefer to his own ilife) 
the life of him under whose leadership, etc. 

205. inimici : subject of cogitent understood. 
212. nihil . . . cogitans : thoughtless, indifferent, 

215. equidem : for my part. The word is said to 'be used by Cicero 
only with the first person, giving the personal views of the speaker. 
219. consistere : depends. 



• ORATIOX FOR MAPtCELLUS 4I7 

220. motus : disturbances (Accusative Plural). 

226. fides : credit. libidines : extravagant habits. Licentious- 
ness in the daily habits of tlie Romans was followed by the decay of 
family life. This circumstance, coupled with the bloodshed due to 
civil wars, had led to a decrease of the native population ; hence the 
words propaganda suboles : the population must be increased. 

227. dilapsa diffluxerunt : have become disordered and out of joint. 
This translation changes the Metaphor. See Note on 1. 100. 

228. non recusandum . . . quin : inevitable that, lit. not to be refused 
but that. 

230. fuisset : might prove to be. The form represents the Fut. Per- 
fect from the ante bellum point of view. 

231. praesidia : safeguards. 

232. togatus : that is, si togatus fuisset, Unreal Protasis. 

239. doctorum hominum : philosophers, particularly of the Stoic 
school, who taught indifference to death. 

240. noli . . , sapiens : be not wise (i.e. a philosopher) at our risk. 
242. turn audirem : would admit it on this condition. 

249. quamvis sapiens : however wise. 

252. enim: for the position, see (x. (L. Ed.) 484, r. ; B. 350, 8. 

257. si quidem: G. 595, r. 5 ; A, & Gr. 155, c; H. 507, 111. 3, n. 2. 

258. in . . . meritorum : services {done) to. 

260. pars . . . actus : terms borrowed from the stage. 

261. elaborandum est : {your) ivork must be wrought out, 

265. dicito : you shall say. The Second Impv. looks forward to con- 
tingent fulfilment, the contingency here being implied in turn, two lines 
above. lioc ipsum diu : this {loord) '' long " itself. in quo : = 

si in eo. 

270. tua vita : predicate Nominative. 

274. huic . . . oportet : to this (i.e. to posterity) you must devote your- 
self, to this shoiv your true character. 

278. munera: your games, i.e. the public shows which he had given 
as a magistrate. 

280. vagabitur : like the restless spirit of one unburied. 

281. sedem : resting-place. The thought is, that Rome will have 
perished. 

284. aliquid requirent : tvill miss something. 

286. illud refers to belli civilis ; hoc, to salute patriae. fati : pred- 
icate Genitive. G. 366, r. 1 ; A. & G. 214, c; B. 198, 3 ; B. 402. 
So consili. 

288. baud scio an: probably, lit. I do not know but. 

297. multi dubitabant, etc. : these words expLain obscuritas (1. 296). 

27 



41 8 NOTES 

The question was whether to join Caesar or Pompey or to remain 
neutral, a question involving in some eases expediency (expediret), in 
otliere political decorum (deceret), and in still others the law itself 
(liceret). 

303. ab aliis ; hy some ; ab aliis : from others, 

310. unum velint : sliould he united in p^irpose. 

311. sanitatis : sound judgment. nisi te . . . manente : except with 
you safe, and adhering to tli at policy, etc. 

314. baec : these (institutions). 

319. oppositus : substantive, Accusative Plural. 

321. omnes : Nominative. maximas gratias agimus, maiores etiam 
habemus : ice express our greatest thanks, ive feel even more grateful 
(tlian we can say). 

325. cui necesse est : because he was a prominent member of the 
Senate and ex-consul as well as the personal friend of Marcellus. 

329. quod autem, etc. : moreover, (as for) that which is (the duty) of 
the deepest affection. mea : iii my case, lit. mine (Nominative). 

332. cum: while, Concessive. tain diu . . . quam diu : as long 

as. praestiterim : fulfilled. 

335. sic tibi gratias ago, ut . . . accesserit : a short way of saying, / 
thank you so Jieartily that I confess . . . has been added. 

336. omnibus me . . . ornato : notwithstanding my being not only 
spared but honored by you in all respects, Abl. Abs. with Concessive 
force. 



THE DEFENCE OF LIGAEIUS 

{Pro Ligario) 
PREFATORY NOTE 

1. The Pro Ligario was delivered in the Forum before Caesar as 
dictator in the year 46 B.C. See Prefatory Note, §1, of the Pro 
Mar cello. 

2. Ligarius. Like M. Marcellus (see the preceding oration), Quintus 
Ligarius had sided with Pompey against Caesar in the civil war. 
According to Cicero, he was the victim of circumstances. In the year 
50 B.C. he went to Africa as legatus to the propraetor C. Considius 
Longus, who at the close of his term left Ligarius in charge until 
his successor should arrive. In this position Ligarius was overtaken 
by the war, and was immediately pressed by the Pompeian partisans 



THE DEFEI^CE OP LIGARIUS 4I9 

around liim to assume the leadership of their party in Africa. This 
he did with reluctance. 

3. During the War. Shortly afterwards the first battle of the war in 
Italy went against the Pompeian commander, P. Attius Varus, who 
in consequence tied to Africa, and with slight authority usurped the 
governorship of that province, and placed Ligarius in command of the 
seacoast. Accordingly, when the regularly appointed governor, L. 
Aelius Tubero, appeared and tried to land, it fell to the lot of Ligarius 
to prevent his doing so. Although Tubero had on board of his ship 
his sick son Quint us (the present prosecutor), he was denied the privi- 
lege even of getting water. The war soon burst out in Africa, 
where the Pompeians for a while held their own against Caesar's 
lieutenant, and with the help of their ally, Juba, king of Numidia, 
won the first battle. Hence the province of Africa became and re- 
mained during the war a place of refuge for the Pompeians who were 
hard pressed elsewhere. Although Ligarius remained in Africa dur- 
ing this entire period, he played only a subordinate part in the events 
of tlie war. 

4. After the War. After the battle of Thapsus(46 B.C.), which killed 
the Pompeian cause, Caesar spared the life of Ligarius, but did not 
permit him to return to Italy. His brothers, however, who had re- 
mained neutral during the war, earnestly petitioned Caesar for the 
pardon of Ligarius. Their entreaties were seconded by many friends, 
among them Cicero. The story of the effect which Cicero's oratory 
had upon Caesar in his plea for his friend has been graphically told 
by Plutarch, and is quoted on page 192. Tw^o years later Ligarius 
was one of the conspirators who murdered his benefactor, and himself 
fell in the proscriptions of the Second Triumvirate (43 B.C.). 



1. In the ironical Exordium, Cicero belittles the importance of the 
charge brought against Ligarius, and at the same time indicates 
tlie two points of view from which he will conduct the defence : 
Caesar's humanity, and the equal guilt of the accuser and the accused 
in the matter charged (in Africa fuisse). 

2. propinquus mens : the exact relationship between Cicero and 
Tubero is not known. ad: hefore. 

3. Pansa : C. Vibius Pansa, one of Caesar's adherents, whose services 
had been enlisted in behalf of Ligarius. 

5. quo me vertam: ivhither to turn, Deliberative Question, depend- 
ing on nescio. 



420 NOTES 

6. cum: Causal. per te : th'dt iSy of your ow7i hiowledge. 

8. abuterer: take advantage of , with the Ablative. inimici: i.e. 
Tubero. 

9. quod latebat : subject of investigatum est. 

11. integrum : an open question {a doubtful matter). iam non : 
no longer. 

12. conferanda est ad: must he brought to bear on. 

13. liberationem culpae, errati veniam : Chiasmus. 

15. accusatori : Dative of the Agent. 

16. parte : side (political party). qua (twice) : with ea, best 
translated, the same with. For the Accusatives (te, virum) after the 
relative, see G. 641 ; A. & G. 336, a, i, r. (p. 372) ; H. 535, i. 5. 

18. confiteamini necesse est : G. 553, 4, r. ; A. & G. 331, /, r. ; B. 
295, S ; H. 502, i. prius . . . quam reprehendatis : G. 577 ; A. & G. 

327, a; B. 292, i, c; H. 520, i. 2. 

20. legatus : (as) legatus. 

24. quemquam alium : the provincial governor at the expiration of 
his term usually left his quaestor in charge until the succeeding gov- 
ernor arrived ; but Cicero says that in this case everybody insisted on 
Ligarius* being thus put in charge. 

26. cui : tliat is, provinciae. in pace : in (a time of) peace. 

29. cupiditate inconsiderata : heedless 2^cissio7i ; timore : panic. These 
words are ans\fere(l in chiastic order by salutis, and 8tvidi(party zeal). 
The Genitives limit ducem (as leader). 

31. cum: this is CMmlnversum, introducing the main thought of the 
sentence. 

32. suos : his (friends). implicari : to become entangled. 

33. praetor : that is. jn-opraetor. obtinuerat : had held, some 
years before. 

35. ille : that is. Varus. si illud, etc. : because his term as pro- 

praetor had long since expired. imperium is predicate Nomina- 

tive. 

37. nullo publico consilio : ivithout the sanction of the authorities (i.e. 
of the Senate). 

38. qui cuperet : Causal relative. 

40. culpa: Ablative. G. 405 ; A. & G. 243, a; B. 214, i, c; H. 
414, T. 

43. ei : that is, provinciae. 

46. voluntatem : intent. 

47. tempora : periods. 

48. crimine : for the case, see Note on 1. 40. 

50. quod : during which, Accusative of Extent in Time. 



I 



THE DEFENCE OF LIGARIUS 421 

53. concordissimis : tliorouglily congenial. 
56. hie : in these circumstances, lit. here. 
59. alienae a : estranged from {hostile to). 

63. defendit : pleads in defence, in . . . non fuisse : that is, did not 
entertain. 

66. quam non : how little. 

74. ex Aegypto : after the battle of Pharsalia (Aug. 48 B.C.), which 
resulted in Pompey's utter defeat by Caesar, Cicero returned to Italy. 
He remained at Brundisium for ten months (Xov. 48 — Sept. 47) in 
great uncertainty for the future until he received from Caesar a letter 
written in a friendly spirit, ignoring the part that Cicero had taken 
i\\ the war. At this time Caesar was in Egypt, where he had been en- 
gaged in the campaign known as the Alexandrian War. 

75. imperator : originally this term designated one ^Yho possessed an 
independent command (imperium), and later was the title of any vic- 
torious general. It was first assumed as a permanent title by Caesar. 
In the last-named sense Cicero here applies it to Caesar, while the 
words esse me alterum are used in allusion to his own victory over 
some mountain tribes during liis proconsulship in Cilicia (51-50 B.C.), 
for which he was proclaimed imperator by his soldiers. After return- 
ing from his province in 50 B.C., Cicero retained his imperium, of 
which the fasces laureati (1. 78) were the symbol, in the hope that the 
Senate would grant him a triumph for his victory. The Senate was, 
however, too busy at this time with its grievances against Caesar to 
attend to Cicero's claim. 

79. se putavit reddere, si . . . dedisset : thought that he ivas restoring, 
etc., if he gave {should give), etc.; that is, Caesar thought that full 
restitution to Cicero demanded that he should be shorn of none of his 
honors. 

81. ut : how. 

82. dubitem : supply confiteri. de Ligari : supply facto. 

87. ad meum aliquem fructum : to some advantage of mine (some- 
ivhat to my advantage). 

91. quid enim . . . agebat : ivhat ivas the aim of that sword of yours 
drawn, etc. {ivhat was your aim in draiving that sword, etc.) ? 
Tuberous opposition to Caesar at the battle of Pharsalia, says Cicero, 
was inconsistent with his present course. 

97. egimus : for the meaning, see the preceding Note. 

98. quod hie potest nos possemus : ive might have the power which he 
(Caesar) possesses. 

99. laus : the glory. eorum ipsorum : limits oratio. 

102. ingenio : Tubero's father was a man of some literary taste. 



422 NOTES 

103. genus . . . quod esset : that is, its inhumanity, as the speaker 
proceeds to show. The Subjv. indicates an Indirect Question. 

104. isto modo : in the ivay you are doing, lit. in that manner of yours. 

108. vis : maintain (admit). admirabilia : strange, 

109. vim: object. The thouglit is, that by voluntary exile a Roman 
could usually escape the death-penalty, but, as Ligarius was already 
in exile, the only aim that the present prosecution could have in view 
was the death-penalty itself. 

112. levium: volatile, a favorite epithet as applied to the Greeks in 
contrast with gravis as applied to the Roman character. 

119. vis : from volo. istud . . . isto : compare Note on 1. 104. 
apud: under. 

120. dictatorem : that is, Sulla, wlio in his dictatorship offered blood- 
money to those who liunted down his enemies ; hence the words 
praemiis invitabat. 

122. quae crudelitas . . . vindicata est: Caesar (ab hoc eodem) in G4 
B.C. as president of the court that tried cases of assassination brought 
to justice some of the agents of Sulla's proscriptions (81 B.C.). 

126. novi : the verb. 

127. generis : refers probably to the gens (Aelian), as familiae to the 
family belonging to the gens, of which tlie Tuberos were members. 
The full name of the prosecutor was Q. Aelius Tubero. 

128. virtutis, etc. : for virtue, etc., Objective Genitives. 
136. strati : Perfect Passive Participle, Nominative Plural. 
138. iacentis : Accusative Plural agreeing with nos. 

141. cave ignoscas : G. 271, 2 ; A. & G. 2G9, a, 3 ; B. 276, c; H. 
489, 2. 

146. quod : that ivhich, relative ; quid would have required sentiam 
(Indirect Question). Compare quid loquar two lines below. 

148. per te : that is, tua sponte. Cicero intimates that Caesar was 
more humane than his followers wished him to be. 

149. essent : would there he, in the case supposed. 

150. de victoribus : among {lit. from) the victors. The phrase is used 
for the Part. Genitive after multi ; so de victis following. qui 
vellent : Impf. because a necessary part of the Unreal notion, whereas 
reperiantur (after Causal cum) states an independent truth. The sub- 
ject of the latter (such) is to be supplied out of the preceding relative 
clause. 

155. lionesto : well-meaning. 

156. saluti esse : to save ; lit. to he for safety, Dat. of the Object For 
Which. hominis: human; lit. (the part) of a human heing, Pred. 
Genitive. , 



THE DEFENCE OF LIGARIUS 423 

159. alicuins : somebody's (business) ; so eius following. For the 
case, see the preceding Xote. 

160. aliud : one thing ; aliud : another {a different) thing. 

163. nee vox liomiiiis, etc. : this is the language neither of a human 
being nor {to be used) toward a human being. 

166. aditus : step, that is, in representing the case to Caesar. 

168. dubito, admiratus sis, adferret : notice the sequence, shifting 
from Primary to Secondary through the Pf. Subjv. as connecting 
link. quod: that {because), 

170. adferret : the predicate of each clause after vel. 

172. qui durius, etc. : a short way of saying qui appellant earn durius 
(by a rather harsh name), appellant earn spem, etc. 

180. fuerint : grant that they icere, Concessive Subjunctive. Gr. 
264 ; A. k G. 266, c; B. 278; H. 484, m. 

184. contumeliam : so Caesar regarded and called the action of the 
Senate in opposing him before the outbreak of the war. Cicero is 
merely quoting him. 

187. idne agebas : was that your aim ? ut tibi . . . conveniret : to 

come to terms ivith, etc. 

190. ut : liJce, indicating an imputed quality. 

194. hostile : that is, hostium ; civile : that is, civium. 

196. principum : of the leaders, that is, Caesar and Pompey. 

199. parte: side. posset: Subjv. of Characteristic. 

204. utrum : ivhich of the two things, interrogative pronoun. 

206. poteramusne : could ive help (non) going P non venire is sup- 
plied from the preceding sentence. 

213. in vobis : in yaur case ; similarly in aliis. 

214. Tuberonis sors : referring to the elder Tubero. Provinces were 
assigned by lot to those who were to govern them. 

218. contubernales : in the Social War (90-88 B.C.), in which Cicero 
served for a short time. 
221. quidam: this is thought to refer to M. Marcellus. 

226. occupatam : that is, by Varus. 

227. crimen : charge ; in the next sentence, however, it means crime. 

229. natam: naturally fitted. 

230. aliquem se : that is, Varus. 

231. is aliquis : that somebody, the pronoun being used as a sub- 
stantive. 

236. si essetis : supply recepti. tradituri fuistis . . . retenturi : 

G. 597, R. 3 ; A. & G. 3*08, d; B. 304, 3, b ; H. 511, 2. 

241. cuius. . .interfuit: whose interest it was that he, etc. G. 381 ; 
A. & G. 222 ; B. 211 ; H. 408, i. and 11. 



424 NOTES 

242. non enim, etc. : that is, such a course, since it would have been 
dishonorable, would not have received Caesars approval. 

247, huic victoriae: that is, huius (=r Caesaris) victoriae (DaJtive). 

245. rex : Juba, king of Numidia, as a friend of Pompey's cause, 
gained a victory over Curio, Caesar's lieutenant, in 49 b.c. After 
Thapsus (46 b.c.) he committed suicide. huic causae : compare 

the preceding Note on huic victoriae. 

249. aliena voluntas: an unfriendly seniiment. conventus : cor- 

porations, a name given to Roman citizens in provincial towns asso- 
ciated for trade and other purposes. 

254. cuius . . . secuti . . . veneratis : in obedience /o(lit. following) whose 
authority you had gone to join in the ivar. 

255. quod si . . . veniebatis . . . venissetis : now if (it had been) on 
Caesar's account (that) you were going, etc. Notice the blending of 
the true and the untrue : they did go (hence the Indie, veniebatis), but 
not for Caesars sake. 

260. vel cum mendacio : even falsely, Abl. of Manner. gloriemini 

per me licet : you may boast for all I care. 

266. quamvis ipse probarem : howerer I might personally (ipse) op- 
prore it. Ci. GOG ; A. & G. 313, a; B. 309, i ; 11. 515, iii. 

270. quotus quisque : hoiv many would have done as you did (istud, 
Demonstrative of the Second Person) — return (lit. so as to return) to 
the very men by whose party, etc. 

272. cum crudelitate: because, nltliough the younger Tubero was ill 
aboard the sliip. the })arty was not allowed to land. 

273. magni cuiusdam animi : (t/ie mark), I may say, of a great soul, 
Predicate Genitive. Observe the force of quidam. Of course, the 
words are ironical. 

276. ut . . . fuissent : Concessive. Tuberoni : Dat. of Posses- 

sion. 
279. iusto : legitimate, because conferred by the Senate. 
281. iners : that is, his family was neutral. 

287. praesidiis : the lines (of Pompey's camp). 

288. an ut fit, etc. : the text is defective. The meaning seems to be 
— or, as happens in civil ivars, [was there in our party zeal a sincere 
desire for peace 9] iVb more in your case than, etc. 

291. erat enim amentis, etc. : '^ for it was a madman'' s act, dreaming 
of peace, ivhen you saw the troops in battalia " (Lane). videres : 

Potential of the Past in the Ideal Second Person. 

293. ubi tibi esset pereundum nisi vicisses : not the Unreal Condition 
(since Tubero neither perished nor conquered) but the Logical Condi- 
tion in Partial Obliquity, representing Tubero's point of view when in 



1 



THE DEFENCE OF LIGARIUS 425 

Pompey's camp ("I must perish unless I conquer, shall have con- 
quered " ). 

301. qui . . . putetis : in supposing, Causal relative. 

3C3. tibi videor : do you think that J, etc., addressed to Caesar. 

304. summam : supt^eme test. 

306. egi : pleaded, 

307. ratio honorum tuorum : the plan of your official career. 

309. si umquam posthac : if ever he does so again. The sentence is 
purposely left unfinished as in the language of daily life. 

312. taceo : virtual Apodosis to the Protases implied in the preced- 
ing Imperatives. G. 593, 4 ; A. & G. 310, b ; B. 305, 2 ; H. 507, 
III. I. haec : these arguments. 

314. oppressus : overtaken. 

319. adroganter : supply oro or peto. tu idem . . . dedisti : do you 

tvho have given us hope, also (idem) give us help. Note the Assonance 
in opem and spem. 

324. tui necessarii : your dear friends (e.g. Pansa). 

326. causas : that is, the grounds of the petition. 

327. quam tuus necessarius : how much your friend. 

328. quam illius : as {the friend) of him. 

337. Sabinos : friends and relatives of Ligarius from the Sabine 
country (agrum Sabinum), of which he was a native. 
340. T. BroccM: uncle to Ligarius ; see 1. 115. 

342. squalorem : it was usual for the friends of a Roman when on 
trial to put on old and filthy garments as mourning to excite pity for 
his case. 

343. unius : that is, of only one person. 
349. vox: saying. 

351. te omnis, etc. : supply putare. tuos : your (friends). 

352. hunc splendorem omnium : this illustrious throng. 

355. tecum: because as neutrals they were, according to Caesar's 
vox, his friends. 

357. tuis suos : to your {friends) their {friends). suos is used 
here in its emphatic sense, not referring to the subject of the sen- 
tence. 

366. noverit : translate as Present. quidvis . . . sequerentur : that 

anything you choose {can imagine) would have happened sooner than 
that, etc. G. 644, r. 3 ; A. & G. 332, I. 

368. voluntate : hy inclination, Abl. of Respect ; tempestate : hy 
stress of circumstances, Abl. of Means. 

370. ierit : Concessive Subjunctive. So dissenserit. 

373, qualis . . , fuerit ; that is, how he behaved as city praetor. He 



426 NOTES 

befriended Caesar in some way when the latter was in Gaul. T. Li- 
gariiis was brother to the accused. 

376. animi, ingeni : the first refers to the heart, the second to tlie 
head. 

383. utrisque Ms : for the more common utrique horum, referring to 
individuals. 

386. homine nobilissimo, etc. : that is, M. Marcellus ; see the pie- 
ceding oration. 

395. homines ad deos, etc.: compare "And earthly power doth then 
show likest God's, When mercy seasons justice " {3Ier. of Ven. 
iv. i). 

399. forsitan postulet : perhaps may demand, Potential Subjunctive. 
G. (L. Ed.) 457, 2, n.; A. & G. 311, a, n. 3 ; B. 280 ; H. p. 267, foot- 
note 1. 



VOCABULARY 



All the long vowels in this vocabulary are marked. 



A., abbreviation for Aulus, a Roman 
praenomen or forename. 

a. d., for ante diem. See ante. 

a, ab, abs (a before cons., ab before 
vows, and some cons., always before ^, 
abs in abs t5 and absque), prep, with 
abl. from, away from (opp. to ad). 
Of place, direction of motion, from, 
away from ; without motion, of separa- 
tion and distance, with vbs. like abesse, 
distare, and advs. like longe, procul, 
prope. Esp. of the point of view 
from which, in, on^ at (e.g. a tergo, in 
the rear). Of time, from, since, after. 
Of the agent with passive vbs. by, on 
the part of. With vbs. of expecting, 
fearing, hoping, etc., showing the source, 
from. With many vbs. only implying 
separation, and with adjs. of kindred 
meaning. 

abdico, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab + dico] 
1 tr. disavow; abdicate^ resign, give up. 

abditus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of abdo] adj. 

hidden, concealed ; secret, secluded, re- 
mote. 

abdo, -dere, -didi, abditum [ab+do] 

ZX.v.]mt away, remove; conceal, hide ; 
reflex, abdere se, betake one's self, hide 
one''s set f in, bury one'^s self in. 

abdtico, -dticere, -dtixi, abductum, 
[ab + du30] 3 tr. lead away, lead aside, 
lead off, carry off ; lead astray; draw 
away, witlidraw. 

abeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, abitum, fut. part. 
abiturus, [ab + eo] irr. intr. go away, 
go off, depart, leave, go ; jyass away, 
vanish, cerse, expire. 

aberro, -are, -avi, — , [ab + erro] i 



intr. wander away^ go astray, deviate 

from ; wander in thought. 

abhorreo, -ere, -ui, — , [ab+horreo] 

2 tr. and intr. shrink from, have a violent 
aversion for, shudder at, abhor; dffer 
from, be inconsistent icith, be out ofhar- 
mony with, be at variance with, le averfie 
to ; be not connected with. 

abicio, -icere, -ieci, abiectum [ab + 
iacio] 3 tr. cast away, throw away, 
throw down ; give up, abandon ; reflex. 
abicere se, throw one's self down, pros- 
trate one's self, abandon one''s self, give 
up in despair. 

abiectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of abicio] adj. 
cast down, downcast, dispirited, de- 
spondent, overwhelmed, broken; low, 
mean; abject, fallen, worthless, vile. 

abiudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab + 
itidico] 1 tr. deprive by judicial deci- 
sion, adjudge away. 

abiungo, -iungere, -itinxi, abiunc- 
tum, [ab + iungo] 3 tr. unyoke; re- 
move, pait, detach. 

abnuo, -nuere, -nui, , fut. part, ab- 

nuittirus, [ab + nuo] 3 tr. and intr. 
refuse by a sign ; refuse, decline, reject ; 
deny, dissent. 

abripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, [ab + 
rapio] 3 tr. take away forcibly, snatch 
away ; carinj off, rernxwe ; drag away, 
hurry off. 

abrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab+rogo] 

1 tr. repeal, amiul, ablegate; depose, 
removefrom. 

abrumpo, -rumpere, -rtipi, abruptum, 
[ab + rumpo] 3 tr. breakof, break away, 
sever, tear. 

abs, see a. 



428 



VOCABULARY 



abscido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, [abs + 
caedoj 3 tr. cut off^ hew off ; separate, 
diride ; tear away. 

absconditus,-a,-um, [pf.p. of abscondo] 

adj. hidden, co?iceaIed, secret ; hard to 
see or to grasp, ohscui^e. 

abscondo, -condere, -condi, abscondi- 
tum, [abs^•cond6] 3 tr. Jdde, conceal ; 
in < ike a Stcret of. 

absens, -entis, [pr.p. of absum] adj. 
absent, away ; in one's absence, 2vhile 
absent, though absent. 

absimilis, -e, [ab + similis] adj. unlike, 
dissimilar. 

absisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , [ab + sist6] 

3 intr. withdraw from, go away ; desist 
from, leave off ; keep away from, stand 
aloof 

absolutio, -onis, [absolvo] f. as judicial 

term, acquittal ; completeness, perfec- 
tion. 

absolvo, -solvere, -solvi, absolutum, 
Lab + solvoJ 3 tr. set free, discharge; 
acquit, declare innocent ; complete, per- 
fect. 

absterges, -terggre, -tersi, -tersum, 
[abs + terge5, wipe of] 2 tr. wipe off, 
2vipe away: dnve away, banish. 

abstinentia, -ae, [abstingns, from ab- 
stineoj f. a lef raining from, ab- 
stinence, self- restraint ; integrity. 

abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, abstentum, 
[abs + teneo] 2 tr. and intr. keep back, 
hold off\ withhold ; reflex, abstinere 
se, keep one's self from, refrain, abstain 
from, absent one's self. 

abstrabo, -ere, abstraxi, abstractum, 
[abs + traho] 3 tr. drag off\ draw aivay; 
withdraw, divert ; cut off, exclude. 

absum, abesse, afui, fut. part, afuturus, 
[ab + sum] irr. intr. be away from, be 
absent, be far from, be distant; be free 
from; be disinclined to; be unsuitable, 
be inapprop7iate. tantum abest ut 
. . . ut, so far from . . . that. 

abundantia, -ae, [abundo] f. plenty, 
abundance. 

abundo, -are, -avi, , [ab + undo, 

from unda, ^vave] 1 tr. overfloiv ; 



abound in, be rich in, jmssess in abun- 
da7ice, enjoy. 

abutor, -titi, -usus sum, [ab + utor] 3 

dep. use up; take advantage of, turn to 
account; misuse, abuse, outrage. 
ac, see atque. 

accedo, -cedere, -cSssi, accSssum, [ad 
+ cedo] 3 intr. 7nove toivards, come to, 
come up, draw near, approach; happen, 
befall J accede, assent to, approve; cmne 
near, resemble, be like ; enter upon, un- 
dertake; be added. accedit quod, 
thei'e is the additional fact that, more- 
over, then again. 

accelero (adc-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad 
+ celer6, from celer] l tr. and intr. 
hasten, quicken; make haste, hurry. 

accgssus, -us, [accSdo] m. a cmning 

near, approach. 

accido, -cidere, -cidi, — , [ad + cado] 

3 intr. fall uj)on, fall; reach, come to; 
come to pass, happen, take jylace, occur ; 
turn out, result. 

accido, -cidere, -cidi, accisum, [ad + 
caedo] 3 tr. cut, cut into ; imjMir, 
weaken. 

accipio, -cipere, -c6pi, acceptum, [ad 
+ capi6] 3 tr. take, receive, accept ; ad- 
mit, welcmne ; meet ivith, suffer, un- 
dergo, experiencg ; hear, learn, under- 
stand; undertake, assume. 

Accius (Attius), -i, m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. Esp. L. Accius, 
a Latin tragic poet of the second cen- 
tury B.C. 

accommodatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of ac- 
commodoj adj. suitable, ft, adapted, 

suited, appropriate ; useful. 

accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
commodo, from commodus] l tr.^^, 
adapt, adjust, accommodate to; apply, 
bring forward; with reflex, adapt one's 
self, conform to. 

accubo, -are, — , — , [ad + cubo] l 

intr. lie at or near, lie beside ; recline 
at table. 

accurate, [acctiratus, carefully wrought^ 
adv. with care, carefully, with pains- 
taking care ; precisely, exactly. 



abscido— addictus 



429 



acctisatio, -onis, [acctiso] f. accusation, 
jvosecution, hidictineni, arraignment, 
prosecutor's speech. 

accusator, -oris, [accusQ] m. accuser, 
prosecutor, inlaintiff. 

acctiso, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + causa] 

1 tr. Uame, find fault with, reproach, 
accuse : bring to trial, arraign, indict, 
prosecute. 

acer, acris, acre, adj. sharp, piercing; 
Utter, harsh ; shrewd, sagacious ; ac- 
tive, eager, keen, brave ; spirited, zeal- 
ous ; hasty, passionate, violent, fierce, 
severe. 

acerbe, [acerbus] adv. bitterly, harshly, 
cruelly; sharply, severely ; painfully, 
grievously, ivith sorrow. 

acerbitas, -atis, [acerbus] i. bitterness, 
harshness ; severity ; PI. grief, an- 
guish, mfi'eHngs, sorrows, affliction. 

acerbus, -a, -um, [acer] adj. sharp to 
the taste, bitter ; harsh, severe, hard, 
cruel ; vigorous, burdensome, grievaus, 
distressing. 

acerrime (acerrume), supe?!. of acriter. 

acervus, -i, m. heap, pile / great num- 
ber or quantity, multitude, mass. 

Acbaia, -ae, [Gr. 'Axaia] f. a Roman 
province incladicg the Peloponnesus 
and north Greece as far as Thessaly. 

Achaicus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Axai«o?] adj. 
of Achaia, Achaean, Grecian. 

Acbaius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Axaio?] adj. 
Achaean, Grecian. 

Achilles, -is, ['Ax^^^^^?] m. Achilles, 
the famous Grecian legendary hero of 
the Trojan \^r. 

acies, -ei, f. sharp point or edge: keen- 
ness of glance, shaipness of sight ; line 
of battle, battle array ; battle, engage- 
ment; acuteness of mind, force, power . 

Acilius, -i, a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. M. Acilius Glabrio, a 
tribune of the people. See Glabrio. 

acq-, see adq-. 

acriter, [acer] adv. sharply, fiercely ; 
keenly, precisely; energetically, vigor- 
ously; zvith spirit, actively, eagerly. 



zealously; passionately, severely. Vio- 
lently, cjmelly. 

acroama,-atis, [a/cpoa/aa, from a.Kpoa.0- 
/xat, listert] n. entertainment for the ear, 
entertainment; musician, reader, story- 
teller, buffoon. 

actio, -onis, [ago] f. a doing, perfoi^m- 
ing, action; public acts, official conduct; 
suit at law, action, prosecution; trial, 
hearing. 

actor, -oris, [ago] m. doer, perfm'vier, 
actor; plaintiff, prosecutor, pleader. 

actum, -i, [ago] n. deed, act, transac- 
tion ; decree, laiv; pi. records, proceed- 
ings. 

actus, -us, [ago] m. a driving ; act of 
a play ; achievement. 

acuo, -uere, -ui, acutum, 3 tr. sharpen; 
stimulate, arouse, excite, spur on. 

acus, -us, f . needle. 

ad, prep, with ace. to; of motion and di- 
rection, to, toicards, up to, against ; of 
place, at, near, in the vicinity of, to the 
house of (= apud) ; of time, at, by, to- 
ward, about, till, until, hence ; of pur- 
pose, /w, in order to, for the purpose 
of ; of other relations, for, with regard 
to, in respect to, in accordance ivtth; in 
addition to; about, almost, nearly. 

a. d., see ante. 

adaequo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + aequo] 

1 tr. and intr. make equal to, match ; 
attain to, keep up with. 

adamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + amo] 

1 tr. fall in love with, take a fancy to, 
desire greatly, covet ; admire exceed- 
ingly, approve highly. 

adaugeo, -auggre, -auxi, -auctum, 
[ad + augeo] 2 tr. add to, increase, 
augment. 

adc-, see acc-. 

addico, -dicere, -dixi, addictum, [ad + 
dico] 3 tr. give (ussent ; adjudge, as- 
sign; devote, give up, sacrifice, betray. 

addictio, -onis, [addico] f. an adjudg- 
ing, award. 

addictus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of addico] adj. 



430 



VOCABULARY 



assigned to one for debt, given, over to, 
bound; devoted, sacrificed. 

addo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ad + do] 3 

tr. put to, attach to. join to, bring to, 
add; increase, augmoit. 

adduce, -ducere, -dtixi, -ductum, [ad 
+ duco] 3 tr. lead to, draw to, bring, 
lead, conduct; induce, incite, influence, 
persuade, prevail iipon. 

adeo, -Ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, [ad + eo] 

irr. tr. and intr. go to, come to, approach; 
e?iter upon, undertake, take part in, iake 
possession of; undergo, expose one's self 
to. Submit to; encounter, incur. 

adeo, [ad + eoj adv. to this, thus far ; so, 
so much, so very, to such a degree; even, 
indeed. usque adeo, even to such a 
degree, even so far. atque adeo, and 
even, and in fact, <t ill further, still more, 
OT rather, adeo nSn, so little. 

adeps, -ipis, c-fat; i)lur. corpulence. 

adfabrg iaff-\ [ad + faber,«/^(/?6-^/] adv. 
i?i a ivorknianlike manner, skilfully, 
cunningly. 

adfecto (aff-), -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
of adficioj 1 Ir. strive after, strive to 
obtain, dim at, pursue. 

adfectus (aff-), -a, -um, [pfp. of adficio] 
adj. furnished, provided, endowed, 
gifted ; impaired, xveakened, infirm ; 
affected, disposed, inclined. 

adfero (aff-), -ferre, attuli, allatum or 
adlatum, [ad + fero] irr. tr. bring to, 
biing, carry; convey to, introduce; ap- 
ply, use, exercise ; bring ivord of, an- 
nounce, report ; bring forward, allege, 
assign ; produce, cause, bring about ; 
contribute, offer. 

adficio (aff-), -ficere, -feci, adfectum, 
[ad + facio] 3 tr. do to, treat, use, man- 
age ; ccmse to, produce in, fill with ; af- 
fect, infiuence ; visit with, infiict upon^ 
afflict; impair, weaken, break down. 

adfigo (aff-), -figere, -fixi, -fixum, [ad + 
figo] 3 tr. fasten, attach, affix ; ci'u- 
cify- 

adfingo (aff-), -fingere, -finxi, -fictum, 
[ad + fingo] 3 tr. attach; bestow, con- 
tribute; add falsely, invent besides. 



adflnis (aff-),-e, [ad + finis] adj. adjoin- 
ing, neighboring, bordering on; con- 
nected with, implicated in, accessoi^j to; 
rdated by marriage. As subst. adflnis, 
-is, c. relation by marriage. 

adfirmo (aff- ), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
firmo] 1 tr. strengthen ; confirm, en- 
courage ; collaborate, assert positively, 
maintain, declare. 

adflicto (aff-), -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
of adfligoj 1 tr. break to pieces, shatter; 
crush, suppress, put an end to ; trouble, 
dist?-ess, harass, toinnent. 

adflictus (aff-), -a, -um, [pf .p.of adfligo] 
adj. cast down, prostrated, broken, shat- 
tered, ruined; dejected, discouraged, 
disheartened, distressed, wretched. 

adfligo (aff-), -fligere, -flixi, adflic- 
tum, [ad + fligoj 3 tr. dash upon, over- 
throw, shatter ; ruin, damage, injure ; 
harass, distress; dishearten. 

adfluens (aff-), -entis, [pr.p. of adfluo], 
adj. abounding ; rich in, replete tviUi, 
full of; abundant, copious, plentifid. 

adfluo (aff-), -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxum, [ad 

+ fluoJ 3 intr.^o;^ to, Jlow by ; abound; 

^vith abl. fiow with, be overfiowing, be 

full of, abound in. 
adg-. Bee agg-. 
adhaeresco, -ere, adhaesi, , [inch. 

of adhaereo, stick to'\ 3 intr. adhere to, 

cling to. 

adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad + habeo] 

2 tr. hold to, apply ; furnish, offer, ren- 
der, bestow ; summon, consult ; employ, 
use, exercise. 
adhtic, [ad + hue] adv. up to this time, 
until now, heretofore, hitherto, as yet ; 
thus far, up to this point. 

adimo, -ere, ademi, adgmptum, [ad + 
emo] 3 tr. take away, take from, remove 
from, deprive of, rob of. 

adipiscor, -ipisci, adeptus sum, [ad + 
apiscor, reach'] 3 dep. arrive at, reach; 
attain, obtain, get; win, gain, secure. 

aditus, -us, [adeo], m. a going to, ap- 
proach; access, privilege of admittance; 
way of approach, entrance, avenue, 
passage. 






addo— adquiro 



431 



adiumentum, -i, [for adiuvamentum, 
from adiuvo] u. lieli}^ aid, assistance, 
support. 

adiungo, -ere, aditinxi, adiunctum, 
[ad+iungo] 3 tr. join to, attach to, 
annex, add ; unite to, unite with, as- 
sociate ; win over, gain, secure ; apply, 
confer. 

adiutor, -oris, [adiuvo] m. helper, as- 
sistant, abettor, confederate, accom- 
plice. 

adititrix, -icis, [adiuvo] f. female assist- 
ant, a€Comj)lice, abettoi\ 

adiuvo, -iuvare, -iuvi, adiutum, [ad + 
iuvo] 1 tr. help, assist, aid, help on, be 
of assistance to ; further, supp^ort, sus- 
tain. 

adlego (all-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
lego] 1 tr. despatch, commissio'n, depute, 
charge. 

adlicio (all-\ -licere, -lexi, -lectum, 
[ad + lacio] 3 tr. allure, entice to ; at- 
tract, influence, persuade. 

adlino Call-^ -linere, -levi, -litum, [ad 
+ lino, besmear'] 3 tr, besmear ; cover, 
attach to, impart to. 

adluo (all-\ -luere, -lui, , [ad + 

luo] 3 tr. flow near to, icash against. 

administer, -tri, [ad + minister] m. 

attendant, assistant, helper; tool, in- 
strument, hii^eling. 

administra, -ae, [administer] f. fe- 
male assistant, servant, handmaid. 

administro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
ministro, from minister] l tr. man- 
age, conduct, administer, guide, direct, 
control, regulate. 

admirabilis, -e, [admiror] adj. worthy 
of admiiation, admirable; wonderful, 
astonishing, strange. 

admirandus, -a, -um, [fut. part, of ad- 
miror] adj. to be admired, to be won- 
dered at; surprising, strange. 

admiratio, -onis, [admiror] f. admira- 
tion; wonder, astonishment, surprise. 

admiror, -ari, -atus sum, [ad + miror] 

1 dcp. regard with icondering approval, 
admire, wonder at; wonder, be aston- 
ished. 



admitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, [ad 
+ mitto] 3 tr. send to, let go to; let 
come, admit, receive; give access, grant 
admittance, grant an audience; let be 
done, allow, permit; incur the Uame of, 
become guilty of, perpetrate, commit. 

admodum, [ad + modum] adv. to the 
limit; fully, entirely, at least, quite; 
very, rery much, exceedingly. 

admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad+moneo] 

2 tr. remind, put in mind of , suggest; 
advise, admonish, urge, warn; ejijoin, 
bid. 

admonitus, -us, [admoneo] m. only abl. 
sing, reminder, suggestion, wai^ning, 
request. 

admoveo, -movere, -movi,-motum, [ad 
+ moveo] 2 tr. move to, carry, conduct, 
lead; approach, draw near; apply, di- 
rect to. 

admurmuratio, -onis, [admurmuro, 

murmur'] f. murmuring, murmur of 
approved or disapproval. 

adnumero (ann->, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad 
+ numero] 1 tr. add to; count out to, 
pay; count, rec'kon, consider. 

adnuo (ann-), -nuere, -nui, — , [ad + 
nuo] 3 intr. ru)d to, make a sign to, nod; 
nod assent, signify appr&val, assent; 
jiromise, grant. 

adolescens, see adulescens. 

adolescentia, see adulescentia. 

adolesco, -ere, adolevi, adultum, 3 intr. 
groiu up, come to maturity, mature, 
ripen ; grow, increase, become greater. 

adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, [ad + 
orior] 4 dep. rise up against ; attack, 
fall upon, assault, assail; undertake^ 
engage in. 

adorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + orno] 
1 tr. ^rrc/vide. furnish. flt out, equip, pre- 
pare ; decorate, adorn. 

adp-, see app-. 

adquiesco (acq-), -quiescere, -qui6vi, 
-quietum, [ad + quiesco] 3 intr. be- 
come quiet, come to rest, be at rest ; rest, 
have peace, repose; be content or satis- 
fled, flnd pleasure in . 

adquiro (acq-), -quirere, -quisivi,- qui- 



432 



VOCABULARY 



si turn, iad h quaere] 3 tr. get in addi- 
tion, oUainov get besides, add ; acquire, 
gain, secure. 
adripio (arr-), -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, 
[ad + rapio] 3 tr. catch hurriedly, 
snatchy seize; seize upon, appropriate. 

adrogans (arr-), -antis, [pr.p. of ad- 
rogo] adj. presumptuous, arrogant; 
liaught\i, proud. 

adroganter (arr-), [adrogans, from 
adrogo] adv. ivith presumption, pre- 
suwptuouslij ; arrogantly, haughtily. 

adrogo (arr-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
rogo] 1 tr. associate with ; appro- 
priate, claim as oue's own. 

adsc-, see asc-. 

adsgnsio (ass-), -onis, [adsentior] f. 

assent, agreement, approval. 

adsentio, -sentire, -sensi, -s6nsum, 
[ad + sentioj 4 intr., also dep. adsen- 
tior, -iri, adsensus sum, assent, give 
assiiit, approve, agree unth or to. 

adsequor (ass-), -sequi, -sectitus sum, 
[ad + sequor] 3 dep. follow up, ove?'- 
take ; come up to, reach, obtain, gain ; 
effect, accomplish ; comprehend, under- 
stand. 

adservo (ass-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
servo] 1 tr. icatch over, keep. j)rese?re ; 
guard carefully, Irep under close guard. 

adsido lass-), -sidere, -s6di, — , [ad + 

Sido, sit down] 3 intr. take a seat, sit 
doum. 

adsidue (ass-), [adsiduus] adv. con- 
stantly, continually, ^inceasingly, unin- 
teiTuptedly. 

adsiduitas (ass-), -atis [adsiduus] f. 
constant attendance ; unremitting ser- 
vice, devotion ; continuance, constancy, 
repetition. 

adsiduus (ass-), -a, -um, [adsideo, sit 

near], adj. attending, continually pres- 
ent, burned ; constant, continual, un- 
ceasing, unremitting, indefatigable. 

adsigno (ass-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
signo, cf. signum] l tr. allot, assign, 
award ; ascribe, attrilmte, impute. 

adsp-, see asp-. 



adsto, see asto. 

adsuefacio (ass-), -facere, -f6ci, -fac- 
tum, [adsuetus, from adsuesco, ac- 
custom, + facio] 3 tr. accustom, habit- 
uate, inure. Pass, be accustomed, be 
used to. 

adsum, -esse, -fui, — , [ad + sum] irr. 
intr. be at or near, be by, be at hand, be 
present ; stand by, aid, assist, supjioi^t, 
sustain ; appear, attend ; be close by, be 
at hand, impend. 

adt-, see att-. 

adul6sc6ns, -entis, [pr.p. of adolesco] 

adj. young, youthful. As subst. e. 
youth, young man or woman. With 
proper names, the younger, junior. 

adulgscentia, -ae, [adul6sc6ns] f. 

youth. 

adul6scentulus, -i, [adulescens] m. 

lad, mere boy. 

adulter, -eri, m. adulterer, paramour, 
seducer. 

adulterium, -i, [adulter] n. adultery. 

adultus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of adol6sco] 

adj. grown up, full-grown, mature, 
adult; inveterate. 

advena, -ae, [advenio] c. stranger, 
for(ig)ier, alien. 

advenio, -venire, -v6ni, -ventum, [ad 
+ venio] 4 intr. come to, reach, arrive 
at; arrive, come. 

adventicius, -a, -um, [advenio] adj. 
foreign, imported, external, strange. 

adventus, -us, [advenio] m. a coming, ^ 
approach; arrival, advent. ^ 

adversarius, -a, -um, [adversor] adj. 
opposed, opposite; antagonistic, hostile, 
contrary. As subst. adversarius, -i, 
m. opponent, adversary, antagonist, 
enemy. 

adversio, -5nis, [adverto] f. direction; 
occupation, employment. 

adverser, -ari, -atus sum, [ad versus] 

1 dep. be opposed, oppose, resist. 

adversus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of adverto] 
adj. turned towards, facing, opposite, 
in front; opposed, in opposition, hostile; 
adverse, unfavorable, unpropitious. 



adripio— aestimo 



433 



res adversae, adversity, misfortune, 
lack of success, calcimity. 

adversus or adversum, [adverto] adv. 
and prep. : 

1. As adv. opijosite, against; to meet. 

2. As prep, with ace. toward, against. 

adverto, -vertere, -verti, adversum, 
[ad + vertO] 3 tr. turn to or towards; 
diiect, turn. animum advertere = 
animadvert ere, turn attention to. no- 
tice, punish. 

advesperascit, -ere, -avit, — , [ad + 

vesperasco, become evemngl 3 intr. 

impers. it approaches evening, it is 

twilight, it grows dark. 
advocatus, -i, [advoco] m. supporter in 

a trial, counsel, adviser. 

advoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + voc6] 

1 tr. call, summon; call to one'^s aid, call 
as a witness. 

advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + volo] 

1 intr. fly to, hasten to. 

aedes, -is, f • dwelling of the gods, temple, 
sanctuary ; in plural, dwelling of men, 
Jiouse. 

aedificatio, -onis, [aedifico] f. building; 
structure, edifice. 

aedificium, -i, [aedifico] n. building, 
structure, edifice. 

aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum, [aedis + 
facio] 1 tr. buildy erect, construct; build 
up, establish. 

aedilis, -is, [aedes] m. aedile, an officer 
at Rome. For the duties, etc., of the 
aedile, see the Introduction, §§13-16, and 
Appendix C. 

aedilitas, -atis, [aedilis] f. ofiice of 
aedile, aedileship. 

Aegaeus, -a, -um, [AiyaZo?] adj. Aegean, 
of the Aegean Sea. mare Aegaeum, 
the Aegean Sea. 

aeger, -gra, -grum, adj. sick, ill, suffer- 
ing, weak, feeble; troubled, distressed, 
afflicted, sorrowful, sad. 

aegerrime, superl. of aegrg. 

aegre, [aeger] adv. painfully; with difiH- 
culty, hardly, scarcely; reluctantly, vn- 
ivillingly, 

28 



AegyptUS, -i, [AivvTrro?] f . Egypt. 
Aelius, -i, ni. a Roman no men or gentile 

name. See Ttibero. 
Aemilius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 

gentile name. See Lepidus, Paulus, 

and Scaurus. 
aemulus, -a, -um, adj. emulating, vying 

ivith, rivalling, emulous ; envious, 

jealous. As subst. aemulus, -i, m. 

ri ral. 

aeneus, -a, -um, [aes] adj. brazen, 
bronze. 

aequabiliter, [aequabilis, Ukel adv. 
equally, equitably, similarly, 
cHminately; uniformly, unvary 

aequalis, -e, [aequus] adj. equal, con- 
sistent, equable, uniform ; of the same 
age, contemporary. 

aequalitas, -atis, [aequalis] f. equal- 
ity, similarity. 

aequaliter, [aequalis] adv. equally, 
evenly, equably, uniforndy, similarly. 

aeque, [aequus] adv. equally, in like 
manner, to the same extent, just as, as 
much; evenly, equitably. 

aequitas, -atis, [aequus] f. evenness, 
uniformity; equity, fairness; calmness, 
absence of passion, equanimity, repose, 
contentment. 

aequus, -a, -um, adj. even, level; favor- 
able, advantageous, kind ; equal, equi- 
table, fair, impartial, reasonaUe, just, 
right ; ccdm, patient, resigned, con- 
tented. 

aerarium, -i, [aerarius] n. the treas- 
ury, the public money. 

aerarius, -a, -um, [aes] adj. made of 
copper, made of bronze; pecuniary; of 
the public treasury, tribuni aerarii, 
see tribunus. 

aerumna, -ae, f. hardship, toil, trouble, 
suffering, tribulation. 

aes, aeris, n. copper, bronze; anything 
made of copper or bronze, as tablets of 
law, money. aes alienum, debt. 

aestas, -atis, f . summer ; summer heat. 

media aestas, midsummer. 
aestimo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. deter- 



434 



VOCABULARY 



vane the value of; estimate, value, rate, 
apfnaise, assess. 

aestus, -tis, m. heat, glow ; heaving of 
the sea, surge, tide ; ardor of passion, 
^carmth, Jire : indecision, doubt. Also 
= aestas, summer. 

aetas, -atis, [for aevitas, from aevum, 
eternity^ i. age, t'nne of Ufc. lifetime ; 
youth, old age, life ; time, period, gen- 
eration, epoch. 

aeternitas, -atis, [aeternus] f. never- 
ending time, eternily, immortalifyj im- 
perishable fame, eiiduring renown. 

aeternus, -a, -um, [for aeviternus, 
from aevum, eternity^ adj. lasting, 
never e/iding, endless, everlasting, eter- 
ncd: perpetual, imj^rishable, immortal. 

Aetolia, -ae, [AirwAia] f. a province in 
Greece, south of Thessaly. 

Aetolus, -a, -um, [AitwAo^] adj. Aetoliau. 
As siibst. Aetoli, -orum, m. phir. the 
Aetolians, inhabitanls of Aetolia. 

aff-, see adf-. 

Africa, -ae, f. a Roman province in the 
northern i)art of modem Africa. 

Africanus, -a, -um, [Africa] adj. of 
Africa. Africa)), in Africa. Esp. as 
aij:nomen or surname ^iven for victories 
in Africa. See ScipiS. 

Africus, -a, -um, [Africa] adj. African, 
from Africa. 

afuisse, afuturus, see absum. 

age, ^^ec ago. 

ager, agri, [cf . English " acre "] m. field, 
farm, estate, cultivated or productive 
land; land, territory, district, domain; 
the covntinj as opposed to city, plain. 

aggrego (adg-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad 

+ grex] 1 tr. attach, join, include; 
collect, assemble, gather together, hiding 
together. 
agito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of ago] 
1 tr. set in violent motion; drive, impel, 
urge, agitate; rouse, stir up, excite, vex, 
trouble; consider, deliberate on ; discuss, 
investigate, sift. 

agnosco, -noscere, -novi, agnitum, 
[ad + (g)nosco], 3 tr. discern, recognize, 



identify; recognize as oner's own, claim; 
acknoivledge as true or right, assent to ; 
itndersfand, perceive the meaning of. 

ago, agere, egi, actum, 3 tr. and intr. 
put in motion, drive, lead; direct, guide, 
conduct, manage; carry off, 7vb; arouse, 
excite ; j^^'ompt, induce, incite, urge ; 
act, do, jyerform, take 2mrt in, carry on, 
transact ; treat, discuss, deal with, con- 
fer, plead ; of time, spend, pass, live 
through; pass. ^o\\\Q\\me^,be concerned, 
be at stake. Imp. age, as interjection, 
come! come now! well! aliquid 
agere, aim at something, work for 
something, cum aliquo agere, ti-y to 
persuade someone, plead with someone. 
gratias agere, see gratia. 

agrarii, -orum, [ager] m. plur. sup- 
porters of agrarian laivs, agrarian 
party. 

agrestis, -e, [ager] adj. of the fields or 
country, rural, imstic ; uncultivated, 
wild ; rough, rude, coarse, clownish, 
boorish. As subst. agrestis, -is, in. 
usually in plural, countryman, peasant, 
rustic, boor. 

agricola, -ae, [ager, cf. colo] m. hus- 
band ma fi,far?ner; rustic, boor. 

agriculttira or agri cultura, -ae, [ager 
+ colo] f. cultivation of the soil,far?n- 
ing. 

Ahala, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. Gaius Servilius 
Ahala, master of horse to Cincinnatus, 
who slew Sp. Maelius for Buspected de- 
signs on the government. 

aio, 3 def. intr. say yes, assent; assert, 
say, tell. 

alacer, -cris, -ere, adj. lively, brisk, ac- 
tive, quick; eager, energetic, spirited, 
excited; cheerful, happy, glad. 

alacritas, -atis, [alacer] f. liveliness, % 
alacrity; eagerness, ardor; cheerfulness, 
joy, exultation. 

Alba, -ae, [albus, ivhite\ f. name of 
several cities in Italy. Esp. Alba 
Longa, the legendary mother-city of 
Rome. 

Albanus, -a, -um, [Alba] adj. of Alba, 
Alban. As subst. Albanum, -i, n. 






aestus— alter 



43: 



?stafe neai' Alba, Alhan villa ; Clodius' 
estate near Alba, not far from Eome. 
Albanus Mons, a mountain in Latium, 
on which in early times was situated 
Alba Longa. 

alea, -ae, f. game with dice, game of 
chance; chance, risk, venture. 

aleator, -oris, [alea] m. player with 
dice, gamester, gambler. 

Alexander, -dri, [AAe^a^Spos] m. a com- 
mon Greek name. Esp. Alexander the 
Great, son of Philip of Macedon, and 
king of Macdeonia (356-323 b.c). 

Alexandria (-ea), -ae, ['AAe^ai^Speta] f. 
name of several towns founded by Alex- 
ander the Great. Esp. the famous 
Egyptian city at the mouth of the Nile. 

alienigena, -ae, [alienus, cf. gigno, 

begef] adj. m. foreign-born, foreign. 
As subst. alienigena, -ae, m. one for- 
eign-born, foreigner, alien. 

alieno, -are, -avi, -atum, [alienus] l 

tr. make another'' s; transfer, make over; 
alienate^ estrange; dejirive of reason, 
drive mad. 

alienus, -a, -um, [alius] adj. of another, 
another^s, of others, other people's ; 
strange, foreign; not suited, unsuitable, 
inconvenient, unseasonable ; unfavor- 
able, unfriendly, hostile. aes alie- 
num, see aes. 

aliquando, [alius + quando] adv. at 
some time or other; at any time, ever; 
at some time in thejmst, once, fcn^meriy ; 
at some time in the future, hereafter; 
sometimes, now and then ; at last, 
finally. 

aliquanto, [aliquantus] adv. in a 
degree, by considerable, considerably, 
somewhat, rather. post aliquanto, 
some time afterwards. 

aliquantum, -i, [aliquantus] n. a little, 
considerable -part, something. 

aliquantus, -a, -um, [alius + quantus] 

adj. some, considerable. 

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, [alius + quis] 
indef. snbst. pron (adj. form, aliqui, 
aliqua, aliquod), somebody or other, 
someone, somebody, any one, something. 



anything, some, any ; with and some- 
times without alius, some other, some- 
thing else, any other, anything else; 
somebody important or great, something 
considerable or important. 

aliquo, [aliqui] adv. to some place, some- 
where; to some other place, somewhere 
else. 

aliquot, [a]ius + quot] indef. num. adj. 
indecl. some, a few, several, a number. 

aliquotiens [aliquot] adv. several times, 
at different times. 

alitor, [alis, old form of alius] adv. 
in another ivay, otherwise, differently. 
alitor ae, otherwise than. 

aliunde, [alius + undo] adv. from an- 
other source, from elsewhere, from some 
other quarter. 

alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius (as poss. 
usually alienus), dat. alii, adj. an- 
other, other, some other, different, else. 
alius . . . alius, one., another, one an- 
other, the one. . .the other; plural alii . . , 
alii, some. ..others. 

allatus, see adfero. 

allege, see adlego. 

allicio, see adlicio. 

allino, see adlino. 

Allobrox, -ogis, [Celtic] m. one of the 
Allobroges. Plural AUobroggs, -um, 
the Allobroges, a warlike tribe of Gauls. 

alluo, see adluo. 

alo, alere, alui, altum, 3 ir.feed, nourish, 
sustain, support, maintain ; cherish, 
promote, ino'ease, strengthen. 

Alpes, -ium, f . plur. the Alps. 

Alsiensis, -e, adj. of or at Alsium, a 
coast town of Etrnria. As subst. Al- 
siensis, -e, (sc. praedium) u. villa 
near Alsium, Pompey's estate. 

altaria, -ium, [altus] n. plur. high 
altar, altar. 

alte, [altus] adv. high, on high ; deep, 
deeply, far; highly, loftily, profonndly. 

alter, -era, -erum, gen. alterius, dat. 
alteri, pron. adj. one of two, one of the 
two, the one, the other of two, another ; 
the second, tJie mxt, alter . . . alter. 



436 



A^OCABULARY 



the one... the other, the former., .the 
latter ; plural alter! . . . alteri, the one 
•party... the other. 

alternus, -a, -um, [alter] adj. one after 
the other, hy tmms, alternate ; recipro- 
cal, mutual; of verses, alternate hexam- 
eter and pentameter, elegiac. 

alteruter, -utra, -utrum, gen. alter- 
utrius, tlat. alterutri, [alter + uter] 
prou. adj. one or the other, one of the 
two, either this or that, either. 

altus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of alo] adj. nour- 
ished, groivn great ; high, elevated, 
lofty : deep, profound. As subst. al- 
tum, -i, ". the deep, the sea. 

alumnus, -i, [alo] m. foster-son, nurs- 
ling; pupil, disciple. 

alveolus, -i, [dim. of alveus, hollaiv] m. 
little ba^in, tray; diceboard; gambling, 
gaming. 

amans, -antis, [pr.p. of amo] in\].fond, 

loving, a;ffectionate, devoted. 
ambi-, prep, used only in composition, 

round, round about. 

ambitiS, -onis, [ambio, go round] f. a 
going about ; canvassing for votes ; 
striving for favor, flattery; desire for 
power, honor, etc., ambition. 

ambitus, -us, [ambio, go round] m. a 
going round; canvassing for votes; yn- 
lawful canvassing, bribery. 

ambo, -ae, -o, gen. -orum, [akin to 
ambi-] num. adj. both, considered to- 
gether. Cf. uterque, both, considered 
apart, either. 

amburo, -urere, -ussi, -ustum [ambi- 
+ tiro, burn] 3 tr. bujm around, scorch, 
singe. 

amens, -entis, la + mens] adj. out of 
one's senses, mad, frantic, distracted ; 
foolish, stupid. 

amentia, -ae, [amens] f. want of rea- 
son, senselessness, mad folly, madness, 
frenzy; folly, stupidity. 

amicio, -ire, amixi or amicui, amic- 
tum, [am- for ambi-, + iacio] 4 tr. 
throw around, wrap about, with outer 
garments ; cover, clothe, wrap. 



amicitia, -ae, [amicus] f. friendship, 
amity; league of friendship, alliance. 

amicus, -a, -um, [amo] adj. fnendly, 
amicable, kindly-disposed, favorable. 
As subst. amicus, -i, m. friend. 

amissus, pf.p. of amitto. 

Amisus, -i, f. an important coast town of 
Pontus. 

amitto, -mittere, -misi, amissum, [a + 
mitto] 3 tr. send away ; part ivith, 
let go, let slip ; lose. 

amo, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. love, be fond 
of, take pleasure in, like. 

amoenitas, -atis, [amoenus, pleasant], 
i. pleasantness, delight fulness, charm. 

amor, -oris, [amo] m. love, affection, 
fondness ; eager desire, passion. 

amplS, [amplus] adv. largely, widely, 
amply, abundantly; liberally, hand- 
somely, rnagnificently. See amplius. 

amplector, -plecti, amplexus sum, 
[ambi- + plecto] 3 dcp. twine around, 
encircle, embrace ; comprehend, under- 
stand ; embrace with love, love, cling tOy 
esteem, honor. 

amplexor, -ari, -atus sum, [amplec- 
tor] 1 dep. embrace ; love, be fond of, 
ei^teem. 

amplifico, -are, -avi, -atum, [amplifi- 
CUS, from amplus + facio] l tr. broaden, 
extend, enlarge ; magnify, increase, 
amplify. 

amplittido, -inis, [amplus] f. breadth, 
great extent, size, amplitude ; conse- 
quence, promirvence of position, dignity. 

amplius, [comp. of amplus and ample] 
indecl. adj. and adv. rnore, further, 
longer ; in addition, besides ; jnore 
than. See amplus. 

amplus, -a, -um, adj. lai^ge, wide, great, 
spacious, ample ; grand, magnificent, 
splendid, glorious ; prominent, of con- 
sequence, distinguished, illustrious, 
hojwrable. 

an, conj. belonging to the second member 
of a disjunctive question, direct or in- 
direct, or, or rather, or indeed; in begin- 
ning of sentence, then, or then. The 
first member usually has utrum or -ne, 



alternus— antestor 



437 



which is often unexpressed, though in- 
volved, utrum . . . an, ichether. ..or. 
haud scio an, nescio an, / do not 
know but, I am inclined to think that, 
I might say, it may be, perhaps, prob- 
ably. 

anceps, -cipitis, [ambi- + capio] adj. 
double-headed, double, ticofold; waver- 
ing, uncertain, undecided, doubtful, 
ambiguous. 

ancilla, -ae, f. maid-sei^ant, handmaid. 

angiportum, -i, n. or angiportus, -us, 

m. [angustus + portus] narrow street, 

lane, alley.. 

ango, angere, anxi, , 3 tr. draw 

tight, throttle; torment, distress, trou- 
ble, make anxious, vex, annoy. 

angulus, -i, m. angle, corner; nook, 
lurking place. 

angustiae, -arum, [angustus] f. pi. 
narrowness, straitness; narrow place, 
defile, strait; of time, shortness, brevity; 
of circumstances, difficulty, distress; of 
mind, narroicness, meanness. 

angustus, -a, -um, adj. narrow, strait, 
confined, contracted; short, binef; suc- 
cinct; little, petty, base. 

anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum, [anhelus, 

out of breath'] 1 iutr. and tr. breathe 
with difficulty, pant, gasp; breathe 
forth. 

anima, -ae, f. air, breeze; breath, spint, 
soul, life; plur. often, souls of the dead, j 
{ departed spirits, shades. 

animadversio, -onis, [animadverto] f. 

observation, notice ; reproach, censure ; 
punishment, chastisement. 

animadverto, -vert ere, -verti, -ver- 
sum, [animum + adverto] 3 tr. direct 
one's mind or attention to, attend to; 
jwtice, observe, consider, perceive, see; 
censure, blame, pu.nish, chastise. 

animo, -are, -avi, -atum, [animus] l 
tr. and intr. quicken, animate; endow 
with a particular temperament or dispo- 
sition. 

animosus, -a, -um, [animus] adj. spir- 
ited, bold, courageous, undaunted. 
animus, -i, m. soul, life; mind, reason. 



intellect; feeling, sensibility, heart; in- 
clination, desire, affection ; passion, 
wrath; courage, spirit, haughtiness, 
arrogance, jyHde; purpose, rfesign, in- 
tention, i^esolce; imagination, fancy; 
attention, thoughts. ^ mnimum ad- 
vertere, see adverto. "bono animo 
esse, see bonus. 
Annius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. See Milo and Chllo. 

anniversarius, -a, -um, [annus + ver- 
so] adj. returning every year, yearly, 
annual. 

annona, -ae, [annus] f . the year''s pro- 
duce, crop, grain, jjrovisions; grain 
market, pHce of grain. 

annus, -i, m. year. 

ante, adv. and prep, before. 

1. As adv., of space, before, in front; 
of time, before, previously, ago. 
ante quam or antequam, before, 
sooner than, until. paulo ante, 
a little while ago. 

2. As prep, with ace, of space, before; 
of time, before, before the time of, 
previous to. 

In dates, ante diem (a. d.), on such a 
day before; e.g. ante diem xii Kal. 
Nov., on the twelfth day before the 
Kalends of November, including both 
days, or according to oar reckoning, on 
the eleventh day before = Oct. 21st. 
antea, [ante + ea] adv. before, formerly , 
once; previously, hitherto. 

antecello, -ere, , , 3 intr. be 

proinlnent. distinguish one's self , excel, 
surpass. 

antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [ante + 
fero] irr. tr. bear before ; place before, 
prefer. 

antelticanus, -a -um, [ante + lux] adj. 
before light, before dawn. anteluca- 
nae cenae, dinners continued till day- 
light, all-nig Jit feasts. 

antepono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
[ante + pono] 3 tr. set before ; prefer^ 
est (em more liighhj, value above. 

antequam, see ante. 

antestor, -ari, -atus sum, [ambi- + 
tester] l dep. call to witness, appeal to. 



438 



VOCABULARY 



anteverto, -vertere, -verti, — , [ante 

+ verto] 3 tr. go befai'e, precede ; place 

before, ]yr€fer; anticipate. 
Antiochia (-ea), -ae, ['Avrtoxeia] f. 

u-int'ioch, capital of Syria, and birthplace 

of Archias. 
Antiochus, -i, ['Avrtoxo?] m. king of 

Syria. Esp.: 

1. Antiochus III. or t?ie Gnat, at war 
with Rome, 192-188 B.C. 

2. Antiochus F., hie grandson, under 
whose reign Cn. Octaviug, a Roman 
ambassador, was assassinated, 1(32 

B.C. 

antlquitSs, -atis, [antiquus] f. age, 
antiqvity, ancient times. 

antiquus, -a, -um, [ante] adj. ancient, 
aged, old; ofoldtn time, old-fashioned; 
venerable, rtVerend, authoritative. As 
subst. antiqui, -orum, m. pi. the an- 
cient s^ men of old, ancient icriters. 

Antius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. Sp. Antius, a Roman en- 
voy slain by Lars Tolumnius, king of 
the Veientes. 

Antonius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp,; 

1. Marcus Antonius, a famous 
orator, one of Cicero's teachers, and 
a member of Sulla's party. 

2. Marcus Antonius, surnamed Cr6- 
ticus, elder son of No. 1. 

3. Gains Antonius, younger son of 
No. 1, and colleague of Cicero in the 
consulship, 63 B.C. 

4. Marcus Antonius ("Mark An- 
tony"), son of No. 2, consul with 
Caesar in 44 b.c, and later a triumvir 
with Octavian and Lepidus. 

anulus (ann-), -i, m. ring, finger-Hng. 
Ap,, abbreviation for Appius. See Ap- 
pius. 

Apenninus, -i, [Celtic] m. the Apennines, 
mountains in Italy. 

aperio, -ire, aperui, apertum, 4 tr. un- 
cover, lay bare ; discover, make visible, 
show, display, re'veal ; open, render ac- 
cessible; make known, unfold, explain. 

aperte, [apertus] sidv.ojyenly, manifestly, 



plainly, clearly ; without reserve, vn- 
reservedly. 

apertus, -a, -um, [pf.p- of aperio] adj. 
uncovered; unclosed, open; unobstructed, 
unprotected; jylain, clear, inahifest, 
avowed; frank, candid. 

Apinius, -i, ni. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Et^p. Ptiblius Apinius, a young 
man, a vicliia of Clodius' greed. 

apparatus (adp-), -a, -um, [pf.p. of ap- 
paro] adi. prepared, made ready, ready; 
suppUi'd, furnished; elaborate, magnifi- 
cent, splendid, sumptuous. 

apparatus (adp-), -us, [apparoj \\\.prep- 

arat'io}i ; supj)lies, implements, instru- 
moit.'^ ; magnificence, splendor, pomp, 
state. 

appareo (adp-), -parere, -parui, — , 
flit. i)ait. apparittirus, [ad + pareo]2 
iiitr. appear, jnake an appearance, come 
in sight ; be evident^ be plain^ be mani- 
fest. 

apparo (adp-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
paroj 1 tr. prepare, make ready, ar- 
range, p)'ovide, make prejyarations for. 

appello (adp-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
pelloj 1 tr. address, accost, speak to ; 
call by name, term, name, entitle; apply 
to, call upon, appeal to, beg. 

appendo (adp-), -pendere, -pendi, -p6n- 
sum, [ad + pendo] 3 tr. tueigh out. 

appetens (adp-), -entis, [pr.p. of ap- 
peto] adj. stnving after, eager for, 
desirous of; covetous, greedy. 

appeto (adp-), -ere. -ivi or -ii, -itum, 
[ad + peto] 3 tr. and intr. strive for, 
reach after; attack, assail ; long for, 
desire, seek to gain, seek, aim at ; ap- 
proach, be at hand. 

Appius, -a, -um, adj. Appian, of Appius. 
Via Appia, the Appian Way, the most 
famous of the roads that led to Rome, 
extending as far as Brundisium (in the 
" heel " of Italy). 

Appius, -i, ni. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. See Claudius. 

applico (adp-), -are, -avi or -ui, -atum, 

1 tr. and intr. join, attach, add; bring 



ante verto — argentarius 



439 



to, ap2)ly to; direct to, appi^oach, a? rive 
at. 

appono ^adp-), -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum, [ad + pono] S tr. put at, place near , 
set before; put upon, apply; appoint, 
assign, set over. 

apporto ('adp"), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
porto] 1 tr. bring to, carry. 

appositus (adp-), -a, -um, [pf .p. of ap- 
pono] adj. situated near; bordering 
upon ; suited, suitable, appropriate. Jit, 
proper. 

approbo (adp-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad +- 
probo] 1 tr. assent to, approve of, think 
well of , sanction, favor. 

appropero (adp-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[ad + propero] l tr. and intr. hasten to- 
wards, hasten, accelerate; make haste. 

appropinquo (adp-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[ad + propinquo, from propinquus] 1 

intr. come near to, draw nigh to, ap- 
proach; be at hand. 

aptus, -a, -um, [cf. apiscor, attain to'\ 
adj. fitted to, joined; depending on; 
fit, suited, suitable, proper, apt, adapted, 
appropHate. 

apud, prep, with ace. with, at, by, near ; 
of persons, before, in the presence of, at 
the house of, to, in relation to, with, 
among, in the opinion of, in the power 
or possession of, in (with name of an 
author), in the writings of, in the time 
of; of place, at, near, in, in the vicinity 

_of 

Apulia, -ae, f • the eastern coast of Magna 
Graecia (in Southern Italy, just above 
"the heel "). 

aqua, -ae, f. ivater. 

aquila, -ae, f • eagle ; the eagle, a metal 
eagle upon a staff as the standard of a 
Roman legion, 

Aquilius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. M'. Aquilius, the Ro- 
man legatus in the Third Mithridatic 
War, defeated and killed by Mithridates. 

ara, -ae, f. altar. 

arator, -oris, m. ploughman; landholder, 
usually one of the Roman Knights or 
Equites, who culiivated public lands, 



paying tithes (decumae) into the pub- 
lic treasury for the privilege. 

arbiter, -tri, m. witness; umpire, ref- 
eree, judge, arbitrator. 

arbitratus, -us, [arbitror] m, used 
only in abl. mediation, arbitratimi ; 
IV ill, pleasure, decision. 

arbitrium, -i, [arbiter] n. judgment of 
an arbitrator, decision, opinion ; au- 
thority, p)Ower ; free will, wUl, pleas- 
ure, choice. 

arbitror, -ari, -atus sum, [arbiter] 1 

dep. give one's judgment, declare a de- 
cision; judge, be of the opinion., believe, 
think, consider. 

arbor, -oris, f. tree. 

area, -ae, [ef. arceo] f. place for safe 
keeping, chest, box ; money-box, safe ; 
small prison, cell. 

arceo, -ere, -ui, , 2 tr. shut up, con- 
fine ; prohibit access, keep away, ward 
off, avert; hinder, prevent. 

arcesso, -ere, arcessivi, arcessitum, 

[ad + cans, of cieo] 3 tr. cause to come, 
fetch, send for, invite ; summon, ar- 
raign, accuse. 

Arcbias, -ae, r^pxtas] m. a Greek poet, 
citizen of Rome, defended by Cicero in 
62 B.C. 

architectus, -i, [apxtTe'KTwv] m. master- 
builder, architect; inventor, contriver^ 
author. 

arcus, -us, m. bow. 

ardens, -entis, [pr.p. of ardeo] adj. 

glowing, flashing, hot; fiery, ardent, 

eager. 

ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, 2 intr. be on 
fire, burn, blaze ; fiash, sparkle, shine ; 
be infiamed, be afire, be aglow, be ex- 
cited. 

ardor, -oris, [ardeo] m. flame, fire, 

heat ; brightness, animation ; eager- 
ness, ardor, zeal; excitement, fury. 

argentarius, -a, -um, [argentumj adj. 
of money. As subst. argentarius, -i, 
m. banker, money-changer. r6s ar- 
gentaria, money business, banking 
business. 



440 



VOCABULARY 



argenteus, -a, -um, [argentum] adj. 
of silver, made of silver, silver. 

argentum, -i, n. silver ; things made of 
silver, silver plate, silver money, money. 

argtimentor, -ari, -atus sum, [argti- 
mentum] l dep. adduce proof of, ad- 
duce in proof ; draw a conclusion, rea- 
son, argue. 

argumentum, -i, [arguo] n. argument, 
inference, evidence, proof ; sign, indi- 
cation, mark, token ; subject, theme in 
art. 

arguo, -ere, -ui, -utum, fut. part, ar- 
guittirus, 3 tr. make known, disclose, 
show, make clear, jyrove ; infcyrm 
against, accuse, cJiarge, blame, de- 
nounce. 

Aricia, -ae, f . a small town between La- 
nuviiim and Rome on the Appian Way. 

aridus, -a, -um, [areo, be dry] adj. dry, 
parched, arid; meagre, poor. 

AriobarzanSs, -is, [Persian] m. king of 
Cappadocia and friend of Rome, fre- 
quently dethroned by Mithridatcs. 

arma, -orum, n. pi. implements, instru- 
77ients, tools; implements of war, arms, 
weaiWTts ; conflict, war ; side in a con- 
flict. 

armatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of armo] adj. 
ai-med, under amis, in atv7is; equipped, 
furnished, provided. 

Armenia, -ae, f. an Asiatic kingdom 
ruled by Tigi'anes, son-in-law of Mithri- 
('.atcs. 

Armenius, -a, -um, adj. of Armenia, 
Armenian. Assubst. Armenii, -orum, 
m. \Ai\r.2)eo]}le of Armenia, Armenians. 

armo, -are, -avi, -atum, [arma] 1 tr. 

furnish ivith arms, arm, equip ; move 

to arms ; excite, stir up. Pass, often, 

arm one'^s self, take arms. 
arripio, see adripio. 
Arrius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 

name. Esp. Q. Arrius, an ex-praetor, 

friend of Cicero. 

arrogans, see adrogans. 
arroganter, see adroganter. 
arrogo, see adrogo. 



ars, artis, f. skill, art; profession; trait, 
quality, virtue ; learning, knoivledge, 
accomplishment; artifice., stratagem. 

artifex, -icis, [ars, cf. facio] c. master 
of an art or profession, ai'tist, artificer; 
maker, author; deceiver, trickster, cheat. 
scaenici artifices, actot^s. 

artificium, -i, [artifex] n. profession, 
trade, art ; workmanship, ingenuity, 
skill; cimning, artiiice, trick. 

arx, arcis, f . castle, citadel, sti^onghold ; 
bulwark, refuge, protection. 

ascendo (ads-), -ere, ascendi, ascen- 
sum, [ad + scando, climb] 3 tr. and intr. 
cliinb up, go up, rise, ascend, mount. 

ascensus (ads-), -us, [ascendo] m. a 
climbing up, ascent; rising; way up^ 
means of ascent, approach. 

ascisco (ads-), -ere, ascivi, ascitum, | 
[ad + scisco, accept] 3 tr. take to one's *■ 
self, accept, receive, assume, adopt; take 
into association, associate luith one's 
self, win over. 

ascribS (ads-), -scribere, -scrips!, 
ascriptum, [ad + scribo] 3tr. write in 
addition, add ; enter in a list, enroll, 
enlist; appoint, assign; impute, ascribe, 
attribute. 

Asia, -ae, ['Ao-ia] f. a R(mian province, 
the extreme western part of Asia Minor. 

Asiaticus, -a, -um, [Asia] adj. of or in 
Asia, Asiatic. 

aspectus (ads-), -us, [aspicio] m. a 

looking at, look, glance, sight, view ; 
appeai'ance, aspect, countenance, mien. 

aspere, [asper, rough] adv. harshly, 
roughly, severely, sternly. 

asperitas, -atis, [asper, rough] f . rough- 
ness, harshness, severity, cruelty ; rude- 
ness, coarseness. 

aspemor, -ari, -atus sum, [a + sperno, 

despise] 1 dep. despise, disdain, reject, 
spurn. 

aspicio (ads-), -spicere, -spexi, aspec- 
tum, [ad -I- specio] 3 tr. and intr. look 
upon, look at, behold, look ; observe, see, 
regard, consider. 

ass-, see ads-. 



argenteus— auctoritas 



441 



( asto (adst-), -stare, -stiti, , [ad + 

^ Sto] 1 intr. stand neai\ stand by or at ; 

: stand up, stand. 

astutus, -a, -um, [astus, craft] adj. 
crafty, cunning, wily, artful; wary, 
shrewd, astute. 

\ at, [form of Q,^ = in addition to\ conj. 
but, but on the other hand; but yet, yet, 
yet at least. at enim, but you say, of 
an objection, at vero, but assuredly. 

Athenae, -arum, ['A^^vat] f. pi. Athens, 
the chief city of Greece. 

Atheniensis, -e, [Athenae] adj. of 
Athens, Athenian. As subst. Atheni- 
ensis, -is, m. an Athenian. 

Atilius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. : 

1. M. Atilius, convicted of treason, 
also of taking bribes as juror. 

2. Atilius G-avianus, an enemy of 
Cicero's. 

atque, before consonants usually ac 
(fainter than atque and not standing 
before vowel or h)., [ad + que] conj. and, 
as well as (generally adding a more im- 
portant idea to what precedes), and also, 
and besides, and even, and especially, 
and more than that, and moreover, and 
now; and so, and hence; with words 
implying comparison, as, than, atque 
adeo, andeven, andinfact, siillfurther. 
still more, or rather, contra atque 
(ac), different from ivhat, opposite to 
what, pro eo ac (atque), according 
as, in proportion as. perinde ac (at- 
que), i'^*^ as. simul atque, as soon as. 
aliter ac, otlurwise than. 

atqui, [at + qui = quin] conj. but for all 
that (stronger than at, cf. sed), biit in 
any case, but at any rate ; but yet, but 
somehow, and yet, still. 

atrium, -i, n. hall, tJie atHum, the 
main room of the Roman house ; also, 
of a temple. 

atrocitas, -atis, [atrox] f. fierceness, 
harshness; severity, cruelty, barbarity; 
atrocity, enormity. 

atrociter, [atrox] ady. fiercely, harshly; 
cruelly, bitterly, indignantly. 



atrox, -ocis, [ater, blaclc\ adj. fierce, 
harsh ; severe, ci^el ; savage, violent, 
horrible, atrocious, inhuman, mon- 
strous. 

attends (adt-), -tendere, -tendi, atten- 
tum, [ad + tendo] , 3 tr. and intr. direct 
the mind to, direct attention to, attend 
to; listen, pay attention to, observe care- 
fully, give heed to ; with or without 
animum. 

attentus (adt-), -a, -um, [pf.p. of at- 
tends] adj. attentive, intent, engaged; 
intent on, careful, assiduous. 

attenuS (adt-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
tenuS, maJce thin] 1 tr. make thin, thin 
out ; lessen, diminish, reduce ; impair, 
weaken; make less formidable. 

attineS (adt-), -tinere, -tinui, atten- 
tum, [ad + teneS] 2 tr. and intr. hold 
fast, detain, delay; belong to, pertain to, 
have to do ivith, concern, make a dif- 
ference, be of importance. 

attingo (adt-\ -tingere, -tigi, attac- 
tum, [ad + tangS] 3 tr. and intr. touch; 
lay hands on, seize, attack; approach, 
reach, attain to, aspire to; touch upon, 
mention, refer to; undertake, engage in; 
concern, relate to, have to do with. 

Attius (Accius), -i, ni. a Roman nomen 
or gentile name. Esp. P. Attius Varus. 
See Varus. 

attribuS (adt-), -buere, -bui, attribti- 
tum, [ad + tribuS] 3 tr. assign, allot, 
make over; give in charge, coniide, in- 
trust; confer, bestow; attribute, ascribe. 

attuli, see adferS. 

auctiS, -Snis, [augeS] f. increase; sale 
by increasing bids, auction, public sale. 

auctiSnarius, -a, -um, [auctiS] adj. of 
or for auction, by auction, by forced sale. 

auctor, -Sris, [augeS] m. producer; fa- 
ther, progenitcn'; originator, promoter, 
leader; founder; trustworthy ivnter, 
authority; counsellor, adviser. auc- 
tor esse, appi'ove, advise. 

auctSritas, -atis, [auctor] f. authority, 
power, supi^emacy; decision, conviction, 
opinion, resolve, will; expi'ession of 
opinion; decree, warrant, asmrajice: 



Ik 



442 



VOCABULARY 



infljteiice, dignity^ reputation; iceight, 
force^ j)7'estige, significance., iinpor- 
tance, consequence. 

aucupor, -ari, -atus sum, [auceps, 

fowler] 1 clop. ?wnt birds; chase, hunt; 
lie in wait for, strive after, catch. 

audacia, -ae, [audax] f. daring, reck- 
less daring, boldness, bi'avery, courage; 
audacity, insolence, effrontery, impu- 
dence, presumption. 

audacter, [audax] adv. boldly, courage- 
(lUxUj; rashly, audaciously, with des- 
peration. 

audax, -acis, [audeS] ndj. daring, bold, 
courageous; audacious, presumptuous; 
reckless, rash, foolhardy, desperate. 

audeO, -fire, ausus sum, 2 seml-dep. 

dare, dare to try or do, be bold, venture, 
risk. 

audio, -Ire, -IvI or -il, -Itum, l tr. hear, 
h tar of; listen to, give attention to; as- 
sent to, agree to, apptove, grant; heed, 
obey. 

aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum, [ab 
+ fer61 irr. tr. take a fay, reinove, with- 
draw; carry of, snatch away, rob, 
steal. 

augeo, auggre, auxi, auctum, 2 tr. and 

intr. iiicreasr. euliance, enlarge, extend, 
add to, augment; magnify, exalt, ex- 
tolj eni'ich, load; honor, advance. 

augur, -uris, m. augur, diviner, sooth- 
sayer. See Appendix C, §§14, 15. 

augustus, -a, -um, [augeoj adj. conse- 
crated, sacred, reverend; venerable, 
august, majestic, noble., magnificent. 

Aulus, -i, 111. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

Aurfilius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L, Aurelius Cotta ; 
see Cotta, 

Aurelius, =a, -um, [Aurelius] adj. of 
Aurelius, Aurelian. Forum Aure- 
lium, a town of Etruria on the Aurelian 
Way. Aurelia Via, the Aurelian Way, 
the great military road leading from 
Rome to Pisa, along the coast of Etru- 
ria, 



aureus, -a, -um, [aurum] adj. of gold^ 
golden, gold; ornamented with gold., 
gilded. 

auris, -is, [of. audio] f. ear, 
aurum, -i, n. gold. 

auspicium, -i, [auspex, diviner"] n. 
divination by the fiight of birds^ au- 
gury, auspices; sign, omen. 

ausus, -a, -um, see audeo. 

aut, conj. or ; or at least, or rather, or 
else. aut . . . aut, either. . .or. 

autem, conj. [always postpositive], but; 
however, on the other hand, moreover, 
furthermore^ noio. 

auxilium, -I, [cf. augeo] n. help, aid, 
assistance, I'eli^f, support; plur. often 
au.viUdvy troops, auxiliaries. ferre 
auxilium, render assistance, aid. ad- 
venticia auxilia, reinforcements from 
irithout. 

avaritia, -ae, [avarus] f. greed, love of 
money, avarice, cocttousness. 

avarus, -a, -um, adj. greedy, grasping^ 
araticious, covetous, miserly. 

ave5, -Sre, , , 2 tr. desire, be eager 

for, long for, crave. 

aversus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of averts] adj. 
turned away, turned back; behind, in 
the rear; unfavorable, indisposed, dis- 
inclined, averse, ojjposed, hostile. 

averto, -vertere, -verti, aversum, [a 
+ vertoJ 3 tr. turn away, turn amie; 
remove, carry off, steal, embezzle; di- 
vert, withdraw; ward off, avert; alien- 
atey estrange. 

avidfi, [avidus] adv. greedily, eagerly., 
with, avidity. 

avidus, -a, -um, [aveo] adj. desirous, 
eager, longing eagerly; greedy, ava- 
ricious, covetous. 

avitus, -a, -um, [avus] of one's grand- 
father, of one's ancestors, ancestral. 

avoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [a + voc5] i tr. 

call away, call off; withdraw., remove; 
divert, turn aside, turn. 

avunculus, -i, [dim. of avus] m. moth- 
er's brother, maternal uncle, uncle. 

avus, -i, m. grandfather. 



aucupor— brevis 



443 



B 

bacchor, -ari, -atus sum, [Bacchus, god 
of w ine] 1 dep. celehixite the festival of 
Bacchus; join in a Bacchanalian orgy, 
hold revehnf, revel, rave, exult. 

barbaria, -ae, [barbarus] f. strange 
land, foreign country ; an i/ncivilized 
people, ba?'ba7Hans ; savageness, bar- 
barism. 

barbarus, -a, -um, [/Sap/Sapo?] adj. of 
strange speech, inuntelligible ; strange, 
foreign, of foreigners, outlandish, ba?'- 
barian ; barbarous, savage, cruel, t^de, 
vr civilized, uncultivated. As Bubst. 
barbarus, -i, m. foreigner, barbarian. 

barbatus, -a, -um, [barba, beard'] adj. 
bearded, icith a beard. 

basis, -is, [j3a<rts] f . hcLse^ pedestal. 

beatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of beo, make 
happy'] adj. happy, blessed, fortunate, 
prosperous ; wealthy, rich, ivell-to-do. 

bellicosus, -a, -um, [bellicus] adj. 
warlike, martial. 

bellicus, -a, -um, [bellum] adj. of war, 
in war, military ; warlike. 

bello, -are, -avi, -atum, [bellum] 1 intr. 
wage ivar, ivar. 

bellum, -i, [for duellum (from duo), a 
strife betivefn two] n. tear. 

belua, -ae, f. ivild beast, great beast; 
brute, beast, monster. 

bene, comp. melius, superl. optimg, 
[bonus] adv. ivell, pjvspe?vusly, success- 
fully; very, thoroughly, quite. bene 
sperare, have good hope, merer! bene 
de, see mereor. 

beneficium, -i, [beneficus] n. icell- 
doing, kindness, favor, service, benefit ; 
favors shown, services rendered, ser- 
vices; honor, distinction, j^tromotion. 
in beneficiis, among those recom- 
mended to favor, meo beneficio, 
thanks to me. 

beneficus, -a, -um, [bene, of. facio] 

adj. beneficent, generous; serviceable. 

benevolentia, -ae, [bene, cf. volo] f. 

good-will, kindness, favor, fiHendsMp. 



benevolus, -a, -um, [bene, cf. volo] adj. 
icell-wishing, kindly, kind, jriendly, 
devoted. 

benignitas, -atis, [benignus, kind] f. 
kindness, friendliness, courtesy, benev- 
olence ; favor., liberality, bounty. 

bestia, -ae, f. brute, beast, animal. 

bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum, 3 tr. and 
iiitr. drink, drink in. 

biduum, -i, [bis, cf. dies] n. period ofi 

two days, two days' time, two days. 
bini, -ae, -a, [cf. bis] dist. num. adj. 

plural tivo by tico, two at a time, two 

each; two sets ofi, double. 
bipartite, [bipartitus, from bi for bis 

+ parti or] adv. in two divisions or 

parts, in two jyarties. 
bis, num. adv. twice, on tico occasions. 
Bithynia, -ae, [^iQvvia] f . a kingdom in 

Asia on the shores of the Black Sea. 

blandus, -a, -um, adj. ofi smooth tongue, 
fiattering ; coaxing, persuasive, entic- 
ing, seductive, charming. 

bonitas, -atis, [bonus] f. goodness, 

kindness, kind-heartedness, firiendli- 

ness, benevolence ; honesty, integrity, 
uprightness. 

bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, superl. 
optimus, adj. good, sound; kind, 
ivorthy, excellent, just. As subst. bo- 
num, -i, n. good, good thing, bless- 
ing, advantage; plur. goods, posses- 
sions, jiroperty, estate, blessings, bo- 
nus, -i, m. good man ; plural bonl, 
-Drum, good men, the good, honest 
men, good citizens, often also in sense 
of conservatives, the conservative party, 
true rejjublicans, true patriots. Bona 
Dea, the Roman goddess from whose 
v.orship rpen were excluded, bono 
animo esse, be well disposed, tantum 
boni, such aji advantage, so great an 
advantage. 

Bosporanus, -a, -um, [/Sdo-Tropo?] adj. ofi 

the Bo^^porus, Bosporan. Ae subst. 
Bosporani, -orum, n. Y>\nYix\, dwellers on 
the Bosporus, people along the Bosponis. 

brevis, -e, adj. short, briefi, little. 



444 



VOCABULARY 



brevitas, -atis, Ibrevis] f. .^//oj-tness, 

hvivity; coictf^tnesi^. 
breviter, [brevis] adv. shortly, briefly ; 

in hri€j\ concisely, in a few woi^ds ; 

summarily. 
Brocchus, -i, ni- a Roman name. Esp. 

Titus Broccbus, a neutral during the 

Civil War, uncle of Lifrarius. 

Brundisinus (Brundus-\ -a, -um, adj. 
of Brundisium. As subst. Brundisini, 
-Orum, m. ^\\\v.2)eopl€ of Bruudisiion. 

Brundisium (Brundus-) -i, n. a town in 
Calabria, the "heer* of It^ly, usual 
port of embarkation for Greece. 

Brutus, -i, m, a Roman cognomen or 
famih' name. Esp. : 

1. Decimus Brutus, called Gal- 
laecus for victories over Spanish 
tribes of that name (138 B.C.). 

2. Marcus Brutus, nephew of Cato 
Uticensis, an<l one of Caesar's mur- 
derers (44 B.C. 'I. 

3. Decimus Brutus, grandson of No. 
1, one of Caesar's nnirderers, gov- 
ernor of Cisalpine Gaul (44-43 B.C.). 



C, abbreviation for Gaius, less correctly 
Caius, a Roman i)raen()nien or fore- 
name. 

cadaver, -eris, [cado] n. dead body, 

corpse. 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, 3 intr. 

fall, fall doirn ; fall dead, die, be slain, 
perish ; fall on t, (am out, happen, fall 
to the lot of, befall; fall away, fail, come 
to naught, decline, cease. 

Caecilius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Caecilius Rufus, 
praetor 57 B.C., active in behalf of 
Cicero's recall that year. 

caecus, -a, -um, adj. blind ; vague, un- 
certain, indiscriminate, aimless; dark, 
gloomy, dense, obscure. Esp. Caecus, 
-i, m. tJie Blind, agnomen of Appias 
Claudius. See Claudius. 

caedes, -is, [cf . caedo] f . killing, slaugh- 
ter, mfissacre, butchery; murder, assas- 
sination . 



caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, 3 tr. 

cut, cut down; strike, beat, strike down; 
kill, murder, slay. 
Caelius, -i, ni. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. M. Caelius Rufus, tribune 
in 5'2 B.C., and staunch friend of Milo. 

caelum, -i, n. the sky, the heavens, vault 
of heaven, heaven ; air, atmosphere, 
•weather, climate. d6 caelo tangi, 
be struck by lightning, in caelum 
tollere, extol to the skies. 

caementum, -i, [cf. caedo] n. 7'ough 
stone, quarry stone. 

caerimonia, -ae, f. religious ceremony, 
sacred rite; veneration, reverence. 

Caesar, -aris, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp.: 

1. L. lulius Caesar, father of the dic- 
tator, and author of a Lex lulia, ex- 
tending the franchise to the Italians 
(90 B.C.). 

2. L. lulius Caesar, consul G4 b.c, 
brother-in-law of the conspirator 
Lentulus. 

3. C. lulius Caesar, praetor G2 b.c, 
consul 59 B.C., dictator 47-44 b.c 

Caesonius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. M. Caes5nius, a 
juror at the trial of Verres (70 b.c). 

CaiSta, -ae, f. a coast town of Latium. 

calamitas, -atis, f . loss^ injury, damage; 
mlfortune, adversity, calamity, ruin ; 
disaster, overthrow, defeat. 

calamitosus, -a, -um, [calamitas] adj. 
destructive, disastrous, ruinous ; un- 
fo7'tunate, unhappy^ miserable. 

calceus, -i, m. slioe. 

Calidius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen 
tile name. Esp. Q. Calidius, con- 
demned (77 B.C.) for extortion as pro- 
praetor of Spain the year before. 

callidus, -a, -um, [calleo, be skillecQ 
adj. experienced, adroit, skilful, shrewd; 
crafty, cunning, wily, artful; design- 
ing, calculating. 

calor, -oris, m. heat, VQarmth, glow. 

calumnia, -ae, f- trickery, chicanery ; 
pretence, evasion, subterfuge; misrejy 
resentation, false statement ; false ac- 



brevitas— cSrus 



445 



,■■ Kill ion or prosecution^ malicious action 
at law. 

calx, -cis, f- limestone^ lime. 

campus, -i, m- vlain, level field., open 
country. Esp. Campus Martius, ''the 
field consecrated to Mars,"* a plain just 
oatside of Rome where the Comitia 
Centuriata met. 

candidatus, -a, -um, [candidus, ivhite'\ 
adj. clothed in white; candidate for 
office, who, according to the Roman 
custom, always appeared clad in white. 

canis, -is, c. dog, hound. 

cano, canere, cecini, cantum, 3 tr. and 
intr. sing., sound, play, make ?jiusic ; 
sing of, celebrate in song, praise ; fore- 
tell, warn beforehand, predict, proph- 
esy. 

canto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of cano] 
1 tr. and intr. sing, play on an instru- 
ment. 

cantus, -us, [cano] m. singing, playing, 
music, song. 

capesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum, [med. of 
capio] 3 tr. catch at, seize eagerly; take 
hold of with zeal, undertake, enter upon, 
engage in. rem ptiblicam capessere, 
engage in public affairs, engage in poli- 
tics, serve one', country 

capillas, -i, [cf caput m hair of the 
head, the hair. 

capio, capere, cepi, captum, 3 tr. take, 
take up, lay hold of seize, grasp ; take 
captive, make prisoner ; get possession 
of, control; captivate, win, allure; mis- 
lead, deceive, betray, catch ; depHve of, 
harm; take by force, storm, reduce, 
capture; 7'eceive, accept, get, gain, ac- 
quire ; enjoy, reap ; adopt, cultivate, 
possess ; enter upon, undertake ; con- 
ceive, entertain ; be subjected to, suffer, 
experience; affect, move, in fluence, over- 
come ; hold, contain, be large enough 
for, suffice for ; bear, tolerate, endvre, 
suffer ; fake in. comprehend, grasp. 
mente captus, beside one's self, crazy. 

capitalis, -e, [caput] adj. of the head, 
chief, foremost, princijml; involving 
life, capital; deadly, dangerous, pe?'- 
nicious, baneful; i?Tecojicilable, bitter. 



Capitolinus, -a, -um, [Capitolium] 
adj. of the Capitol. clivus Capito- 
linus, see clivus. 

Capitolium, -i, [caput] n. theCapitoline 
Hill; the Cajntol, the temple of Jupiter 
at Rome on the Capitoline Hill. 

CappadOCia, -ae, [KaTrrrafioKta] f . a king- 
dom in Asia Minor, south of Pontus. 

Capua, -ae, f . an important city in Cam- 
pania, governed by a senate and a duum- 
virate. (Pompey was a duumvir in 57 

B.C.) 

caput, -itis, n. head; life (physical), 
being; life as a member of society, civil 
Hghts, liberty and citizenship ; source, 
fountain-head ; highest point, summit, 
climax; chief thing, main point; chap- 
ter, iMssage. indicium de capite, 
capital trial. 
Carbo, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. : 
I.e. Papirius Carbo, at first an ad- 
herent of the Gracchi, but after the 
death of C. Gracchus, 121 b.c, a 
deserter to the aristocracy. 

2. Cn. Papirius Carbo, a partisan of 
Marius, and thrice consul, 85-, 84, 
82 B.C. 

3. C. Papirius Carbo, the tribune 
who, with one of his colleagues, M. 
Plautius Silvanus, in 89 b.c. passed 
the Lex Plautia-Pajnria. See Pref- 
atory Note to the " Pro Archia." 

career, -eris, m. 2J?'ison, jail, place cf 
confinement. 

careo, carere, carui, — -, fut. part. 
carittirus, 2 intr. be ivithxmt, not have., 
be free from ; go wtthjout, deny one''s 
self, abstain from; hold aloof from, stay 
away from, be absent ; be deprived of, 
have lost, lack, icant, be destitute of 

caritas, -atis, [cams] f. dearness, high 
price; fondness, affection, love. 

carmen, -inis, [cf. cano] n. song, strain 

of music, lay ; verse, poem, hymn, 

poetry. 
carus, -a, -um, adj. dear, precious, 

valued; esteemed, beloved; costiy, of 

high j)nce. 



446 



VOCABULARY 



Cassianus, -a, -um, [Cassius] adj. of 

Cassius. 
Cassius, -i, ni. a lloman nomen or gentile 

name. Esp. : 

1. Lucius Cassius, noted for his 
severity as a judge, author of the 
saying " Cui bono ? "" 

2. Lucius Cassius, juror at Yerres' 
trial, i)r()l)ably son of No. 1. 

3. Gaius Cassius Longinus, consul 
73 B.C., defeated by Spartacus in the 
war of the gladiators, supporter of 
the Manilian law. 

caste, [castus, morally pure] adv. purely^ 
n-iflio'it spot, with putniy, virtuously; 
p'iouxly. rdic/iously. 

Castor, -oris, [Kao-rwp] m. the brother of 
Pollux, sou of Leda and Tyudareos (or 
Jupiter, according to post-Homeric tra- 
dition), worshipped as a god in Greece 
and Thessaly. 

castrgnsis, -e, [castra] adj. of the camp, 
in cam/t; oi>en, armed. 

castrum, -i, n. forfifnl place, fortress, 
castle ; plural castra, -Orum, camp, en- 
campment. 

casus, -Us, [cado] m. a falling, fall ; 
happening, event, occurrence; chance, 
accident ; vicissitude ; emergency, exi- 
gency; mischance, mishap, misfortune, 
calajnity. casft, by chance., acci- 
dentally, as it happened. 

Catilina, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Sergius Cati- 
lina, Catiline, the great conspirator, 
65-63 B.C. 

Cato, -5nis, [catus, shretvd] m. a Ro- 
man cognomen or family name. Esp.: 

1. M. Porcius Cats (234-149 e.g.), the 
Censor, a ''lover of strife," rugged 
but honest, a plebeian who opposed 
democracy, the founder of Latin 
prose. 

2. Porcius Cato, grandson of No. 1, 
father of No. 3, and friend of 
Archias. 

3. M. Porcius Cato, born 94 e.g., 
^eat-grandson of the Censor, and 

called TTticensis from the occur- 
rence of his death by suicide at 



Utica, after the defeat of his Pom- 
peian friends by Caesar at Thapsus, 
46 B.C.; an incorruptible but ob- 
stinate character, a juror at the trial 
of Milo. 

Catulus, -i, m. a Roman cognomen or 

family name. Esp.: 

1. Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul 102 
B.C., when he and his colleague 
Marius crushed the Cirabri. 

2. Q. Lutatius Catulus, son to No. 
1, consul 78 B.C., with Lepidus; one 
of the most upright members of the 
aristocracy, opposed to the Manilian 
law, 66 B.C. 

causa, -ae, f. cause., reason; occasion, 
opportunity; motive, 2^^^W0se; pretext, 
excuse^ claim ; case, latvsuit ; side, 
party, faction ; condition, situation; 
commission, business; abl. causa, with 
preceding gen. or poss. adj. /a;* tfie sale 
of, for the purpose of, fo?\ on account of. 

Causinius, -I, ni. a Roman name. Esp. 
C. Causinius ISchola, of Interamna, a 
friend of Clodiiis at the trial of Milo. 

cautS, [cautus] adv. cautiously, care- 
fully, prudently ; securely. 

cautio, -onis, [caveo] f. wariness, 
2catc/ fulness, precaution; safety^ secu- 
rity. 

cautus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of caveo] adj. 
wary, cautious, on one\<t guard, careful. 

caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, 2 intr, and 
tr. be on one's guard against, tal< 
care, beware of, look out for ; provvl' 
against, take precautions against, guard 
against, take heed. cav6 with subj.. 
with or without ne, do not, take care 
not to. 

cedo, cedere, cessi, c6ssum, 3 intr. and 

tr. go from, depart, withdraw ; retire, 
retreat ; give way, yield, submit to ; 4 
comply with, conform to, obey ; be in- * 
ferior to; grant, concede, allow, permit; 
fall to the lot of, happen, turn out. 

celeber, -bris, -bre, adj. much fre- 
quented, crowded, thronged with, pop- 
ulous; celebrated, renowned, famous. 

celebritas, -atis, [celeber] f. numbers, 
crowd, throng, concourse^ multitude ; 



Cassianus— [ceterus] 



447 



piihlicity^ celebrity^ renown^fame ; festal 
celebration^ soleminty. 

I celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [celeber] 1 
tv. frequent, throng, crowd, Jill; Oo fre- 
quently, rei')eat, practise, engage in ; 
solemnize, celebrate, keep; make known, 
spread abroad, proclaim ; praise, extol, 
honoi\ 
celer, -eris, -ere, adj. swift, speedy, fast; 
quick, lively; hasty, rash. 

celeritas, -atis, [celer] f. swiftness, 
speed, quickness, promptness, activity. 

celeriter, [celer] adv. quickly, speedily, 
rapidly, promptly ; in haste ^ very soon. 

cglo, -arej -avi, -atum, 1 tr. hide, keep 
secret, conceal. 

cena, -ae, f. dinner, the principal meal 
of the Romans, in ancient times taken 
at noon, but afterwards at a later hour ; 
banquet, feast. 

cenatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of ceno] adj. 
having dined, after dinner, 

ceno, -are, -avi, -atum, [cena] 1 tr. 

and intr. dine. 

censeo, censere, censui, censum, 2 tr. 

assess, rate, estimate; enroll as a citizen; 
be of the opinion, propose, urge, vote ; 
resolve, decree; determine, decide, think 
it best, advise; imagine, suppose, think, 
believe. 
censor, -oris, [censeo] m. censor, a 
Roman magistrate. For the duties, etc., 
of the censor, see the Introduction, §§13- 
16, and Appendix C. 

census, -us, [censeo] m. registration of 
citizens and property, enrollment, ap- 
praisement, census ; register of the cen- 
sus, registration list, censor'' s lists. 

centesimus, -a, -um, [centum] num. 
adj. the hundredth. 

centum, num. adj. indecl. a hundred. 

centuria, -ae, [centum] f. a century, 
one of the political sections into which 
the Roman people were divided. See 
Introduction, §§10 and 12. 

centuriatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of centurio] 

adj. divided into centuries, according to 
centuries. See centuria and comi- 
tium. 



centuriatus, -us, [centurio] m. office of 
centurion, centurionship. 

centurio, -are, -avi, -atum, [centuria] 

1 tr. divide into centuries ; assign to 
companies, organize. 

centurio, -onis, [centuria] m. com- 
mander of a century, centurion, an 
officer ranking next below the tribunes 
of the legion. 

Ceparius (Cae-), -i, m. a Roman nomen 
or gentile name. Esp. M. Geparius, a 
confederate of Catiline. 

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, 3 tr. sift; 
separate mentally, distinguish, discern^ 
malce out ; see, j^erceive, behold ; com- 
prehend, understand; decide, deter- 
mine, decree. 

certamen, -inis, [certo] n. decisive con- 
test, measuring of forces ; dispute, con- 
tention, dissension, strife ; conflict^ 
struggle, combat, battle ; match, trial 
of strength or skill ; rivalry, competi- 
tion, emulation. 

certatim, [certo] adv. in rivalry, with 
competition, emulously ; eagerly, ear- 
nestly. 

certe, [certus] adv. certainly, surely, no 
doubt; really, actually, as a fact; at all 
events, at least, yet surely, but certainly. 

certo, [certus] adv. with certainty, be- 
yond a doubt, surely, positively, really^ 
in fact. 

certo, -are, -avi, -atum, l intr. and tr. 
vie with, in either a hostile or a friendly 
manner ; fight, contend, struggle, com- 
bat; strive; compete, vie, emulate, rival, 

certus, -a, -um, [old pf.p. of cerno] adj, 
decided, settled, fixed, certain, sure , 
conclusive, established, true ; specified, 
definite, special, particular ; ceriair 
(indefinite), some; tried, trustivorthy 
trusty. mihi certum est, / am de- 
termined. 

cervix, -icis, f. neck, nape of the neck; 
in plur. only, shoulders, throat. 

[ceterus], -a, -um, nom. sing. m. not 

found, adj. other, the other; the rest of; 

plural, the rest, the remaining, all other, 

the other. As subst. ceteri, -orum, m. 

I plural, the others, all the others, all the 



448 



VOCABULARY 



rest, everybody else; c6tera, -orum, 
11. plur. the rest, evet^jthing else. 

CethegUS, -i, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. Corn6lius Cethe- 
gUS, a confederate of Catiline. See 
Cornelius. 

Chilo, -onis, [XtAwt-J m. a Roman cogno- 
men or famil\' name. Esp. Q. Annius 
Ghllo, a confederate of Catiline, 

Chius, -a, -um, [xros] adj. Chian, of 
Chios, an island in the Aegean. As 
subst. Chii, -orum, m. pi. the Chians, 
the people of Chios. 

cibus, -i, m. food, }iutnment; nourish- 
ment, sustenance. 

Cicero, -onis, [cicer, chiclpea] m. a 
Roman cognomen or family name. 
Esp. : 

1. M. Tullius Cicero, the orator. 

2. Q. Tullius Cicero, his brother, 
praetor at the trial of Archias. 

Cilices -um, [KtAiKe?], m. pi. the people 
of Cilicia. the Cilicians. 

Cilicia, -ae, [KtAi*cia] f. the southern dis- 
trict of Asia Minor on the Mediter- 
ranean, the home of pirates till con- 
quered by Pompey and made a Roman 
province, 6Gb.c. 

Cimber, -bri, m. a Roman name. Esp. 
Gabinius Cimber, a confederate of 

Catiline. 

Cimbri, -orum, m. plur. the Cimbrians, 
the German tribe conquered by the con- 
suls Marius and Catulus, 102 b.c. 

Cimbri cus, -a, -um, [Cimbri] adj. of 
the Cimbri, Cimbrian. 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum, 3 tr. 

surround, eticofnpass, enclose; gird, 
gird on, wreathe, croicn ; invest, beset, 
besiege. 

cinis, -eris, m. ashes, embers; ashes of 
the dead, the remains of the body after 
cremation. 

Cinna, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Cornelius 
Cinna, consul with Marius in 86 B.C., 
and his active partisan against Sulla. 

circiter, [circus, circle'\ adv., and prep, 
with ace, of duration or distance, about, 



nearly, not far from; of time, about ^ J 
near. 

circum, [ace. of circus, circle^ adv., and 
prep, with ace. around, about, among. 

circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, 
[circum + claudo] 3 tr. shut in, enclose, 
surround, hem in. 

circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, [cir- 

cum + do] 1 tr. put around, j^lace about, 
set around, surround. 

circumfundo, -fundere, -ftidi, -ftisum, 
[circum + fundo] 3 tr. j^our around. 
Pass, pour in, rush in on all sides; 
crowd aroundy press, throng; surround, 
ejivelop. 

circumscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
-scriptum, [circum + scribo] 3 tr. en- 
circle, enclose, bound, limit; circum- 
scribe, hinder^ hem in, confine, hold in 
check; cheat, defraud; cancel, annul, 
set aside. 

circumscriptor, -5ris, [circumscribo] 

m. defrauder, cheat. 

circumsedeo, -sedere, -sedi, -sessum, 
[circum + sedeoJ 2 tr. sit aivund, sur- 
round; beset, invest, besiege. 

circumspicio, -spicere, -sp6xi, -spec- 
tum, [circum + specio] 3 tr. and int:. 
look about, cast a look around; observe, 
see; exercise foresight, be cautious; view 
mentally, survey; think over, ponder, 
consider. 

circumsto, -stare, -steti, — , [circum 
+ Sto] 1 tr. and intr. stand around; sur- 
round, encircle, encompass; beset, be- 
siege; be at hand, threaten. 

circus, -i, m. circus. Esp. Circus Maxi- 
mus, or simply Circus, an oval en- 
closure between the Palatine and Aven- 
tine hills for athletic games. 

cito, [citus, pf . p. of cieo, put in motion] 
adv. quickly, speedily, soon. citius, 
com p. sooner, rather. 

cito, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens. of cieo, 
put in motion] 1 tr. set in motion, rouse, 
excite; call, summon; call to witness, 
appeal to, cite. 

civilis, -e, [civis] adj. of a citizen, of 



Cethggus— co65 



449 



citizens^ civic.) civil; intei^nal^ intestine; 
jwlitical, public^ state. 

civis, -is, c. citizen, fellow-citizen. 

civitas, -atis, [civis] f . state of being a 
citizen, membership in the com^munity, 
citizenship; the franchise: community 
of citizens, the citizens, body -politic, city 
(abstractly : cf. urbs, city, locally, the 
abode of the civitas), state; one'^s fel- 
low citizens. 

clades, -is, f • dam,age, disaster, calamity, 
destruction, ruin; loss, defeat^ over- 
throw. 

clam, [cf. celo] adv. and prep, secretly, 
covertly, in secret; without the knowl- 
edge of 

clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. 
cry out, exclaim, shout; call upon, in- 
voke; pi'oclaim, declare. 

clamor, -oris, [clamo] m. loud cry, 
shout; shouting, outcry, shouts; ac- 
clamation, apjylause; clamor, uproar, 
din. 

clarus, -a, -um, adj. clear, bright, shin- 
ing; distinct, manifest, plain, evident; 
brilliant, illustrious, distinguished, 
honored, renowned, famous; notorious, 
conspicuous. 

classis, -is, f. class, division of the people; 
army; fleet, naval forces. 

Claudius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. : 

1. Appius Claudius Caecus (ances- 
tor of P. Clodius Pulcher), to whom 
was due the building of the Appian 
Way, 312 b.c. 

2. Appius Claudius Pulcber, elder 
brother to Clodius and consul in 54 
B.C., predecessor of Cicero in the 
government of Cilicia. 

3. Appius Claudius Pulcher, pro- 
secutor of Milo in 52 b.c. 

claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum, 3 

tr. shut, close; bring to a close, end; shut 
in, surround, enclose; shut up, confine, 
imprison; hem in, invest, besiege. 
clSmgns, -entis, adj. mild, calm, quiet; 
gentle, kindly, gracious, kind, forbear- 
ing, compassionate, m^rcifid. 

29 



clementer, [clemens] adv. quietly, 
calmly; mildly, gently, kindly, gra- 
ciously, with forbearance, mercifully. 

dementia, -ae, [clemens] f. m/)dera- 
tion, mildness; kindness, gentleness; 
forbearance, humanity, mercy, clem- 
ency. 

cliens, -entis, [for cluens, from clueo, 
hear'\ m. dependant, follower, retainer, 
client, one under the protection of a 
patronus; vassal. 

clientela, -ae, [cliens] f. relation of 
client to patron, dientship; plur. often 
dependants, retainers^ clients. 

clivus, -i, m. sloi^e^ ascent, declivity. 
Esp. clivus Capit51inus, Capitol Slope, 
leading from the Forum to the Capitol, 
a part of the Sacra Via. 

Clodianus, -a, -um, [Clodius] adj. of 
Clodius. 

Clodius, -i, [corrupted form of Claudius] 
m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. 
Esp.: 

1. P. Clodius Pulcher, enemy to Ci- 
cero, for whose exile he was respon- 
sible ;• murdered in a brawl with his 
enemy Milo. 

2. Sex. Clodius, a client of P. Clodius 
Pulcher and ringleader in the riots 
of 53 and 52 b.c. 

Cluvius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. TuUus Cluvius, a 
Roman envoy slain by Lars Tolumnius, 
king of the Yeientes. 

Cn., abbreviation for Grnaeus. 

Cnidius (Gn-), -a, -um, [kwSo?], adj. of 
Cnidus. As subst. Cnidii, -orum, m. 
pi, people of Cnidus. 

Cnidus or Cnidos (Gn-), -I, [Kviho<;1 f. 
Cnidus, a city in Caria. 

coactus -a -um, Bee c6g5. 

coarguo, -arguere, -argui, — , [com- 
+ arguo] 3 tr. overwhelm with proof, 
refute, silence, expose, prove guilty; 
prove, demonstrate, establish. 

coeo, -ire, -ivi or-ii, -itum, [com- + eo] 

irr. intr. go together, come together, as- 
semble; be united, unite, form by unit- 
ing; combine, agree. 



450 



VOCABULARY 



coepi, coepisse, <lef. tr. and intr. hat'e 
hegiin.hcgatK commenced, have started, 
have y?)de?'take?i. Passive forms coep- 
tus sum, etc., iu combination wiili a 
passive intiuitive, have same meanlDgs 
as active, 

coeptus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of coepi] adj. 
coninienced, begun, v.hdertal<en. 

coerce5, -erc6re, -ercui, coercitum, 
[com- + arceo, enclose'], "Z tr. enclose on 
all sides, confine; restrain, repress, hold 
ill check, curb, control. 

coetus, -Us, [co6o] ni. meeting, assem- 
blage, company, concourse, crvwd. 

cogitate, [cogitatus, fiom c5git5] adv. 
after matare rejkctlon, with reflection, 
thoughtfully; pur])Osely, designedly. 

cogitatio, -onis, [cogito] f. meditation, 
n flection, consideration; faculty of 
thought, 7'easofiing power; thought, 
reasoning^ idea, imagination; resolu- 
tinv,2)l((n, project. 

cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, Lcom- + agi- 
toj 1 tr. consider tlioroughly, ponder, 
tveigh, reflect upon, think over, think of; 
have in mind, meditate, intend, design, 
plan, plot. 

cognatio, -onis, [cognitus, .*7^n//i^// o7/i 

th( Kame stock] f. blood-reiationslilp, 
connection by birth, kinship; nlation- 
ship, connection, resemblance, aflinity. 

cognitio, -onis, [cognosco] f. a becom- 
ing acquainfid a ith, learning, knowl- 
edge, acquaintance; in law, investiga- 
tion, examination, hearing, trial. 

cognitor, -oris, [cognosco] m. attorney, 
advocate; defender, protector, sup- 
porter; tvitness, voucher, sponsor. 

cognomen, -inis, [com- + (g)n6men] n. 

surname, family name; nam.e. 

cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cognitum, 
[com- + (g)n6sco] 3 tr. become ac- 
quainted with, learn; learn about; be- 
come aware, find out, discover, ascer- 
tain, 7;^;'<?en'e, understand; inquire 
into, investigate, examine; recognize, 
identify, acknowledge; in perfect tenses 

. often (cf. nosco) be aware, know. 

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, [com- + 



ago] 3 tr. drive together; bring togctJier^ 
get together, gathei', assemble, convene; 
■urge, constrain, oblige, compel, force. 
oohaereo, -6re, cohaesi, cohaesum, 
[com- + haereo] 2 intr. cling together^ 
be unittd, cohere; hold together^ exist; 
be closely connected with, be in hai'mony 
with. 

cohibeo, -5re, -ul, -itum, [com- + ha- 
beo] - tr. hold together, contain, confine; 
keep from, hold in check, restrain, re- 
press, subdffe, conti'ol. 

cohors, -hortis, f. cohort, the tenth part 
of a legion; company, train, throng, 
band. cohors praetoria, the body- ^ 
guard of a general. M 

coliortatio, -onis, [cohortor] f. exhort- 
ing, inciting, exhortation, encourage- 
mtitt ; an encouraging address. 

cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, [com- + hor- 
torj 1 dep. encourage, cheer, animate, 
rally; incite^ urge on., admmdsh^ ex- 
hort; addiess. 

Coll6ctio, see conlSctiS. 

collega, see conlega. 

collegium, see conlSgium. 

colligo, see conligo. 

collinus, -a, -um, [coUis] adj. of the 
hill. Collina (sc tribus), f. the Col- 
line {tribe), the least reputable of the 
four city tribes. 

collis, -is, ni. hill, height, elevation. 

colloco, sec conlocS. 

colloquium, see conloquium. 

colloquor, see conloquor. 

colluvio, see conluvio. 

colo, colore, colui, cultum, 3 tr. and 
intr. till, tend, cultivate; stay at, fre- 
q>ienf, abide in, dwell in, inhabit (cf. 
incolo) ; cherish, esteem, love, honxyr, 
pay homage to; of religious service, ob- 
serve, reverence, revere, worship, wor- 
ship at; of abstract objects in general, 
cultivate, court, follow, seek, devote one's 
self to, practise, adhere to, cherish. 

colonia, -ae, [colonus] f. colony, settle- 
ment; colonists. 

colonus, -i, [colo] m. tiller of the soil, 



coepi— commodus 



451 



husbandman, farmer; settler, colonist, 

citizen of a colony. 
Colophon, -onis, [KoAo</)c6v] m. a city in 

Lydia. 
Colophonius, -a, -urn, [Colophon] adj. 

0/ Colophon. As siibst. Colophonii, 

-orum, m. pi. the people of Colophon, 

the Colophonians. 

color, -oris, m. color, hue, tint: natural 
color, complexion; autioarcl show, ap- 
pearance; coloring, character. 

columen, -inis, n. pillar, column; sum- 
mit, height, chief; prop, stay, support. 

columna, -ae, f . column, pillar, post. 

com-, pi'ep.^ old form of cum, used only 
in composition. See cum. 

coma, -ae, {<oii.-r\\ f. hair of the head, hair, 
locks. 

comburo, -burere, -bussi, -bustum, 3 
tr. burn up, consume; ruin. 

comes, -itis, [com-, cf . eo] c. companion, 
comrade, mate, intimate; partner, as- 
sociate, adherent; attendant, follower, 
retainer, dependant. 

comissatio, -onis, [comissor, revel] f. 

Bacchanalian revel, carousal, revel; 

revelry. 
comitatus, -us, [comitor] m. escort, 

train, following, retinue ; company, 

band, crowd, swarm. 

comitium, -i, [com-, eo] n. the Comi- 
i'lum, a part of the Forum. Plural, 
comitia, -orum, the Assembly of the 
people for political business (election of 
magistrates, etc.); election. Esp. comi- 
tia centuriata and comitia tributa ; 
see Introduction, §§11, 12. 

comitor, -ari, -atus sum, [comes] 1 dep. 
accompany, attend, escort , follow . 

commeatus, -us, [commeo] m. a going 
toaudfro^^ passing back and forth, 
trip; leave of absence, furlough; s2/p- 
plies, provisions, market. 

commemorabilis,-e, [commemoro] adj. 
memorable, worth nietdioning, notewor- 
thy, notable, praiseworthy, remarkable. 

commemorandus, -a, -um, [fnt. part. 
piss, of commemoro] r.dj. to be remem- 
bered, memorable, noteworthy. 



commemoratio, -onis, [commemoro] 

f. a calling to jnind, reminding, sug- 
gesting; remembrance, reminder, men- 
tion; commemoration. * 

commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
+ memoro, call to mind'\ 1 tr. call to 
mind, keep in mind, be mindful of, re- 
member, recall; relate, recount, speak 
of, mention. 

commendatio, -onis, [commendo] f. a 

commending, recommendation ; that 
which recommends, excellence, worth. 

commendo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 

mando] l tr. commit for protection, in- 
trust, confide; commend for favor or 
protection, ask favor for, recommend. 

commeo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
meo, go] l intr. go and come, go back 
and forth, go about; make frequent 
visits, resort to. 

commercium, -i, [com- + merx] intr. 
commercial intercourse or dealings, 
trade, traffic, commerce; right to trade; 
connection, communion, fellowship. 

commisceo, -miscere, -miscui, -mlx- 
tum or -mistum, [com- + misceo] 2 

tr. mingle together, intermingle, min- 
gle, mix; unite, join. 

committo, -mittere, -misi, commis- 
sum, [com- + mitto] 3 tr. bnng to- 
gether ; join, unite, attach, put together, 
combine; of a fighi or struggle, set to- 
gether, join, begin, engage in, fight, 
carry on, wage; inti^ust, trust, yield, 
resign, expose, abandon; commit an 
offence, perpetrate, do, be guilty of, be 
at fault, act so as that, cdlow (with ut); 
incur. 

commodo, -are, -avi, -atum, [commo- 
dus] 1 tr. and intr. accommodate, adapt; 
grant, supply, furnish; loan, lend; 
please, favor, serve. 

commodum, -i, [commodus] intr. con- 
venience, convenient opportunity, op- 
portune moment; advantage, interest, 
jyrofit; reiva?'d, emo''/menf, pay; loan. 

commodus, -a, -um, [com- + modus] 

-uith due measure; suitable, fitting, ap- 
propriate, oijportune, convenient, favor- 



452 



VOCABULARY 



ablty advantageous: serviceable, agree- 
abie. pleasant, obliging. 

commoneo,^ -mongre, -monui, -moni- 
tum, [com- + moneS] !^ tr. remind, jnit 
in /nind. 

commoror, -ari, -atus sum, [com- + 
moror, dtlay] 1 dep. tarry, sejourn, re- 
main, stay; linger, JwelL insist. 

commoveO, -mov6re, -movi, -motum, 

COm-4-moveol >ir. put in riolent ?no- 
tion, shake, /nove, stir; agitate, disturb, 
disquiet, trouble; affect, influence; ex- 
cite, rouae, stir up. 

communicS, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
munis] 1 tr. divide with, share; cmn- 
municate, impart; join, add. 

communis, -5nis, [communis] f. a 

sh(triNg, mutual jxtrt'icipafion; fellow- 
shi/). romnnntinn. 

communis, -e, [com- + munus] adj. cotn- 
mon, in common; general, universal, 
public; affable, caitrteous. Ae eubst. 
commune, -is, n. '<>rntnu)iity, state. 

commtiniter, [communis] adv. in cam- 
tnon. together. Jointly, generally. 

commutabilis, -e, [commutO] adj. sub- 
ject to change, changeable; inconstant, 
fickle. 

commtitatiO, -5nis, [commtitS] f. a 

changing, change, alteration. 

commuto, -are, -avI, -atum, [com- + 
muto] 1 tr. change entirely, alter wholly; 
exchange, interchange, substitute, 
change; barter, traffic. 

1. comparatio, -onis, [comparo, from 
COm- + paro] f. a preparing, prepara- 
tion. 

2. comparatio, -onis, [comparo, from 
compar, equal to] f. a comparing, com- 
parison. 

1. comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
paro] 1 tr. make ready, get ready, pre- 
pare, provide; organize, arrange, ap- 
point, m'dain, establish; get, obtain, 
procure, get together, collect. 

2. comparo, -Sre, -avi, -atum, [com- 
par, equal to] 1 tr. bring together as 
equals, match, join; regard as equal. 
rank with ; compare. 



compello, -pellere, -puli, compulsum, 
[com- + pello], 3 tr. drive together, col- 
lect, asstjuble; drive, impel, coynpel, 
force; incite, move, urge, constrain. 

comperendino, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 

+ perendinus, after to-morrow] 1 tr. 
and iiitr. adjourn (of a court) over an 
entire day; reach the end of the plead- 
ing, close the case. 

comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum, 4 tr. 

obtain knowledge of, fl?id out, discover, 
ascertain, learn. 

competitor, -5ris, [competS, strive to- 
gether] m. rival, competitor, opposing 
candidate, opponent. 

complector, -plecti, complexus sum, 
[com- + plectS, braid] 3 dep. cla^, em- 
brace; encircle, surround, enclose, in- 
clude; seize, comprehend, understand; 
explain, describe, sum up, express con- 
cisely; care for, value, love, honor. 

compleS, -ere, -6vl, -6tum, [com- + 

pleo, .////] 2 W. fill full, fill up, fill; fill 
with men, man; complete, fulfil, ac- 
complish, finish. 

complexus, -us, [complector] m. em- 
bracing, embrace, clasp ; bosom, affec- 
tion, love. 

compltirgs, -a or -ia, gen. complurium, 
[com- + plurfisj adj. j)!. several, quite 
a number of, a number of, many, vei'y 
many, a great many. 

compono, -ponere, -posui, composi- 
tum, [com- + ponoj -5 tr. put together ; 
join, unite, collect ; compare, contrast; 
compose, wnte ; put aivay, lay aside, 
lay at rest, bury ; pacify, reconcile, 
quiet, settle, make a settlement; dispose, 
arrange, set in order, prepare. 

comporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
porto] 1 tr. bring together, bring in, 
gather, collect, accumulate. 

compos, -Otis, [com-, cf. potis] adj. in 
possession of, possessing, master of; 
participating in. 

compositus, -a, -um, [pf .p. of compono] 

adj. ivell-ordered, arranged, orderly, 
regular; fitly disposed, prepared, ready, 
fit, qualified. 



commoneo— condicio 



4^ 

?53 



comprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, com- 
prehensum, [com- + prehendo, seize] 
3 ir. lake hold of, seize, catch ; lay hold 
of, lay hands on, apinehend, capture, 
arrest, take into custody; take in, grasp, 
comprehend, understand; recount, de- 
scribe, set forth. 

comprimo, -primere, -pressi, compres- 
sum, [com- + premo] 3 tr. x>ress to- 
gether, 2)ress closely, compress ; keep in, 
restrain, repress, check, curb; suppress, 
put doivn, subdue, keep under. 

comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
probo] 1 tr. approve, sanction, assent to, 
acknowledge ; attest, confirm, establish, 
prove. 

conatus, -us, [conor] m. attempt, en- 
deavor, effort; undertaking, enterprise. 

concedo, -cedere, -cessi, concessum, 
[com- + cedo] 3 tr. and intr. go away, 
depart, withdro.w, retire; give place to, 
give precedence, yield the palm, yield, 
defer, s^ibmit ; grant, concede, allow, 
permit; give up, forgive, pardon. 

concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
celebro] l tr. attend in throngs, fre- 
quent ; solemnize, celebj^ate ; publish, 
proclaim. 

concertatio, -onis, [concerto] f. dispute, 
controversy, contention, wrangling ; ri- 
valry. 

concerto, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
certo] 1 intr. contend tcarmly, dispute 
hotly, wrangle. 

concido, -cidere, -cidi, , [com- + 

cadoj 3 intr./«// together, collapse , fall 
doivn, tumble to the earth ; fall dead, 
fall; decline, fail, be defeated, be de- 
stroyed, go to jmin. 

concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, [com- 
+ caedo] 3 tr. cut to pieces, cut up ; cut 
down, kill, destroy; beat severely. 

concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, [concilium] 

1 tr, bring together ; obtain, procure, 
acquire, ivin, gain; cause, biding about, 
make, zvin over, win the favor of, con- 
cUiate. 

concilium, -i, n. meeting, assembly; 
conference, council. 



concipio, -cipere, -cepi, conceptum, 
[com- + capio] 3 tr. take up, take in, 
receive, incur; imagine, conceive, think; 
undei'stand, comprehend ; harbor, en- 
tertain, plan, devise. 

concitatio, -onis, [concito] f . a quick- 
ening ; excitement, violent passion ; 
agitation, tumult. 

concito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
QOncio^move violently] 1 ix.set in motion, 
agitate ; stir vp, arouse, excite ; move, 
influence, stimulate, spur, urge, incite, 
instigate. 

concludo, -cltidere, -cltisi, conclusum, 
[com- + claudo] 3 tr. shut vp, enclose, 
confine; include, restHct ; condense, 
compi'ise; close, conclude, finish; infer, 
argue. 

Concordia, -ae, [concors] f. harmony, 
unanimity, union, concord. Esp. per- 
sonified, Concordia, -ae, f. Concord, 
the goddess of Concord. 

concors, -ordis, [com- + cor, heart] adj. 
of the same mind, united, concordant ; 
harmonious, amicable. 

concupisco, -cupiscere, -cupivi, -cupi- 
tum, [com- + inch, of cupio] 3 tr. be 

very desirous of, earnestly desire, eagerly 
desire, long for, covet ; aspire to, strive 
after. 

concurro, -currere, -cucurri or -curri, 
concursum, [com- + curro] 3 intr. run 
together, fiock together, assemble ; rush 
up, rush in, rush together, engage in 
combat, fight; coincide, happen . 

concurso, -are, — , , [freq. of con- 
curro] 1 intr. run to and fro, run about, 
rush hither and thither ; ramble about, 
traverse. 

concursus, -us, [concurro] m. a running 
together ; concourse, assembly, throng, 
crowd, mob ; tumultuous assembling, 
tumult ; charge, onset, attack, assault ; 
a meeting, dashing together, collision, 
shock. 

con^emno, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
damno] l tr. prove gfdlty, convict, find 
guilty, sentence, condemn. 

condicio, -onis, [condico, agree] f. 
agreement, terms of agreement, terms. 



454 



VOCABULARY 



condition, stipulation ; bargain^ com- 
pact; position^ rank; situation^ toty cir- 
cmnstancts. 
conditio, see condicio. 

condo, -dere, -didi, conditum, [com- + 

do] 3 tr. put tof/ef/ter, form ; buitd, 
found, establis/i; be the avthor of com- 
pose, incite ; lay by, store vp, tj^casure 
vp ; lay in the tomb, inter, bu?y ; con- 
ceal, secrete, hide. 

condonatio, -onis, [condonol f. a giring 

(iiriiij, giving up, donation. 

condono, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
donoj 1 tr. give, present ; give up, rac- 
rijice, devote; overlool:,forbear to punish, 
2m r don. 

conduco, -ducere, -dtixi, conductum, 

[com- + dtiCOj 3 tr. draw together, 
bring up, gather together, assemble ; 
hire, employ, binbe ; be of itse, profit, 

urv>\ 

confectio, -onis, [conficio] f. a finish- 
ing, completing; com])osing, preparing. 

confers, -ferre, -tuli, conlatum or col- 
latum, fcom- + fero] irr, tr. bnng to- 
gether, collect, gather, bring in; join, 
vnite; set together, match against, op- 
pose; compare, contrast; consult, con- 
fer, consider, deliberate over; carry, 
convey, bring; bring vpon; 2)vt, set 
vpon, direct; apply, emjjloy, devote; 
bestoiv upon, contribute, grant, lend; 
refer, attnbute, ascribe, lay the blame 
an; assign, set, appoint; jmt off, defer, 
jiostpone; remove, transfer; establish; 
reflex. s6 COnferre, betake one's self, 
take refuge, turn, go, devote one's self. 

confertus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of confercio, 
ironi com- + farcio, -^^tiff] adj. closely 
crowded, crowded, dense; close, com- 
pact, in close array; stufed, filled full, 
crnmmed, gorged. 

confessio, -onis, [confiteor] f. coifes- 
siori, acknowledgment . 

confestim, [com-, cf. festino, h^sten^ 
adv. immediately, at once, speedily, in 
haste, forthwith, suddenly. 

conficio, -ficere, -f6ci, confectum, 
Lcom- + facio] 3 tr. make ready, bring 



about; carry out, accomplish, execute, 
perform, do; make, draw up; com- 
plete, finish; finish up, exhaust, wear 
out, consume, overcome, kill, destroy; 
biing together, prepare, provide, pro- 
ciwe. 

confictio, -onis, [confingo] f. a making 
vp, in Vent ion, fabrication. 

cSnfido, -fidere, cSnfisus sum, [com- + 
fidoj o f^eini-dep. iiitr. Jiave co)ifiil< nvc 
in, confide, trust, rely on; be confidint, 
believe, be assvred. 

cSnfingo, -fingere, -finxi, confictum, 
[com- + fingoJ 3 tr. ?/take vp, mxwvfac- 
ture, i)ivent; feign, j^retend. 

confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
firmo! l tr. make firm, make strong, 
strengths n, reinforce; confirm, estab- 
lish; encourage, cheer, animate, make 
bold ; corroborate, svfport, p)VOve ; as- 
sert, declare, protest, assure solemnly. 

confisus, -a, -um, see confido. 

cOnfiteor, -fitgri, confessus sum, [com- 
+ fateorJ - liep. confess, make confes- 
sion.; admit, own, acknowledge; giant, 
allow, concede. 

c6nflagr5, -are, -avi, atum, [com- + 
flagro] \ tr. and intr. burn, be on fire; 
burn up, be consumed, be destroyed; be 
consumed by the fires of, be condemned. 

confligo, -fligere, -flixi, conflictum, 
[com- + fligS] tr. and intr. dash to- 
gether, dash against, collide; be in con- 
flict, contend, fight ; be engaged, be at 
war, be at variance. 

conflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + fluo], 

1 tr. blowvp; kiridle, excite, i'lflame; 
get together, gather, raise, compose; 
Ining about, effect, accomplish ; cause, 
occasion ; unite, fuse. 

confluo, -fluere, confluxi, — , [com- + 
fluo] 3 intr. flow together, run together; 
flock together, crowd, throng, assemble. 

conformatio, -onis, [conformo] ^.form- 
ing, shaping, form, shape, conforma- 
tion ; training, culture; idea, notion. 

conforms, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
formo, shape] 1 tr./o7^m, mould, shape, 
fashion; train, cultivate, educQ,te, 



conditio— Conor 



455 



coniringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractum, 
[com- + frangoJ -^ tr. break in ^?i'5C66% 
shatter; ciush, destroy. 

confugio, -fugere, -ftigi, — , [coni- + 
fugio] 3 intr. jlee., run for sticcor, take 
refuge; have recourse, resort. 

congero, -gerere, -gessi, congestum, 
[com- + gero] 3 tv.li^ing together, col- 
lect, heap together, heap vp, pile vp, 
accunwWe ; build, construct ; heap 
upon, load. 

congredior, -gredi, congressus sum, 
[com- + gradior, advance^^ dep. come 
together, meet; meet in strife, contend, 
fight, engage, join battle. 

congrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-, cf . 
grex] 1 tr. ccllect in a flock; gather 
together, collect, assemble; associate, 
join, unite; reflex, or in pass, assemble, 
gather. 

congressus, -us, [congredior] m. a 

meeting, assembly; conference, inter- 
view; encounter, onset, fight. 

congruo, -ere, congrui, , 3 intr. 

coincide, agree; le suited, be adapted, 
suit, fit; harmonize, be in harmony, 
accord, correspond. 

conicio, -icere, -ieci, coniectum, [com- 
+ iacio] 3 tr. throvj together, unite ; 
throw, cast, hurl, thrust; put, place, 
station; urge, force, drive, turn, direct, 
dim ; guess, conjecture, infer; foretell, 
piophesy, interpret; reflex, seconicere, 
rush, rush out. 

coniectura, -ae, [conicio] f . guess, con- 
jecture, infereiice. 

coniunctio, -onis, [coniungo] f . a unit- 
ing, connection, union, agreement ; in- 
timacy, friendship. 

coniunctus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of con- 
iungo] adj. closely connected, united; 
adjoining, bordering on; in conjunction 
with, allied ; intimate, friendly ; per- 
taining, acc&rdant, conformable. 

coniungo, -iungere, -itinxi, coniunc- 
tum, rcom- + iungo] 3 tr. fasten to- 
gether, join., connect, unite ; associate, 
ally; unite to wage, wage in concei^t. 

cSniunx (coniux), -ugis, [cf . coniungo] 



c. married person, consort, spouse; hus- 
band or wife. 

conitiratio, -onis, [coniuro] f. union 
under oath, conspiracy; confederacy, 
band of cons2n?^ators. 

conitiratus, -i, [pf.p. as subst. of con- 
iuro] m. conspirator. 

coniuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
itiro] 1 intr. and tr. stvear together, 
plot together, con&pire, form a con- 
spdracy. 

coniveo, -ere, conivi or conixi, , 

[com- + nive6] 2 intr. shut the eyes, 
blink; u'ink at, overlook, connive. 

conlatus (coll-), -a, -um, see confero. 
conlgctio (coll-), -onis, [conlectus, from 

conligo] f. a collecting, gathering; 

summing up. 
conlgga (coll-), -ae, m. associate in office, 

colleague ; associ a te , compa n ion . 

conlegium (coll-), -i, [cf. conlega], n. 

association in office, colleagueship ; body 
of colleagues, official body, board, college, 
corporation, association, guild, society, 
union. 
conligo (coll-), -ligere, -legi, -lectum, 
[com- + lego] 3 tr. bring together, 
gather together, collect, assemble; ac- 
quire, incur; gather, deduce, infer ; re- 
flex, se conligere, collect one's self re- 
cover, compose. 

conloco (coll-), -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
+ loco] 1 tr. set right, set to rights, ar- 
range, order; set up, erect ; set, place, 
put, lay, station, quarter; settle, locate; 
establish in marriage, give in mar- 
riage, marry; lay out, invest; occupy, 
employ. 

conloquium (coll-), -i, [conloquor] n. 
conversation, conference, discourse. 

conloquor (coll-), -loqui, -locutus sum, 
[com- + loquor] 3 dep. hold a conversa- 
tion, converse, hold an interview, par- 
ley, confer. 

conluvio (coll-), -onis, [conluo, wef] f. 

washings, siueepings, ofi'scourings, 

dregs. 
conniveo, see coniveo. 
Conor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. undertake. 



456 



VOCABULARY 



conqueror, -queri, -questus sum, 
[com- + queror] 3 dep. complain. 

conquiesco, -quiescere, -quievi, -quie- 
tum, [com- + quigsco] 3 mii . rest, re- 
pose, find rest; be quiet, he idle, he in- 
active ; pause, stop, cease ; he at rest, he 
at peace, enjoy ti^anqinUity. 

conquisitor, -oris, [conquiro, search 
ouf] m. ren^uiting officer. 

conroboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
roboro, strengthen^ 1 tr. strengthen, 
give strength to, encourage. 

consceleratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of con- 
scelero, stain with guilt] adj. defiled 
) it Ji crime, %vicked, depraved, riUan- 
o'fS, criminal. 

conscientia, -ae, [consci6ns, from con- 
scio, he conscious] f. knowledge in com- 
mon, commofi knowledge, cognizance, 
privity ; consciousness, kncnvhdge, sense, 
feeling; sense of right, conscience, good 
conscience ; sense of guilt, consciousness 
of guilt. 

cSnscius -a, -um, [com- + sci5] adj. 
knowing in common, conscious with, 
]ni,vy ; participant, accessonj ; know- 
ing, conscious. As eubst. cQnscius, -i, 
m. partaker, accomplice, witness, confi- 

. dant. 

cSnscribo, -scribere, -scrlpsi, conscrip- 
tum, [com- + scribo] 3 tr. write to- 
gether; enroll, enlist, conscHhe, levy ; 
draw vp, compose, write. 

conscriptus, -i, [pf.p. as subst. of con- 
scribo] in. one enrolled. patrSs con- 
script!, conscript fathers, the regular 
term for addressing the Senate. 

consecratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of conse- 
cro] adj. consecrated, hallowed, sacred, 
holy. 

consecro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ctm- + sa- 
cro] 1 tr. dedicate, devote, consecrate, 
hallow ; consecrate to the gods below, 
execrate, curse, doom ; deify, place 
among the gods, immortalize, make im- 
mortal. 

consensio, -onis, [consentio] f. an 

agreeing together, agreement, unanim- 
ity; comhination, plot, conspiracy. 



consensus, -us, [consentio] m. agree- 
ment, vnanimity, concord, ^haifnony; 
harmonious action, ^inanimous action; 
))lot, conspiracy. 

consentaneus, -a, -um, [consentio] adj. 

agreeing tvith, suited to, becoming, meet, 

fit. proper. 
c5nsentio, -sentire, -sensi, c5nsensum, 

[com- + sentio] 4 intr. agree together, 

be in accord; vnite upon, determine in 

common, resolve iinanimovdy, decree; .L . 

act with, make common cavse; plot to- ^ 

g ether, conspire. 

consequor, -sequi, consectitus sum, 
[com- + sequor] 3 dep.follofr up, follow 
close upon, press vj)on, pu?'sue; follo7r. 
succeed, come after; copy after, imitate, 
adopt ; ensue, resvlt, he in consequence 
of; reach, come vp with, overtake; arrire 
at, attain, obtain, secure, reap, get; 
perceive, learn, vnderstand. 

c5nservatio, -onis, [conserve] f . a keep- 
i^m^ prefierving, prfserration. 

conservator, -5ris, [conserve] m. pre- 
server, defender, saviour. 

c5nservQ, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
serv5] 1 tr. keep safe, preserve, main- 
tain, keep; save, spare; keep intact, 
joresei^e inviolate, guard; regard, ob- 
serve. 

consessus, -us, [cdnsidS] m. session^ 
convention, assembly. 

cSnsiderS, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. look 
at closely, inspect, examine; consider 
maturely, reflect upon, contemplate. 

Considius, -i, m. a Roman name. Esp. 
C. Considius Longus, the propraetor 
of Africa, who left his legatus Ligarius 
ill charge in 49 B.C. 

consido, -sidere, -sedi, consessum, 
[COm- + sido, sit down] 3 intr. sit doivn, 
be seated; take 07ie\^ seat, take one'^s 
place; sit, be in session ; settle, make 
one's home; encamp, halt; sink down, 
subside. 

consilium, -i, [cf. consulo] n. body of 
counsellors, deliberative assembly, coun- 
cil; considering together, deliberation 
consultation; conclusion, determination, 
resolution; intention, plan, purpose, de- 



conquiesco— consulatus 



457 



sign; i^lan of action, course, imlicy, 
measure; device, stratagem; counsel, 
advice; wise counsel, wisdom, judgment, 
sense, discretion, pimdence. 
consists, -sistere, constiti, — , [com- 
+ sisto] 3 intr. stand still, stand ; halt, 
stop ; take a stand, take a position, 
stand forth; stand unshaken, be firm, be 
steadfast ; continue, endure ; remain, 
stay ; consist of, consist in, depend 
upon, rest on. 

consobrinus, -i, [com- + soror] m. son 

of a mother'' s sister; first-cousin, cousin- 
gennan, cousin. 
consolatio, -onis, [consolor] f . a consol- 
ing, consolation, comfort, solace. 

consolor, -ari, -atns sum, [com- + solor, 

conifo7't] 1 clep. encourage, cheer, com- 
fort, console; alleviate, relieve, soothe. 

consors, -sortis, [com- + sors] adj. hav- 
ing a common lot, sharing. As subst. 
consors, -sortis, m. sharer, partner, 
colleague, associate, conwade. 

cSnspectus, -us, [conspicio] m. sight, 
range of sight, look, vieiv; p'resence. 

conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, conspec- 
tum, [com- + specio] 3 tr. and intr. 
look at, see, observe ; catch sight of, 
descry; face towards; look at attentively, 
gaze upon. Pass, be conspicuous, be a 
mark for, attract attention, be dis- 
tinguished. 

conspiratio, -onis, [conspire] f. agree- 
me)(t, unanimity, harmony ; union, 
combination, plot, conspiracy. 

conspire, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
spire] 1 m\x .sound together ; harmonize, 
be in accord; unite, combine; p)lot, con- 
spire, league together. 

constans, -antis, [pr.p. of consto] adj. 
firut, steady, unchangeable, invariable, 
co)isfant; consistent, harmonious; stead- 
fast, faithful, trustworthy. 

constanter, [constans] sid\.fir?nly, with 
firmness, resolutely, with constancy ; 
coniiisfeiitly, with consistency, uniform- 
ly, steadily, evenly ; calmly, tranquilly. 

constantia, -ae, [c5nstans] L firmness, 

titeadiness, perseverance ; fixedness of 



purpose, strength of character ; con- 
sistency, harmony ; steadfastness, con- 
stancy, self-possession. 

constituo, -stituere, -stitui, constitti- 
tum, [com- + statuo] 3 tr. put, place, 
set ; station, post, form, set up, erect, 
construct, build, found ; make, prepare, 
establish, constitute ; designate, mark 
out, select, apjioint ; set in order, ar- 
range, regulate, manage, organize ; fix, 
agree upon, determine upon, settle ; 
decide upon, determine, resolve, decree. 

consto, -stare, -stiti, , fut. part. 

constaturus, [com- + sto] 1 intr. be 
consistent, agree, correspond, tally ; 
stand film, be unmoved, be unchanged^ 
last ; be agreed upon, be settled, be es- 
tablished; be known, be clear, be evident; 
be extant, exist ; be dependent upon, 
depend upon, consist of ; stand at, cost. 
Impers. be clear, be evident, be well 
known, be notorious; be agreed, be re- 
solved. 

constringo, -stringere, -strinxi, con- 
strictum, [com- + stringo, 5i/<<^ tight] 
3 tr. bind fast, bind hand and foot, 
fetter ; hold fast, hold in check, curb, 
restrain. 

consuesco, -suescere, -suevi, consug- 
tum, [com- + suesco, accustom one's 
self] tr. and intr. accustom, inure ; ac- 
custom one's self, form a habit; in per- 
fect tenses, be accustomed, be wont. 

consuetude, -inis, [consuetus] f. cus- 
tom, habit, way, usage; practice, prece- 
dent ; habits, customs, manners ; social 
intercourse, close friendship, intimacy, 
familiarity. 

consul, -ulis, [cf. consuls] m. consul, 
one of the two chief executives under 
the Roman republic. See Introduction, 
§§13 and 15, and Appendix C, §§3, 4, 
and 5. 

consularis, -e, [consul] adj. of a consul, 
of the consuls, consular ; of consular 
rank, who has been consul. As subst. 
consularis, -is, m. ex-consul, man of 
consular rank. 

consulatus, -us, [c5nsul] m. consulship, 
ofiice of consul, consulate. 



458 



VOCABULARY 



consulo, -sulere, -sului, consultum, 3 

iiitr. antl tr. rejiect^ Odiberate^ take 
counsel, consult ; have regard, look out, 
be mindful, take care: decide upon, 
determine, resolve ; with ace. consult, 
counsel with, ask the advice of, apply 
to, refer to ; with dat. take counsel for, 
consult for the ivelfare of, consult the 
interests of, look out for. 

consulto, [consultum] adv. with delib- 
eration, delil>erateUj i with a purpose, 
purposely, designedly, on pwpose. 

cQnsultum, -i, [consultus, from c5n- 
suloj 11. deliberation ; decree, order, 
resolution, decision. 

consumo, -sumere, -stimpsi, constimp- 
tum, [com- + sumo] 3 tr. use up, de- 
vour; consume, destroy; waste, exhaust, 
ivaste away ; use, employ, spend ; of 
time, spend, pass, consume. 

contamin5, -are, -avi, -atum, [conta- 
men, collat. form of contagio, touch- 
ing] 1 tr. bring into co/itact, mingle; 
conta?ninate, stain, defile, ixjllute ; dis- 
honor, disgrace. 

contego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum, [com- 
+ tegoj 3 tr. cover over, cover ; bury ; 
conceal by covering, hide. 

contemno, -temnere, -tempsi, con- 
temptum, [com- + temno] 3 tr. esteem 
lightly, dii^daln, despise, hold in con- 
tempt, contemn ; speak contemjituously 
of, disparage; make light of, disregard, 
defy. 

contemptus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of con- 
temno] adj. despised, despicable, con- 
temptible, vile. 

contends, -tendere, -tendi, conten- 
tum, [com- + tendo] 3 tr, and intr. 
stretch, strain; st?i,ve for, endeavor, 
tf^ earnestly, exert one's self, be zealous; 
march, press on, press towards, hasten; 
compare, contrast; contend, vie, strive, 
struggle J fight, disjmte ; ask, demand, 
entreat; persuade, induce; maintam, 
insist, protest. 

contentio, -onis, [contends] f. strain- 
ing, strain, struggle, exei^tion, effort, 
efforts; contest, contention, fight; dis- 



pute, controversy; comparison, con- 
trast. 

1. contentus, -a, -um, [contend©] adj. 
stretched, strained, tense, tight; eager, 
intent. 

2. contentus, -a, -um, [contineo] adj. 
contented, content, satisfied., pleased, 
happy. 

contic6sc6, -ere, conticui, , [com- 

+ inch, of taceo] 3 intr. become silent, 
cease to speak, be still ; be silenced, le 
hushed; cease, stop. 

continens, -entis, [pr.p. of contineo] 

adj. bordering, contiguous, adjacent; 
connected, continuous, uninterrupted, 
continual ; consecutive ; of character, 
self-restrained, of self-restraint, of self- 
control, temperate, moderate. As eubst. 
continSns, -entis, f. the continuous 
land, continent, mainland. 

continenter, [contin6ns] adv. continu- 
ously, without interruption, continu- 
ally; temperately, moderately. 

continentia, -ae, [contin6ns] f. re- 
straint, continence; self-restraint, self- 
control, moder^ation, temperance. 

contineo, -tinere, -tinui, contentum, 
[com- + teneo] 2 tr. and intr. hold to- 
gether, contain ; bound, limit, enclose, 
surround; hold fast, retain; hold,keep, 
detain, shut in; hold back, hold in check, 
curb, stay, subdue, rule ; comprehend, 
embrace, include, (in pass.) consist in. 

contingo, -tingere, -tigi, contactum, 
[com- + tango] 3 tr. and intr. touch, 
take hold of; reach to, extend to, adjoin; 
reach, attain ; happen, be the case, be- 
fall, fall to the lot of, take place, turn 
out, occur. 

continuo, [continuus] adv. immediate- 
ly, straightway, forthwith. 

continuus, -a, -um, [cf. contineo] adj. 
continuous, unbroken, uninterrupted; in 
succession, successive. 

contio, -onis, [for conventio, from con- 
venio] f • a contio, an informal meeting 
of the people, mass-meeting ; oration, 
harangue, delivered to a mass-meeting. 
contionem habere, hold a meeting 



consnlo— copia 



459 



or deliver an oraUov.. See Appendix B, 
Note 2. 

contionator, -oris, [contionor] m. 

haranguer, agitator, demagogue. 

contionor, -ari, -atus sum, [contio] 1 

dep. meet^ convene ; deliver an oration, 
address., harangue. 

contra, adv. and prep.: 

1. As adv. opposite, over against, in 
front of; face to face, in opposition, 
on the other side ; in answer, in re- 
ply; in return, in turn; on the con- 
trary, on the other hand, conversely. 
contra at que (ac), contrary to 
what, different from what^ other- 
ivise than. 

2. As prep, against, before, facing, 
over against, ojiposite to, conirai'y 
to; in answer to, in reply to; in 
ojjposition to, in hostility to, as the 
enemy of, to the disadvantage of, 
vi favorable to. 

contractio, -onis, [cf. contraho] f. a 

draiving together, contraction. 

contraho, -trahere, -traxi, contrac- 
tum, [com- + traho] 3 tr. draw together, 
bring together, collect, assemble ; draw 
in, contract, shorten, narrow, bring into 
smaller compass, diminish; bring about, 
execute., cause, produce; check, restrain ; 
of business, transact, contract. 

contrarius, -a, -um, [contra] adj. lying 
0):er against, opposite ; contrary, op- 
posed, conflicting, contradictory. 

contremisco, -ere, contremui, — , 
[com- + tremisco, incli. of tremo] 3 
iiitr. begin to shake, tremble, shudder ; 
waver. 

contioversia, -ae, [controversus, dis- 
puted^ f. dispute, controversy, conten- 
tion, quarrel. 

contrucido, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
trucidoj 1 tr. cut to pieces, jyut to the 
sword, massacre. 

contubernalis, -is, [contubernium, 

companwnship in a tent] c. tent-com- 
panion, messmate ; companion, com- 
rade, asmciate, colleague. 

contumelia, -ae, [cf. contemno] f. in- 



suit, affront, outrage, reproach, abuse, 
invective, contumely; injury. 

convalesco, -ere, convalui, , [com- 

+ inch, of valeo] 3 intr. grow strong, 
gain strength; get better, regain health, 
recover. 

conveho, -vehere, -vexi, convectum, 
[com- + veho] 3 tr. carry togetlier, 
bring together, collect, store. 

convenio, -venire, -veni, conventum, 
[com- T venio] 4 tr. and intr. come 
together ; meet together, assemble, come 
in a body ; come in, arrive ; address, 
meet, visit, go to see, call on ; come to a 
decision, be agreed upon, be settled, 
agree ; be fitting, be suitable, be appro- 
priate ; ajjply, correspond, belong. 
Impers. be agreed, be agreed upon, be 
settled ; be suitable, be appropriate, be 
fitting, ought. 

conventus, -us, [convenio] m. meeting, 
assembly, throng ; corporation, associa- 
tion of merchants. 

converto, -vertere, -verti, conversum^ 
[com- + verto] 3 tr. and intr. turn 
about, turn around; turn back, reverse, 
invert, throw back; turn, direct; of the 
sight,^^', rivet, attract; convert, change, 
alter, transform; divert, pervert, mis- 
use; -undergo a change, be changed. 

convicium, -i, [com-, cf. vox] n. loud 
noise, outcry, clamor; wrangling, alter- 
cation, icrangle; abuse, insult, i^eviling. 

convince, -vincere, -vici, convictum, 
[com- + vinco] 3 tr. convict, prove 
guilty, rfute ; show clearly, expose, 
demonstrate beyond question, jyrove in- 
contestably ; make good a charge or 
claim. 

convivium, -i, [com-, cf. vivo] n. a 

meal in company, social meal, banquet, 
feasting together, feast, carousal. 

convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + vo- 

co] 1 tr. call together, convoke, summon 
together, summon, call. 
copia, -ae, [com- + ops] f. abundance, 
ample supply, plenty; multitude, 
throng, quantity, number; fulness, co- 
piousness; ability, jiower, opportunity^ 



460 



VOCABULARY 



facilities, means; faciUty, fluency; usu- 
ally in plural resources, wealth, riches, 
prosperity, luxury, forces, t?'Oops, sup- 
plies. 

COpiosg, [copiosus] adv. fully, abun- 
dantly; in great abundance^ ])le?itifully, 
copiously. 

copiosus, -a, -um, [copia] adj. icell-s^tp- 
lied, furnished abundantly, abounding 
in, Hch, plentiful; full of resources, 
wealthy, well-to-do ; copious, eloquent. 

coram, [com- cf. os] adv., and prep, with 
abl. befoi'e : 

1. As adv. before the eyes, in the pres- 
ence, face to face, openly; present, 
in jyerson, jyersonally. 

2. As prep, with abl. before, in the 
presence of, in the face of. 

Corduba, -ae, f . Cordova, a city in Spain. 

COrfidius, -i, m. a Roman nomcn or gen- 
tile name. Eep. L. CSrfidius, a friend 
of Liirarius. 

Corinthius, -a, -um, [Kopa-dio?] adj. 
of Corinth, Corinthian. As subst. Co- 
rintliii, -orum, m. pi. the people of 
Corintli, Corinthians. 

Corinthus, -i, [Kdpit'do?] f. Corinth, the 
famous (ireek city on the isthmus of 
Corinth, the "light of all Greece,'' which 
was utterly destroyed by the Roman con- 
sul, L. Mummius, 146 B.C. 

CornSlius, -i, ni. a very distinguished 
Roman nomou or gentile name. Esp. : 

1. C. Cornelius Cethggus, who as a 
confederate of Catiline disgraced 
his name. 

2. L. Cornelius Cinna, prominent 
adherent of >[arius in his struggle 
with Sulla. See Cinna. 

3. L. Cornelius Sulla, the brilliant 
aristocrat and cold-blooded enemy 
of Marius. See Sulla. 

4. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodia- 
nus, consul B.C. 72, censor b.c. 70, 
supporter of the Manilian law. 

5. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, con- 
sul 71 B.C., Catiline's most notable 
confederate 63 b.c. He had pre- 
viously been expelled from the sen- 
ate on account of his dissolute life. 



6. P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, 

consul 57 B.C., who zealously strove 
for Cicero's recall from exile. 

7. L. Cornelius Lentulus, a praetor 
referred to in the " Pro Archia." 

Cornificius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Q. Cornificius, a 
juror at the trial of Verres. 

corona, -ae, f. garland, wreath; ring, 
circle of spectators, audience, crowd. 

corpus, -oris, n. body; dead body, trunk, 
cofjhe; /)erson, individual; mass, frame, 
structure, system. 

corrigo (conr-), -rigere, -rexi, cor rec- 
tum, [com- + rego] 3 tr. make straight, 
set aright; improve, change for the bet- 
ter, amend, reform, collect. 

corripi5, -ripere, -ripul, correptum, 
[com- + rapi5] 3 tr. seize, snatch yjj, 
seize upon, lay hold of, carry off. 

corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
roboro, from robur] 1 tr. strengthen, 
encourage,fortify; confirm, corroborate. 

corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, corrup- 
tum,[com- +rumpoJ 3 tr. destroy, ruin, 
waste, spoil; seduce, mislead, corrupt, 
buy o^er,' bribe; falsify, pervert, tam- 
per with. 

corruS, -ere, corrul, , [com-+ruo] 

3 tr. and intr. fall together, fall down, 
fall in ruins; fall, sink down, fail. 

corruptela, -ae, [corruptus] f . means of 
corruption, enticement, allurement; cor- 
tmption, seduction, bribery. 

corrupter, -oris, [corruptus] m. cor- 
rupter, seducer, briber. 

corruptus, -a, -um, [pf . p. of corrumpo] 

adj. spoiled, ccyrrupted; corrupt, bad, 

profligate. 
cotidianus, -a, -um, [cotidie] adj. of 

every day, daily, every day. 
cotidie, [quot + dies] adv. every day, 

daily. 
Cotta, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 

family name. Esp. L. Aurelius Cotta, 

consul B.C. 65, with L. Manlius Tor- 

quatus. 
eras, adv. to-morrow. 



copiosg— cum 



461 



Crassus, -i, m- a Roman cognomen or 
famii}' name. Esp. : 

1. M. Licinius Crassus, "the rich- 
est man in Eome,'" a member of the 
First Triumvirate with Caesar and 
Pompey 60 B.C., consul 55 B.C. with 
Pompcy. 

2. P. Licinius Crassus, censor 89 
B.C. with L. Julius Caesar. 

creber, -bra, -brum, adj. thick, close, nu- 
merous, frequent, repeated; crowded, 
abundant, abounding. 

crebro, [creber] 2i^^. in rapid succession, 
at slwrt intervals, repeatedly, fre- 
quently, often, oftentimes. 

credibilis, -e, [credo] adj. to be believed, 
icorthy of belief, likely, credible. 

credo, credere, credidi, creditum, 3 

tr. and intr. give as a loan, lend ; con- 
sign, commit, intrust ; trust, have con- 
fidence in, confide in, believe in, give 
credence ; be of opinion, believe, think, 
suppose, imagine; often parenthetically, 
I dare say, perhaps, to be sure, of course, 
forsooth (ironical). 

cremo, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. bum, 
consume by fire (esp. of the dead). 

creo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. bring forth, 

produce, cause, beget, create ; make, 

choose, elect. 
Crepereius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 

gentile name. Esp. M, Crepereius, a 

juror in Yerres' trial. 

crepitus, -us, [crepo, rattWl m. a rat- 
tling, clashing, rustling; a noise. 

cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum, [inch, 
of creo] 3 intr. spiking up ; grow, in- 
crease, wax, swell, be swelled, be en- 
larged ; be strengthened, grow strong ; 
increase in influence, rise, prosper, at- 
tain honor. 

Cretensis, -e, [Creta] adj. of Crete, 
Cretan. As subst. Cr6tenses, -ium,* 

m. pi, the Cretans, the inhabitants of 
Crete. 

crimen, -inis, [cf. cerno] n. judgment, 
accusation, charge; offence, faidt, crime. 

criminor, -ari, -atus sum, [crimen] 1 

dep. accuse of crime ; complain of, find 



fault with, charge with, denounce, 
charge. 

criminose, [criminosus] adv. reproach- 
fully, slanderously. 

criminosus, -a, -um, [crimen] adj. ac- 
cusatoin/, reproachful, calumniating, 
slanderous. 

cruciatus, -us, [crucio] m. a torturing, 

execution ; torture, torment, anguish, 
agony. 

crucio, -are, -avi, -atum, [crux] 1 tr. 
put to the rack, torture; tminent, afflict. 
Pass, be afflicted, be in anguish. 

crudelis, [crudus, unfeeling'] adj. rude, 
unfeeling, hard-hearted, merciless, 
cruel; pitiless, harsh, bitter. 

crudelitas, -atis, [crudelis] f. harsh- 
ness, severity, cruelty, barbarity. 

crudeliter, [crudelis] adv. harshly, 
fiercely, cruelly, with cruelty, in a cruel 
manner. 

cruento, -are, -avi, -atum, [cruentus] 

1 tr. make bloody, stai?i with blood, 
sp)ot ivith blood; cause to bleed, wound. 

cruentus, -a, -um, [cf. cruor] adj. blood- 
stained, spotted with blood, smeared 
ivith blood, bloody, goi^. 

cruor, -oris, m. blood, stream of blood, 
gore; bloodshed, murder. 

crux, crucis, f. gallows, tree, ci^oss ; 
death on the cross, torture, misein/. 

cubile, -is, [cf. cubo] n. resting place, 
couch, bed, bedroom; nest, lair, den. 

cubo, -are, -ui, -itum, l intr. Ue down, 
recline; lie asleep, sleep. 

culpa, -ae, f .fault, defect^ error, offence, 
cHme; blame, guilt. 

culttira, -ae, [colo] f. a cultivating, 
care, cultivation ; agriculture, tillage, 
husbandry ; culture, training, educa- 
tion, refinement. 

cum, prep, with abl. with; of association, 
with, together with, in company with, 
along with ; of comparison, with, as 
compared with ; of time, together with, 
at the same time icith, at the time of; 
of manner and attendant circumstance, 
with, to, at, having, possessing, holding^ 



462 



TOCABULAEY 



iceariug, aniied with. In composition 
the form com- is used. 

cum, conj. ^vhen ; of time, when, at the 
time when, at the motnent when, on the 
occasion that, after\ while, as long as, 
whenever, as often as, at tl?)ies when 
(often best translated by Eng. verbal in 
-ing: as, cum videret, seeing; cum 
Vidisset, having seen) ; of coincident 
actions, in that, by the fact that ; of 
cause and concession, since, seeing that, 
as, inasmuch as, whereas, althougJi, 
though, 7Wt withstanding. cum . . . 
tum, not only., .but also, not only. . .but 
. . .as well, icMh. ..bemhs, both . . .and 
especially, cum primum, as soon as, 
tunc . . . cum, see tunc. 

cumulate, [cumulatus, from cumulo] 
adv. in rich abundance, copiously, in 
full measure, fully. 

cumulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cumulus] 

1 tr. hmp up, pile vp ; Jill full, load ; 
add to, augment, increase, a?/iass, ac- 
cumulafe: complete, crown. 

cumulus, -i, ni. heap, j.ile, mass, ac- 
cumulation; increase, accession, addi- 
tion ; sui'jylus, extra weight, finishing 
touch. 

ctinctus, -a, -um, [conitinctus] adj. all 
together, the whole, all, entire. 

cupide, [cupidus] ^(\\. eagerly, zealously, 
eariiesf'y, passion a fely, ardently. 

cupiditas, -atis, [cupidus] f. longing, 
desire, eagerness, passion; greed of 
gain, ararice, greed, cvpidity, covetous- 
ness, lust. 

cupido, -inis, f. desire, longing, eager- 
ness ; excessive desire, greed, passion, 
lust. Personified, Cupido, -inis, ni. 
Cvpid, the god of love. 

cupidus, -a, -um, [cupio] adj. longing, 
longing for, eagerly desirous, desirous, 
eager ; fond, loving ; excessively desir- 
ous, greedy, avaricious, covetous ; 2ms- 
sionate, lustful ; prejudiced, partisan ; 
jmrtial. 

cupio, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itum, 3 tr. long 
for, be eager for, be anxious, desire, 
wish ; be well disposed, wish well, 



favor ; be zealous for, be devoted to, be 
at the service of. 

Ctir, [for older quor, from old dat. quoi 
+ rei] adv., interrog. and rel. why, for 
what reason, for what purpose, where- 
fore. 

cura, -ae, f. cai'e, attention, pains, dili- 
gence ; charge, office, ad7ninistration ; 
business, pursuit; anxiety, solicitude, 
concern; disquiet^ trouble, soriow, grief. 

curia, -ae, f. curia, association, court ; 
senate-house, ))lace of meeting of the 
senate. Esp. the curia Hostilia, north 
of the Forum, built by Tullus Ilostilius, 
the Senate-house. 

Curio, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. C. Scribonius 
Curio, consul 76 B.C., a friend of Cicero, 
and a supporter of the Manilian law. 

curiosus, -a, -um, [cura] adj. careful, 
painstaking, thoughtful, attentive; cu- 
rious, prying, inquisitive, meddlesome, 
officious. 

euro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cura] 1 tr. 

care for, look to, look after, attend to, 
regard; preside over, goveim, command; 
heal, cure ; with gerundive, cause, have 
done, order. 

curriculum, -i, [dim. Di currus] n. 

small car , chariot ; race; race-course; 
course, career. 

currS, currere, cucurri, cursum, 3 intr. 
run, hasten, more rapidly. 

currus, -us, [cf. curro] m. chariot, car; 
triumphal chariot. 

curso, -are, , , [freq. of curro] 

1 intr. rush hither and thither, run con- 
stantly. 

cursus, -us, [curro] m. a running; 

course, passage, march, voyage, journey ; 

direction, way ; a race ; speed ; course, 

career, progress. 
curulis, -e, [currus] adj. of a chariot; 

curule. sella curulis, curule chair, 

official chair. 
custodia, -ae, [custos] 1 a watching, 

guarding; care, protection; guard, 

watch, sentinel; custody, confinement; 

guard-house, prison. 



cum— declinatio 



463 



ctistodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [custos] 4 
tr. guard, ivatch, def end, protect: keep, 
preserve, hold back, restrain; keep in 
custody, hold captive. 

custos, -odis, c. guard, luatchman, keeper; 
guardian, protector, defender. 

Cyrus, -i, [KOpo?] m. a common Grecian 
naiue. Esp. tlie Greek architect at 
Rome who died in 52 b.c. 

Cyzicenus, -a, -um, [Kv^t/crj^/os] adj. of 
Cyzicus (Cyzicum), a famous city in 
Mysia on the Propontls (Sea of Mar- 
mora). As i>u'!)st. Cyziceni, -orum, m. 
the inhaf'itants of Cyzicus. 



d., see a. d. 

D, numeral sign, short for lo = 500. 
D., abbrev. for Decimus. 
damnatio, -onis, [damno] f. conviction, 
condemnation. 

damno, -are, -avi, -atum, [damnum, 

loss^ 1 tr. inflict loss upon; adjudge 
guilty, find guUty, convict, condemn. 

de, prep, with abl. from; of place and 
motion, from, down from, off from, 
away from, out of; of time, after, dur- 
ing, in the course of, at, by, in; of origin 
or source, from, out of, of, proceeding 
from, sprung from; of the whole /row 
which a part is taken, from among, of, 
out of ; of cause, on account of, because 
of, by reamn of through, for, by; of 
measure or standard, acccrrding to, in 
accordance with; of reference, of, con- 
cerning, about, in respect to, ivith refer- 
ence to, in the matter of. de impro- 
viso, unexpectedly, de industria, de- 
liberately, on purpose, intentionally . 

dea, -ae, [deus] goddess. Bona Dea, 
see bonus. 

debeo, debere, d6bui, debitum, [for 
debibeo, from de+babeo] 2tr. with- 
hold, keep back; owe, be in debt to; 
ought, should, be bound to. must; be in- 
debted, be under obligations, have to 
thankfor. 

debilis, -e, [He ^\i2i?[i\]is^easUy handled^ 



adj. iveak, feeble, infirm, frail ; disabled, 
crippled, helpless. 

debilito, -are, -avi, -atum, [debilis] 1 

tr. disable, cripple, debilitate, unnerve, 
dishearten; weaken, break, crush. 

debitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of debeo] adj. 
due, owing, deserved, appropriate, be- 
coming. 

decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, [de + 
eedo] 3 intr. go away, depart, with- 
draw, retire; retreat, leave, abandon; 
give loay, give up, i^esign, yield; abate, 
cease, die. 

decem, num. adj. indecl. ten. 

December, -bris, -bre, [decem] adj. of 
December. 

decempeda, -ae, [decem + pes] f. ten-foot 
pole, measuring rod. 

decern©, -cernere, -crevi, decretum, 
[de + cerno] 3 tr. and intr. decide, 
think it best, detei^mine, resolve, vote, 

decree. 

decerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, decerptum, 
[de + carpo, xduck] 3 tr. pluck off, break 
off, pluck, gather; tear away, take 
away; enjoy. 

decerto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + certo] 
1 tr. and intr. go through a contest, fight 
it out, decide the issue; contend, dispute, 
stnve, vie. 

decessus, -us, [decedo] m. a going away, 
departure; withdrawal, retirement. 

decet, decere, decuit, 2 impers. intr. 
and tr. be seemly, be becoming, become, 
behoove, be proper, be fitting, be appro- 
priate. 

decimus (decu-), -a, -um, [decem] adj. 
tenth, decuma (sc. pars), tenth part, 
tithe, land rent. 

Decimus, -i, [decimus] m. a Roman 
praenomen or forename. 

declaro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de, cf. 
clarus] 1 tr. make evident, make plain, 
disclose, reveal; declare, announce, pro- 
claim; show, prove; express, signify, 
mean. 

declinatio, -onis, [decline] f . a bending 
aside, turning away, movement to one 
side, avoiding. 



464 



VOCABULARY 



declino, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. 
hnid iU<i(U\ turn aivay: avoid, evade, 
t^lum; turn ac'idi, deviate, digress. 

decoctor, -oris, [d6coquo, boil awaij] m. 
spend (/(riff, ruintd /nan, bankrupt. 

decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [decus] l tr. 
adorn, decorate, einbeUish, beautify ; 
honor, distinguish. 

dgcretum, -i, [dgcerno] n. decision, de- 
cree, ordinanci. reso/ut ion, vote; resolve, 
determination, plan. 

decuma, see decimus. 

decuria, -ae, [decern, cf. centuria] f. 

diiis^ion of ten, decuria ; division, com- 
pany, class. 

decurio, -are, -avi, -atum, [decuria] 

1 Xv. divide info dtcnriae ; divide into 
conijHinies, enroll in clubs. 

decus, -oris, ". grace, beauty, ,^plendor ; 
dignity, honor, glory; ornament, adorn- 
7nent, embellishment , decoration; moral 
dig?nty, worth, virtue ; deed of honor, 
honfyrable achievement, exploit. 

dedecus, -oris, [d6 + decus] n. dis- 
grace, shame, infamy, dishonor ; cause 
of sfianie, stain, blemish, reproach ; 
deed of shame, outrage. 

dedicQ, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + dicOJ 

1 tr. dedicate , devote, consecrate, set 
apart. 

d6diti5, -onis, [d6d5] f. a giving vp, 
.surrender, capitxlation. 

deditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of dedo] adj. 
giving vp, addicted to, devoted to, 
diligent. 

dedo, dgdere, dedidi, deditum, [de + 

do] 3 tr. give up, surrender, yield, give 
over, deliver up; devote, dedicate, apply; 
submit, consign, abandon. 

dedtico, -dticere, -dtixi, deductum, [de 
+ duco] 3 tr. lead down, draiv doivn ; 
lead away, lead off, draw off, withdraiv; 
bnng out, remove; lead, cortduct, bring; 
take away, deduct; bring down, reduce, 
deduce, derive; mislead, seduce, induce; 
of a colony, lead forth, conduct, plant ; 
of ships, draiv out, drag down, launch. 

defatigatio (defet-), -onis, [defatigo] 



f. a wearying^ tiling out ; iveariness^ 
fatigue, exhaustion. 

defatigo (dgfet-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[dg + fatigo, tire out] 1 tr. 2ceary, 
fatigue, tire out, exhaust ; ivear out, 
make weary. 

dgfendo, -fendere, -fendi, d6f6nsum, 
[dg + fendo] 3 tr. ward off, avert, keep 
off, repel; defend, guard, protect; allege 
in defence, maintain, insist. 

dgfgnsiS, -5nis, [dSfendS] f. a defending, 
defence. 

defensor, -5ris, [defendo] m. averter, 
pi-otiCtor against; defender, protector, 
advocate. 

defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [d6 + fer6] 
irr. tr. bear or carry aivay, carry down, 
carry off, retnove ; bear, bring, carry, 
lead ; confer, grant, offer, transfer, 
allot ; bring before, lay before, report, 
give account of, announce, state, depose ; 
regider, enter for registry, return. 
nomen dSferre, accuse, indict, im- 
peach . 

defessus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of dsfetiscorj 
adj. worn out, tired out, wearied, ivear y, 
exhatixted. 

defatigatio, see defatigatio. 

defetigo, t^tv defatigo. 

defetiscor, -fetisci, defessus sum, [cf. 
defatigo] 3 dep. become tired, groiv 
weary, become exhausted, faint. 

deficio, -ficere, -feci, defectum, [de + 
facioj 3 intr. and tr. withdraiv, fall off', 
fall away, desert, revolt ; be wanting, 
fall sho7i, run out, fail, be lost, cease ; 
give out, faint, sink; leave, forsake, 
abandon. 

defigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixum, [de + 
figo] 3 tr. fasten, Jix, set ; drive, drive 
down, thmist ; set up, plant; turn in- 
tently, centre, direct. 

definio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [de + finio, 

limit'] 4 tr. set limits to, limit, bo^xnd ; 
bring to a close ; define, explain ; fix, 
determine, establish, appoint. 

deflagro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
fiagro] 1 intr. burn down, burn up, be 
consumed by fire ; be destroyed by fire, 
pe7'ish. 



declino— deminuo 



465 



defluo. -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxum, [de + 
fluo] 3 intr. Jioiv doicii, flow ; glide 
down, fall, descend; imss away, disap- 
pear, cease, be lost. 

defore, see desum. 

deformo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de+ forma] 

1 tr. deform, disfigure; mar, spoil, dis- 
grace, dishonor. 

defungor, -fungi, defunctus sum, [de 
+ fungor] 3 dep. hare done with, ac- 
quit one^s self of, discharge, perform, 
finish. 

deicio, -icere, -ieci, deiectum, [de + 
iacio] 3 tr. throw down, hurl down, 
cast down ; tear down., destroy ; drive 
out, dislodge, expel, eject, oust ,* strilce 
down, lay low, kill, slay ; turn aside, 

I ward off, avert, divert; deprive of, rob 
of, defeat by trickery. 
. deinde (dein), [de + inde] adv. thence, 
then, next ; from that time on, after 
that, thereafter, afterwards ; then 
again, besides. 

delabor, -labi, delapsus sum, [de + 
labor] 3 dep. slip down, glide down ; 
came down^ slide, sink, fall, descend ; 
stoop, condescend. 

delatus, see defero. 
^ delectatio, -onis, [delecto] f. delight, 
pleasure, enjoyment; gratification., sat- 
i faction. 

delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
delicto, entice'] 1 tr. delight, charm, 
entertain, give pleasure to, please • take 
delight, delight in. 

delectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of deligo] adj. 
picked, chosen, select, choice. 

delectus, -us, m. see dilectus. 

delgnio (delin-), -ire -ivi, -itum, [de + 
lenio] 4 tr. soothe, soften, mollify; 
charm, fascinate, captivate. 

deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, 2 tr. erase, 
efface, obliterate, blot out ; put an end 
to, abolish, extinguish, destroy, annihi- 
late. 

dSliberatio, -onis, [delibero] f . delibera- 
tion, consideration, consultation. 

delibero, -Sre, -avi, -atum, [dg, cf. 

3U 



libra, balance] 1 tr. and intr. weigh well, 
consider maturely, ponder, deliberate., 
take counsel; xx)nsult an oracle; resolve., 
determine. 

delicatus, -a, -um, [cf. deliciae] adj. 

alluring, charming, delightful ; given 
to pleasure, luxurious, effeminate, vo- 
luptuous. 

deliciae, -arum, [delicio] f . plural de- 
light, pleasure, charm, allurement ; vo- 
luptuousness, luxury, luxurious pleas- 
ures ; favorite, darling, sweetheart. 

delictum, -i, [delinquo] n. faulty wrong- 
doing, transgression, ofence ; wrong., 
cnme. 

deligo, -ligere, -legi, delectum, [de + 
lego] 3 tr. pick out, choose, select, elect., 
single out, designate. 

deligo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + ligo, 

bind?^ 1 tr. bind down, bind together, tie 
■up, make fast, fetter. 

delinquo, -linquere, -liqui, delictum, 
[de + linquo, ' leave] 3 intr. fail, be 
wanting, fall short ; err, do ivrong\ 
transgress, offend. 

Belos, -i, [A^Ao?] f. an island in the 
Aegean Sea. 

deltibrum, -i, [de, cf. luo] n. place of 
cleansing; temple, shrine, sanctuary. 

deltido, -Itidere, -lusi, delusum, [de + 
ludo, play] 3 tr. and intr. play false., 
deceive, delude ; make sport of, mock. 

demons, -entis, [de + mens] adj. out of 
one's senses, distracted, mad, raving, 
crazy, insane ; foolish, reckless, wild. 

dementer, [demons] adv. senselessly., 
foolishly, recklessly, blindly, madly. 

dementia, -ae, [demens] f. insanity, 

madness, utter folly. 

demergo, -mergere, -mersi, -mersum, 
[de + mergo, dip] 3 tr. dip, sink, im- 
merse, submerge; plunge, overwhelm. 

demigro, -are, -avi, -atum, Ld6 + 
migro, depart] 1 intr. inove away, re- 
move, migrate, emigrate ; go away, de- 
part. 

deminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum, [d6 + 
minuo] 3 tr. make smaller, lessen^ 



466 



VOCABULARY 



iiindnlsh ; take cncay, detvAit from, re- 
duce, abate, impair, curt ail. 

deminutio, -onis, [dgminuo] f. dimimi- 
t'lon, abatement, decrease; loss, sacri- 
fice. 

demissus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of demitto] 
adj. hanging down, low-hanging, drooj> 
ing, bowed; dcnvncast, dispinted; lowly, 
hinnbUy itnassiiniing, inodest, reserved. 

dgmitto, -mittere, -misi, demissum, 

[de + mitto] 3 tr. send doirn, let dow/t, 
lower, .^hik; cast, thrust, drive, plunge; 
cast down, depress, let fall ; reflex, se 
dfimittere, let one's self down, descend, 
march down. se animo demittere, 
despond, be discouraged. 

dgmonstratio, -onis, [d6monstr6] f. a 

pointing out, indication, showing, de- 
scription. 

demOnstro, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + 
monstro, point out] 1 tr. jxjint out, i/i- 
dicale, show ; prove., demonstrate^ es- 
tablish; mention, speak of, describe. 

dfimoveo, -mov6re, -mCvI, -ni5tum, [dS 

-+-inoveo! "j tr. move away, remove, dis- 
lodge, drive aut ; turn away, divert, 
shake one in an opinion, etc. 

dSmum, [d§] adv. at last, at length, not 
till then, only, just, then. 

denego, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + nego] 

1 Vi. and intr. deny, rtfuse, reject. 

d6ni, -ae, -a, [for decni, cf. decern] 

iiuin. adj. pi. ten each, ten at a time, 
by tens. 
dSnique, adv. and thereafter ; at last, 
at length, finally ; not until, only; be- 
sides ; in a word, in short, to sum up, 
briefly. turn denique, then at last, 
not till then, then only, nunc denique, 
nojv at length, not until now, only now. 

d6noto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + noto] 
1 tr. mark out, point out, designate, 
specify. 

dentintio, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
ntintio] l tr. announce, declare, pro- 
nounce, proclaim ; direct, order, com- 
mand ; warn, threaten one with, men- 
ace, denounce ; intimate, make known, 
give to understand, give notice. 



depeculator, -oris, [dgpeculor] m. 

plunderer, embezzler. 

depectilor, -ari, -atus sum, [de + 
pectilor, cf. peculium, property] 1 
dep. plunder, rifle, despoil, strip ; ac- 
quire by fraud, embezzle. 

depello, -pellere, -pull, depulsum, [d6 
+ pelloj 3 tr. drive out, drive away, 
dislodge, exjyel ; drive of, ward off, 
turn aside, avert, remove ; deter, dis- 
suade, drive, force. 

dependo, -pendere, -pendi, -pensum, 
[d6 + pendo] 3 tr. and miv. pay, render. 

dSpingo, -pingere, -pinxi, dgpictum, 
[de + pingoj 3 tr. paint, depict ; ptor- 
tray. represent, describe, imagine. 

dSploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + ploro, 

icail] 1 intr. and tr. iveep bitterly, wail ; 
bewail, lament, mourn for, deplore ; 
give up for lost, abandon. 

d6p6n5, -ponere, -posui, depositum, 
[dS + pon51 3 tr. lay down, set, place ; 
lay away, put aside, lay up, deposit; 
give in charge, commit, confide, intrust; 
give vp, resign, abandon, get rid of. 

dgpopulatio, -onis, [dgpopulor] f. a 

laying waste, ravaging, marauding, 
jnllaging, plundei^ing. 

dgpopulor, -arl, -atus sum, [d6 + 
populor] 1 dep. lay waste, ravage, pil- 
lage, ]jl under. 

dgporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de+porto] 

1 tr. carry down, carry off, take away ; 
bring home, bnng back. 

deposco, -poscere, -poposci, , [de + 

posco] 3 tr. demand, require, request 
earnestly, call for ; request, claim. 

depravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
pravus] 1 tr. distort ; pervert, corrupt, 
tam.per with, seduce, deprave, spoil. 

deprecator,-oris, [deprecor] m. averter; 
intercessor, mediator, advocate. 

deprecor, -ari, -atus sum, [de + precor] 

1 dep. avert by prayer, pray to avert, 
pray to be spared, beg to escape, beg off, 
seek to avoid, plead against ; plead 
with, solicit, offer a pka ; pray fo?\ 
intercede in behalf of. 



i 



deminutio— deterreo 



467 



deprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hen- 1 
sum, [de+prehendo, lay hold of^ 3 tr. ' 
take aioay ; seize upon, catch, capture ; 
overtake, surprise; detect, discover, find 
out; grasp, comprehend, understand. 

deprimo, -primere, -pressi, depressum, 
[de + premoj 3 tr. press down, sink 
down; sink; depress, overwhelm. 

depromo, -promere, -prompsi, -promp- 
tum, [de + promo, take out] 3 tr. draw 
out, draw forth, bring out, fetch; draw, 
derive, obtain. 

depugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + pii- 
gno] 1 intr. iight decisively, fight out; 
combat, contend, quarrel. 

derelinquo, -linquere, -liqui, dere- 
lictum, [de+relinquo] 3 tr. forsake 
entirely, desert, abandon, leave behind. 

derive, -are, -avi, -atum, [de+rivus] 
1 tr. draw off; draw, derive; turn 
aside, divert, transfer, shift. 

derogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de+rogo] 1 

tr. of legislation, repeal in part, restrict, 
modify; take away, diminish, detract 
from, impair; ivithdraw, withhold. 

descends, -scendere, -scendi, descen- 
sum, [de + scando, climb'\ 3 intr. climb 
down, come down, go down, descend; 
lower one's self, stoop, resort to, agree to. 

describe, -scribere, -scripsi, descrip- 
tum, [de + scribo] 3 tr. copy off, tran- 
scribe, write out ; depict, describe, rep- 
resent, delineate; define, inap out, fix, 
assign. 

desero, -serere, -serui, desertum, [de 
+ sero, join'] 3 tr. leave, give up, aban- 
don, forsake, desert, leave in the lurch; 
forfeit. vadimonium deserere, see 
vadimonium. 

d§sertus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of desero] adj. 
deserted, solitary; desert, lonely, waste. 

desiderium, -i, [dSsidero] n. a longing 

for, ardent desire, wish, loant;. regret 
or grief for the loss of something. 

desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. con- 
siderol l tr. long for, desire ardently, 
wish for, want; desire, call for, de- 
mand, require, expect; regret the loss 
of, miss, lack, feel the ivarU of, lose. 



desidia, -ae, [dgses, idW] f. a sitting 
idle, inactivity, idleness, sloth. 

designatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of designo] 
adj. elected, chosen, elect, used of of- 
ficials elected and not yet in office. 

designo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + signo, 

mark ou(\ 1 tr. mark out, point out, 
designate; indicate, denote, mean; ap- 
point, choose, elect. 

desilio, -silire, -silui, desultum, [de + 
salio, leap\ 4 intr. leap down, leap 
down; dismount, jump out of a vehicle. 

desino, -sinere, desivi or desii, desi- 
tum, [de + sino] 3 tr. and intr. leave 
off, desist, cease, forbear; have done, 
make an end, stop, close. 

desisto, -sistere, -stiti, destitum, [de 

+ sisto] 3 intr. lectve off, give up, desist 
from, cease. 
desperandus, -a, -um, [fut. part. pass, 
of despero], adj. to be despaired of, 
desperate. 

desperatio, -onis, [despero] f. hxypeless- 
ness, desperation, despair. 

desperatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of despero] 
adj. despaired of, given up, beyond hope; 
desperate, reckless, abandoned. 

despero, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + spero] 

1 tr. and intr. give up hope of, cease to 
hope, despair of, lose all hope of ; have 
no hope, be hopeless, give up. 

despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
[de + specio] 3 tr. and intr. look down 
upon; despise, disdain; expi^ess con- 
tsmptfor. 

destringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -stric- 
tum, [de + stringo, strip off] 3 tr. 
strip off; uncover, unsheathe, draw. 

desum, deesse, defui, — , fnt. inf. dg- 
futurum esse or defore, [de+sum] irr. 
intr. be away, be absent; be wanting, be 
lacking, be missing, fail; fail to do one's 
duty by, be neglectful, be at fault, desert, 
abandon; often (translating dat. as 
subject) be without, not have. 

deterreo, -terrere, -terrui, deterri- 
tum, rd6+terreo] 2 Xr. frighten off, de- 
ter, discourage, prevent; keep off, avert. 



468 



VOCABULARY 



detgstor, -ari, -atus sum, [d6 + t6stor] 

1 dep. curse, execrate: call dozen vpon, 
denounce; avert by entreaty, ward off. 
detracts, see detrecto, 

detraho, -trahere, -traxi, detractum, 
■ [d6 + traho] 3 tr. draiv off, draw away, 
drag away, pull doivn, pull off; take 
aicay, remove, tvithdraic; tale frani, 
deprive, strip, 7vb; lower in one's esti- 
mation, disparage, detract. 

d6tr6cto, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + 
tracto] 1 tr. decline, refuse, reject, 
shirk; loiver in one's estimation, dis- 
parage, depreciate. 

dgtrimentum, -i, [dStero, rub away] n. 
loss, damage, injury, haj^m, detriment; 
defeat, disaster, overthro20. 

deus, -i, 111. god, deity; divine being. 

d6veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, [d6+ 
veho] 3 tr. carry down, carry off, take 
aioay, convey. 

dgverto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, 
[dg + verto.1 3 tr. ami intr. turn away, 
turn aside, turn off, turn in ; betake one's 
self, go to lodge, put vp. 

dgvincio, -ire, d6vinxi, d6vinctum, 
[de + vincioj 4 tr. bind fast, tie vp, fet- 
ter; unite closely, attach firmly, lay 
under obligation, oblige. 

d6vinc6, -vincere, -vici, d6victum, [d6 
+ viliCO] 3 tr. conquer ccmipletely, sub- 
due; overthroic, overpoiver, supersede. 

dSvito, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + vito] 

1 tr. avoid, shun. 

devoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + voco] l 

tr. call away, recall; 'call off, allure, 
call down. 
devoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + voro, 

sicalloiv whole] 1 tr.sicallow vp, devour, 
gulp down, swallow; seize greedily, de- 
vour eagerly. 

devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, devotum, 
[de + voveo] 2 tr. vote, devote, conse- 
crate; sacrifice, offer. 

dexter, -tera or -tra, -terum or -trum, 

adj. to the right, on the right, right; 
dexter&us, skilful. As subst. dextera 
or dextra, -ae, f. (so. manus), the 
right hand. 



di-, see dis-. 

dico, dicer e, dixi, dictum, 3 tr. and 

intr. say, tell, speak, utter; relate, speak 
of, mention ; state, declare, asse?'t, af- 
firm, maintain ; iwonounce, deliver, re- 
hearse ; appoint, fix upon, set apart, 
settle, fix; bid, warn. ius dicere, 
administer justice, hold court, causam 
dicere, plead one's cause, defend one's 
self, be tried, diem dicere, bring a 
charge, dixi, at conclusion of a speech, 
I have done. 

dictator, -oris, m. dictator, a Roman 
magistrate possessing absolute author- 
ity, at first appointed only in great 
emergencies for a limited time. For the 
duties, etc., of the dictator, see the In- 
troduction, §§13-16, and Appendix C. 

dictattira, -ae, [dictator] f. ofiUce of 
dictator, diet ate/)' ship. 

dictio, -onis, [dico] f. a saying, speaking, 

pleading ; delivery, style, diction. 
itiris dictio, administration of justice. 
dictito, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens. of 
dicto, from dico] 1 tr. say repeatedly, 
repeat often, keep saying ; declare, as- 
sert, maintain, insist; allege, pretend. 

dictum, -i, [dico] n. saying, word, re- 
mark, expression ; maxim, proverb ; 
order, command. 

digs, -6i, c. in sing., m. in pi. day ; set 
day, appointed time ; time, space of 
time, period, intei^al ; daylight, day- 
break, in dies, from day to day, 
day by day. diem dicere, see dico. 

differs, differre, distuli, dilatum, 
[dis- + fero] irr. tr. and intr. bear apart,. 

separate, scatter, disperse ; spread 
abroad, circulate ; put off, defer, delay, 
postpone ; differ, be different from, 
vary. 

difficilis, -e, [dis- + facilis] adj. not 

easy, difficult, hard ; laborious, trouble- 
some, 2)erilous ; hard to manage, ob- 
stinate, surly. 

difficultas, -atis, [difficilis] f. difficulty, 
trouble, embarrassment ; poverty, dis- 
tress, want ; difficult or distressed cir- 
cumstances. 



detestor— disceptator 



469 



diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum, [dis- + fido] 

:i semi-dep. distrust, be distrustful of, 
have no confidence in, despair of. 

diffluo, -fluere, -fluxi, — , [dis- + fluo] 
3iiitr./o2^; in different directions, floic 
away; be dissolved, become loos€, be- 
come lax., run wild, be out of joint. 

dignitas, -atis, Idignus] f. woi-th, 
merit, character ; reputation, distinc- 
tion, eminence, prestige; ixink, position ; 
greatness, majesty, dignity ; personal 
dignity, self-respect, honor. 

dignus, -a, -um, adj. worthy, deserving, 
memtoi^ious; suitable, fitting, becoming. 
proper. 

diiudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- + 
itidico] 1 tr. and iiitr. distinguish, 
know apart, perceive the difference, dis- 
cern; decide, settle, determine. 

diiunctio, see disiunctio. 

diiunctus, -a, -um, see disiunctus. 

diiungo, see disiungo. 

dilabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [di- + 
labor] 3 dep.fall asunder, go tox)ieces, 
melt aicay; di>^perse, scatter, flee; go to 
ruin, j)erish, be lost. 

dilacero, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- + 
lacero] l tr. tear asunder ; tear to 
pieces, ivaste. 

dilanio, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- + lanio, 

tear to pieces] 1 tr. tear to pieces, muti- 
late. 

dilatio, -onis, [di- + latio, bearing'] i. a 
putting off. postponement, adjourn- 
ment. 

dilectus (del-), -us, [deligo] m. a choos- 
ing, selection, choice ; levy, recimiting, 
conscription, draft. 

diligens, -entis, [pr.p. of diligo] adj. 
diligent, industrious; painstaking, care- 
ful, attentive; scrupulous, faithful. 

diligenter, [diligens] adv. diligently. 

iudu.'itriously ; with jxiinstaking, care- 
fully, ivith care, with exactness, atten- 
tively ; scrupulously, fai thfully . 

diligentia, -ae, [diliggns] f. careful- 
ne-ss, attentiveness. pain^, care ; dili- 
geiocc, industry; faithfulness. 



diligo, -ligere, -lexi, dilectum, [di- + 
lego] 6 tr. single out ; value, prize, es- 
teem, be fond of, love ; be content with, 
appreciate. 

dilticesco, -ere, diltixi, — , [inch, of 
dilticeo, be clear] 3 intr. grow light, 
dawn. 

diluculum, -i, [dilticeo, be clear] n. 
daybreak, dawn. 

diluo, -luere, -lui, dilutum, [di- + luo] 

3 tr. and intr. wash away, dissolve, 
dilute; weaken, impair, lessen, extenu- 
ate, remove. 

dimicatio, -onis, [dimico] f. a fighting, 
fight, combat, struggle; contest, riv ally. 

dimico, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- + mico, 

brandish] 1 intr. fight, stimggle, contend; 
be in conflict, be in peril, be in danger, 
run a risk, Hsk. 

diminuo, see deminuo. 

dimitto, -mittere, -misi, dimissum, 
[di- + mitto] 3 tr. send in different 
directions; send out, send forth, de- 
spatch, detail ; send about, scatter, dis- 
tribute; dismiss, adjourn, break up, dis- 
band ; let go, release, discharge ; let go 
away, let slip, lose; give up, relinquish, 
renounce, foi^ego; leave, forsake, desert, 
abandon. 

direptio, -onis, [diripio] f . aplundering, 
pillaging, plunder. 

direptor, -oris, [diripio] m. plunderer, 
robber, marauder. 

diripio, -ripere, -ripui, direptum, [di- 
+ rapio] 3 tr. tear asunder, tear in 
pieces; lay waste, ravage, pillage, 
plunder, rob. 

dis- or di-, inseparable prep, asunder, 
apart, aicay. in different directions ; 
between, among ; not, un- ; exceedingly, 
entirely, utterly. 

discedo, -cedere, -cessi, discessum, 
[dis- + cedo] 3 intr. go apart, separate, 
disperse; go away, withdraio, retire, 
depart, leave. 

disceptatio, -onis, [discepto] f . dispute, 
contention, discussion, debate. 

disceptator, -oris, [discepto] m. um- 
pire, arbiter, judge. 



4;o 



VOCABULARY 



discepto, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + cap- 
to, ^7'r^^•<? to seizi:\ 1 tr. decide, judge, 
arbitrate, sit as umjiire; dispute, con- 

. tend, debate, discuss. 

discerno, -cernere, -cr6vi, -crgtum, 
[dis- + cernoJ 3 tr. separate, divide, set 
apart; know apart, distinguish, dis- 
cern. 

discessio, -onis, [disc5d5] f. separation, 
di vision ; di vision , foj^m at vote. 

discSssus, -us, [disc6do] m. a going 
asunder, parting; going away^ dejnir- 
ture, removal, withdraical. 

discidium, -I, [dIscindO, tear asunderl 
n. a parting, separation; disagreement, 
dissension, discord. 

discipllna, -ae, [for discipulina, from 
discipulus, Iturntr] f. instruction, 
teaching, training, education; course of 
instruction; learning, culture, knowl- 
edge, science; discipline^ skill. 

discipulus, -I, [dlsc5] m. learner, scho- 
lar, student; ])U])il, disciple, follower. 

discltidS, -ciadere, -clusi, -clusum, 
[diS' + claudQ] 3 tr. shut apart, keejj 
apart, shut of, separate, divide. 

discs, discere, didici, , [inch, of 

dico] 3 tr. and intr. learn, acquire 
kncnvledge; learn to knoiv, become ac- 
quainted wWi; learn to, learn how to, 
\vith inf. 

discolor, -oris, [dis- + color] adj. of 
another color; particolored, of different 
colors. 

discordia, -ae, [discors, discordant] f. 
disunion, discord, disagreement, dis- 
sension. 

dlscribS, -scribere, -scripsi, discrip- 
tum, [di- + scribo] 3 tr. distribute, 
divide off, apportion, assign. 

discrimen, -inis, [discerno] n. interven- 
ing space, interval, distance; division, 
sejyaration; distinction, difference, dis- 
crimination; decision, decisive moment, 
turning point, critical moment, crisis; 
critical condition, danger, risk, peril. 

disitinctio (dii-), -onis, [disiungo] f. 

separation; alienation, estrangement. 



disiunctus (dli-), -a -urn, [pf p. of dis- 
iungo] Jidj. separated, parted; distant, 
remote; separate, apart, different, dis- 
connected. 

disiungo (dii-), -iungere, -iHnxi, 
-iunctum, [dis- + iungo] 3 tr. unyoke; 
disunite, separate, divide; ;;«?•/, 
estrange, alienate. 

dispergo, -spergere, --spersi, disper- 
sum, [di- + spargo] 3tr. scatter, spread 
abroad, disperse. 

disperse, [dispersus, from dispergo] 
adv. htre and there, indifferent places, 
occasionally. 

dispertio, -Ire, -IvI, -itum, [dis-+par- 
tiS] 1 tr. distrilmte, divide, apportion. 

displiceo, -6re, -ul, -itum, [dis- + pla- 
ceo] ~ intr. displease, he unsatisfactory. 

dispute, -are, -avi, -atum [dis- + puto] 
1 tr. and intr. weigh, exa?nine, investi- 
gate; discuss, treat; argue, maintain, 

insist; dispute, controvert. 

dissgmino, -ar6, -avi, -atum, [dis- + s6- 

mino, sow] 1 tr. scatter broadcast, sow 
Widtly, spread abroad, scatter, dissemi- 
nate. 
dissgnsio, -onis, [dissentio] f. differ- 
ference of opinion, disagreement; dis- 
sension, discord, strife. 

dissentio, -sentire, -s6nsi, diss6nsum, 
[dis-4-sentio] 1 intr. differ in opinion, 
differ, disagree, dissent; be at variance, 
quarrel. 

dissideo, -sidgre, -s6di, -sessum, [dis- 
+ sedeo] 2 intr. sit apart; be at vari- 
ance, disagree, differ; be unlike, be dis- 
similar. 

dissimilis, -e, [dis- + similis] adj. nn- 
like, dissimilar, different. 

dissimilittido, -inis, [dissimilis] f. 

unlikeness, dissimilarity, difference. 

dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + 
simulo] 1 tr. and intr. dissemble, dis- 
guise the fact that, pretend not to; hide, 
conceal, keep secret. 

dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + supo, 

throw] 1 tr. scatter, disperse, strew; de- 
molish, destroy, squander; spread 
abroad, circulate, disseminate. 



discepto— do 



471 



dissoltitio, -onis, [dissolvo] f. a dis- 
solving, dissolKtion; abolition^ desti^c- 
tion; looseness^ effeminacy^ dissolute- 
ness. 

dissoltitus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of dissolvo] 
adj. loose; lax., negligent., remiss, care- 
less; profligate., diseolvte, abandoned. 

dissolve, -solvere, -solvi, dissolutum, 
[dis- + solvo]. ^xr. unloose , relax, ialce 
apart, separate; discliarge, pay; free 
from debt; dissolve, abolish, annul, de- 
stroy; refute, answer. 

distineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, 
[dis- + teneo] 2 tr. Tceep apart, separate; 
hold bacJc. detain, put off, hinder, pre- 
vent, cut off; occupy, engage; divide, 
distract, perplex. 

distraho, -trahere, -traxi, distractum, 
[diS'-traho] 3 tr. pmll asunder, tear 
ill pieces; diiicle, distract, perplex; 
tear away, part, separate; alienate, 
estrange. 

distribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, distribu- 
tnm, [dis- + tribuo] 3 tr. divide off, 
apportion, assign, distribute. 

districtus, -a, -um, [pf .p of distringo] 

adj. hesitating, vacillating; distracted, 
harassed, busy. 

distringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -stric- 
tum, Ldi- + stringo, stretch tight] 3 tr. 
stretch apart; distract the attention of. 
occupy. 

disturbs, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + 
turbo, make an uj}roar] 1 tr. d?'ive 
asunder, throw into disorder, break up, 
disturb; ruin, frustrate, thwart. 

ditissimus, -a, -um, superl. of dives. 

diti, [cf. dies] adv. /or a long time, a 
long time, a long ichile, long ; too 
long. tarn diti, so long, quam diti, 
how long; as long as. dititius, any 
longer, satis diti, long enough. 

diurnus, -a, -um, [for dius-nus, cf. 
dies] adj. of the day, by day, daily. 

dius, -a, -um, [for divus, of a deity] adj. 
godlik^-. dii'in^; frequently used as cj)i- 
thet of Jupiter in the oath, me dius 
( medius • fidius, = ita me dius (me- 
diusj fidius iuvet, so help me the All- 



faithful One, by the god of truth, so 
help me God, by Heaven, as sure as I 
live. 

dititurnitas, -atis [dititurnus] f. 
length of time, long duration, long con- 
tinuance. 

dititurnus, -a, -um, [diti] adj. of long 
duration, long-continued, long, pro- 
longed, lasting. 

divello, -vellere, -velli, divulsum, 
[di- + vello, tear away] 3 tr. tear apart, 
rend asunder, tear in pieces; tear away, 
sever, part, separate, remove. 

diversus, -a, -um, [pf.p of divert 0] adj. 
turned different ico.ys; opposite, con- 
trary, conflicting; apart, separate, 
widely separated, distant, remote; dif- 
ferent, diverse, unlike, distinct. 

diverts, see deverto. 

dives, -itis, adj. Hch, wealthy^ opulent; 
sumptuous, splendid, costly. 

divido, -videre, -visi, divisum, 3 tr. 

divide, part, separate; distribute, ar- 
range; apportion, share; break up, 
scatter; distinguish. 

divinitus, [divinusj adv. frmn heaven, 
by the gods, by divine influence, divine- 
ly. provide?itially, by inspiration. 

divino, -are, -avi, -atum, [divinus] l 

tv. foresee, divine; foretell, predict, pro- 
phesy; conjecture, expect, dread. 

divinus, -a, -um, [divus, of a deity] adj. 
of a god, divine; godlike, superhuman, 
more than human; religious, sacred; 
divinely inspired, prophetic. 

divisor, -oris, [cf . divido] m. one who 

distributes, distnbuter; one hired to 
bribe electors, agent for bribery. 

divisus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of divido] adj. 
divided, separated, distributed. 

divitiae, -arum, [dives] f . plur. Hches, 
wealth, treasures. 

do, dare, dedi, datum, 1 tr. give, hand 
over, deliver ; present, make a present 
of. confer, bestow, award; grant, vouch- 
safe, concede; fuimish, afford; give up, 
\ yield, resign, suirender, abandon ; for- 
I give, spare ; put, lUace, caui^e, produce. 



4/2 



VOCABULARY 



excite ; iDipose, injiict, assign, appoint ; 
give expression to, announce; ascribe, 
attribute. poenas dare, suffer or 
undergo punis/mient, pay the penalty. 
operam dare, devote one's self, make 
an efort, take pains, take care. 

doceo, docere, docui, doctum, 2 tr. cause 
to know, infonn, teach, instruct, train ; 
explain, shoiv, convince, represent, state, 
tdl. 

docilitas, -atis, [docilis, fiom doceo] f . 
teachableness, dociU ty. 

doctrina, -ae, [doceo] f. teaching, in- 
struction, training ; learning, erudi- 
tion, science. 

doctus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of doceo] adj- 
Ifurntd, educated, cultivated; trained, 
(.r/h rienced, Vt-rsed, ski/led, skilful. 

documentum, -I, [doceo] n. lesson, ex- 
(ifnj)le, warning; evidence, 2)?'Oof 

Dolabella, -ae, in. a Roman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. Cn. Dolabella, 
j)roconsiil of Cilicia 80 b.c, afterwards 
betrayed by his legatus Verres and con- 
demned for extortion. 

doleo, dol6re, dolui, fnt.])art. doliturus, 
2 tr. and iuir. feel pain, be in pain, suf- 
fer ; grieve, deplore, lament; be pained, 
feel hurt, be sorry; give pain, afflict. 

dolor, -oris, [doleo] m. pain, smart, 
pang; suffering, distress, gHef, sori^ow, 
anguish ; trouble, affliction, woe; vexa- 
tion, mortification, chagrin ; indigna- 

• tion, anger, resentinent, animosity. 

domesticus, -a, -um, [domus] adj. of 
the house; of oner's home, of the family, 
household, at home ; domestic, private, 
personal, one's own; internal, intestine, 
civil. 

domicilium, -i, [domus] n. habitation, 
dwelling, abode; dwelling-place, home, 
legal residence. 

domina, -ae, [dominus] f. she who rules, 
mistress; dame, lady. 

dominatio, -onis, [dominor] f. rule, 
doj/nnion, lordship ; tyranny, despo- 
tism; mastery, supremacy, control. 

dominor, -ari, -atus sum, [dominus] 

1 dep. be master, have dominion, be in 



power ; lord it over, domineer; be su- 
preme, reign, govern. 

dominus, -i, ni. master, lord, 2X>ssessor, 
owner; ruler, commander, chief; despot, 
tyrant. 

Domitius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. L. Domitius All6- 
nobarbus, consul 54 b.c, president 
(quaesitor) of the court that tried Milo. 

domitor, -oris, [domo] m. tamer, 
breaker ; subduer, vanqtiisJier, con- 
quei'or. 

domo, -are, -ui, -itum, l tr. domesticate, 
taftie, break, master ; subdue, overcome, 
conquer, reduce. 

domus, -us, f. household, fa?nily ; house, 
dwelling, residence, home. Loc. domi, 
at Jionu. Ace. domum, homewards, 
home. Abl. domo, from home, domo 
exire, emigrate. 

donatio, -onis, [dono] f. a presenting, 
giving; gift, donation. 

dSno, -are, -avi, -atum, [donum] i tr. 

give as a present, present, grant, bestow, 
confer; endow, invest; forgive, pardon. 

donum, -i, [do] n. gift, present ; gift to 
the gods, votive offering, sacrifice. 

dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4 intr. sleep. 

Drtisus, -i, ni. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. M. Livius DrtisuS, 
tribune 91 B.C., the reformer whose 
assassination helped to precipitate the 
Social War (90-88 b.c). 

dubitatio, -onis, [dubito] f. a wavering 
in oyfywmw, hesitation; doubt, pei^lexity, 
uncertainty ; question ; hesitancy, irres- 
olution. 

dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, [dubius] 1 

tr. and intr. waver in opinion, be un- 
certain, be in doubt, be perplexed ; have 
doubts about, doubt, call in question, 
question ; deliberate, consider ; be ir- 
resolute, hesitate, delay. dubito an, 
I am. inclined to think, perhaps. 
dubius, -a, -um, adj. icaveri?ig in opinion, 
undecided, uncertain, doubtful, dubious; 
2)recarious, c7Htical, dangerous. du- 
bium est, it is doubtful, there is a 
doubt, non dubium est quin, there 



doceo— edtico 



473 



I 



is no doubt that, sine dubio, witJiout 
a doubt., undoubtedly^ beyond question, 
certainly. 

ducenti, -ae, -a, [duo + centum] num. 

adj. two hundred. 

dtico, ducere, duxi, ductum, 3 tr. lead, 
conduct, guide, direct ; draw, bring, 
take along; lead away, drag off, arrest; 
lead forth, march ; be leader of ; inhale, 
drink in ; make, construct, erect ; de- 
duce, derive ; incite, induce, allure ; 
drag out, protract, prolong ; calculate, 
compute ; consider, regard. uxorem 
ducere, in matrimonium ducere, 
marry a woman. 

ductus, -us, [dtico] m. a leading, con- 
ducting; lead, command, generalship. 

dudiim, [diu + dum] adv. a little while 
ago, not long since, but now ; before, 
formerly, once. iam dudum, see 
iam. 

duint, for dent ; see do. 

dulcedo, . -inis, [dulcis] f . sweetness ; 
pleasantness, agreeableness, charm. 

dulcis, -e, dk^}. sweet ; pleasant, agreeable, 
delightfid, charming; dear, kind. 

dum, conj. while, so long as, all the time 
that ; while yet, during; up to the time 
when, until, till; if only, provided only. 
dum modo, if only, provided only, if 
it be that, provided that. 

dummodo, see dum. 

dumtaxat, adv. to this extent, so far ; 

strictly speaking, simply, only, merely ; 

at least, at all events, at any rate. 
duo, -ae, -O, num. adj. two. 

duodecim, [duo + decem] num. adj. 

indecl. twelve. 
duodecimus, -a, -um, [duodecim] num. 

adj. twelfth. 

duplico, -are, -avi, -atum, [duplex, 

twofold] 1 tr. double, increase twofold; 
repeat. 

dure, [durus] adv. hardly; stiffly, awk- 
li-ardly; harshly, roughly, sternly. 

dtirus, -a, -um, adj. fiard; rough, rude, 
uncultivated; harsh, stern, unfeeling, 
pitiless, cruel, inexorable; oppressive, 
distressing, burdensome, adverse. 



duumviratus, -us, [duo + vir] m. du- 
umvirate, the office of duumvir, or chief 
executive in the municipia and colonies. 

dux, ducis, [cf. duco] c. leader, guide; 
master, adviser, counsellor; com- 
mander, chief; head, ringleader, pro- 
moter. 



e, see ex. 

ea, [abl. f. of is, sc. via] adv. on that 
side, that way, there. 

ebriosus, -a, -um, [ebrius] adj. given to 
drink, ivho is a toper or sot; di^nk, 
intoxicated. 

ebrius, -a, -um, adj. drunk. 

ebur, -oris, n. ivory; works in ivory. 

ecce [ec- (of. en, /o/) +-ce (cf. hie)] in- 
ter j. lo! behold! 

ecf-, see eff-. 

ecquis, ecquid, interrog. subst. pron. 
(adj. form ecqui, ecqua or ecquae, 

ecquod), is there anyone who, anything 
that, any, anybody, anyone, anything. 

eculeus (equu-), -i, [dim. of equus] m. 
little' hm'se; tortvre-horse, rack. 

edico, -dicere, -dixi, edictum, [e+dico] 

3 tr. declare, make known, announce, 
jnvclaim, issue a proclamation; issue 
an edict, decree, order, ordain. 

gdictum, -i, [edico] n. proclamation, 

manifesto, edict, order. 

editus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of edo] adj. ele- 
vated, raised, high, lofty. 

edo, edere, 6didi, editum, [e + do] 3tr. 
give out, 2)ut forth; raise, setup; bring 
forth, beget, produce; set forth, relate, 
tell, disclose, utter; declare, publish, 
proclaiin, promulgate; shcnv, display; 
perform, peipetrate, cause, inflict. 

gdoceo, -doc6re, -docui, edoctum, [6 + 
doceo] 2 tr. teach thoroughly, instinct, 
inform, sho^o forth, show. 

Sdticatio, -onis, [6duco] f. a bHnging 
up, rearing, training, education. 

6duco, -ducere, -duxi, 6ductum, [6 + 
duco] 3 tr. lead forth or away, lead out, 
draw out or away, draw forth; march 



474 



VOCABULARY 



out, take away; bring, summon; bring 
yp, rear. 

5duc5, -are, -avi, -Stum, [6, cf . duco] 

1 tr. hnng vp, rear, train, educate. 

eifSminatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of effS- 
minoj adj. tconianis/i, effeininate, vn- 
vianly. 

effSmino, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + f6nii- 

na] 1 tr. tiuike ftininine; make efi/ni- 
nate, euenate, weaken. 

efiferO lecf-) efferre, extuli, elatum, [ex 
+ feroj irr. tr. carry out, bring out, take 
away, 7'emove; cai'ry out for burial, 
bear to the grave, bury; bring forth, 
bear, i)rodvc€; lift up, elevate, raise; 
exalt, laud, extol; set forth, spread 
abroad, publish, proclaim; carry away, 
transport; elate, jmff vp. inspire. 

efficio, -ficere, -f6cl, effectum, [ex + 
facio] 3 tr. ivork out, bring about, bring 
to pass, effect, cause, make, accomplish; 
produce, bear, yield; make out, show, 
prove. 

' effigies, -6i, [f*f. effingo] f. copy, imita- 
tion. sendiUnu-e, llkent-ss, representation; 
image, tffujy; ideal, symlxA. 

effingo, -fingere, -linxl, -fictum, [ex + 
fingoj 3 tr. fonn, mould; represent, 
jxjrtray. 

efflagito, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + fla- 
gitoj 1 tr. demand urgently, requist 
earnestly, demand importunately, clam- 
or for, insist. 

efflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + flo, blow] 
1 tr. and iiitr. bloiv out, breathe out. 

efl&rgnate, [effirenatus] adv. unrestrain- 
edly, violently. 

effrgnatus, -a, -um, [ex + frenatus, 
from freno] adj. unbridled, unre- 
strained, ungoverned, uncontrolled. 

eifugio (ecf-), -fugere, -ftigi, , [ex + 

fugio] 3 tr. and iutr. flee away, get 
away, escape; flee from, avoid, shun; 
escape the notice of. 

effugium, -i, [cf . efFugio] n. a fleeing, 
fdghJ, escape; way of escape, means of 
^ flight. 

efFundo (ecf-\ -fundere, -ftidi, efftl- 
sum [ex + fundo] 3 tr. pour out, pour 



forth, shed; lavish, squander; empty, 
exhaust; give up, resign, abandon. 
effuse, [eifusus] adv. far spread, far 
and wide; profusely, lavishly, extrava- 
gantly. 

eflRisus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of eifundo] adj. 
]K)u}ed out, spread out, extensive, vast; 
straggling, scattered, dispersed; unre- 
strained, profuse, lavish. 

eg6ns, -entis, [pr.p. of egeo] adj. needy, 
in want, destitute, very poor. 

egeo, eggre, egui, , 2 intr. be in 

want, be poor; be in loant of, need, 
lack, want, be without, not to have, be 
destitute of. 

egestas, -atis, [eg6ns] f. zvant, penury, 

nctd. povrrty, destitution. 
ego, mei, Vwb. pron. /. Pl. n5s, gen. 

nostrum or nostri, tve. 
egomet, [ego + metl pers. pron. emphatic 

t'oiiii of ego, /myself See -met. 
ggredior, figredi, ggressus sum, [6 + 

gradior, go\ 3 dep. go out, go forth, go 

away, depart; march out; disembark, 

land; go up, ascend; go beyond, pass 

out of. 

6gregi6, [ggregius] adv. excellently, 
surpassin(jly, eminently, splendidly, 
singularly. 

egregius, -a, -um, [e + grex] adj. ex- 
traordinary, out of the ordinary, un- 
common, remarkable; excellent, emi- 
nent, distinguished, very fine, noble. 

6icio, eicere, ei6ci, eiectum, [5 + ia- 
cio] 3 tr. cast out, thrust out, put out; 
drive forth, drive away, expel; drive 
into exile, banish. s6 6icere, rush 
out, rush forth. 

eiusmodi, or gius modi, [gen. sing of is 
modus] adj. phrase, of that kind, of 
such a kind, of su/ih a character or 
nature, such. 

elabor, -labi, elapsus sum, [e + labor] 

3 dep. slip away, slip off, escape. 

elaboratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of glaboro] 
adj. highly wrought, labored, elaborate. 

elaboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + laboro] 

1 tr. and intr. labor, strive diligently. 



i 



educo— eques 



475 



struggle^ make an effort, take i)ains 
? luith, work out, elaborate. 



electus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of eligo] adj. 
picked, select, choice, excellent. 

elegans, -antis, [for eligens, pr.p. of 
eligo] adj. accustomed to select, nice, 
fastidious ; select, choice, tasteful, fin- 
ished, elegant: 

elepliantus, -i, m. elephant. 

elicio, elicere, elicui, elicituin, [e + 
lacio, entice] 3 tr. draw out, entice out, 
lure forth. 

eligo, eligere, elegi, electum, [e + lego] 

3 tr. pick out ; choose, select, single out. 

eloquentia, -ae, [eloquens, pr.p. of 
eloquor, sjjeak out] f. eloquence. 

eliido, -ludere, -lusi, eltisum, [e+ludo, 

p)lay] 3 tr. andintr. stop playing ; j^Cirry, 
elude, escape, avoid, shun; ba^e, thwart, 
frustrate; delude, deceive; mock, make 
sport of, trifle with, insult, 

eluo, -luere, -lui, elutum, [e + luo] 3 

tr. ivash out; wash aivay, wash off, 
blot out, get rid of. 

emano, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + mano] 

1 mtY.flovj out ; spring out, arise, ema- 
nate ; leak out, become known, spread 
abroad. 

ementior, -iri, -itus sum, [e + mentior] 

4 dep. lie, make up a falsehood, falsify; 
feign, pretend. 

emergo, -mergere, -mersi, emersum 
[e + mergo, immerse] 3 tr. and intr. 
bring forth, raise up; come forth, come 
out of, emerge, rise; extricate one's 
self, free one's self, get clear, escape. 

emigro, -are, -avi, , [e + migro, de- 
part] 1 intr. move, depart, emigrate. 

emineo, -ere, -ni, , 2 intr. stand out, 

project ; be conspicuous, be prominent ; 
be eminent, distinguish one's self. 

emitto, -mittere, -misi, emissum, [e + 
mitto] 3 tr. send out, send forth ; drive 
out, expel; drive, cast, hurl; let out, let 
loose, let go, let slip, alloiu to escape. 

emo, emere, gnii, 6mptum, 3 tr. buy, 
purchase. 



emolumentum, -i, [cf. emolior, work 
out] 11. gain, profit, advantage. 

emorior, -mori, -mortuus, [e + morior] 

3 dep. die off, die. 

emptio, -onis, [emo] f . a buying, pur- 
chase. 

emptor, -oris, [emo] m. a buyer, pmr- 
chaser. 

enarro, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + narro] 
1 tr. recount in detail, explain fully, 
describe. 

enim, conj. postpositive, for ; as for in- 
stance, for instance, namely ; indeed, 
in fact, now really ; because, for natu- 
rally, foi' of course, but ; really, to be 
sure, of course. at enim, but you 
say, of an objection, neque enim, 
and yet., .not, for of course,.. not. et 
enim, see etenim. 

enitor, eniti, enixus or enisus sum, 
[e + nitor] 3 dep. struggle up or out, 
climb, ascend; exert one's self, make an 
efort, struggle, strive. 

Ennius, -i, ni. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name, belonging to Quintus Ennius, 
the father of Eoman poetry, born 240 

B.C. 

enumero, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + 
numero] 1 tr. count up, count over, 
count out ; tell at length, set forth in 
detail, relate, describe. 

eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, irr. intr. go in 
any way {walk, ride, sail, etc.) ; go forth, 
depart; come; move on, march, advance, 
proceed, pass. 

eo, [is] adv. to that place, thither, there ; 
to that degree, so far, to such an extent, 
to such a point. 

eodem, [idem] adv. to the same place, 

there also ; in the same place. 

epigramma, -atis, [eniypafxfxa.] n. in- 

sonption; epigram. 
epistula (epistola), -ae, [cTrto-ToA.^'] f. 

letter, epistle. 

eques, -itis, [equus] m. horseman, Hder; 
cavalryman, trooper (plnral, cavahnf) ; 
knight, member of the equestrian order 
ranking next below the senatorial order. 



476 



VOCABULARY 



magister equitum, see magister. 

See Appendix A, §^6, 7, and 8. 

equester, -tris, -tre, [eques] adj. of a 
horseman^ equestnan. 

equidem, [interj. e + quidem] adv. truly, 
certainly^ indeed, at least, at all events, 
surely ; for my part, as far as I am 
concerned ; to he sure, of course, by all 
means. 

equitatus, -us, [equito] m. cavalry, 
horsemen. 

equito, -are, -avi, -atum, [eques] 1 

intr. ride, he a liorseman, serve in the 
cavalry. 
equus, -I, m. horse. 

6r6ctus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of erigo] adj. 
upjighty elevated, high ; roused, ani- 
mated, encouraged. 

erga, prep, with ace. toivards. to, for, 
with respect to, in regard to. 

ergo, adv. therefore (more emphatic than 
igitur), consequently, accordingly, 
then; with preceding gen. in conse- 
qvence of, because of. on account of. for 
the sake of quid ergo, see quid. 

erigo, grigere, grSxi, erectum, [6 + 
regb] 3 tr. set vp straight, raise up, 
elevate, erect ; stir vp, rouse, excite : 
animate, encourage, cheer. 

gripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, [e + ra- 
pio] 3 tr. tear out, trar aivay, snatch 
away, widest; rescue, save, set free, free; 
take away, deprive, ?vb. 

erratum, -i, [erro] n. erro?; mistake, 
faidt. 

erro, -are, -avi, -atum, i tr. and intr. 
ivander, stray ; go astray, go wrong, 
7nistake, make a mistake, en\ be in 
error. 

error, -oris, [erro] m. a wandering, 
straying; doubt, uncertainty, ambi- 
guity; mistake, error, delusion. 

eructo, -are, , , [e+ructo, belchi 

1 tr. belch forth, throw up, vomit. 

erudiQ, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [e+rudis] 4 tr. 
polish; educate, train, instruct, teach. 

eruditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of erudio] adj. 



highly educated, learned, cultured; 
skilled, versed, accomplished. 

Srumpo, -rumpere, -rtipi, 6ruptum, [6 
4-rumpo] 3 intr. and tr. break out, 
hurst forth, sally forth, make a sally; 
be disclosed; Mirl forth, pour fcrrth, 
wreak. 

escendo, -scendere, -scendi, escgnsum, 
[6 + SCando, climb] 3 tr. and intr. climb 
up. mou)it, ascend; go up, come up. 

et, adv. and conj.: 

1. As adv. cdso, too, as well, besides. 

2. As conj. and. et. . . et, both., 
and. 

etenim, [et + enim] conj. for truly, for 
7r ally, for naturally. 

etiam, [et + iam] adv. and conj. nozv too, 
even yet, even now, yet, still; and also, 
and furthei^ruore, also, likewise, besides; 
and even, even. etiam atque etiam, 
again and again, over and over again, 
persistently, etiam si, even if, al- 
though, etiam nunc, even to this time, 
even noiv, still, etiam tum, even to 
that time, even then, still, quin etiam, 
see quin. 

etiam si, see etiam. 

Etrtiria, -ae, f • the country on the west- 
ern coast of Italy, north of Latium and 
west of the Apennines. 

Etrtiscas, -a, -um, [cf. Etruria] adj. of 
• Etruria, Etruscan, Etrurian. As 
siibst. in plural, Etrusci, -orum, ni. the 
Etruscans. 
etsi, [et + Si] conj. even if, though, al- 
though, albeit. 

gvado, -vadere, -vasi, evasum, [5 + 

vado, r/o] 3 tr. and intr. go out, come 
out, go forth; get away, get off, escape; 
turn out, cmne to, prove to be, end in. 

gvello, -vellere, -velli, evolsus or evul- 
sus, [e + vello, pull\ 3 tr. tear out, 
pluck out, extract; root out, eradicate, 
erase. 

evenio, -venire, -veni, eventum, [g + 
venio] 4 intr. come out; turnout, result, 
come to pass, happen, befall. 

eventus, -us, [evenio] m. occurrence, 



equester— excogito 



477 



accident^ event ; fortune, fate, lot; out- 
come, issue, result. 
eversor, -oris, [everto] m. subverter, 
destroyer. 

everto, -vertere, -verti, eversum, [e 4- 
verto] 3 tr. overturn; overthrow, sub- 
vert, ruin, destroy; turn out, di^ive out, 
expel. 

evocator, -oris, [evoco] m. summoner, 
recimiter, one who drums up. 

evocatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of evoco] adj. 
called out. As subst. in pi. evocati, 
-orum, m. veterans, discharged from 
service, but again enlisted. 

evoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [e+voco] l tr. 

call out, call forth, summon, evoke; 
elicit, stir, raise. 

evolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + volo, .^2/] 
1 intr. Jiy out, fly aivay; rush fcn^th, 
hasten out; escape, flee; ascend, rise. 

evomo, -vomere, -vomui, evomitum, 
[e + vomo, vomit] 3 tr. vomit forth, 
disgorge, cast out, expel; throw off, vent. 

ex, before consonants often g, prep, with 
abl. out of, from; of place, out of, 
from ; of time, from, since, after ; 
of the whole from which a part is 
taken, /rcw?, of, out of, from among; of 
source or material, /?^W72, out of, of; of 
cause, from, in consequence of, on ac- 
count of, by reason of, by; of reference, 
accoi'ding to, in accordance with, in 
pursuance of; of other relations, /?^om, 
by, with, in, on. ex aliqua parte, 
s'-e pars. 

exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + ag- 
gero, bring] 1 tr. Jieap up, pile up, ac- 
cumulate; amplify, magnify, exag- 
gerate. 

examino, -are, -avi, -atum, [examen, 

tongue of a balance] 1 tr. iveigh; pon- 
der, consider; try, test, examine. 

exanimatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exani- 
mo] adj. out of breath, exhausted, un- 
nei^ed, prostrated, half dead. 

exanimo, -are, -avi, -atum,[exanimus, 

lifeless] 1 tr. put out of breath, fatigue, 
exhaust, wear out; deprive of life, kill; 
terrify, unnerve, prostrate, stun. 



exardesco, -ere, exarsi, exarsum, [ex 
4-ardesco, incli. of ardeo] 3 intr. blaze 
out, blaze vp; break out, be injlamed, 
be kindled; be exasperated, become en- 
raged, rage. 

exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [ex + audio] 

4 tr. hear under difficulties, distinguish, 
hear. 
excedo, -cedere, -cessi, excessum, [ex 
+ cedo] 3 tr. and intr. go out; leave, 
depart, withdraw, retire; go beyond, 
pass beyond, exceed, ptass. 

excellens, -entis, [pr.p. of excello] adj. 
towering, eminent ; prominent, sur- 
passing, superior, distinguished. 

excello, -cellere, , (excelsus), 3 tr. 

and intr. be eminent ; rise above, be su- 
perior, sui^ass, excel. 

excelsus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of excello] adj. 
elevated, high, lofty; commanding, noble. 
As subst. excelsum, -i, n. high posi- 
tion, elevation ; height. 

excido, -cidere, excidi, — , [ex + cado] 

3 iniY.fall out, fall away ; slip out, es- 
cape ; pass away, disappear, be lost, 
perish. 

excido, -cidere, -cidi, excisum, [ex + 
caedo] 3 tr. cut out, cut off, hew doivn ; 
raze, demolish, destroy. 

excipio, -cipere, -cepi, exceptum, [ex 
+ capio] 3 tr. take out; release, exempt, 
except, make an exception of ; take up, 
receive, capture, take; catch up, inter- 
cept, obtain, be exposed to, incur, meet ; 
take up eagerly, listen to; follow, come 
next, succeed. 

excito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of excio, 
call out] 1 tr. call forth, summon, rouse; 
raise up, revive ; cmnfart, stimulate 
inspire ; stir up, kindle, rouse, excite, 
incite. 

exclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
clamo] 1 tr. and intr. cry out, cry 
aloud, exclaim. 

exclude, -cludere, -cltisi, exclusum, 
[ex + claudo] 3 tr. shut out, exclude, 
cut off; except, hinder, prevent. 

excogito, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
cogitc] 1 tr. think out, contrive, devise, 
invent. 



4/8 



VOCABULARY 



excolo, -colere, -colui, excultum, [ex 
+ coloj 3 tr. cultivate, ijnproce, refine, 
ennoble. 

excrucio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
crucio] 1 tr. torture, to? merit, rack; 
distress, harass, trouble, afflict. 

excubiae, -arum, [cf. excubo, keep 
ivatch] f. pi. a lying out on gttard. 
keeping watch ; watch, ivatchman, 
guards, sentinels. 

excarsio, -onis, [excurro, run out] f. a 
running out; sally, onset, attack ; raid, 
inroad, invasion, expedition. 

excusatio, -onis, [exctiso] f. an excus- 
ing, excuse, plea. 

exctisS, -are, -avi, -atam, [ex + causa] 

1 tr. excuse, make an excuse for ; allege 
in excuse, plead as an excuse, excuse 
one's self with. 

exemplum, -i, [cf. eximo] n. sample, 

specimen ; imitation, copy ; pattern, 
model; example,case,pi ecedent; learn- 
ing, lesson; way, manner, kind. 

exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [ex + eo] in-, intr. 
go out, go forth, go aivay, depart; with- 
draw, retire ; move out, inarch out ; 
come out, escape ; of lots, fall out, be 
drawn; of time, ?•?/;? out, end, expire. 

exerceo, -ercere, -ercui, exercitum, 
[ex + arceo] 2 tr. drive, keep busy, keep 
at 7i'ork; engage busily, occupy, employ; 
train, discipline ; practise, follow, ex- 
ercise, ad7ninister; disturb, vex, hai^ass, 
pulague. 

exercitatio, -onis, [exercito] f. exercise, 
practice ; training, discipline, experi- 
ence. 

exercitatus, -a, -um, [pf .p. of exercito, 
freq. of exerceo] ^(^]. practised, trained, 
disciplined; versed, experienced. 

exercitus, -us, [exerceo] ui. a dis- 
ciplined body of men, army. 

exhaurio, -ire, exhausi, exhaustum, 
[ex+haurio] 4 tr. draw out, drain of; 
take out, empty, exhavst ; take away, 
carry of. 

exhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ex + habeo] 

2 tr. hold out, tender, present, give up, 
produce; show, display, exhibit. 



exigo, -ere, exegi, exactum, [ex + ago] 

3 tr. drive out, thrust out, expel; re- 
quire, demand, exact, collect ; spend, 
pass, finish, complete ; examine., esti- 
mate, consider. 

exiguus, -a, -um, [cf. exig5] adj. exact; 
small, little, scanty, meagre; poor, petty, 
mean, paltry. 

eximig, [eximius] adv. exceedingly, 
very much^ uncommonly. 

eximius, -a, -um, [eximo] adj. taken 
out, excepted; select^ choice, distin- 
guished, excellent ; exceptional, extra- 
ordinary, unconunon, remarkable. 

eximo, -imere, -emi, exemptum, [ex + 
emo] 3 tr. take out, take off, take away, 
remove; free, release, deliver. 

existimatio, -onis, [existimo] f. judg- 
ment, opinion, estimate, decision, ver- 
dict; reputation, good name, honor. 

existimator, -5ris, [existimo] m. ap- 
praiser, judge. 

existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
aestimo] l tr. esti?nate, reckon ; ap- 
preciate, esteem; think, suppose, believe; 
consider, regard, judge. 

exitiosus, -a, -um, [exitium] adj. de- 
structive, ruinous, pernicious, deadly. 

exitium, -i, [exeo] n. destruction, i-uin ; 
hurt, mischief. 

exitus, -U8, [exe5] m. a going &ut, exit, 
departure ; way out, outlet, passage ; 
end, close, conclusion ; end of life, death ; 
issue, result, event. 

exolstus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exolesco, 

groiv up] -dd^.full grown, mature. As 
subst. exoietus, -I, m. an abandoned 
youth, young debauchee. 

exopto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + opto] 

1 tr. wish earnestly, desi?'e greatly, long 
for. 

exorior, -Irl, exortus sum, [ex + orior] 

4 (and 3), dep. spring up, rise up, ap- 
pear; take origin, ai^ise, be caused. 

exorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + orno] 

1 tr. fit out, equip, furnish, sujrply, pi^o- 
mde ; deck out^ array, adorn, embel- 
lish. 



I 



excolo— exspectatio 



479 



ixoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + oro] l tr. 

and iutr. j^ersuade by entreaty, prevail 
vpon, induce. 

exorsus, -us, [exordior, begin] m. be- 
ginn ing^ commencement. 

expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [ex + pes] 4 

tr. extricate., disencumber., let loose., set 
free., free ; bring out, get ready., pre- 
pare ; arrange, set to rights, adjust, 
settle; be advantageous, be profitable, be 
expedient. 

expeditus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of expedio] 
adj. unfettered, unimpeded, unencum- 
bered ; free, unembarrassed, easy, 
prompt; ready, conrenient. 

expello, -pellere, -puli, expulsum, [ex 
+ pello] 3tr. drive out, thinist out, cast 
forth, expel, banish. 

experior, -iri, expertus sum, 4 dep. ti-y, 
jirove, test, find from experience, learn. 

expers, -tis, [ex + pars] adj. having no 
part in; destitute of, devoid of, free 
from, without. 

expeto, -ere, -ivi, -itum, [ex + peto] 3 

tr. seek after, aim at, strive for ; ask 
earnestly, demand ; wish, desire, long 
for. 

expilo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + pilo] l 

tr. pillage, plunder, rob. 

expio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + pio, pro- 
pitiate'] 1 tr. atone for, purify, expiate; 
make amends, make good, compensate. 

expleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [ex, cf . ple- 
nus] 2 tv.flll up, fill full, fill; make up, 
complete, finish ; satiate, satisfy, ap- 
pease; fulfil, discharge, do. 

explico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atum or 
-itum, [ex + plico, fold] l tr. unfold, 
undo; disclose, display ; disentangle, set 
free, release; exjdain, set forth, express. 

exploratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of explore] 
adj. ascertained, settled, certain, as- 
sured, sure. 

explore, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + ploro, 
cry out] 1 tr. search out, seek to discover, 
in vestigate, explore ; spy out, recon- 
noitre, examine. 

expono, -ponere, -posui, expositum, 
[ex + pono] 3 tv.jnU out, set out ; land, 



disembark ; exhibit, expose ; set forth, 
relate, explain. 

exports, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + porto] 

1 tr. carry out, bring out, carry aiuay ; 
send away, export. 

exposco, -poscere, -poposci, , [ex4- 

posco] 3 tr. ask earnestly, request, beg, 
implore, demand. 

exprimo, -ere, expressi, expressum, 
[ex + premo] 3 tr. p)ress out, force out ; 
ivHng out, elicit, wrest from, extort ; 
represent, portray, describe, express. 

expromo, -ere, exprompsi, expromp- 
tum, [ex + promo] 3 tr. show forth, ex- 
hibit, display ; utter, declare., state. 

exptignatio, -onis, [expugno] f. a tak- 
ing by storm, storming. 

expugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
ptigno] 1 tr. talce by storm, storm., 
capture. 

exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, exquisi- 
tum, [ex + quaero] 3 tr. search out, 
seek didgenlly; inquire into,inquire,ask, 

exsanguis, -e, [ex + sanguis] adj. with- 
out blood, bloodless, lifeless, nerveless. 

exscindo, -scindere, -soldi, exscissum, 
[ex + scindo, cut^^ 3 tr. extirpate, an- 
nihilate, destroy. 

exsecratio, -onis, [exsecror, curse:] f. 
execration, curse; oath, imprecation. 

exsequiae, -arum, [exsequor, follow to 
the grave] f. pi. funeral procession ; 
funeral 7'ites or obsequies. 

exsilio, -ire, exsilui, , [ex + salio, 

lea])] 4 intr. spring up, jump up, start 
up. 
exsilium, -i, [exsul] n. exile. 

exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, exstitum, [ex 
+ sisto] 3 intr. stand out, came forth; 
grow out, arise, spring, be produced, 
ensue; become, come to be, turn into; 
appear, be visible, be manifest; exist, be. 

exsolvo, -solvere, -solvi, exsoltitum, 
[ex + solvo] 3 tT.unloose, release, deliver; 
free, set free; discharge, pay. 

exspectatio (exp-), -onis, [exspecto] 

f. an awaiting, expecting, expectation, 
anticipation ; longing for, desire. 



48o 



VOCABULARY 



exspecto (exp-), -are, -avX, -atum, [ex 
• spectOi 1 ir. liM.k out for, wait for, 
await ; wait, wait to i^te ; expect, an- 
ticipate ; long for, desire ; apprehend, 
dread. 

exspolio, -are, -avi, -atum, lex + 
spolioj 1 ir. strip of, desjx>iL rob; pil- 
lage, plunder. 

exstinctor, -oris, [cf. exstinguo] m. 

txtingni.^lur: de.<trity>~r. ^uppre^s^ r. 

exstinguo text-', -ere, exstinxi, ex- 
stinctum, !ex f stinguo, quench] 3 tr. 
piif o'd. exfingii'i.'<li ; kill, destroy ; put 
an end to. abolish, blot o>/t. destroy, 
annihilate. 

exstS, -stare, , — , [ex + stO] l intr. 

f!/'ii,'t o'/t. stand forth ; appear, be 
f(>'//i<l. b» (xtant. exist. 

exstrtictio, -5nis, lexstruQ] f. (i build- 
ing up, erecting, structure. 

exBtruO, -ere, exstriixl, exstructum, 

lex • Struo, heaj) up] 8 tr. heajt up, pile 
uj>; build up. tear, erect, cnn.^trurf. 

exsul ^exul), -ulis, f-. exile. 

exsulo lexulS', -are, -avI, -atum, 1 ex- 
sul i 1 intr. be an exile, bt in exile, live 
in exile. 

exsulto (exultos -are, -avi, -atum, 
[frcii. of exsillQJ 1 intr. leap up; exult, 
rejoice, delight in, revel. 

extenuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + tenu5, 

niakt thin] 1 tr. inak*^ small or thin; 
diminish, lessen, extenuate ; belittle, de- 
tract from, disparage. 

exter or exterus, -tera, -terum, [ex] 

:ul.i. used only in pi. on the outside, 
fju(( r. outward : foreign, strange. See 
extremus, -a, -um. 

extermino, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
terminus] l tr. drive out or away, ex- 
pel, drive into exile, banisJi ; put aside, 
remove. 

externus, -a, -um, [exter] adj. outward, 
outside, external; foreign, strange. 

extimesco, -ere, extimui, — , [ex + 

timesco, inch, of timeo] 3 tr. and i:: r 
be greatly afraid, fear greatly, awai^ 
%vithfear, dread ; shoivfear. 



extollo, -ere, — , — , [ex+toll5] 3 tr. 

lift up, raise np, elevate; extol, laud, 
e.valt. 

extorqueo, -torqu6re, -torsi, extor- 
tum, [ex + torqueo, twist] 2 tr. wrench 
out, wrest out or away; fmx'e from, ex- 
tort, obtain by force. 

extra, [exter] adv. and prep. : 

1. As adv. on the outside, without. 

2. As prop, with ace. outside of, witJi- 
out, berjond ; apart from, aside 
from, except. extra causam, 
outside of the case, apart frmn the 
legal question involved. 

extrali5, -trahere, -traxi, extractum, 
[ex + trah5] 3 tr. draw out, drag out; 
protract, prolong. 

extrgmus, -a, -um, [superl. of exter] 
adj. outi-rmost, vttermost, farthest; 
latest, last, last part of, end of; utmost, 
greatest, extreme. As subst. extrfi- 
mum, -i, n. end; last degree^ extre?ne. 

exu5, -uere, -ui, -utum, 3 tr. d7'aw out, 
pull (iff. put off, divest; strip, despoil; 
lay aside, cast off. 

exurS, -iirere, -ussi, exustum, [ex + 
ur5, burn] 3 tr. burn up, burn doivn, 
consu?ne. 

exuviae, -arum, [exu5] f. pi. clothing, 
equipfne?its, arms ; spoils, iiophies ; lit. 
things stripped off. 



Y 



Fabianus, -a, -um, adj. of FaUus, Fa- 
bian. 

Fabricius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Q. Fabricius, trib- 
une B.C. 57, who favored Cicero's re- 
call from exile. 

^bula, -ae, f. tale, story, fable; drama, 
play. 

facet e, [facetus,^/i«] gracefully, neatly; 
wittily, humorously, facetiously. 

facile, [facilis] adv. easily, %vith ease, 
conveniently, without difficulty; read- 
ily, willingly, promptly. 






exspecto— fascis 



481 



facilis, -e, [facio] adj. easy to do, easy, 
not difficult; good-natured, accessible, 
iiiUing, courteous, affable; favorable, 
prosperous. 

facilitas, -atis, [facilis] f. ease, readi- 
ness, facility ; good-nature, accessibility, 
willingness; easy manners, courteous- 
ness, affability. 

facinorosus, -a, -urn, [f acinus] adj. 
crimincd, villanous, vicious. As subst. 
facinorosus, -i, m. ci^iminal, male- 
factor. 

facinus, -oris, [cf. facio] u. deed, act, 
action; bad deed, misdeed, deed of 
crime, crime, criminal conduct, out- 
rage, villany. 

facio, facere, feci, factum, 3 tr. and intr. 
make, fashion, build; construct, com- 
I)ose; do, perform, car 7^ on, execute; 
produce, cause, occasion, bnng about; 
see to it, take care; render, give, grant, 
confer; obtain, gain, accumulate; incur, 
suffer; celebrate, hold, conduct; assume, 
admit; choose, appoint; make of , vcdue, 
esteem, regard. verbum or verba 
facere, speak. See fio. 

factum, -i, [facio] n. deed, act, exploit, 
achievement. 

facultas, -atis, [facilis] f. capability, 
ability, skill; means, resources, power, 
opportunity, possibility; abundance, 
supply^ stock; goods, riches, property. 

Faesulae, -arum, f . pi. modern Fiesole, 
a city of Etruria, headquarters of Cati- 
line's forces. 

Faesulanus, -a, -um, adj. of Faesulae, 
Faesidan. 

falcarius, -i, [falx] m. sickle-maker, 
scythe-maker. 

Falcidius, -i, m- a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. C. Falcidius, a trib- 
une. 

fallax, -acis, [fallo] adj. deceitful, decep- 
tive, fallacious. 

fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum, 3 tr. and 

intr. deceive, trick, dupe, cheat; fail, 
disappoint; violate, break, betray; es- 
cape one's notice, remain undiscovered, 
31 



elude; pass, often, be deceived, deceive 
one's self, be mistaken, be wrong, err. 

falso, [falsus] ^^Y.fcdsely, unfaithfidly, 
untruly, erroneously. 

falsus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of fallo] adj. de- 
ceptive, delusive, misleading, unfound- 
ed; feigned, pretended; spurious, false^ 
undeserved. 

falx, falcis, f. curved blade; sickle, 
scythe, bill-hook. 

^ma, -ae, [for, speak'] f . report, rumor., 
common talk, saying, tradition; public 
opinion.^ the popular voice; fame, re- 
nown; fair fame, good repute, reputa- 
tion. 

fames, -is, f. hunger; want, famine, 
starvation. 

familia, -ae, [famulus, servant] f. the 
slaves in a household, family servants, 
domestics; household, family; family 
connection, kindred; estate, family 
property. Old gen. familias. frequent 
with pater and mater : pater famili- 
as, master of a household, householder, 
head of a family, father; mater fa- 
milias, mistress of a household, ma- 
tron, mother. 

familiaris, -e, [familia] adj. of a house- 
hold, belonging to a family, household, 
family, j^'^'i'f^cite ; familiar, intimate, 
friendly. res familiaris, family 
property, estate. As subst. familiaris, 
-is, m. intimate friend, friend, com.- 
panion. 

familiaritas, -atis, [familiaris] f. fa- 
miliarity, intimacy, friendship, friend- 
ly relations. 

familiariter, [familiaris] adv. famil- 
iarly, intimately, on intimate terms. 

fanum, -i, [of. for, speak] n. shrine, 
sanctuainj, temple. 

fas, found only in nom. and ace. sing. 
[for, speak] divine law, the dictates of 
religion; right according to divine law 
or conscience, justice, equity. fas 
est, it is lawful, it is right or proper, 
it is permitted or allowed. 

fascis, -is, m. bundle, fagot; inplur. the 
fasces, the bundle of rods with an axe, 



482 



VOCABULARY 



carried before the highest magistrates as 
nil emblem of authority. 

fastidio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [fastidium, 

/((U/fiea] 4 tr. and intr. ftd disgu.^f, 
loatfie^ shrink^ take qffence; be disdain- 
ful^ disdain^ dtftpise, gco?'n; be critical. 

fastus, -a, -um, [fas] adj. business or 
couit day (witli diSs or absolutely as 
Bubst. in m.); more commonly as subst. 
fasti, -orum, m. pi. calendar, alina- 
naCy an eniiineration of all the days of 
the year, ^^ilh their festivals, magis- 
trates, events, etc. 

fatalis, -e, [fatum] adj. of fate, ordained 
or d(. creed byfatt.fdtd, destined; fatal, 
dtstn/cdve, deadly, daiifjerous. 

fateor, fat6ri, fassus sum, [for, speak] 
'Z dip. a/nfrss, acknoickdge, uicn^ ad- 
mit, gra?it. 

fatum, -i, [for, ^peak] n. ntterafice (pro- 
\)hi.'{\v), jfroj)/ucy, oracU ; dt$(itty,fate, 
doom Jot; badfortum, Ul fate, fatality, 
c(d(unity, destructire, rxi/t; death, 
fsita. Sibyllina, see Sibyllinus. 

fauces, -ium, f.pl. pharynx, (fullet,thrvat; 
the jaics; narrow inlet, entrafi-c^, dijile, 
pass. 

fautor, -oris, [fave5] m. favorer, 2>ar- 
ti,^an, p)(ntioter. jtatron. 

faveo, fav6re, favi, fautum, 2 intr. be 
farorabU, t>e well dixj^aed, b*^ propitious, 
faror; be kind to, befriend, prcmcie, 
protect. 

Favonius, -i, [faveo] ni. the west ivind. 
Also a Koman nomen or gentile name. 
Esp. M. Favonius, an admirer and 
imitator of tlie upright Cato Uticeusis, 
and opponent of Clodius. 

fax, facis, [cf. facio] f. torch, firebrand; 
fiery meteor, ball of fire, shooting star, 
comet; fire, flame, incitement, stimulus; 
cause of riiin, destruction. 

febris, -is, f. fever. 

Februarius, -a, -um, [februa, expiatory 
rites] adj. of Februai^j, Februai^. 

felicitas, -atis, [felix] f. good fortune, 
good luck ; happiness, felicity. 

fgliciter, [felix] adv. fortunately, au- 
spiciously ; happily, successfully. 



felix, -ids, adj. fruitful; propitious, 
favorable ; fortunate, lucky, prosperous. 

femina, -ae, f- woman. 

fera, -ae, [ferus] f. wild beast, ivild 
animal. 

fer5, adv. quite, entirely ; usually, in 
genercd, generally, for the most part, 
almost always ; almost, nearly, well- 
nigh, about ; with negatives, hardly, 
scarcely. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. tr. and intr. 
bear, carry; bring, lead, conduct ; bear 
away, carry off, win, take, get, obtain ; 
bring forth, prvduce, yield ; prmn2)t, 
impel, urge, carry away ; tolerate, put 
up with, stand, suffer, endure; disclose, 
show, exhibit ; rej)ort, relate, tell, say, 
ceUbrate ; require, demand, allow, per- 
mit ; of votes, cast, give in, record ; of 
a law or resolution, bring foiward, 
move, propose, promote ; pass, and re- 
Ilex, often, be borne, betake one's self, 
proceed, hasten, inish. ferre gravi- 
ter, ferre molests, take it ill, be an- 
noyed, be ve.nd. ferre indigng, feel 
indignant, prae s6 ferre, profess, 
show, display, boast, make no secret of. 
sententiam ferre, cast a tote, ferunt, 
t/uy say, or fertur, feruntur, it is 
said, it is reported. 

ferScitas, -atis, [ferQx, wild] f. wild- 
ness,fierceness; courage, spirit; savage- 
ness, fury, ferocity. 

ferr amentum, -i, [ferrum] n. iniple- 
inent of iron, tool, iveapon. 

ferreus, -a, -um, [ferrum] adj. made 
of iron, of iron, iron ; hard, hard- 
hearted, ^ir feeling, cimel. 

ferrum, -i, n. iron ; iron implement, 
sword, axe; the sword, a symbol of war 
or destruction. 

fertilis, -e, [fero] SiOi], fertile, fruitf id ^ 
productive. 

ferus, -a, -um, adj. wild, untamed ; sav- 
age, barbarous, fierce, cruel; uncid- 
tivated, t^de. 

festinatio, -onis, [festino, hasten] f. a 
hastening; haste, hurry, despatch^ 



ffistldiS-flectS 



483 



festus, -a, -um, adj. of holidays, festal, 
solemn ; festive, joyful, merry. 

fictus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of fingo] adj. 
ftigned, false, fictitious, imagina?^. 

fidelis, -e, [fides] adj. that m.ay be 
trusted, trusty, faithful, time ; ti^M- 
worthy, reliable, safe. 

fides, fidei, [fido] f . trust, faith, confi- 
dence, reliance, credence, belief ; as a 
mercantile terra, credit ; timsttvorthi- 
ness, fidelity, good faith, honesty, 
honor ; credibility ; promisCy engage- 
ment, word; j^romise of i^rotection, 
jiledge of safety, assurance, guaranty, 
jnvtection. 

fidius, -i, [fides] m. the god of faith, the 
Allfaiihful One, a surname of Jupiter. 
me dius (medius) fidius, see dius. 

fido, fidere, fisus sum, 3 semi-dep. 
trust, have confidence in, rely upon; 
put confidence in, confide. 

fiducia, -ae, [fidus] f. trust, confidence, 
reliance ; self-confidence, courage, bold- 
ness. 

fidus, -a, -um, [fido] trusty, trustworthy, 
faithful; credible. 

figo, figere, fixi, fixum, 3 iv. fix, fasten, 
attach, set, place; drive, plunge, nail. 

figura, -ae, [cf . fingo] f. foi-m, shape, 

. figure. 

filia, -ae, [filius] f . daughter. 

filius, -i, ni. son. 

fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, 3 tr. touch 
gently, handle ; form, fashion, mould, 
model, shape; compose, make; represent 
in thought, sketch out, imagine, suppose, 
think; contrive, devise, invent ; feign, 
pretend. 

finis, -is, m. boundary, limit, border; 
end, termination, close, stop ; in plur. 
borders, territory, land, country, quem 
ad finem, to what lengths, how far. 

finitimus (-tumus), -a, -um, [finis] 
adj. bordering on, on the borders of, 
neighboring, neighbors of, adjoining, 
adjacent. 

, fio, fieri, factus sum, irr. used as passive 
of facio, Avliich see, and intr. become ; 



happen, occur, come to pass, result, be 
the case. 

firmamentum, -i,[fiTmo] n.a strengthen- 
ing; support, prop., stay, corner-stone. 

firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [firmus] l tr. 

make firm or strong, strengthen, rein- 
force, fortify, secure, sustain ; encour- 
age, reassure, animate ; confirm, estab- 
lish, prove, show, declare. 

firmus, -a, -um, adj. strong, powerful ; 
firm, fast, steadfast, trusty, time, faith- 
ful. 

fiscus, -i, m. wicker basket ; money-bag, 
purse; state treasury, public revenues. 

Flaccus, -i, ni. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. : 

1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, see Ful- 
vius. 

2. L. Flaccus, praetor 63 B.C. 

3. L. Valerius Flaccus, consul with 
Marius 100 B.C., taking an active 
part in suppressing the insurrection 
of Saturninus. 

flagitiose, [flagitiosus] adv. shame- 
fully, basely, infamously. 

flagitiosus, -a, -um, [flagitium] adj. 

shameful, disgraceful, base, infamous ; 
profiigcde, dissolute. 

fiagitium, -i, [cf. fiagito] n. deed of 
jmssion, disgraceful deed, shameful act, 
outrage; burning shame, shame, dis- 
grace. 

fiagito, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. flagro] 
1 tr. ask icith eagerness, entreat, cry 
for, demand urgenthj, require ; press 
earnestly, importune. 

flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, l intr. blaze, . 
burn, fiame, glow; be infiamed, be on 
fire, be excited, be stirred ; be consumed 
in afire of, suffer. 

flamen, -inis, [cf. flagro] m. one who 
burns offerings ; j^'^'iest of a particular 
divinity, fiamen. 

flamma, -ae, f . blazing fire, fire, blaze, 
fiame ; fii-e of love, fiame of passion ; 
glow, rage, 2)assion, ivrath ; devouring 
fiame, destructive fire, danger, ruin. 

flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum, 3 tr. and 

intr. bend, turn, turn round, direct; 



484 



VOCABULARY 



sivay, chaiige ; change the 7nind of^ 
prevail upon, persuade, move, influence; 
soften, appease. 

fieo, flere, flevi, fletum, 2 tr. and intr. 
lueep, cry. le in tears, wail ; iveep for, 
lament, bewail. 

fletus, -us, [fleo] m. weeping, cnjing, 
lamentation, tears. 

- flexibilis, -e, [flecto] ad}. pliant, flexible; 
yielding, tractable; inconstant, change- 
able. 

florens, -entis, [pr.p. of floreo] adj. 
blooming, floweHng, in bloom; flounsh- 
ing, prosperous, in the pnnie, highly 
favored, successful, distinguished. 

floreo, -6re, -ui, , [flos] 2 intr. bloom, 

blossom; flourish, jnvsper, be prosperous; 
be eminent, be distinguished. 

florgsco, -ere, — , — , [inch, of floreo] 
8 intr. bt-gln to bloom, blossom ; begin to 
flovr'ixh, rise, be distinguished. 

flos, floris, ni. blossom, flower ; bloom, 
freshness, prime, promise, crown, orna- 
ment. 

fluctuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fluctus] 1 

intr. nu>rtr in waves, undulate, be tossed 
on the wares; waver, hesitate, vacillate. 

fluctus, -us, [cf. fluo] m. flood, tide, 
wave, billoiv; turbulence, commotion. 

fl'iito, -are, -avi, , [freq. of fluo] 1 

intr./o«^ drift, swim, sail about, flow. 

flumen, -inis, [fluo] n. a flowing ; flow- 
ing stream, river; flo^v, fluency, flood. 

fluo, fluere, fluxi, (fluxus), ZmXx.flow ; 
pass away, fall away, vanish. 

focus, -i, ni. fire-place, hearth ; fireside, 
home, family. 

foederatus, -a, -um, [cf . foedus, subst.] 
adj. leagued, allied, confederate. 

foedus, -a, -um, adj. foul, filthy, loath- 
some, repulsive, horrible ; ugly, un- 
seemly, disgraceful, shameful; vile, base, 
infamous. 

foedus, -eris, [cf. fido] n. league, treaty, 
compact, cdliance; covenant, agreement, 
cmdract ; conditions of a treaty or con- 
tract, stipulation. 



fons, fontis, ni. spring, fountain, well ; 

fountain-head, source, origin, cause. 
foras, [cf. foris, dom^'] adv. out of doors, 

out, forth, away. 

fore, see sum. 

forensis, -e, [forum] adj. of the market. 

of the Forum, in the Forum ; forensic, 

public, of daily life, ordinary. 
foris, [cf . foris, door^ adv. of place where, 

out of doors, without, abroad; injyublic 

lif€; from tuithout. 
forma, -ae, f. /or?n, shape, appearance, 

features, looks ; figure, image, likeness ; 

nature, manner, kind. 

formido, -inis, f. fear, terror, dread, 

awe. 

formidolosus, -a, -um, [formido] adj. 
dreadful, fearful, terrible, teirific. 

fors, fortis, f. chance, luck, accident. 

forsitan, [fors sit an] adv. perhaps, per- 
chance, it may be, possibly. 

fortasse, [for fortassis = forte an si vis] 
adv. perhaps, perchance, it may be, 
possibly. 

forte, [abl. of fors] adv. by chance, by 
accident, casually, accidentally; per- 
haps, perchance. 

fortis, -e, adj. strong, powerful; vigorous, 
firm, steadfast ; sturdy, stout, staunch, 
brave, of courage, bold, fearless, daunt- 
less, valiant, manly ; spirited, im- 
petuous. 

fortiter, [fortis] adv. strongly; bravely, 
boldly, with courage, valiantly, in- 
trepidly, manfully ; steadily, firmly. 
See fortis. 

fortittido, -inis, [fortis] n. strength; 
courage, bravery, intrepidity ; fortitude, 
firmness, steadiness. See fortis. 

forttina, -ae, [fors] f. chance, luck,fnte, 
fortune ; position, rank, condition., lot,- 
circumstances; good luck, good fortune, 
prosperity, success ; ill-fm^tane ; posses- 
sions, property ; personified, Goddess 
of Fortune, Fortune. 

forttinatus, -a, -um, [pfp. of forttino, 

prosper^ adj. prospered, prosperous, 
fortunate^ lucky, happy. 



fleo— fagito 



485 



fonim, -i, n. market-place, forum ; the 
Forum, a large open area, in which 
public meetings were held and judicial 
and commercial business was transacted, 
surrounded by public buildings, courts 
of justice, state offices, places of wor- 
ship, as well as colonnades of one or 
more stories in which bankers, mer- 
chants, and tradesmen had their places 
of business. Forum Aurelium, see 
Aurelius. 

fragilis, -e, [cf. frango] adj. easily 
broken , fragile ; iceak, frail, delicate : 
fickle, transitory. 

fragilitas, -atis, [fragilis] f. weakness, 
frailty. 

frango, frangere, fregi, fractum, 3 tr. 

Ijreak, break in jjieces, clash to pieces, 
shatter; break down, dishearten, sub- 
due, overcome, crush ; break the force 
■ of, iveaken, soften. 

frater, -tris, m. brother. 

frateme, [frater] adv. in a brotherly 
manner, like a brother, affectionately. 

fraternus, -a, -urn, [frater] adj. of a 
brother, brotherly, fraternal. 

fraudatio, -onis, [fraudo] f. cheating, 
deceit, deception, fraud. 

fraudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fraus] 1 tr. 
cheat, defraud; steal, embezzle. 

fraus, fraudis, f. cheating, deceit, fraud, 
treachery; crime; delusion, mistake; 
ii'f'yy. harm, damage. 

fremitus, -us, [fremo, roar'] m. confused 
noise, murriLuring, roaring, din, loud 
noise. 

freno, -are, -avi, -atum, [frenum] 1 tr. 

bridle, curb, check ; hold in check, re- 
strain. 

frenum, -i, n. in pi. usually m. bridle ; 
curb, check, restraint. 

frequgns, -entis, adj. often, repeated, 

legular ; frequent, common, usual ; in 
great numbej\s, in crowds, crowded, 
full ; translated as adv. of time, often, 
frequently. 

frequenter, [frequens] adv. often. fre- 
quently; in great nuint)ers, by many. 



frequentia, -ae, [frequgns] f. assembly 
in great numbers, numerous attend- 
ance, concourse; great numbers, multi- 
tude, croivd, throng. 

frequento, -are, -avi, -atum, [fre- 
quens] 1 tr. and iutr, visit frequently 
or often, frequent, resort to; assemble in 
throngs, crowd together; celebrate. 

fretus, -a, -um, adj. leaning upon, sup- 
ported by, relying on; depending, trust- 
ing, confident. 

frigus, -oris, u. cold, coolness, chilliness. 

frons, frontis, f. fm^ehead, brow; face., 
expression, look; forepart, front, van. 

fructus, -us, [cf. fruor] m. enjoyment, 
pleasure, delight; produce, fruit, crops; 
proceeds, yield, income, profit; conse- 
quence, fruits, advantages, return, re- 
wai'd. fructui esse, be an advan- 
tage, be profitable. 

frugalitas, -atis, f. economy, thrift, fru- 
gality; vjorth, excellence. 

frumentarius, -a, -um, [frtimentum] 

adj. of corn, of grain, of provisions, 
grain-. r6s frumentaria, grain sup- 
ply, provisions, grain. 

frtimentum, -i,' [fruor] n. corn, grain. 

fruor, frui, fructus sum, 3 dep. enjoy, 
take pleasure in, delight in; reap the 
fruits or benefits of. 

frustra, [fraus] adv. in ei^or; withjout 
eff^ect, to no purpose, uselessly, in vain, 
for nothing; without reason, ground- 
lessly. 

frux, frtigis, [cf. fruor] I. fruit, produce. 

fuga, -ae, [cf. fugio] f. a feeing, fiight; 
exile, banishment; escape, avoidance, 
shunning. 

fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, 3 tr. and 

intr. flee, fly, take to flight, make off; 
avoid, shun;' escape the notice of ; es- 
cape, elude. 

fugitivus, -a, -um, [fugio] adj. fugi- 
tive, runaway. As subst. fugitiVUS, 
-i, m. fugitive, runaway slave, deserter. 

fugito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
fugio] 1 tr. and intr. ^(?(? eagerly, flee in 
haste, fly fro? n; avoid, shun. 



486 



VOCABULARY 



Fulclnius, -I, ni. a Roman iioinen or 
gentile name. Esp. C. Fulcinius, a 
liomiin envoy slain by Lars Tolumnius, 
king of the Veientes. 

fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, ,2 inir. j!ash, 

I'Kj/ittu; (jitain, (jHftt/i, glitttr, shine. 

fulmen, -inis, [falgeO] n. Hfjhtning 

flash, fitroke of lightning, thJitnlerbolt. 
Fulvius, -I, m, a Roman nonien or gen- 
tile name. Esp.: 
L M. Fulvius Flaocus, consul 125 
B.C., granilfatiu'r of L. Caesar, and 
I)aitisan of the (irac<-hi. 

2. M. Fulvius NSbilior, c(»nsul 189 
v.A^., a patron of the poet Ennins. 

fum5, -are, — , — , [fumus] l intr. 
s)iu>k>\ reek. 

fumus, -J, '11. stiioke. 

fundamentum, -I, [fandO] n. founda- 
tion : fxis'fs. f/ni'imL itup]X)rt. 

funditus, [fundusj ads. from the ftottoin, 
from thf foundation; utterly^ entirely, 
totally. 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum, 3 intr. 
])0'n\]jour o'ft, j/O'/r f(>?-th, slied; scat- 
ter, .yrt'ead, diffuse; bring fmth, bear; 
orerthrow, ranfj'/ish. rout, jfut to fight. 

fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fundusl i tr. 

lay the foundations of, found, establish. 

fundus, -I, m. bottom; piece of land, f ami, 

estatt . 

funesto, -are, -avi, -atum, [funestus] 

1 w. }>(>lhitc, ihflt. 

funestus, -a, -um, [funus] adj. deadly, 
fatal, destructive; filed withinourning, 
mournful, sad. disitud. 

fungor, fungi, functus sum, 3 dep. be 
engaged in, perform, do; execute, ad- 
min ister, discharge, fulfil. 

funis, -is, m. roj^e, cord. 

funus, -eris, m. funeral procession, fu- 
neral ; funeral rites, obsequies^ inter- 
ment. 

fur, furis, m. thief. 

Furfanius, -i, m. a Roman nonien or 
gentile name. Esp. T. Furfanius, a 
juror at the trial of Milo, and a victim 
of Clodiu^. 



furia, -ae, f. usually in pi. rage, mad- 
ness, fury ; scourge, curse ; tormenting 
spirits; personilied, the Furies, the 
Ihrtv goddesses of vengeance. 

furibundus, -a, -um, [cf. furia] adj. 
raring, ffiad, furious, crazy. 

furiosus, -a, -um, [furia] adj. full of 

//lad/ass, mad, raging, furious, crazy, 
Furius, -i, m. a Roman nomeu or gentile 
name. Esp.: 
1. P. Furius, a confederate of Cati- 
line. 
-. L. Furius Philus, consul 13(5 v.x., 
a man of literary attainments. 

furO, furere, furul, , 3 intr. rage, 

rare, hefinious. In mad, be crazy. 

furor, -5ris, [fur5] m. a raging, rage, 
rari)ig, fury, fr( nzy, madness. 

furtim, Iftirtum] adv. by stealth, steatth- 
ili/, f<tcr(fly, clandestinely, furtively. 

furtum, -I, [cf. fOr] n. theft, robbei-y ; 
th i n g stolen ; st ratagem. 

ftistis, -is, m. cudgel, club. 

futtirus, -a, -um, [fut. part, of sum] adj. 

going to be, likely to be, yet to be, to 

come, future. 

G 

Oabinius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. : 

1. A. Gabinius, the tribune, author 
of the law giving Pompey the com- 
mand against the pirates, 67 b.c. ; 
consul £8 B.C., the year of Cicero's 
bnnislmient. 

2. P. Gabinius, praetor 89 B.C., whose 
ofticial lecords were untrustworthy. 

3. P. Gabinius Cimber, a confeder- 
ate of Catiline, fi3 b.c. 

Gabftiius, -a, -um, [Gabinius] adj. of 
Gabinius. Gabinian. I6x Gabinia, 
see Gabinius, l. 

Gaius, -i, m. a Roman praenomen or fore- 
name. 

Gallia, -ae, f . Gaid. Gallia Cisalpina, 

Citalpine Gaul, that part of Gaul south 
of the Alps. Gallia Transalpina, 
Transalpine Gavl, that part of Gaul 
north of the Alps. 



Fulcinius— Gracchus 



487 



I 



Gallicanus, -a, -um, adj. Gallic. 

Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. of the Gauls, 
Gallic . 

Gallus, -a, -um, adj. of Gaul, Gallic. 
As siibst. Gallus, -i, m. a Gaul. 

ganeo, -onis, [ganea, low tavern] m. 
glutton, debauchee, profligate. 

gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, 2 semi- 
dep, rejoice, be glad, be delighted, take 
pleasure, be pleased, delight in, 

gaudium, -1, [gaudeo] n. joy, gladness, 
delight; ecr2??'ession of delight, etc. 

gavisus, see gaudeo. 

gaza, -ae, t treasure, riches, wealth. 

gelidus, -a, -um, [gelu, ice] adj. ice- 
cold, very cold, icy. 

gemitus, -us, [gemo] m. a sighing, 
sigh, groan, lamentation. 

gemo, gemere, gemui, , 3tr. andintr. 

sigh, groan, cry out in pain ; sigh over, 
beivail, lament. 

gener, -eri, [cf. gigno] m. daughter's 
husb ind, son-in-law. 

gens, gentis, [cf. gigno] f. clan, house; 
people, nation, race. ubinam gen- 
tium'? v:here in the world f 

genus, -eris, [cf. gigno] n. race, stock, 
family, nation ; birth, oHgin, descent ; 
class, sort, variety, kind, character, 
nature; rank, order; luay, manner. 

germanitas, -atis, [germanus] f. 

brotherhood, relation between children 
of the same parents. 

germanus, -a, -um, adj. full, own, of 
brotlier or sister; real, t?iie. 

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, 3 tr. bear, 
carry, have, Ttold ; wear; entertain, 
chei'ish; carry out, accomplish, perform, 
do ; administer, manage, rule, govern ; 
conduct, carry on, wage, transact. se 
gerere, bear one's self, conduct one's 
self, '^<^U behave, res gestae, deeds, 
exploits, achievements, operations. 

gestio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [gestus, hear- 
ing'] 4 tr. and intr. express strong feel- 
ing, leap for joy, exult, be delighted; 
desire eagerly, yearn, thirst, long. 



gigno, gignere, genui, genitum, 3 tr. 

give birth to, beget, bear ; produce, 
cause, begin. 
Glabrio, -onis, m. a Eoman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. : 

1. M'. Acilius Glabrio, author of a 
lex Acilia de repetundis. 

2. M\ Aeilius Glabrio, sou of Xo. 
1, presiding judge at the trial of 
Verres, consul 67 b.c, and successor 
to Lucnllus in the Third Mithridatic 
War, himself superseded by Pompey 
66 B.C. through the Manilian law. 

gladiator, -oris, [gladius] m. sivords- 
man, fighter in the public games, gladi- 
ator; cut-throat, ruffian. 

gladiatorius, -a, -um, [gladiator] adj. 

of gladiators, gladiatorial. 
gladius, -i, m. sword. 
glaeba (gle-), -ae, f • clod of earth, lump. 
Glaucia, -ae, ni. a Roman cognomen or 

family name. Especially C. Ser villus 

Glaucia, associate of Saturninus in the 

outbreak of 100 B.C. 

gloria, -ae, f. glory, fame, renown ; 
honor, praise ; thirst far glory, ambi- 
tion; vainglm^y, pride, vanity, boasting. 

glorior, -ari, -atus sum, [gloria] l 

dep. glory in, boast of, brag, pride one's 

self 
gloriose, [gloriosus] adv. magnificently, 

gloriously ; boastfully, vauntinghj, 

2)omi)O^Mly. 

gloriosus, -a, -um, [gloria] adj. glori- 
ous, fcmious, renowned ; to be proud of, 
honorable; vainglorious, boastful, con- 
ceited. 

Gnaeus, -i, in. :. Iloman praenomen or 
forename. 

gnavus (nav-), -a, -um, [cf. noscoj adj. 

busy, active, energetic, diligent. 
Gracchus, -i, m. a Roman cognomen or 

family name. Esp.: 

1. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, trib- 
une and reformer, killed by a mob 
of senators under the leadership of 
P. Scipio Naeica, 183 b.c. 

2. C. Sempronius Gracchus, young- 
er brother of No. 1, also tribune and 



488 



VOCABULARY 



reformer, killed with M. Fiilvius in 
a tumult by the eeuatorial forces 
under the leadership of the consul 
Opimius. 

gradus, -us, m. step, jmce, gait ; station, 
imUlon, givimd ; approach, advance, 
inarch ; degree, grade, rank, stage ; in 
pi. often, steps, stairs. 

Graecia, -ae, f. Greece. 

Graeculus, -i, [dim. of Graecus] m. 

petty Greek, affected Greek, Greekling. 
Graecus, -a, -urn, [rpai/co?] adj. of the 

Greeks, of Greece, Grecian, Greek. As 

subt^t. Graeci, -orum, m. pi. the Greeks. 

Graeca, -orum, u. pi. Greek tvri tings, 

Greek. 

grandis, -e, i\(\'}. fxll-graicn, large, great. 
/>iU: adi'a/iced in years, aged, old. 

gratia, -ae, [gratus] f. favor, esteem, 
regard , friendship ; kindness, courtejiy; 
thanks, gratitude; return, recaiyijyense; 
abl. gratia, with precedinirp:enitive./o/' 
the sake of, on account of. g^atias 
agere, give thanks. expre.-:s ojk's 
thanks, thank, gratiam <gratias) 
habere, t/r or feet gratrful or thankful. 
gratiam referre, make a grateful re- 
(>nh, ?'c(juit< , repay. 

gratiosus, -a, -urn, [gratia] adj. in 
favor, enjoying favor, popitlar, agree- 
able. 

Gratius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. Gratius, the accuser 
of Archias 02 b.c. 

gratuito, [gratultus, without pay] adv. 
without recompense, for nothing, gra- 
tuitously; for no iKirticnlar reason. 

gratulatio, -onis, [gratulor] f. mayii- 
festation of joy, rejoicing, congratula- 
tion; joy fvl festival, public thanksgiv- 
ing. 

gratulor, -ari, -atus sum, [gratus] 1 

dep. manifest or show joy, be glad, re- 
joice; congratulate. 
gratus, -a, -um, adj. agreeable, accept- 
able, pleasing, dear; thankful, grate- 
ful, appreciative, deserving. 

gravis, -e, adj. heavy; loaded, burdened; 
iveighty, of weight, momentous, im^ 



portant, grave, influential, dignified, 
jX)tent, strong, deep; steadfast, sterling, 
solid; hard to bear, ojypressive, severe, 
rigid, austere. 

gravitas, -atis, [gravis] f. iveight, 
heaviness; oppressiveness, severity, 
harshness; imjiortance, 2X)wer, influence, 
force, dignity, seriousness, gravity. Sec 
gravis. 

graviter, [gravis] adv. weightily; ve- 
hemently, violently, severely, harshly; 
strongly, forcibly, deeply, sadly, giiev- 
ously; 2rith dignity, impressively, se- 
?wusly, gravely. 

gravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [gravis] l ir. 
weigh down, burden. Pass, as dep. re- 
gard as a burden, be reluctant, be vexed, 
be indignant. 

grex, gregis, ui. flock, herd, swarm; 
txnxh troop, gang, company, clique, set. 

gubernaculum (-clum), -i, [guberno] 

n. helm, rudder; guidance, direction, 
control, usually in pliir. 

gubernatio, -onis, [guberno] i.ainlot- 
tng. xteering; guidance, direction, man- 
agement. 

gubernator, -oris, [guberno] m. jnlot, 

hihn.^man. 

guberno, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. KUjSep- 
va<u] 1 tr. steer, pilot; direct, guide, 
m,anage, control. 

gusts, -are, -avi, -atum, [gustus, tast- 
ing] 1 tr. tn.'^te, partake of, enjoy. 

gymnasium, -i, [yvtxvaaiov] n. gymna- 
sium, high-school, college. 



H, see HS. 

habeo, habere, habui, habitum, 2 tr. 

and intr. have, hold, carry, wear; con- 
tain; keep, retain, detain; own, possess; 
have possessions, own property; occupy, 
inhabit; pronounce, deliver, utter, 
make; have in mind, entertain, cherish, 
be actuated by; mean, know; purpose, 
intend; think, believe, look upon; ac- 
cept, bear, endure; render. se ha- 
bere often, feel, be, be situated, be off. 
rationem habere, take account of. 



I 



gradus— hodie 



489 



have regard fo7\ take into co^isideration, 
consider, gratiam (gratias) habere, 
see gratia. 

habito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of ha- 
beo] 1 tr. and intr. dwell, have one's 
abode, reside, live; inhabit; be habitu- 
ally, stay. 

babitus, -us, [habeo] m, condition, 
hc'Mt, deportment, appearance; nature, 
character, quality. 

baereo, haerere, haesi, baesum, 2 intr. 
hang fast, stick, cleave, cling; be fixed, 
adhere, abide; be caught, hesitate, be at 
a loss, be brought to a standstill. 

baesito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
baereo] l intr. stick fast, be caught, 
hesitate, be at a loss. 

Hannibal, -alis, m. the great Cartha- 
ginian general in the Second Punic War. 

baruspex, -icis, ni. soothsayer, diviner. 
basta, -ae, f. staf, pole; spear, lance, 
pike, javelin. 

baud, adv. not, not at all, by no means. 

baurio, baurire, bausi, baustum, 4 tr. 

draio up or out, drain off, drain, ex- 
haust; drink in, imbibe, take in, draw, 
derive. 

bebesco, -ere, — , — , [inch, of bebeo, 
be dnlt\ 3 intr. groiv blunt, become dull. 

Heraclia (-clea), -ae, ['Hpa/cAeta] f. a 
city in Magna Graecia (Soutliern Italy). 

Heracliensis, -e, [Heraclia] adj. of 
lleraclea. As snbst. Heracliensis, -is, 

vA. an Heracliot, citizen of Her aclea. 

bercule, [voc. of Hercules] interj. by 
Hercules, heavens, assuredly! me 
bercule, in the name of Hercules, my 
heavens, most assuredly, in sooth ! 

bereditas, -atis, [beres] f. heirship, in- 
heritance; an inheHtance. 

Herennius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. C, Herennius, a 
senator, condemned for embezzlement. 

beres, -6dis, c. heir, heiress. 

besternus, -a, -um, [beri, yesterday'] 
adj. of yesterday, yesterday's. b§- 
sterno di6, on yesterday. 



beus, interj. ho!, look you here!, ho 
there!, holloa! 

biberno, -are, -avi, -atum, [bibernus] 

1 intr. jxiss the winter, winter, have 
one's winter quarters, keep in winter 
quarters. 

bibernus, -a, -um, [biems] adj. oficin- 
ter, wintry, icinter. As subst. biber- 
na, -orum (sc. castra), n. pi. u-inter 
quarters, ivinter encampment. 

bic, baec, boc, gen. buius, dem. pron. 
this (referring to that which is nearer 
the speaker), this. ..here, this, . .of mine 
or of ours, like this, the j^resent; this 
man or woman, this thing, he, she, it, 
this... here present, my client (legal); 
the following; of time oft«n, this last, 
the next, baec, n. pi. often (with a 
sweep of the hand), these institutions, 
this country, our country, the govern- 
ment, the world. bic . . . ille, this. . . 
that or the other, the latter. . . the former. 
AbL boc, all the. btiius modi, see 
modus. 

bic, adv. in this place, here ; in this, here- 
in, on this point, in this jjai^ticidar ; 
7'iotv, at this time, at this juncture, on 
this occasi07i. 

bicine, [bice (bic, adv.) + -ne] interrog. 
adv. hei^e. 

liiems (biemps), -emis, f . winter, winter 
time ; stcrrmy weather^ storm., tempest. 

hinc, [hie] adv. frcnn this place, from 
here, hence ; from this source, from 
this, on this account, binc . . . illinc, 
on one side. . .on the other, on this side 
.. .on that, here. . .there. 

Hirtius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. Aulus Hirtius, consul 
with C. Yibio Pansa, 43 b.c. 

Hispania, -ae, f. Spain. 

Hispaniensis, -e, adj. of Spain, Sjxinish, 
in Spain. 

Hispanus, -a, -um, adj. of Spain, Span- 
ish. As subst. Hispani, -orum, m. pi. 
the Spaniards. 

bodiS, [hoc + die] adv. to-day ; at the 
present day, in these times, to this day, 
at this tirne, now. 



490 



VOCABULARY 



hodiernus, -a, -urn, [hodie] atlj. of to- 
ddy, lu-datfs. hodiernus dies, to- 
day, t/iia day. 

Homer US, -i, ['OAirjpos] m. Ilomer. 

hoin6, -inis, c. /atman being, man, per- 
i>oii; till man race, mankuul. novus 
hom5, set novus. 

honestas, -atis, Ihonos] f. ^o^^ov received 
from otluTs, repute, rtpHiatlon ; honor- 
able position, good standing; vjn^ight- 
ness, integrity, respectability. 

honeste, [honestus] adv. honorabiy, 
uith /lunor, crtditably, virtuously ; he- 
coifdngly, with decency, decently. 

honesto, -are, -avi, -atum, [honestus] 
1 tr. honor, crown with honor, dignify, 
grace, decorate, adorn . sS honestare, 
corer one^s st/firifh honor, gain honor. 

honestus, -a, -um, [honos] adj. regarded 
ivith honor, honored, respected, esteemed ; 
honorable, woj'thy of respect, respectable, 
creditable; worthy, fioble. 

honor, see honSs. 

honorificus, -a, -um, [honos, cf. faciS] 

adj. t/tdt dotS honor, honuratAt. 

honoro, -are, -avI, -atum, [honos] l tr. 

honor, respect; decorate, embellish, 
adorn. 

honos (honor), -oris, m. honor, repute, 
es/tvni ; source of honor, glory, praise ; 
public honor, official dignity, high posi- 
tion or office, post of honor, pi'efennent, 
inark of honor. honOris causa, out 
of respect, ivith due respect, to shoiv 
honor. 

hora, -ae, [cf. i^pa] f. hour. The Roman 
hour was a twelfth pait of the day from 
sunrise to sunset. 

Horatius, -i, ni. a Roman nomeu or gen- 
tile name. Esp. M. Horatius, one of 
the three Roman brothers, champions of 
Rome in the combat with three Curiatii, 
champions of the Albans. 

horreo, horrere, horrui, , 2 tr. and 

intr. bristle ; shiver cr shudder with 
cold or fright ; shudder at, tremble at, 
dread. 

horribilis, -e, [horreo] adj. dreadful, 
frightful, terrible, horrible. 



horridus, -a, -um, [cf. horreo] adj. 
bnstly ; rough, rude, rugged, wild ; 
horrible, dreadful. 

hortatio, -5nis, [hortor] f. encourage- 
ment, e.vhortation. 

hortatus, -us, [hortor] m. used only in 
theabl. tncouragement, incitement, ad- 
mo n it'ion, tjchortation. 

Hortensius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Q. Hortensius 
Hortalus, Cicero's early rival in oratory, 
regularly identified with the aristocratic 
party, consul 69 B.C. 

hortor, -Sri, -atus sum, 1 dep. enconrage, 
cheer, urge, exhort; urge on., incite., in- 
stigate, prompt; address. 

hortus, -i, m. garden. 

hospes, -itis, ni. entertaitier, host; guest, 
visitor, stranger; guest-friend, friend. 

hospitium, -I, [hospes] n. hospitable re- 
ception, enttrtuininent ; hoyntality, tie 
of hospitality ; relation of host or guest, 
friendly relation, friendship. 

hostilis, -e, [hostis] adj. of an enemy, 
enemy's; bmnical, hostile. 

hostis, -is, c. strangei' ; enemy, foe; pub- 
lic enemy. 

HS, see sestertius. 

hue, [hie] adv. hither, here, to this place; 
to this point, so far; to this, besides. 

hticine, [huc + -ne] interrog. adv. hither- 
to, to this, so far. 

htiius modi, see modus. 

humanitas, -atis, [humanus] f. human 
nature, humanity; kindliness, kindness, 
sympathy, good nature, politeness ; 
civilization, culture, refinement. 

humanus, -a, -um, [homo] adj. of man, 
human; humane, kind, courteous, polite; 
civilized, cultivated, cultured, refined. 

humerus, see umerus. 

humilis, -e, [humus] adj. low, lowly; 
slight, small ; base, abased, mean, of 
low 07-igin, obscure, poor, humble. 

humilitas, -atis, [humilis] f • lowness ; 
insignificance, humble 2)Osifion ; mean- 
ness, baseness. 



hodiernus — ignobilis 



491 



hum"S, -i, f. givund, soil, earth. Loc. 
humi, on ilie ground. 



iaceo, iacere, iacui, , 2 iutr. lie, lie 

inostrate; lie dead; he low, he level; 
fall to the ground, he overthrown, he 

disproved. 

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactiim, 3 tr. throw, 
cast, fling, hurl ; lay, construct, estah- 
lish; throw up, hring as an accusation, 
charge ; throiv out, let fall, intimate ; 
mention, declare, utter. 

iacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of iacio] 
1 tr. throw, cast, hurl; throw about, 
toss about, toss, shake, floiji^ish ; utter, 
speak, say. se i act are, boast, show 
one's self off, make a display. 

iactura, -ue, [iacio] f. a throwing away; 

lavish expenditure, expense, cost, sacri- 
fice; loss, damage. 

iactus, -us, [iacio] m. a throwing; 
throw, cast, stroke. 

iam, adv. at present, now, at this time ; 
still; at last, at length; already, by this 
time, ere now, so soon ; just, a moment 
ago, just now ; forthwith, straightway, 
immediately; preserdhj, soon; of assur- 
ance, now, then, then surely, no doubt; 
with comp. from tiine to time, gradu- 
ally, iam dMum, long before, a 
long time ago, for a long time, this 
long time, iam pridem, long since, 
long ago, for a long time, iam turn, 
at that very time, even then . iam vero, 
moreover, again, hut further, now fi- 
nally, sed iam, now however, non 
iam, no longer, not any more. 

laniculum, -i, n. the Janiculam, one of 
the hills on which Home was situ- 
ated. 

ianua, -ae, f. door, gate, entrance. 

lanuarius, -a, -um, [ianua] adj. of 
January, January. As subst. lanu- 
arius, -i, m. January. 

ibl, adv. the7'€, in that place; thereupon; 
in that case, on that occasion. 



ibidem, [ibi, cf. idem] adv. in the same 
place, there also, in that very place, just 
there, on the spot. 

ico, icere, ici, ictum, 3 tr. sti^ike, hit, 
smite; of treaties, make, enter into. 

ictus, -us, [ico] m. blow, stroke, thrust^ 
stab, wound. 

idcirco, [id + abl. of circus] adv. there- 
fore, on that account, for that reason. 

idem, eadem, idem, gen. eius3^, [is] 
dem. pron. the same; often translated 
adverbially, at the same time, also, as 
ivell, too, likewise, furthermore; in com- 
parisons, the same as, identical with. 

identidem, [idem + et + idem] adv. 
again and again, repeatedly, constantly; 
ever and anon, now and then. 

ideo, [id + eo] adv. for that reason, on 
that account, therefore. 

idoneus, -a, -um, adj. fit, suitable, prop- 
er,- adapted, convenient, deserving; ca- 
pable, sufficient. 

Idtis, Iduum, abbreviated Id., f. pi. the 

Ides, the 15th day (of March, May, July, 
October) or the 13th (of other months). 

ieiunus, -a, -um, sidj. fasting, 'hungnj; 
poor, bar 7'en, insignificant, meagre, con- 
temptible. 

igitur, conj. then, therefoi^e (cf. ergo), 
accordingly, consequently ; tJien, tell me, 
say; in summing up an argument.— i say 
tlien, so then, you see, in short. quid 
igitur, see quid. 

ignarus, -a, -um, [in- + gnarus, cf. no- 
SCO] adj. not knowing, ignorant, unac- 
quainted ivith, unaware; unskilled in, 
inexperienced. 

ignavia, -ae, [ignavus] f. laziness, idle- 
ness, shiftless ness, woi'tMessness; cow- 
ardice. 

ignavus, -a, -um, [in- + gnavus] adj. 
lazy, slothful, sluggish, shiftless; cow- 
ardly, dastardly. 

ignis, -is, m. fire. 

ignobilis, -e, [in- + (g)nobilis] adj. not 
famous, obscure; of low birth, base-born, 
ignoble. 



49^ 



VOCABULARY 



ignominia, -ae, [in- + ( g>nomen ] f . ^/.'.v- 
(iract. 'li^lnmo}\ t{///Off)i/iy, infaiiiy; as 
;i Ui:;il or niilitarv term, degradation. 

ignoratio, -onis, [ignorOJ f. loant of 
kiwivledffe. lack of acqi(aintanc€, igno- 
rance. 

ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. ignarus] 
1 tr. and iiitr. not know, be umnvare, be 
unacquainted ivith, fail to notice, be 
ignorant of. 

ignosco, -ere, ignSvi, ignotum, [in- + 
(g)n08C0] 3 tr. aiul iiitr. jyardon, for- 
give, e.rcuse; overlook, make allowances 
for. 

ignotus, -a, -um, [in- + (g)notus, from 
n5scOJ ftdj. unknown, unfamiliar, 
strange; nnthout repute, obscure, mean. 

Ilias, -ados, ['lAia?] f. the Iliad, the 
(ircck epic i)oem ])y Ilomcr. 

illatus, see inlatus. 

ille, ilia, illud, ^'('i». illius, dcm. pron. 
tli<(f (refcrriiii: to that whicli is more 
remote from the si)eaker); he, she, it; 
the, the great, the famous, the well- 
known. hIC . . . ille, see hic. 

illecebra, see inlecebra. 

illinc, [illim, thence, + cej adv. from 
that j)lace, from there, thence; from that 
quarter, on that side, there. hinc . . . 
illinc, Bee hinc. 

illu-, 8ee inlti-. 

illtic, [illic, cf. ille] adv. to that place, 
thither, there. 

illyricus, -a, -um, adj. of lllyria. Illy- 

r'tun. 

imago, -inis, [cf. imitor] f. imitation, 
copy, representation, likeness, image; 
statue, bust, effigy: picture in imagina- 
tion, idea, conception, thought; empty 
form, semblance, shadow. 

imbecillitas (inb-), -atis, [imbecillus] 
f . 2veakness, feebUness, imbecility; help- 
lessness. 

imbecillus (inb-), -a, -um, adj. weak, 
feeble. 

imber, imbris, ni. rain, shower; pour- 
ing rain, rainstorm. 



imberbis (inb-), -e, [in- +barba,ft^r/?Y/l 
adj. without a beard, beardless. 

imbibo unb-), -ere, imbibi, — , [in + 
bibo] 3 tr. drink in, imbibe; take in or 
(Vnceire a notion. 

imbu5 dnb-), -ere, imbui, imbutum, 3 

tr. wet, f/ioisten; steep, stain, taint; 
touch, a feet, tinge, imbue. 

imitatio, -onis, [imitor] f. a copying, 
imitation. 

imitator, -oris, [imitor] m. imitator, 
copitr. 

imitor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. imitate, 
act like, copy. 

immanis (inm-), -e, adj. mo?isi9V2ts, 
enor/nous, huge, ^ulst; inhimian, brutal; 
ferce, wild, savage. 

immanitas, -atis, [immanis] f. mon- 
strous tiize; monstrousness, enormity, 
barltai-ity, fyrutality, savageiiess, crvelty. 

immaturus, -a, -um, [in- + maturus] 

adj. unripe, i?n??iature; premature, un- 
timely. 

immineS, -6re, — , , [in, cf. minor] 

2 intr. project over, overhang; threaten, 
menact-; be near, be at hand, impend. 

imminuo (inm-), -ere, -ui, utum, [in + 
minuoj 3 tr. lessen, diminish; reduce, 
weaken, impair, destroy; encroach 
npon, infringe, violate. 

immitt5 (inm-), -ere, immlsl, immis- 
sum, [in + mitto] 3 tr. send in, let in, 
admit, introduce; send against, let 
loose, set on, incite; throw^ discharge. 

immo, adv. nay, on the contrary, no im 
deed. immo v5ro, nay on the con. 
trary, nay rather, nay even. 

immoderatus (inm-), -a, -um, [in- + 
moderatusj adj. beyond bounds; un 
restrained, unbridled, excessive. 

immortalis (inm-), -e, [in-+mortalis] 

adj. undying, immortal; imperishable, 
endless, eternal. 

immortalitas (inm-), -atis, [immor- 
talis] f. immortality, endless life; im- 
perishable fame, undying renown. 



ignominia— improbo 



493 



imparatus (inp-), -a, -urn, [in- + para- 
tus] adj. iiot ready, unpreiKired ; off 
ones guard. 

impedimentum, -i, [impedio] u. hin- 
drance, impediment; pi. travelling 
equipage, luggage, baggage. 

impedio (inp-), -ire, -ivi, -itum, [in, 
cf. pes] 4 tr. entangle, hamper ; embar- 
rass; interfere with, hinder^ impede, ob- 
struct, check, prevent. 

impeditus (inp-), -a, -um, [pf.p. of im- 
pedio] adj. entangled, hampei^ed, em- 
barrassed, encumbered, impeded; im- 
passable, inaccessible; busy, preoccupied, 
embarrassing, difficult, troublesome. 

impello (inp-), -pellere, -puli, impul- 
sum, [in + pello] 3 tr. stnke against ; 
dnve forward, move, i?npel ; urge on, 
instigate, induce, incite, persuade. 

impendeo (inp-), -ere, — , , [in + 

pendeo] 2 tr. and iutr. overhang ; be 
near., be at hand, be imminent; hang 
over, threaten^ impend. 

imperator, -oris, [impero] m. com- 
mander-in-chief, general; imperator; 
commander, leader, directm, ruler. 

imperatorius, -a, -um, [imperator] 

adj. of a commander, of a genercd. 

imperitus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- + peritus] 

adj. inexperienced, unversed, unfamiliar 
with., unacquainted with, ignorant. 

imperium, -i, [impero] n. command, 
order, orders; authoHty, control, su- 
preme authxrrity ; supreme power, sov- 
ereignty, dominion, empiric, supremacy, 
sway. 

impero, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + paro] 

1 tr. and intr. command, order, give 
orders 'y exercise authority over, rule, 
govern, contwl, be master of. 

impertio (inp-), -ire, -ivi, -itum, [in + 
partio] itv. share with, impart; bestow 
upon, confer, give; assign, attribute. 

impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in+patro, 

perform^ 1 tr, gain one's end, car?y 
one's ]7oint, accomplish, succeed in get- 
ting, get, obtain one's request, procure 
by request or influence. impetrare 



a (abj, obtain orits request from, prevail 
upon, persuade. 

impetus, -tis, [in, cf. peto] m. attack, 
onset, charge, assault ; rush, impetus ; 
impulse, excitement ; violence, vehe- 
mence, fury. 

impietas, -atis, [impius] f. disloyalty, 
irreverence, ungodliness, impiety. 

impius, -a, -um, [in- + pius] adj. un- 
dutiful, irreverent, ungodly, abandoned; 
impious, wicked, shameless. 

impleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [in + pleo, 

JilT] 2 tr. fll up, fill full, fill ; fill out, 
finish; fulfil, discharge. 

implico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atum or 
-itum, [in + plico] l tr. infold, envelop; 
entangle, involve, embarrass, implicate ; 
interweave, connect intimately, unite, 
associate. 

imploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + ploro, 

cry out~\ 1 tr. and intr. cry to for help, 
beseech, entreat, beg earnestly, implore. 

impono, -ponere, -posui, impositum, 
[in + pono] 3 tr. palace upon, set on or 
over, put in, place ; put on board, em- 
bark ; impose, saddle upon ; impose 
upon, cheat. 

imports, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + porto] 

1 tr. bring in, introduce, import ; bring 
upon, bring about, occasion, cause. 

importunus, -a, -um, adj. unsuitable, 
untimely; rude, harsh, unfeeling, cruel, 
unrelenting, savage, inhuman. 

imprimis or in primis, [in, primus] 

adv. among the first, especially, jMrticu- 
larly, chiefly, principally. 

imprimo, -primere, -pressi, impres- 
sum, [in ^• premo] 3 tr. press upon ; 
impress, imprint, stamp, mark, en- 
grave. 

improbe, [improbus] adv. wickedly, 
icrongly, recklessly. 

improbitas, -atis, [improbus] f. tvicked- 
ness, rascality, dishonesty, want of 
principle, depravity. 

improbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- + 
probo] 1 tr. disapprove, blame, con- 
demn, reject. 



494 



VOCABULARY 



iinprobus, -a, -urn, [in- + probus] adj. 
icicked, bad, ini principled, depraved, 
abandoned ; s/uuneles.'i, otdragtous, 
base. As subst. improbus, -I, n\. un- 
principled man, rascal; in pi. often, 
the dangerous, the seditious, revolution- 
ist. <, anarchists. 

improvidus, -a, -um, [in- + providus, 
cf. provideo] adj. not foreseeing ; 
thoughtle.^s, careless, heedless, reckless. 

improvisus, -a, -um, [in-*+ provisus, 
from provideo] adj. %inforeseen, umx- 
pected. improviso, adv., or de (ex) 
improviso, unexpectedly, on a sudden, 
unaivares. 

imprudSns, -entis, [in- + prud6ns] adj. 
not foreseeing, not e.rpecting, not being 
aware, of one's guard, unsuspecting ; 
inconsiderate, heedless. 

imprudentia, -ae, [imprudSns] f. want 

of forisight, thoughtlessness, lack of 
consideration, inadvertence, ignorance. 

impubfie, -eris, [in- + pubfti] adj. beard- 
less, under age, youthful, mere l)Oij. 

impudens, -entis, [in- + pudfins, from 
pudeol adj. shameless, impudent. 

impudenter, limpudfins] adv. shame- 
lessly, indecently, impudently. 

impudentia, -ae, Limpudens] f. shame- 
less n ess, i nip ude n ce. 

impudicus, -a, -um, [in- + pudicus, 
chaste^ adj. unchaste, immodest, in- 
decent, shameless. 

impune, [impunis, unpunished] adv. 
unpunished, with impunity. 

impunitas, -atis, [impunis, unpun- 
ished] f. freedom from punishment, 
safety, iinpunity. 

imptinitus, -a, -um, [in- + punitus, 
from punio] adj. unpunished, unre- 
strained, without restraint, free from 
danger, secure. 

impurus, -a, -um, [in- + purus] adj. 
unclean, filthy; impure, defiled, aban- 
doned, vile. 

imus, -a, -um, contraction for infimus, 
Buperl. of infer us. 



in, prep, with ace. and abl. : 

1. With ace: of phice, with verbs of 
motion, into, to, toward, against, 
into the midst of, among; of direc- 
tion and dispobition, to, toiva^'ds, 
against ; of time, into, till, to, 
for; of pnrpose, for, with a view 
to; of result, to, unto, so as to j)?v- 
duce; of manner, according to, 
after, i?i, on; of other relations, 
into, to, in, 2vith res])ect to, concern- 
ing, about, accoj'ding to, for. 

2. With abl.: of place, in, within, on, 
upon, over, under, among; of time, 
in, during, in the course of, within, 
while; of other relations, in, in- 
volved in, engaged in, under the 
influence of, in respect to, in the 
case of, in the matter of on the con- 
dition. 

in-, inseparable prefix [cf. Eng. un-, not] \ 
l)refixed to adjectives, it negatives or re- 
verses their meaning. 

inanis, -e, adj. empty; empty-handed, 
stripped, deserted, unoccupied, vacant; 
useless, idle, worthless, p7'ofltless, vain. 

inauditus, -a, -um, [in- + auditus, from 
audio] adj. unheard of, unusual, 
strange, incredible. 

inauratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of inauro, 
gild] adj. gilded, golden. 

incautus, -a, -um, [in- + cautus] adj. 
incautious, off one's guard, thoughtless, 
reckless; improvident. 

incedo, -cedere, -cessi, incessum, [in + 

c6doJ 3 intr. advance, proceed, march, 
walk; come, arrive, attack; happen, 
befall, occur. 

incendium, -i, [incendo] n. burning, 
fire, conflagration; heat, flame, glow. 

incendo, -ere, incendi, incensum, 3 tr. 

set flre to, kindle, burn; rouse, excite, 
inflame, incense. 

incgnsio, -onis, [incendo] f. a burning. 

inceptum, -i, [incipiO] n. beginning; 
attempt, undertaking. 

incertus, -a, -um, [in- + certus] adj. 
not determined, unsettled, vague, ob- 
scure; unproved, doubtful, dubious, un- 



I 



improbus— indicium 



495 



certain: undecided, wavering, irreso- 
lute; untrustworthy, fickle. 

incessus, -us, [incedo] m. loalk, jpace, 
gait. 

incestus, -a, -um, [iii- + castus,moraZ/y 
pure^ adj. impure, defiled, sinful; un- 
chaste, lewd, lustful, incestuous. 

incestus, -us, [incestus] m. incest. 
inchoo, see incoho. 

incido, -cidere, -cidi, incasum, [in + 
cado] 3intr. fall in, fall, strike; fall in 
with, happen upon, meet; fall into, 
incur, become involve!; fall upon, he- 
fall, happen, occur. 

incido, -cidere, -cidi, incisum, [in + 
caedo] 3 intr. cut into, cut through, cut 
open; cut in, engrave, inscribe. 

incipio, -cipere, -cepi, inceptum, [in 4- 

capio] 3 tr. and iutr. take in hand, un- 
dertake; begin, commence. 

incitamentum, -i, [incite] u. incentive, 
stimulus, inducement. 

incite, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + cite] Itr. 
set in rapid motion, hasten, quicken; 
urge on, spur on, incite, stimulate, en- 
courage, rouse, excite. 

inclinatio, -onis, [incline] f. a leaning; 
inclination, tendency, bias. 

incline, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr. 
lean, bend, turn; incline, be inclined, be 
favorably disposed. 

include, -cludere, -clusi, inclusum, 
[in + Claude] 3 tr. shut in, shut up in, 
enclose, confine; stop up, obstruct; in- 
clude, embrace, comprehend. 

incognitus, -a, -um, [iu' + cognitus, 
from cognosce] adj. not examined, un- 
tried, unheard, unknown. 

incoho (inctLOO), -are, -avi, -atum, l 

tr. begin, commence. 

incola, -ae, [incolo] c. inhabitant. 

incolo, -celere, -colui, — , [in + cole] 

3 tr. and intr. have one's Jwrne or abode, 
dwell, live; dwell in, inhabit. 

incolumis, -e, adj. unharmed, unhurt, 
uninjured, safe, sound, whole. 

incommodum, -i, [incemmodus] n. in- 



convenience, trouble, disadvantage; 
harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, defeat. 

incommedus, -a, -um, [in- + commo- 
dus] adj. unsuitable, unfit; disagree- 
able, troublesome. 

inconsideratus, -a, -um, [in- + conside- 
ratus, from considero] adj. not con- 
sidered; thoughtless, heedless, incon- 
siderate. 

incorrupt e, [incorruptus] adj. uncor- 
ruptly, justly, fairly, without bias. 

incorruptus, -a, -um, [in- + corruptus, 
from corrumpo] adj. unspoiled, uncor- 
rupted; unbribed, incoiTuptible. 

increbresco (-besco), -ere, increbrui 
(-bui), — , [in + crebresco, of. cr6- 
ber] 3 intr. become frequent; groiv, rise, 
increase, spread. 

incredibilis, -e, [in- + credibilis] adj. 
incredible, beijond belief, extraordinary, 
marvellous, u nparalleled. 

increpo, -are, -ui, -itum, [in + crepe, 

rattlel 1 intr. and tr. make a noise, sound, 
rattle; be noised abroad, transpire. 

incultus, -a, -um, [in- + cultus, from 
COlo] adj. uncultivated ; neglected, un- 
polished, uncouth, rude. 

incumbo, -ere, incubui, incubitum, 
[in, cf. cubo] 3 intr. lie upon, lean or 
recline upon, bend to ; bend one''s enei^- 
gies to, m,ake an effort, exert one''s self. 

incurro, -currere, -cucurri or -curri, 
incursum, [in + curro] 3 tr. and intr. 
run into, run on, rush at, make an at- 
tack. 

indago, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + ago] 1 

tr. trace out, track; seek out, investigate. 

inde, adv./rowi that place, thence ; from 
that point, from, that, consequently, 
therefore; from that time, thencefor- 
ward, after that, thereafter; thereupon, 
then. 

indemnatus, -a, -um, [in- + damnatus, 
from damno] adj. uncondemned, un- 
sentenced. 

index, -icis, [cf. indico] c. discloser, in- 
former, ivitness. 

indicium, -i, [indico] n. disclosure, in- 



496 



YOCABULAKY 



formatiotiy evidence, testimony; sk/fi, 
tnarl\ indicatlnn, proof. 

indico, -are, -avi, -atum, [index] 1 tr. 
■point out, show, make known, inform, 
give information, disclose, reveal ; in- 
form against, betray, accuse. 

indico, -dicere, -dixi, indictum, [in + 
dico] 3 tr. declare ji'^^blicly, proclaim, 
amioiince, declare. 

1. indictus, -a, -um, sou indico. 

2. indictus, -a, -um, [in- + dictus, from 
dico] adj. unsaid ; nnpUaded, untried, 
unheard. indicta causa, without a 
hearihg. 

indignS, [indignus] adv. unworthily, 
undent rvedly, dishonorably, shamefully ; 
angrily, indignantly, indigng ferre, 
see fero. 

indignus, -a, -um, [in- + dignus] adj. 
unworthy, vndtserving, not fit ; unbe- 
coming, shameful, intolerable, outra- 
geous. 

indomitus, -a, -um, [in- + domitus, 
from domo] adj. untamed, unsubdued, 
indomitable; unrestrained, uiibridled. 

indtico, -ducere, -duxi, inductum, [in 
+ ducoj 3 tr. lead in, bring in, introduce, 
bnng forward ; lead on, move, excite, 
instigate, persnarle, induce. animum 
inducere, determine, resolve. 

industria, -ae, [industrius] f . dilicjence, 
activity,, zeal, industry. de indu- 
strial, deliberately, on jnnpose, inten- 
tion cdly. 

industrius, -a, -um, adj. diligent, pains- 
taking, active, zealous, industrious. 

ineo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, [in + eoj 
irr. tr. and iiitr. go into, enter; enter 
upem, undertake, engage in ; come on, 
begin ; enter into, get into, gain, secure, 
adopt, iniens aetas or adulescentia, 
early youth . 

inermis, -e, [in- + arma] adj. unarmed, 
tvitliout weapons, defenceless. 

iners, -ertis, [in- + ars] adj. unskilful, 
awkward, incompeterd ; idle, indolent, 
sluggish, lazy, shiftless, worthless. 

inertia, -ae, [iners] f. unskilfulriess j 



idleness, indolence, laziness, shiftless- 
ness. 

inexpiabilis, -e, [in-, cf. expio] adj. 
not to be atoned fcyr, inexpiable ; impla- 
cable, ii^recon citable. 

infamia, -ae, [infamis] f. ill-fame, bad 
.rtpute, disJiouor, disgrace, infauiy. 

infamis, -e, [in-4-fama] adj. of ill repute, 
disreputable, notorimts, infamous. 

Infelix, -icis, [in- + felix] adj. unfruit- 
ful, barren; unfortunate, uiUucky, ill- 
staired, ivretched, ill-omened, ill-fated. 

inferior, -ius, see inferus. 

infero, -ferre, intuli, inlatum (ill-), 
[in + fero] irr. tr. b7'ing in, introduce, 
carry in, take to, carry, bHng ; rnove, 
bring against, wage, direct, put upon ; 
bring forward, adduce, allege ; cause, 
excite, inflict ; of lire, tliroiv upon, ap- 
ply, set. 

inferus, -a, -um, adj. below., beneath, 
loH-i-r ; (f the lower world. As su))8t. 
in pi. inferi, -orum, ni. inhabitants of 
the lower uenid, the dead, the shades. 
ab inferis, from the dead. Comp. in- 
ferior, -ius, loiver, inferior. Snpcsrl. 
infimus (-umus) or imus, -a, -um, 
l07ve.'-t, last, the bottmn o/', al the bottom; 
basest, most degraded, meanest. 

infestus, -a, -um, adj. unsafe, in danger; 
hostile, troublesome, dangerous. 

infidelis, -e, [in- + fidelis] adj. not to be 
trusted, unfaithful, faithless, perfidi- 
ous. 

infidelitas, -atis, [infidelis] f. unfaith- 
fulness, faithlessness, infidelity, treeich- 
ery. 

infimus, -a, -um, see inferus. 

infinitus, -a, -um, [in- + finitus, from 
fim.o^limit'] adj. urdimited, unbounded, 
boundless ; endless, infinite ; countless, 
numberless. 

infirmitas, -atis, [infirmus] f. tveak- 
ness, feebleness, infirmity ; instability, 
inconstancy. 

infirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [infirmus] 

1 tr. weaken ; invalidate, disprove, re- 
fute, annul. 



indico— iniuria 



497 



infirmus, -a, -um, [in- + firmus] adj. 
not strong, iveak, feeble, injiiin ; i?ico?i- 
stant, superstitious, timorous. 

infitiator, -oris, [infitior] m. denier, 
repudiator, shuffler. lentus infitia- 
tor, bad debtor. 

infitior, -ari, -atus sum, [in- + fateor] 

1 dcp. not ackiioivledge or confess, deny, 
disavow, disown; repudiate. 

inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
flammo] 1 tr. set fire to, set on fire, 
light up; kindle, inflame, excite, arouse. 

inflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + flo, blow'] 
1 tr. bloiv into, blow on; inspire, en- 
courage; pufC up, inflate. 

informs, -are, -avi, -atum, [in+formo, 

shape] 1 tx.shape,7nould,form; inform, 
instruct, educate, train. 

infringo, -fringere, -fregi, infractum, 

[in + frango] 3 tr. break ofl", bruise; 

break down, overcome, destroy; iceaken, 

impair, check. 
infumus, -a, -um, see inferus. 
ingemisco, -ere, ingemui, — , [inch. 

of ingemo, groan over] 3 intr. utter a 

groan, heave a sigh, groan. 

ingenero, -are, -avi, -atum, [in, cf. 
gigno] 1 tr. implant; engender, gen- 
erate, create. 

ingenium, -i, [in, cf. gigno] n. innate 
quality, nature; natural disposition, 
temperament, character; bent, talent; 
talents, capacity, mental ability, intel- 
lect, genius. 

ingens, -entis, adj. unnatural; huge, 
enor-mous, vast, pjvdigious, very great, 
remarkable. 

ingenuus, -a, -um, [in, cf. gigno] adj. 
native; free-born, born of free parents. 
As subst. ingenuus, -i, m. free-born 
person, freeman; pi. thefreeborn. 

ingratus, -a, -um, [in- + gratus] adj. 
unpleasant, disagreeable, unacceptable; 
thankless, ungrateful. 

ingravesco, -ere, — , , [inch, of 

ingravo, iveigfi down] 3 intr. grow 
burdensome; increase, be aggravated, 
grow worse. 
32 



ingredior, -gredi, ingressus sum, [in 
+ gradior, go] 3 dep. go forward, ad- 
vance, proceed, go; go into, march into, 
enter; enter upon, engage in, undertake, 
begin. 

ingressus, -us, [cf. ingredior] m. a 
going into, entrance; lualking, going. 

inhaereo, -haerere, -haesi, -haesum, 
[in + haereo] 2 tr. and intr. stick fast, 
fasten itself, be fastened upon, cling, ad- 
here. 

inhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [in + habeo] 

2 tr. hold in, hold back, restrain, curb. 

inhio, -are, -avi, -atum, [in+Mo, gape] 
1 tr. and intr. gape, hold the mouth open 
to. 

inliumanus, -a, -um, [in- + humanus] 

adj. inhuman, brutal, barbarous, cruel. 

inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [in + 
iacio] 3 tr. throw into, cast into, put in; 
throw on or around, put on; insjnre, 
infuse, suggest, bring upon, cause. 

inimicitia, -ae, [inimicus] f. enmity, 
hostility; feud. 

inimicus, -a, -um, [in- + amicus] adj. 
unfriendly, hostile, inimical; hurtful, 
injurious, damaging. As subst. ini- 
micus, -i, m. personal enemy, opponent, 
rival, enemy, foe. 

iniquitas, -atis, [iniquus] f . inequality, 
unevenness; unfavorableness, difficidty; 
unfairness, injustice. 

iniquus, -a, -um, [in- + aequus] adj. un- 
even, slanting, steep; unfavorable, dis- 
advantageous, dangerous; unfair, un- 
just; hostile, adverse, unkind. 

initio, -are, -avi, -atum, [initium] 1 tr. 
initiate into sacred mysteries, 'conse- 
crate. 

initium, -i, [ineo] n. a going in, en- 
trance; beginning, commencement, the 
first of. 

iniuratus, -a, um, [in- + itiratus] adj. 
unsivorn, not on oath. 

iniuria, -ae, [iniurius, from in- + itis] 
f. injustice, ivrong, injury, outrage; 
unlawful violence, assault, trespass; in- 
sult, afl'ront; abl. iniuria, unjustly., 
lurongfidly, undeservedly. 



498 



VOCABULARY 



iniuriose, I iniuriosus, vnjm^i^ adv. wi- 
Jiiatiy, Hnlawfnlhj, injuriously^ icith 
ontiage. 

initistus, -a, -um, [in-+iustus] adj. vn- 
fair, unreasonable, severe, e^vcesdre, o;> 
in^essive, iu\}ust^ wrongful. 

inlatus, -a, um, see inferS. 

inlecebra (ill-), -ae, [in + lacio, ejiiice] f. 
enticement^ allurement, seduction, 
charm, bait. 

inliicgsco (ill-), -ere, inluxi, — , [in + 
incli. of Iticeo] 3 tr. and intr. bujin to 
s/ilne, dairn, break. 

inlustris ull-\ -e, [in, < f. Itistro] adj. 
bright, lighted, shining, brilliant; clear, 
manifest^ self-evident, clear or p/ai« as 
day; distinguished, noble^ famous^ il- 
lustrious. 

inltistrS (ill-), -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
lustro] 1 tr. ligJit up, illnminati; bring 
to light, make clear, elucidate, disclose, 
clear vp, explain; jnake famous, fnake 
illustrious. 

innocens, -entis, [in- + noc6ns] adj. 
harmless, inoffensive; blameless, guilt- 
less, innocent; disinterested, fr2€ from 
corruption, npright. As Biibst. m. in- 
nocent man; pi. the innocent. 

innocentia, -ae, [innocens] f . blameless- 
ness, innocence; blameless conduct, vp- 
rightness, intt^grity, disinterestedness. 

innumerabilis, -e, [in-, cf. numero] 

adj. countless, innuinerable, numberless; 
immeasurable. 

inopia, -ae, [inops] f. want, lack, scar- 
city, dearth; need, poverty, destitution, 
privation. 

inops, -opis, [in- + ops] adj. without re- 
sources, helpless, weak; poor, needy, 
destitute., in poverty, ivithout. 

inquam, inquis, inquit, def. intr. al- 
ways parenthetic, / say, say 1, quoth I. 

inquire, -quirere, -quisivi, inquisi- 
tum, [in + quaero] 3 tr. and intr. seek 
after, search for; inquireinto, examine, 
investigate; rn,ake investigations, seek 
grounds of accusation. 

inquisitor, -oris, [inquiro] m. exam- 



iner, inspector; investigator, colhctoi 
of evidence. 

inrgpo (irr-), -rgpere, -r6psi, - , [in 

+ r6po, r/w;>] 3 intr. creep in, slip in, 
steal in; be stealthily inserted. 

inretio (irr-), -ire, -ivi, -itum, [in + 
r§te, net] 4 tr. catch in a net, ensnare; 
entrap, entangle, involve. 

inrito (irr-), -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. in- 
cite, instigate; excite, 2^rovoke, exasper- 
ate, ir/itate. 

inrogo (irr-), -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 

rogo] 1 tr. pro})Ose ; impose, inflict. 

inrumpo (irr-), -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- 
tum, [in + rumpo] 3 intr. break in, 
force one^s way in, bu7'st into, fall upon; 
break i?i upon, inte7'rupt, intrude. 

inruo (irr-), -ruere, -rul, , [in + ruo] 

3 intr. rush into, rush upon, 9nake an 
attack ; force one's self i/t to, incur, enter 
upon eagerly. 

inruptio (irr-), -onis, [inrumpo] f. a 
breaking in; incursion, inroad, in- 
vasion, raid. 

insania, -ae, [insanus] f. unsoundness 
of mind, madness; inad folly, frenzy, 
craze, mad outbreak. 

insanio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [insanus] 4 

intr. be of unsound mind, be without 
reason, be insane, be mad, rave. 

insanus, -a, -um, [in- + sanus] adj. of 
iinsowid mind, mad, insane ; frantic, 
violent, foolish, absurd, crazy; out- 
rageous, monstrous, extravagant. 

insciens, -entis, [in- + sciSns] adj. not 
knoiving, ivithout knowledge, unaware; 
often translated adverbially, nnwitting- 
ly, withxmt one's knoudedge, without 
knowing it, unawares. 

inscientia, -ae, [inscigns] f. want of 
knowledge, ignorance, lack of acquaint- 
ance with, inexperience. 

inscitia, -ae, [inscitus, from in- + scio] 
f. ignorance, inexperience, clumsiness, 
stujndity. 

inscius, -a, -um, [in-, cf. scio] adj. not 
knoioing, unaware, ignorant ; often 
translated adverbially, unwittingly. 



iniiiriose— insto 



499 



without one's knoivledge^ witlvout know- 
ing it, imatvares. 

inscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, inscrip- 
tum, [in + scribo] 3 tr. ivrite upon, in- 
scribe; assign, attribute, ascribe. 

insector, -ari, -atus sum, [freq. of in- 
sequor] 1 dep. fellow up, pursue; at- 
tack, rail at, inveigh against. 

insepultus, -a, -um, [in- + sepultus] 

adj. unburied, icithout burial. 

insequor, -sequi, insecutus sum, [in + 
sequor] 3 dep. follow after, succeed, 
follow ; follow up, pursue, press upon, 
hunt down; censure, reproach. 

inservio, -ire, , -itum, [in + servio] 

4 tr. and intr. serve, be submissive to, 
be a slave to; devote one's self, be de- 
voted to. 

insideo, -sidere, -sedi, insessum, [in + 

sedeo] 2 tr. and iutr. sit upon, settle, 
have one's seat or plaxe in, dwell; be in- 
herent in, inhere ; take possession of, 
Iwld. 

insidiae, -arum, [cf. insideo] f. plural, 
snare, trap; ambush, ambuscade; trick, 
stratagem, artifice, plot, treachery. 

insidiator, -oris, [insidior] m. one who 

lies in wait or in ambush, lurker, way- 
layer, Tdghivayman, secret assassin. 

insidior, -ari, -atus sum, [insidiae] l 

dep. lie in ivait or iji ambush for, watch 
for, plot against. 
insidiose, [insidiosus] adv. cunningly, 
deceitfully, treacherously, insidiously. 

insidiosus, -a, -um, [insidiae] adj. cun- 
ning, deceitful, treacherous; dangerous. 

insido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, [in + 
sido, cf. sedeo] 3 tr. and intr. s'lt upon, 
settle on ; occupy, keep possession of; 
fasten itself upon, be fixed in, be rooted 
in, reinain, adhere to. 

insigne, -is, [insignis] n. mark, sign, 
token, signal; badge, decoration; pi. 
often, insignia, regalia, costume, uni- 
form. 

insignis, -e, [in + signum] adj. marked, 
remarkable, signal, notable, conspicuous, 
distinguished, extraordinary. 



insimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 

simulo] 1 tr. charge, accuse, blame ; 
bring as a charge. 

insolens, -entis, [in- + solens, from 
soleo] adj. unwonted, unusual ; im- 
moderate, haughty, arrogant., insolent. 

insolenter, [insolens] adv. in an un- 
usual manner ; immoderately, haugh- 
tily, insultingly, insolently. 

insolentia, -ae, [insolens] f. strange- 
ness, novelty; ivant of moderation, 
extravagance, haughtiness, arrogance, 
insolence. 

insolitus, -a, -um, [in- + solitus, from 
soleo] adj. unwonted, unaccustomed, 
unusual, uncommon, strange. 

inspects, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
inspicio, look into] 1 tr. and intr. look 
at, look on, observe, view, inspectante 
aliquo, under the eyes of some one, be- 
fore some one's eyes. 

insperans, -antis, [in- + sperans, from 
spero] adj. not Iwping, beyond one's 
hope, not expecting, contrary to one's 
exjyectations. 

insperatus, -a, -um, [in- + speratus, 
from spero] adj. unhoped for, un- 
expected, unlookedfor, unforeseen. 

instauro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in, cf . sto] 

1 tr. establish; renew, repeat, resume. 

instituo, -ere, institui, institutum, 
[in + statuo] 3 tr. and 'mtwj^ut in place, 
set; set up, pt^^^^'^i-U found, establish; 
draw up, arrange, array; make, build, 
construct ; get ready, prepare, provide, 
procure; constitute, appoint, designate; 
set about, undertake, begin, start; pur- 
jjose, determine, decide, resolve upon; 
teach, instmct, train up. ab insti- 
tute cursu,/rw?i one's purposed course. 

institutum, -i, [instituo] n. purpose, 
intention, design ; practice, habit, cus- 
tom, precedent ; institution, ordinance, 
regulation; established ])ri?iciple. 

insto, -stare, -stiti, , fnt. part, in- 

stattirus, [in + sto] 1 intr. stand on ; 
be close at hand, be at hand, draw nigh, 
approach ; press upon, pursue, harass ; 
threaten, menace, impend ; persist, in- 
sist upon, urge, demand earnestly. 



500 



VOCABULARY 



instructus, -a, -um, [pf.p- of instruo] 
•A<\y furnished, supplied, equipped ; ar- 
ranged^ ready; instructed, versed, 

instrumentum, -i, [instruo] n. irnjyle- 

inent, tool, instrument ; appliances, 
stock, furnitvre, supplies: nieans, assist- 
ance, furtherance. 

instruo, -ere, instruxi, instrtictum, 
[in + struo, pile up] 3 tr. build in ; prc- 
2)are, maJce ready, ft up, furnish, pro- 
vid€,fit out, equip; of troops, draiv up, 
a?Tay. 

insula, -ae, f. island, isle. 

insulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of in- 
silio, leap at] 1 intr. leap on, leap, bound; 
scoff at, revile, abuse, taunt, in>iulf, out- 
rage. 

insum, inesse, infui, [in + sum] iir. 

intr. be in, be upon; be found, e.ri.<tt in, 
be present, belong to. 

integer, -gra, -grum, [in-, ( f. tango] 
adj. untouched, entire, whole; uniin- 
jmired, uninjured, unbivken, iin wea- 
ried, fresh, vigorous, sound; undecided, 
undetermined, open, new; unbiassed, 
impartial; uncorrupted, irrejywach- ' 
able, blameless, of integinty, sjiotless, 
pure. 

integre, [integer] adv. purely, irre- 
proachably, blamelessly, JiO)iextly, irith- 
out prejudice. 

integritas, -atis, [integer] f. sound- 
ness; blameless conduct, honesty, up- 
rightness, integrity. 

intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum, [in- 
ter + lego] 3 tr. see into, perceice, ob- ■ 
serve, uotice; come, to know, be able to \ 
see, see plainly, be aware, understand, I 
comprehend. \ 

intends, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum, [in 
+ tendo] 3 tr. and intr. stretch out, ex- 
tend; spread out fasten; strain, bend; 
direct, turn, aim, bring; urge, incite; 
give attention to, puri)Ose, intend. 

intento, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens. of 
intendo] l tr. stretch threateningly, 
wield in hostility, brandish, aim. 

inter, prep, with ace. between, among; of 
position, between, among, amid, in the 



midst of; of time, between, during, in 
the course of, for the last, within, in, 
while, inter se, among themselves, 
each other, one another, from or to or 
with each other. 

Interamna, -ae, f. a town in Umbria 
surrounded by the river Nar ; now 
Terni. 

Interamnas, -atis, [Interamna] adj. 
of Infera/nna. 

intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, interces- 
sum, [inter + cedo] 3 intr. conu between, 
intervene, come to pass, happen, occur; 
exist between, be between, be; interpose, 
stand surety; oppose, veto, protest 
against; of time, intervene, pass. 

interc6ssio, -onis, [intercedo] f. surety- 
ship; intervention, protest, veto. 

intercessor, -oris [intercgdo] m. me- 
diator, siirety; interferer, protester 
against, adversary ; often used of a 
vetoing tribune. 

intercludo, -cludere, -clusi, -cltisum, 
[inter + claudo] 3 tr. shut out, cut off, 
intercept; shut off, separate; block up, 
stop, put a stop to, prevent. 

interdum, [inter + dum] adv. sometimes, 
at time.<, now and then, occasionally. 

interea, [inter + ea] adv. meanwhile, in 
the meantime, in the interim. 

inter eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [inter + eo] irr. 
intr. go among; be lost, go to ruin, be 
destroyed, decay, p)erish, die. 

interfector, -oris, [interficio] m. slayer, 
murderer, assassin. 

interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, [inter 
+ facio] 3 tr. put out of the ivay, de- 
stroy; put to death, slay, kill, murder. 

intericio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [inter 
+ iacio] 3 tr. throw between, intersperse, 
join, intermix; pass, be interspersed, be 
intermingled, intervene, be interme- 
diate. 

interim, adv. meanwhile. 

interim©, -imere, -emi, -emptum, [in- 
ter +emo] 3 tr. take from the midst, do 
away with, put an end to ; kill, slay, 
murder; overwhelm., intolerably dis- 
tress. 



instructus— invenio 



501 



interior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj. inner, 
inteHoi\ farther inland, middle; more 
hidden, more profound; more intimate, 
closer. Superl. intimus (intumus.) 
-a, -um, inmost, innermost, deepest, pro- 
found; intimate, close; as subst. inti- 
mus, -i, m. intimate fnend. 

interitus, -us, [intereo] m. overthrow, 
fall, destruction, ?n/in; death. 

intermortuus, -a, -um, [intermorior, 

die out] adj. dead, half dead, lifeless. 

internecio, -onis, [inter, cf. nex] f. 
massacre, slaughter, annihilation, ex- 
termination. 

interpello, -are, -avi, -atum, [inter, 
cf. appello] 1 tr. interrupt, break in 
upon; interfere ivith, molest, hinder. 

interpono, -ponere, -posui, interposi- 
tum, [inter + pono] 3 tr. put in be- 
tween, place among, interpose; intro- 
duce, insert; allege, put forward, use 
as a pretext. se interponere, inter- 
fere, act as go-between, intermeddle, 
engage in. 

interpres, -etis, c. middleman, medi- 
ator, negotiator, agent. 

interpreter, -ari, -atus sum, [inter- 
pres] 1 dep. explain, expound, inter- 
pret; understand, conclude, decide. 

interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [inter + 
rogo] 1 tr. ask, inquire of, question. 

intersum, -esse, -fui, [inter + sum] irr. 
intr. be between, lie between; intei^ene, 
elapse; be different, differ; be present, 
take part in, assist. Impers . it concerns, 
it interests, it is of importance, it is im- 
2')ortant, it makes a difference. 

intervallum, -i, [inter + vallum, pali- 

, sades] 11. space between 2)alisades; in- 
termediate space, distance apart, dis- 
tance, interval; intermisf^ion, respite. 

interventus, -w [intervenio, come 
between] in. a coming between, inter- 
vention, interposition; coming in, ap- 
pearance. 

intestinus, -a, -um, [intus] adj. in- 

ternaU intestine. 
intimus, -a, -um, sec interior. 



intolerabilis, -e, [in- + tolerabilis] adj. 

unendurable, intolerable. 

intolerandus, -a, -um, [in- + toleran- 

dus] adj. not to be borne, unendurable, 

intolerable. 
intra, [cf. interior] adv., and prep, v.ith 

ace. within, inside; in, into; during, in 

the course of, in less than. 

introdtico, -ducere, -dtixi, introduc- 
tum, [intro (cf. intra) + duco] 3 tr. 

lead in, conduct in, march, in, bring in, 
introduce. 

introitus, -us, [intro (cf. intra), cf. eo] 

m. a going in, entering, entrance; way 
of entrance, approach, passage. 

intueor, -eri, intuitus sum [in + tueor] 

2 dep. look upon, cast one's eyes upon, 
look closely upon., gaze at; regard, con- 
template, consider, study; admire, won- 
der at. 
intus, [in] adv. on the inside, within. 

inultus, -a, -um, [in-+ultus, from ul- 
ciscor] adj. unavenged, unrevenged; 
unpunished; safe, with impunity. 

inuro, -urere, -ussi, inustum, [in + 
uro, burn'] 3 tr. burn in; brand upon, 
brand, impi'int,fix indelibly. 

inusitatus, -a, -um, [in- + usitatus, 
from tisitor] adj. unusual, uncommon, 
extraordinary, very rare. 

inutilis, -e, [in- + utilis] adj. useless, of 
no use, unserviceable, unprofitable ; in- 
expedient, unavailing, prejudicial, hurt- 
ful. 

invado, -vadere, -vasi, invasum, [in 
+ vado, go] 3 tr. and intr. go into, enter; 
rush upon, make a rush upon, make a 
charge, attack, assail, fall upon ; lay 
hold of, seize, take possession of, usu?p. 

inveho, -vehere, -vexi, invectum, [in 
+ vebo] 3 tr. carry in, carry to. Pass, 
as dep. be borne, ride into ; fall upon, 
attack ; attack ivith words, inveigh 
against. 

invenio, -venire, -veni, inventum, [in 
+ venio] i tr. co/ne upon, find, meet 
with ; invent, origiJiate, contiive, de- 
vise; find out, discover, ascertain, learn. 



50J 



VOCAliULARY 



inventor, -oris, [invenio] ni. avt/ior, 
()?•/(/}>/(( for, (f}s('orere/\ inventor. 

investigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
vestigo, ct\ vestigiumi i tr. track, 
trace out ; f^earch into. Investigate, find 
out, (Uncover. 

inveterasco, -ere, inveteravi, — , 
[iiicli. of invetero, cf. vetusj 3 intr. 
g/vw old : become fixed or established, 
become fastened mi, t»e fixed., be deeply 
seated, be rc*ottd. 

invictus, -a, -um, [in- + victus, from 
vinco] adj. uncnnguired, unsuJjdued ; 
nncoiKpttiable^ invincible. 

invideS, -vid6re, -vidi, invlsum, [in + 
videoj 2 tr. ami inir. latk ashuice at ; 
be jirejudiced against, be jealous; bt 
tnvknis, enVy, grudge ; Utok down on, 
kH)k ait/t contempt on. 

invidia, -ae, [invidus] L envy, jealously; 
dislike, ill-will, grudge, hatred; odium, 
iinpitpularity. 

invidi5s6, [invidiosus] adv. enviously, 
invidiously, hatefully ; in a manner to 
cause tinjx)pularity. 

invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia] ndi.full 

of fnvy, invidious; exciting hatred, 
Jidt^'d, hateful, causing odium, odious. 

invidus, -a, -um, [ff. invideo] adj. en- 
vious, jtalous, ill-di^po^< d . 

inviolatus, -a, -um, [in- + violatus, 
from violoj adj. unhurt, vnJiaiined, 
i/ni/'juied, inviolate; inviolable. 

invisus, -a, -um, [pf.p- of invideo] adj. 
hdttd, Iiatiftd, deitst'-d, odious. 

invitatio, -onis, [invito] f. invitation ; 
in ci !t m ,nt, eh alien ge. 

invito, -are, -avI, -atum, 1 tr. invite, 
ask; entertain, feast ; summon, chal- 
lenge; attract, aUure. 

invitus, -a, -um, adj. vmcilling, reluc- 
tant, on compulsion ; often translated 
adverbially, against one's will, umvill- 
ingly, reluctantly. 

ipse, -a, -um, gen. ipsius, determ. pron. 
sef; myself, ymirsef, himself, etc.; / 
myself, etc.; I m.yself etc. and none 
other, /etc. personally, /etc. ofmyoivn 



I accord, I am etc. the very 7?ian that; I 
etc. (emphatic) ; very, Just, mere, pre- 
cisely, exactly, own. 

Ira, -ae, f. anger, wrath; indignation, 
passion, rage, fury. 

iracundia, -ae, [Iracundus] f. prone- 

/Kss to angtr, irascibility ; anger, jjas- 
sion, wrath, rage, violence. 

Iracundus, -a, -um, [Ira] adj. lirone to 
anger, easily provoked, irj'itable, iras- 
cible ; of a violent temper, passionate, 
angry, wratJiful. 

I irascor, irasci, iratus sum, [Ira] 1 dep. 
! get angry, be angry, fiy into a passion, 
I be in a rage. 

iratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of irascor] adj. 

I angered, angry, in anger, otraged, 
fuinous, violent. 

! irr-, sec inr-. 

' is, ea, id, geu. gius, determ. pron. that ; 
this ; he, she, it ; the, the one, the man ; 
such, such a man. Abl. e5 ^vith com- 
l)arativei5, all the, the. atque is, et 
is, isque, and that too, and he too, etc. 
id temporis, at that time, just at that 
time, at that particrdar time. prS eo 
ae, see atque. eius with modi, see 
Siusmodl. 
iste, -a, -ud, ^'cn. istius, dem. pron. that 
(referring to tliat which belongs to the 
second person), that of yours, that by or 
near you; he, she, it; your client (legal); 
tJiis; such, of such a kind. 

\ ita, adv. so, in this way, in such a way, 
thus, under such circumstances, as fol- 
lows ; such., of this nature ; to such an 
extent, so far. 
Italia, -ae, [^i.Ta\6si] f. Italy. 

italicus, -a, -um, [Italia] adj. of Italy, 
Italian. 

itaque, [ita + -que] conj. and so, accord- 
ingly, consequently, therefore (cf. ergo). 

item, adv. likewise, also, too, besides, 
moreover ; in like manner, just so, so 

also. 

iter, itineris, [cf. eo] n. a going ; way, 
route, journey, march; path, road, 
course, passage. 



I 



inventor- Karthago 



503 



iterum, adv. again,, a second time, once 
more; on the other hand. iterum et 
saepius, again and again. 

iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, 2 tr. order, 
give orders, bid, tell; command.^ direct; 
think it best ; decree, enact, ratify, ap- 
prove; ap})Oint, assign. 

iticunditas, -atis, [iticundus] f. j^leas- 
antnfiss, charm; delight, enjoyment. 

iticundus, -a, -urn, adj. pleasant, pleas- 
ing, agreeable, delightful. 

index, -icis, [ius, cf. dico] c judge; 

juror (pi. jurors, gentlemen of the 

jury); arbiter, umpire. 
iudicialis, -e, [iudicium] adj. of a court, 

of courts, judicial. 

iudicium, -i, [index] n. trial, investiga- 
tion, legcd process; court; judgment, 
verdict, sentence; decision, opinion, 
conviction. 

indico, -are, -avi, -atum, [index] 1 tr. 

examine judicially, judge, be a juror, 
pass judgment, adjudge, hold an opinion, 
decide ; judge of, form an opinion of, 
pass judgment upon ; declare, pro- 
claim. 

iugulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [iugulum] 

1 tr. cut the throat of, kill, murder, as- 
sassinate. 
iugulum, -i, [dim. of ingum, T/oke] n. 
collar bone; throat, neck. 

lugurtha, -ae, m, Jugurtha, king of 
Xumidia, conquered by Marius and his 
lieutenant Sulla, 105 b.c. 

Itilius, -i, ni. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. See Caesar. 

iungo, iungere, itinxi, itinctum, [cf. 
iugum, yokel 3 tr. join, unite, connect, 
fasten; yoke, harness, attach; bring to- 
gether, associate, ally. 

Innianus, -a, -um, [lunins] adj. of 
Junius, Junian, presided over by 
Junius. 

lunins, -i, m. a Eoman nomen or gentile 
name. See Brutus. 

Itinius, -a, -um, adj. of June, June. 

luppiter (Itip-), lovis, m. Jupiter, Jove, 
t':e Roman god, supremely good and 



great (Optimus Maximus), the Stayer 
(St at or) of Rome, whose temple was 
situated on the Capitoline Hill. 

itiratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of iuro] adj. 
sworn, on oath, hound by an oath. 

itiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ins] 1 tr. and 
intr. swear, take an oath. 

ins, iuris, n. justice, right, law, duty; 
legal right, rights, power, authority, 
lirerogative ; court of justice. Abl. 
iure, often as adv. by right, rightfully, 

with justice, justly. 

iusitirandum, iurisiurandi, n. oath. 

itissus, -us, [iubeo] m. used only in 
abl. sing, order, orders, command. 

itiste, [iustus] adv. rightly, justly, 
fairly, equitably. 

itistitia, -ae, [iustus] f. justice, equity; 
uprightness; sense of justice. 

iustus, -a, -um, [ins] d^^yjust, upright, 
righteous; in accordance ivith the law, 
lawful, right; fair, equitable, reason- 
able, proper^ suitable, sufficient, com- 
plete. 

iuvenis, -is, adj. young. As subst. c. 
young person, youth, young man. 

inventus, -utis, [iuvenis] f. age of 

youth, youth; the youth, young people, 
young men, the young. 

invo, iuvare, itivi, intum, l tr. and 

intr. help, assist, aid, benefit, suppoi't; 
gratify, please, delight. 



Kal., abbreviation for Kalendae. 

Kalendae, -arum, f. pi. the Calends, the 
first day of the month. 

Karthaginiensis, -e, [Karthago] adj. 
of Carthage, Carthaginian. As subst. 
Karthaginienses, -inm, m, pi yeoole 
of Carthage, the Carthaginiawi 

Karthago, -inis, f. Carthage, a ci'.y on 
the north coast of Africa, long the rival 
of Rome until destroyed by Scipio, 146 



504 



A OCA JU LAKY 



L., abbreviation for Lucius. 

labefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, [labo 
+ facioj 3 tr. cause to tottei\ sJiake, 
loosen; ireaken, orertJuow. 

labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
labefacioj l ir. cause to totter, shake; 
undennine, ireaken, overt/wow, shatter, 
destroy. 

Iab6s, -is, [labor] f. a sinking in; fall, 
ruin ; stain, s])ot, blemish, disgrace, 
scandal; scourge, pe^t. 

labs, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. labor] l 
intr. totter, waver, give way; go to 

jtiecfs. (JO to ruin. 

labor, labi, lapsus sum, 3 dej). glide, 
slip; sink, fall; tjegin tofall,gotoruin, 
perish; fail into €riw\ err, commit a 
fault. 

labor, -5ris, ni. lahor, toil, e.rertioiK 
eforf; h((rdship. trouble, distress. 

laboriosus, -a, -um, [labor] adj. labori- 
ous, toilsome, wearisome, difficult; in- 
dustrious; troubled, harassed. 

laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [labor] l tr. 

and intr. lal)or, toil, strive, take pains; 
labor under, sufer, be afflicted; be in 
trouble, trouble one's self, be in distj'ess, 
be hard pressed. 

lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, [lacer, 
mangled^ 1 tr. tear to pieces, rend, 
tartrate, mangle, mutilate. 

lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum, [lacio, entice'] 
3 tr. provoke, challenge, irritate, exas- 
perate, harass; excite, stimulate, urge. 

lacrima, -ae, f. tear, 

lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [lacrima] 

1 tr. and intr. shed tears, weep ; iveep 
for, bewail. 

lactens, -entis, [pr.p. of lacteo, from 
lac, milk'] adj. taking milk, suckling. 

lacus, -us, m. lake, j^ool. 
Laeca, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. M. Porcius Laeca, 

the senator at whose house the Carilin- 
arians met to formulate the plans of the 
consph-acy, 63 b.c. 



laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, 3 tr. 

hurt, tcound, injure; vex, giieve, of- 
fend, insult; violate, betray, break. 

Laelius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. C. Laelius, consul 140 
B.C., a lover of literature and philos- 
ophy, whose intimacy with the younger 
Scipio is celebrated in Cicero's treatise, 
'•De Amicitia."' 

laete, [laetus] adv. Joyfully, gladly, 
chee? fully. 

laetitia, -ae, [laetus] f. joy, gladness, 
delight, rejoicing, exultation. 

laetor, -ari, -atus sum, [laetus] l dep. 

rejoice, be joyful, be glad, take delight. 

laetus, -a, -um, i^<^}. joyful, joyous, glad, 
f'dl of joy, delighted; charming, grate- 
ful, prosperous. 

lamentatiQ, -onis, [lamentor] f. a 

waiting, iveeping, lamentation. 

lamentor, -ari, -atus sum, [lamentum] 

1 (Icp. V(til, moan, weep; bewail, la- 
ment, bemoan. 

lamentum, -i, n. usually plural, a wail- 
ing, weeping, lamentation, 

languidus, -a, -um, adj. weak, dull, 
sluggish, languid; feeble, inactive, list- 
less, spintless. 

Lanuvinus, -a, -um, [Lanuvium] adj. 
of Lanuvium. As subst. Lanuvini, 
-orum, m. pi. the people of Lanuvium, 
the Laniivians. 

Lanuvium, -i, n. a iown of Latium, 
al)out twenty miles from Rome, the 
birthplace of Mile, who was its chief 
magistrate in 52 b.c. 

lapidatio, -onis, [cf. lapis] f. a throw- 

inQ of stones, stoning. 
lapis, -idis, m. stone; milestone; statue. 

laqueus, -i, [cf. lacio, entice] m. noose, 
snare, trap; meshes. 

Lar, Laris, m. a household god, a 
guardian spirit whose altar was the 
domestic hearth ; hearth and home, 
fireside, home; usually plural. 

large, [largus, lavish] adv. abundantly, 
bountifvlly, liberally, lavishly. 



L.— Lemonia 



505 



largior, -iri, -itus sum, [largus, lav- 
isii] 4dcp, give lavishly, lavish upon, he- 
stow upon, supply with ; give lai^gesses, 
bribe; grant, concede. 

largitio, -onis, [largior] f. lavish 
gicing, dispensing freely, lavishing; 
bribery, corruption. 

largitor, -oris, [largior] m. lavish giver, 
dispenser; spendthrift, prodigal; giver 
of bribes, briber. 

Lars (Lar), Lartis, m. a praenomen or 
forename of Etruscan origin. See To- 
lumnius. 

late, [latus] adv. broadly, widely, ex- 
tensively; on all sides, far and wide. 

latebra, -ae, [lateo] f. hiding-place, 
larking -place, retreat ; subterfuge, pre- 
tence. 

lateo, -ere, -ui, , 2 intr. lie concealed, 

lie hid, be hidden, be concealed, lurk ; 
escape notice, remain unknown.. 

Latiaris, -e, [Latium] adj. of Latium ; 
a gurname of Jupiter as the protecting 
divinity of Latium. 

Latiniensis, -e, [Latium] adj.ofLatiwn, 
Latin. As subst. a Eoman surname. 
Esp. Q. Caelius Latiniensis, a tribune 
of the people. 

Latinus, -a, -um, [Latium] adj. Latin. 

Latium, -i, n. the district on the western 
coast of Italy in which Rome is situated, 
between Etruria on the north and Cam- 
pania on the south. 

lator, -oris, [latus] m. bringer ; mover 
of a law, proiioser. 

latro, -onis, Vi\. freebooter, highway man, 
robber, bandit, brigand. 

latrocinium, -i, [latrocinor] n. free- 
booting, highway -robbery, brigandage, 
robbery; band of robbers or marauders. 

latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum, [latro] l 

(lep. practise freehooting or brigandage, 
rob CM the highways, plunder, 

1. latus, -a, -um, pf.p. of fero. 

2. latus, -a, -um, adj. broad, wide, ex- 
tensive. 

latus, -eris, 11. side, flank; the lungs; 
the Iter son, life. 



laudatio, -onis, [laudo] f . praise, com- 
mendation ; funeral oration, eulogy, 
paneoyric, laudatory address. 

laudator, -oris, [laudo] m. praiser, 
panegyrist ; eulogizer, approving wit- 
ness ; eulogist of the dead, funeral 
orator. 

Laudicea, -ae, f. a town in Syria. 

laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [laus] 1 tr. 
praise, extol, eulogize, applaud, com- 
mend, approve. 

laureatus, -a, -um, [laurea, laurel- 
icreatli\ adj. crowned icith laurel., 
laurelled. 

laus, laudis, f . praise, commendation ; 
glory, fame, renown; esteem, credit; 
praiseworthy thing, ground for praise, 
laudable action, glorious deed, merit., 
desert. 

lectulus, -i, [dim. of lectus] m. small 
couch, sofa, bed. 

lectus, -i, m. couch, bed, sofa, lounge. 

lectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of lego] adj. 
chosen, picked, selected; choice, supeHor, 
excellent. 

legatio, -onis, [lego] f. office of legatus 
or ambassador, embassy, legation. 

legatus, -i, [lego] m ambassador, legate; 
deputy, lieutenant; legatus. 

legio, -onis, [cf. lego] f • chosen number, 
levy; legion, consisting of ten cohorts of 
infantry and three hundred of cavalry, 
in all between 4.200 and 6,000 men. 

legitimus, -a, -um, [lex] adj. accord- 
ing to law, of or at law, legal, lawful, 
legitimate; right, just, proper. 

lego, -are, -avi, -atum, [lex] l tr. ap- 
point legally ; send as ambassador, 
commission, despatch ; appoint as 
deputy, commission as lieutenant or 
legatus; bequeath, leave by will. 

lego, legere, legi, lectum, 3 tr. gather 
together, collect ; pick out, single out, 
choose, select ; elect, aptpoint ; read, 
peruse. 

Lemonia, -ae, (sc. tribus) f. name of 
01. e of the country tribes of Rome. 



5o6 



VOCABULARY 



Ignio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [l6nis] 4 tr. 

soften, mollify, .^ool/ic. asstaif/e; appease, 
mitigate, pacify, calm. 

lenis, -e, [cf. lentus] adj. soft, mild, 
smooth, calm ; gtutle, moderate, favor- 
able, kind. 

I6nitas, -atis, [lenis] f. softness, mild- 
ntss; geutltuess, ttnderness. 

leniter, [lenis] adv. softly, mildly, gently; 
qvittly. calmly, leniently. 

leno, -Onis, ni. pimp, pander, procurer ; 

seducer. 
Ient6, [lentus] adv. slowly, leisia^ely ; 

C(dinly, dispassionately, indifferently. 

Lentulus, -i, ni. a Roman cognouieii or 
family namr. Esp. : 
1. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus ClSdi- 

anus, ^«<^' Cornelius 4. 
~. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, s^ec 

Cornelius 5. 
•1 L. Lentulus, a praetor. 

4. P.Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, 
^^«'<.' Cornelius o. 

5. P. Cornelius Lentulus, ^eo Cor- 
nelius 7. 

lentus, -a, -um, [cf. Ignis] adj. pliant, 

JitJ-iljle, tough, tenacious; slo/r, sluggish, 
backward; tosy, i/nliff* rent, iihlegmatic. 
lentus infitiator, ^^' <- infitiator. 
lepidus, -a, -um, adj. pleasant, agree- 
able; elegant, graceful; nice, effeminate. 

Lepidus, -i, [lepidus] m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. Esp. : 

1. M. Aemilius Lepidus, tlie consul 
in 78 B.C. who tried to overthrow 
the Sullan con!^titution, and was 
defeated and killed by his colleague 
Q. Catnlup. 

2. M'. Aemilius Lepidus, consul C6 

B.C. 

3. M. Aemilius Lepidus, Bon of No. 

1, the interrex whose house was at- 
tacked by the mob after the murder 
of Clodius, 52 B.C.; later a member 
of the Second Triumvirate with 
Octavian (Augustus) and Mark 
Antony. 

Leptines, -is, ni. the assassin of Cn. 
Octavius, ambassador to the court of 
Antiochus V., king of Syria. 



levis, -e, adj. light; swift, feet, nimble; 
of no loeight, ynimjx)rtant, trivial, 
slight, petty; cajrricious, fickle, incon- 
stant, untrustworthy, false; mild, gen- 
tle. 

levitas, -atis, [levis] f. lightness; fic- 
kleness, inconstancy, unsteadiness, 1 i 
levity. ^ I 

leviter, [levis] adv. lightly; slightly, 
not 7/1 uch, someirhat; easily, iviih 
equanimity. 

levo, -are, -avi, -atum, [levis] l tr. 
lift up, raise; lighten, relieve, ease; 
console, refresh, support; lessen, dimin- 
ish, alleviate, mitigate; free from the 
burdoi of, free, release, discharge. 

I6x, l6gis, f. motion for a law, bill; law, 
statutt; rule, regulation, p7'ecept, prin- 
ciple; contract, agreement; condition, 
stipulation. 

libellus, -i, [dim. of liber] ni. little book, 
IKiniphlit, manuscript, writing, pa2)er; 
notice, placard. 

libens (lub-), -entis, [pr.p. of libet] adj. 
willing, with good will, with 2)leasure, 
glad; often rendered adverbially, glad- 
ly, etc. 

libenter, [lib6ns] adv. ivillingly, cheer- 
fully, with pleasure, gladly. 

liber, -era, -ernm, [cf. libet] adj./r«e, 
tmrest7'icted, unrestrained, unimpeded, 
unembarrassed; unbridled, licentious. 

liber, libri, m. inner bai^koi a tree; book. 

liberalis, -e, [liber] adj. of freedom; 
befitting a freeman, dignified, noble, 
honorable; gracious, kind; generous, 
munificent, liberal. 

liberalitas, -atis, [liberalis] f. noble 
disposition or character, kindness; gen- 
erosity, liberality. 

liberaliter, [liberalis] adv. 7iobly; gra^ 
ciously, kindly; generously, liberally, 
lirofusely. 

liberatio, -onis, [libero] f . a setting free, 
releasing from, liberation; acquittal. 

liberator, -oris, [libero] vn. freer, deliv- 
erer, liberator. 



lenio— locuples 



507 



libere, [liber] adv. freely^ witJwut re- 
Ktraint, openly, franlcly, boldly. 

liberi, -oruin or -urn, [liber] m. pi. 

free jjersons; children of a family, 
children. 
libero, -are, -avi, -atum, [liber] 1 tr. 

set free, liberate; free, release, extricate, 
relieve; absolve, acquit. 

libertas, -atis, [liber] f. freedom, lib- 
erty, freedom from restraint; inde- 
pendence; peisoDiiied, Goddess of Lib- 
erty, Liberty. 

libertinus, -a, -urn, [libertus] adj. of 
the condition of afreedman, of tJie class 
of freed men. As siibst. libertinus, 
-1, m. freedman. 

libertus, -i, [liber] m. one made free, 
freedman. 

libet dub"), -ere, libuit or libitum est, 

2 irnr. impers. it pleases, it is pleasing 
or agreeable, one is pleased. 

libidiaose dub-), [libidinosus] adv. at 
pleasure, wilfully^ arbitrarily ; ivan- 
tonly. licentiously. 

libidinosus dub-), -a, -um, [libido] 
adj. ivilful, arbitrary; passionate, sen- 
sual, licentious, wanton. 

libido dub-), -inis, [libet] f. pleasure; 

desire, inclination, longing; ivi/fulness, 
arbitrary conduct, caprice, lawless 
fancy; i)'3,sslon, sensuality, lust, wan- 
tonness. 

librarium, -i, [librarius, cf. liber] n. 

2^^ ace in ivhich to keep books, bookcase. 

licentia, -ae, \ct licet] f . freedom, lib- 
erty; license, lawlessness, wantonness. 

licet, -ere, licuit or licitum est, 2 intr. 
impers. it is lawful, it is allowed, it is 
permitted, one miy; introducing a con- 
cession, although, though, notwith- 
standing, even if, granted that. 

Licinius, -i, m. a rioman nomen or gen- 
tile name. See Lucullus. 

lictor, -oris, m. lictor, the official attend- 
ant upon a Koman magistrate. 

Ligarius, -i, ni. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile im:."ic. Esp. : 
1. Q. Ligarius, the Pompeian in 
A.riea during the Civil War, after- 



wards defended for his conduct by 
Cicero before the dictator Caesar, 
4G B.C. 
2. T. Ligarius, brother of No. 1. 

lignum, -i, n. piece of wood, log. 

limen, -inis, n. threshold, sill; door, 

entrance. 
lingua, -ae, f. tongue; utterance, speech; 

dialect, language. 

linter dunt-), -tris, f. trough; boat, 
skiff. 

linum, -i, [AtVov] n. flax; thread, line; 
fastening of a letter; linen-cloth, linen; 
net. 

liquefacio, -facere, , -factum, pass. 

liquefio, -fieri, -f actus sum, [liqueo, 
66///i(Z + facio] 3 tr. make fluid, melt, 
dissolve, liquefy. 

liquids, [liquidus, liquid'] adv. clearly, 
plainly, evidently; with certainty. 

lis, litis, f. strife, dispute, quarrel; suit 
at law, action, jwocess, litigation; sub- 
ject of an action, matter in dispute, 
amount in dispute, damages. 

littera diter-), -ae, f. letter oi the alpha- 
bet; writing, document, rec(yrd; letter, 
epistle, literature, letters. 

litteratus (liter-), -a, -um, [littera] 

adj. lettered; learned, liberally edu- 
cated, culti vated. 

litura, -ae, [lino, smear] f. a smeai-ing 
of the wax on a writing-tablet, erasure, 
blotting out; correction. 

Livius, -i, ni- a Roman uomen or gentile 
name. See Drusus. 

loco, -are, -avi, -atum, [locus] 1 tr.^^w^, 
place, station; dispose, arrange; fix, 
establish; place by contract, let, hare 
done by contract, contract for. 

Locrensis, -e, adj. of Locri, a city of 
Magna Graecia in Southern Italy. As 
subst. Locrenses, -ium, 111. pi. the 
Locrians, people of Locri. 

locuplgs, -etis, [locus, cf. pleo, ./?//] adj. 
rich in lands, rich, wealthy, opulent; 
icell stored, Hchly s^ipplied ; responsible, 
trustivorthy. 



5o8 



VOCABULARY 



locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum, [locupl6s] 

1 tr. ^nak^ i k//, turich. 

locus, -i, ni. (pl. loca, -orum, n. locali- 
ties, loci, -orum, m. usually pas- 
sages in books), jdace, spot; ixkdtion, 
station, post; rank, degree: locality, 
region, country; space, room; situ- 
ation, condition, state of things; topic, 
subject, }K)int; opportunity, occasion. 

longg, [longusj adv. a long way of, 
far, far off, at a distan<;e; away, dis- 
tant ; for a long time, long ; greatly, 
much, by far; \vith sujxtI. /«/•, by far, 
by all odds. 

longinquitas, -atis, [longinquus] f. 

disfafict, }-tnwte/tess; dundion, length. 

longinquus, -a, -um, [longus] adj. far 
re moved, far off, remote, distant; living 
at a distance, foreign ; long, long-con- 
tinued, prolongt'L lasting. As subst. 
longinqua, -orum, n. j)!. remote events. 

longiusculus, -a, -um, [longior, from 
longus] adj. rather long. 

longus, -a, -um, adj. long, extended; of 
long tff/rafion, lasting, pfvlonged, te- 
dious; distdnt, remote. 

loquor, loqul, loctitus sum, 3 dep. 
speak, say, talk, converse; tell, tnention, 
declare; talk of, have ever on the lips; 
show, indicate. 

lubet, i^^^e libet. 

lubido, Sir libido. 

Iticeo, lucere, luxi, — , [cf. lux] 2 intr. 
Ite light, shine, beam; shine forth, be 
clear, be evident, t)e consjncuous. 

lUctuosus, -a, -um, [Itictus] ad}, full of 
sorrow, sorrowful, mournful, doleful, 
lamentable. 

Itictus, -us, [Itigeo] m. mourning, sor- 
roiiK gHef, lamentation ; affliction, dis- 
tress; mourning garments or apparel. 
LucuUus, -i, ni. a Roman coguomeu or 
family name. Esp. : 
1. L. Licinius LucuUus, the Roman 
commander in the Third Mithridatic 
War until superseded through the 
Manilian Law by Pompey. Later 
his name became proverbial for 
luxurv and extravagance. 



^. M. Licinius Lucullus, brother ot 

No. 1. 
lucus, -i, m. sacred grove, grove. 

Itidificatio, -onis, [ludific5, make sport 
of] f. Jeering, derision, mockery. 

ludus, -I, in. game, play, si)orf, pa8ti7ne; 
jest. Joke, fun; place for exercise, train- 
ing-school; pi. oftju, public games or 
spectacles. Itidi votivi, votive games, 
hold in ])iirsnan( c of some vow. 

Itigeo, Itiggre, Itixi, Itictum, 2 tr. and 

intr. mourn, hewail, lament, deplore; 
be in mourning, wear mourning. 

Itimen, -inis, [cf. luce5J n. light; eye, . J 

sight; brightest light, ornament, glory; ^ I 

ckarness, persjncuity; celebrity. ^ * 

lunter, old form for linter. See linter. 

luo, luere, lui, Ititum or luitum, 3 tr. 

loose; pay, suffer, undergo; atone for, 
expiate. 

lupa, -ae, [lupus, wolf] she-nmlf, pros- 
titute. 

lupinus, -a, -um, [lupus, ?tvv/j adj. of 
a wolf, icolf's. 

ItistrQ, -are, -avi, -atum, [lustrum] l 
tr. light up, illuminate; go round, tvan- 
der over, traverse; purify, cleanse by 
propitiatory offering. 

lustrum, -l,n. slough, bog; den of beasts; 
house of illfatne, brothel; debauchery. 
lutum, -i, n. ?nud, mire. 

Itix, lucis, f. light, bi^ghtness; light of 
day, daylight; day; life; sight of men, 
public vieiv, the public; eyicouragement, 
help, succor. 

Itixuria, -ae, and ltixuri6s, , ace. 

-em, [luxus, excess] f. luxuriance, ex- 
travagance, riotous living, excess, lux- 
ury. 

M 

M., abbreviation for Marcus. 
M'., abbreviation for Manius. 
Macedonia, -ae, [MaKe5oi/ta] f . a country 
in Europe, north of Greece. 

machinator, -oris, [machinor] m. con- 
tHver, designer; deviser, originator, 
inventor. 



locupleto— malus 



509 



machinor, -ari, -atus sum, [machina, 

devise] 1 dep. contrive, devise, invent; 
contrive artfully, scheme, plot. 

macto, -are, -avi, -atum, [mactus, 

glorified] 1 tr. glorifij, honor; sacri- 
fice, devote in honor of the gods ; 
slaughter, kill, put to death; afflict, 
punish, pursue with punishment. 

macula, -ae, f. siyot, stain; blot, blemish, 
fault, disgrace. 

macule, -are, -avi, -atum, [macula] 

1 tr. spot, stain, pollute; defile, dis- 
honor, disgrace. 
Maelius, -i, ni- ci Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. Spurius Maelius, a 
rich plebeian who was slain by Servilius 
Ahala, master of horse to the dictator 
Cincinnatus, in 439 e.g. 

maereo, -ere, , , 2 tr. and intr. be 

in sorrow, mourn, grieve, show gnef ; 
mourn over, grieve for, beivail, lament, 

maeror, -oris, [maereo] m. mourning, 
sorrow, grief, sadness. 

maestitia, -ae, [maestus] f. sorrow, 
grief, sadness, dejection, melancholy. 

maestus, -a, -um, [cf. maereo] dA'^.full 
of sadness, sorroufid, sad. dejected, 
melancholy, gloomy. 

magis, [cf. magnus] adv. more, in a 
liigJier degree, more completely, far 
more, better, rather, in preference. 

magister, -tri, [cf. magnus] m. master, 
director, commander ; teacher, instimc- 
tor. magister equitum, master of 
the horse, chief of the cavalr\', ap- 
pointed b}' the dictator. See Appendix 
C, §11. 

magistratus, -us, [magister] m. office 
of inagisfrate, magisterial office, magis- 
tracy; magistrate. 

magnifice, [magnificus] adv. nobly, 
generously, grandly, gloriously ; splen- 
didly, handsomely, magnificently. 

magnificas, -a, -um, [magnus + facio] 

adj. noble, glorious, distinguished ; 
splendid, rich, magnificent, grand, 
sublime. 
magnittido, -inis, [magnus] f. great- 
ness, great size, size, magnitude; great 



quantity, abundance ; great extent, 
vastness; imiJOi'tance. 

magnopere, see opus. 

magnus, -a, -um, comp. maior, snperl. 
maximus, adj. great in any sense, of 
size, quantity, or degree ; large, spa- 
cious, vast, extensive; abundant, con- 
siderable; grand, noble, lofty, mighty; 
important, serious, momentous; power- 
ful, eminent ; severe, deep, intense, 
violent; proud; boastful, maior with 
or without natii, older, elder; as subst, 
maiores, -um, m. pi. elders, fathers, 
ancestors. 

Magnus, -i, m. a Roman cognomen. 
Esp. Cn. Pompeius Magnus, see 
Pompeius. 

maiestas, -atis, [maior] f. greatness, 
grandeur, dignity, majesty ; sovereign 
power or authority, sovereignty. 

maior, see magnus. 

male, comp. peius, superl. pessimg, 
[malus] adv. badly, ill, loretcliedly ; 
wickedly, maliciously, cruelly, injuri- 
ously; awkwardly, unsuccessfully, un- 
fortunately ; excessively, extremely, 
greatly; imperfectly, scarcely, not at all. 

maledictum, -i, [maledico, from male 
+ diC0] vl. foul saying, insult, abuse. 

maleficium, -i, [maleficus, from male 
+ facio] n. evil deed, misdeed, qfence, 
wickedness, crime ; mischief, icrong^ 
hurt, harm. 

malitia, -ae, [malus] f. badness, ill- 
will, spite, malice; roguery. 

malitiose, [malitiosus, from malitia] 
adv. ivickedly; knavishly, by trickery, 
perfidiously. 

malleolus, -i, [dim. of malleus, ham- 
mer] m. small hammer; fire-dart, fire- 
brand. 

malo, malle, malui, [magis + volo] 
irr. tr. ivish rather, choose rather, ivoidd 
rather, prefer. 

malum, -i, [malus] n. evil, mischief, 
misfortune, calamity ; j?;wwis^me«^ 
hurt, harm, trouble. 

malus, -a, -um, comp. peior, superl. 
pessimus, adj. bad; ivicked, evil, 



510 



VOCABrLAKY 



depraved : vnforfunafe, injurious, de- 
structive^ perniciotts, dangerous. 

mancus, -a, -um, adj. /n aimed, crippled, 
infirm; defective, imperfect. 

mandatum, -i, [mando] n. charge, 
co/N/jtission ; order, command, instnic- 
tions; trust. 

mando, -are, -avi, -atum, [manus + do] 

1. tr. put into one's hands, hand over, 
deliver, intrust, commission ; commit, 
consign; enjoin, order .^ command. 

mane, adv. in the morning, early in the 
moru'thfj. 

maneo, manere, mansi, mansum, '2 
tr. and intr. stay, remain, tarry ; con- 
tinue, last, endure, persist in. abide by ; 
be a settled principle ; wait for. expect ; 
await, be destined to. 

manicatus, -a, -um, [manicae, sleeve] 
adj. loftg->:letred, with long sleeves. 

manifesto, [manifestus] adv. palpably, 
clearly, plainly, manifestly ; in the act, 
red-handed. 

manifestus, -a, -um, [manus, cf. fendoj 

;ulj. p{ilpab'.c, clear, plain, evident, 
manifest; open, ovtrt ; exposed, proved 
hy direct evidence. 

Manilius, -i, m. a Homan iiomon or geii- 
J'.e name. Esp. C. Manilius, the Irib- 
i.no of G6 B.C., whose hiw triving Poin- 
pey the command in the Third Mithri- 
datic War was advocated in the speech 
"Pro Lege Manilla.'"' 

Manius, -i, m. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

Manlianus, -a, -um, [Manlius] adj. of 
jla/dius, Maidian. 

Manlius, -i, ni. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. : 
1- Q. Manlius, a juror at the trial of 
Verres, 70 b.c. 

2. C. Manlius, the officer in charge 
of Catiline's forces at Faesulae, 63 
c.c, 

3. L. Manlius Torquatus, consul 65 
B.C. with L. Aurelius Cotta. 

mano,. -are, -avi, , l tr. and intr. 

flow, d?^p, overflow; extend, be diflfused^ 
spread abroad. 



mansuete, [mansu6tus] adv. gently, 
mildly, calmly, cpiietly. 

mansuetudo, -inis, [mansuStus] f. 

gentleness, mildness, clemency. 

mansuetus, -a, -um, [mansuesco, grow 
tame] adj. tame; gentle, mild, quiet. 

manuhiae, -arum, [manus] f. pi. booty, 
spoils ; money derivtd from booty, 
yrize-money. 

manumitto or manu mitto, -mittere, 
-misi, -missum, [manus + mitto] 3 tr. 

set free, nunnwiit, emancipate. 

manus, -us, f. hand; handivHting, style; 
woi'k, skill; band, body, company, 
troops, forces. 

Marcellus, -i, [dim. of Marcus] m. a 

distinguished Roman cognomen or 
family name, Esp.: 

1. M. Claudius Marcellus, five times 
consul, who conquered Syracuse in 

21^ B.C. 

2. M. Claudius Marcellus, consul 
51 B.C., an uncompromising enemy 
to Caesar, by whom he was never- 
theless pardoned, 46 B.C. 

3. C. Claudius Marcellus, brother 

of No. 2, consul 49 B.C. 

4. C. Claudius Marcellus, cousin of 
Nos. '2 and 3, consul 50 B.C. 

5. M. Claudius Marcellus, a friend 
of Catiline's. 

Marcius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. C. Marcius, a Roman 
knight, the friend of Ligarius. 

Marcus, -i, m. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

mare, -is, u. sea. 

maritimus (-tumus), -a, -um, [mare] 
adj. of the sea, sea-, on the sea, maritim.e, 
naval. 

maritus, -i, [cf. mas, maU] m. married 
man, husband. 

Marius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. C. Marius, Roman gen- 
eral and democratic leader against the 
aristocracy under Sulla ; conqueror of 
the Teutones and the Cimbri (105-101 
B.C.); six times consul, in his last con- 
sulship leading the senatorial forces 



mancus— memoria 



511 



that crushed the outbreak under L. Ap- 
puleius Saturninus and C. Ser villus 
Glaucia, 100 b.c. 

marmor, -oris, [/liap/xapo?] n. marUe, 
block of mai'ble ; marble monument, 
statue. 

marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor] adj. of 
marble, marble-. 

Mars, Martis, m. Mars, the Roman god 
identified with the Greek Ares, god of 
war. 

Martius, -a, -um, [Mars] adj. of Mars. 

Massilia, -ae, f . Marseilles, a Greek city 
in Gaul on the coast of the Mediter- 
ranean. 

Massiliensis, -e, [Massilia] adj. of 
Massilia. As subst. Massilienses, 
-ium, 111. pi. peoi^le of Massilia, Mas- 
silians. 

mater, -tris, f . mother, parent. 

maiter familias, see familia. 

materia, -ae, or materies, -ei, [mater] 
f . stuff, material, timber ; subject, 7?iat- 
ter; ciuse, source, opportunity; natural 
abilities, capacity, disposition. 

miternus, -a, -um, [mater] adj. of 
one's mother, maternal. 

mature, [mattirus] adv. seasonably, op- 
portunely; betimes, early, speedily. 

mattiritas, -atis, [mattirus] f. ripeness, 
full development, maturity. 

mattiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [mattirus] 

1 tr. and iiitr. ripen; make haste, hasten; 
quicken, accelerate, expedite. 

mattirus, -a, -um, adj. ripe, mature ; 
fit, sex<onable, proper; of mature years; 
early, speedy. 

maxime, [maximus] adv. in the highest 
degree^ exceedingly, very ; especially, 
particularly. 

maximus, see magnus. 

Maximus, -i, ni. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. Q. Fabius Maxi- 
mus, the celebrated opponent of Han- 
nibal, whose army he harassed and 
wore out by his policy of delay; hence 
surnamed Cunctator, the Delayer. 



Medea, -ae, [MT?6eta] f. the daughter of 
Aeetes, king of Colchis, who eloped 
with Jason, leader of the Argon autic ex- 
pedition in quest of the Golden Fleece. 

medeor, -eri, , 2 dep. heal, cm^e; rem- 
edy, apply a remedy, relieve, collect, re- 
store. 

medicina, -ae, [medicus, healing] f. 
the art of healing, medicine; remedy, 
relief, antidote. 

mediocris, -e, [medius] adj. medium, 
middling, moderate, ordinary; mean^ 
inferior, insignificant, small, trifling. 

mediocriter, [mediocris] adv. moder- 
ately, tolerably, ordinarily; not very, 
slightly, somewhat. 

meditatio, -onis, [meditor] f. a thinking 
over, contemplation; study, prepara- 
tion, practice. 

meditor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep^hink 

over, reflect upon, consider; meditate, 
plan, devise, study, prepare, exercise 
one's self, practise. 

medius, -a, -um, adj. middle, in the 
middle, in the midst, mid-, the middle 
of; between, among. media aestas, 
see aestas. 

medius fidius, see dius. 

mehercule, see hercule. 

melior, see bonus. 

membrum, -i, n. limb, member; part., 
branch, division. 

memini, -isse, , dep. intr. and tr. re- 
member, recollect, recall; be mindful of., 
keep in mind, bear in mind. 

Memmius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp, C. MemmiuS, a 
democrat in 111 B.C., who later changed 
sides, and as a candidate for the consul- 
ship was murdered by Saturninus and 
Glaucia, 100 B.C. 

memor, -oris, adj. mindful, remember- 
ing, heedful. 

memoria, -ae, [memor] f. memory; re- 
membrance, recollection; time; tradi- 
tion, narration, record. post homi- 
num memoriam, since or within the 
memory of man. 



512 



VOCABULARY 



mendacium, -I, [mendax, fafft] n. fie, 
falsthooil. 

mendicitas, -atis, [mendicus, beggarly] 
f. begga?^, destitution^ paupei'isin. 

m6ns, mentis, f. inind, intellect, reason; 
Jirnrt. f,t-Hug. difij>odtion; thought, in- 
tention, i)'frix)st. dtsif/fi, plan; spirit, 
courage. venire in mentem, come 
into One's mind, occur to one. mente 
captus, beside one's self, crazy. 

m6nsa, -ae, f. table. 

mgnsis, -is, m. month. 

mentis, -onis, f. a calling to mind, rtien- 

thin'ing, mention. 

mentior, -iri, -itus sum, 4 dop. lie, 
.sj>eak falsely, Offsert falsely: deceive, 
mislead: invent. 

mercator, -Qris, [mercor, trade] m. 

tid^f. Iiuichanl^ thidtr. 

mercennarius >merc6nariu8), -a, -um, 
imercgs] adj. ftrving for pay, paid, 
hired, hireling, mercenary. 

mercSs, -Sdis, f. hire, price, pay, wages: 
It ward. recotfi/)ense: revenue, income. 

mereor, -6rl, -itus sum, 2 dep. deserve. 
Hi' lit, letniithil to; tarn, ivin, gain; 
d'.srrve feward, tfthare. bene me- 
r6rl dS, des^^rve well of, servr null, do 
good service to, be usefvlto. merSri d6 
soinctincg, treat. 

meretrTcius, -a, -um, [meretrix, pros- 
litiih] j'.dj. o/' a p)ostitift(. of harlots, 
iif^ n't} \cious. 

merito, Imeritum] adv. dtsei-vedly. 

meritum, -i, [meritus] n. meiit, desert; 
serr'ice. favor, kiiidiiess. 

meritus, -a, -um, [pf p. of mereor] adj. 

dtserving; deserved, due, just, proper. 
merx, mercis, f. goods, wares, cmnmodi- 

ties, merchandise. 
-met, enclitic suftix added to personal 

prouoniiswitli intensive force, self, aivn. 

Cf. egomet. 
Metellus, -i, ni. n distinguished Roman 

coenonien or family name in the Cae- 

cilian gens. Esjj.: 



1 Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidi- 

CUS (so called for his successes 
ajxainst Jugurtha, king of Numidia), 
consul 109 B.C., an exile 100 b.c. 
through the machinations of the 
demagogue Satiirninus, but recalled 
99 B.C. 

2. Q. Caecilius Metellus, son of 
No. 1, called Pius <>n account of his 
devoted service in procuring his 
father's recall from exile; consul 
with Sulla 80 b.c, a friend and pa- 
tron of ])oets. 

3. Q. Caecilius Metellus, grand- 
nephew of No. 1, surnanied Cr6ti- 
CUS for his services in the war 
against Crete, 68 B.C.; tribune 75 
n.c. and legatus the next year; con- 
sul with Ilortensius in 09 B.C. and 
a friend of Verres. 

4. L. Caecilius Metellus, brother to 

No. '], successor and friend to Ver- 
res as propraetor in Sicily^ and con- 
sul in ()8 B.C. 

5. M. Caecilius Metellus, brother 

to Nos. 3 and 4, juror in Verres"' 
trial (70 B.C.), friend to Verres, and 
praetor urbanus 09 b.c. 
0. Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, the 

l)raetor in 0:] b.( . who levied forces 
to suppress Catiline's conspiracy; 
consul GO B.C. 
7. Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, 

brother to No. 0, as tribune (from 
December, 03 B.C.) hostile to Cicero 
and creature of Pompey, but later 
reconciled to Cicero, whose recall in 
57 B.C. he did not oppose when 
consul with P. Lentuliis Spinther. 

meto, metere, messui, messum, 3 tr. 

reap, mow, gather; mow down, destroy. 

metuo, metuere, metui, , [metus] 

3 tr. and intr./<?<2r, be afraid, stand in 
fear, be apprehensive, dread. 

metus, -us, m. fear, dread, apprehen- 
sion, anxiety. 

mens, -a, -um, [me, m^] poss. pron. 
adj. of me, my, mine, of mine, w.y own. 

miles, -itis, m. soldier; foot-soldier; the 
'oldiers, the soldiery. 






mendacium— Mithridaticus 



513 



militaris, -e, [miles] adj. of a soldur, 
of war, warlike, militai'y. res mili- 
taris, military affairs, war, the art of 
war. signa militaria, militai-y en- 
signs, battle-standards. 

militia, -ae, [miles] f. military service, 
^ sertice, warfare, war. 

mille, indecl. in sing., pi. milia, num. 
adj. a thousand ; in pi. generally used 
as subst. with gen. Cf. passilS. 

millies (miliens), [mille] adv. a thou- 
sand times. 

Milo, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. T. Annius Milo, 

tribune 57 B.C., Cicero's friend, the bit- 
ter enemy of Clodius, whom he killed in 
52 B.C.; when brought to trial, defended 
by Cicero. 

minae, -arum, f. pi. iwojecting points of 
a wall ; threats, menaces, threatening 
ivoi'ds. 

minime, [minimus] superl. of parum, 
adv. in the smallest degree, least of all, 
least, very little; not at all. by no means, 
not in the least. minime vero, not 
in the least, by no means, assuredly not. 

minimus, -a, -um, see parvus. 

minister, -tri, m. servant, assistant; 
promoter, helper, tool, instrument. 

minitor, -ari, -atus sum, [freq. of 
minor] l dep. threaten, menace, 
threaten with danger or vengeance. 

minor, -ari, -atus sum, [minae] l dep. 

project; threaten, threaten with danger, 

m£naxie. 
minor, see parvus. 
Minucius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 

gentile name. Esp. Minucius, a 

friend of Catiline. 

minuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [cf. minus] 3 

tr. and intr. make small, lessen, dimin- 
ish; lower, reduce, weaken. 

minus, adj. neut. of minor. See minor. 

minus, comp. of parum, adv. less, not 
so; not at all, by no means, not. 

mirandus, -a, -um, [fut. part, of miror] 
adj. iconderfid, marvellous, strange. 
33 



I mirifice, [mirificus, from mirus + 
facioj adv. wonderfully, marvellously, 
prodigiously, exceedingly. 

miror, -ari, -atus sum, [mirus] 1 dep. 
tvonder, marvel, be astonished, be 
amazed; wonder at, marvel at; ad- 
mire, look on with admiration. 

mirus, -a, -um, adj. wonderful, marvel- 
lous, amazing, surprising; strange, ex- 
traordinary, ni mirum, see ni- 
mirum. 

misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum, 2 tr. 

mix, mingle, blend ; unite, associate ; 
throw into confusion, embroil; stir up; 
concoct, brew. 

Misenum, -i, [Mto-rjvov] n. a town on 
the coast of Campania. 

miser, -era, -erum, adj. wretched, 
miserable, j^^i^^ble, unfm^tunate, un- 
happy ; sad, deplorable, distressing; 
poor, worthless. 

miserabilis, -e, [miseror] a.d]. pitiable, 
7niserable, ivretched, deplm^able, sad. 

miserandus, -a, -um, [fnt. part, of 
miseror] adj. to be pitied, pitiable, de- 
plorable, touching. 

miseret, -ere, miseruit, — , [miser] 2 

intr. impers. it distresses, it excites pity 
in, one pities ov feels sorry for. 

miseria, -ae, [miser] f. wretchedness, 
unhappiness; affliction, distress, misery. 

misericordia, -ae, [misericors] f. ten- 
der - heartedness, compassion, pity ; 
clemency, mercy. 

misericors, -cordis, [misereor + cor, 

heart] adj. tender-hearted, compas- 
sionate, inlying, merciful. 

miseror, -ari, -atus sum, [miser] l dep. 
lament, bewail, deplore; feel compas- 
sion, pity. 

Mithridates (Mitliradates), -is, [Mi^pt- 
fiaxTj?] m. Mithi'idates, king of Pontus, 
with whom the Romans waged three 
wars called after his name. See Pref- 
atory Note to the Oration for the 
Manilian Law. 

Mithridaticus (Mithradaticus), -e, 
-um, [Greek] adj. of Mithridates^ 
Mithndatic. 



5H 



VOCABULARY 



mitis, -e, adj. nieUow, npe; soft, mUd, 
(f tittle, lenient, kind. 

mitto, mittere, misi, missum, 3 tr. 

cause to go, send, despatch; send tcord, 
announce, report ; pass over or by, 
omit, say nothing of, dismiss ; let go. 
Id loose, release^ throw, hurl, launch. 

moderate, [moderatus] adv. nith 
niodei^ation, with self -con ttvl, moder- 
ately. 

moderatio, -onis, [moderatus] f. con- 
trolUng, regulation, guidance; modera- 
tioji, tefiiperateness, self con t?vl, self- 
restraint. 

moderatus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of moderor] 
adj. ivithin bounds^ moderated, mod- 
erate ; self -restrained, self -cotit rolled, 
tvell-halanced. 

moderor, -ari, -atus sum, [modusj i 
dep. keep icithin bounds, regulate, 
moderate ; restrain, control, govern, 
guide, direct. 

modestia, -ae, [modestus] f. modera- 
tion; self-control, discretion, sobHety; 
shame, modesty; sense of honor, dignity. 

modestus, -a, -um, [modus] adj. keep- 
ing due measure, moderate; 7nodest, 
gentle, forheaHng, tefmperate, discreet. 

modo, [modus] adv. and conj. only, 
merely, simply, but, just, even; just 
now, lately, recently; if only, provided 
that, on condition that. non modo 
. . . sed <^>r v6rum. pee sed and verum. 
dum modo, sec dum. 

modus, -i, m. measure, extent, quantity ; 
bounds, limit, end ; way, maruier, 
fashion, style. htiius modi, of this 
sort, of such a kind. .^uch. eius modi, 
see eiusmodi. prope modum, see 
prope. 

moeuia, -ium, n. pi. walls (defensive), 
city walls, ram]) arts; walled town, city. 

moer-, see maer-. 

moes-, see maes-. 

moles, -is, f • mass, huge bulk, weight ; 
massive strnctvre, pile, foundation, 
darn, dike ; greatness, might, power ; 
great quantity, heap. 



moleste, [molestus] adv. with trouble^ 
with vexation. ferre molests, see 
fero. 

molestia, -ae, [molestus] f. trouble, 
vt.rafion, annoyance, distress. 

molestus, -a, -um, [mol6s] adj. trouble- 
some, iiksome, annoying, disagreeable. 

molior, -Iri, -Itus sum, [moles] 4 dep. 

exert one's self, struggle, strive, toil ; 
labor vfyon, set in motion ; pile vp, 
build ; strive to accomplish, undertake, 
attempt, set about; perfoi^i, effect (with 
difficulty). 

mollis, -e, adj. pliant, flexible, supple ; 

soft, tender, delicate, sensitive ; gentle, 

mild, pleasant ; effeminate, weak. 
momentum, -I, [moveo] n. movement, 

motion ; brief space of time, moment ; 

cause, circmnstance ; weight, influence, 

importance. 

mone5, -6re, -ui, -itum, 2 tr. remind, 
admonish, icarn, advise, teach; predict, 
foretell. 

mons, mentis, m. mmintain. 

monstrum, -i, [moneo] n. divine omen, 

portent; ivonder, miracle, prodigy; 

monster, monstrosity, abomination. 

monumentum (monim-),-!, [moneo] n. 

reminder; memorial, monument; tradi- 
tion, chronicle, record. 

mora, -ae, f. delay, procr^astination ; ob- 
struction, hindrance, cause of delay . <« 

moratus, -a, -um, [mos] adj. mannered, * ' 
of morals, constituted, circumstanced. 

morbus, -i, [morior] m. sickness, disease, 
nines.'', malady. 

morior, mori (earlier also moriri), mor- 
tuus sum, fnt. part, moriturus, [cf. 
mors] 3 dep. die, expire ; die aivay, 
decay, pass away. 

mors, mortis, f. death ; dead body, 
coi'pse. 

mortalis, -e, [mors] adj. mortal; of 
mortals, human; temporary, transitory. 
As subst. mortalis, -is, m. m^ortal, man. 

mortuus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of morior] adj. 
dead. As subst. mortuus, -i, m. dead 
person, dead man. 



mitis— Mytilenaeus 



515 



mos, moris, m. ivUl, ivay, habit, custom, 
usage, iwactice, precedent; caprice, 
humor ; pi. also, conduct, behavior, 
manners, morals, character. 

motus, -a, -um, pf.p. of moveo. 

motus, -us, [moveo] m. motion, move- 
ment ; artistic movement, gesture, ges- 
ticulation ; emotion, im^indse, affection, 
passion ; agitation, disturbance, ujwis- 
ing, commotion, terrae motus, earth- 
quake. 

moveo, movere, movi, motum, 2 tr. 

and iiitr. move, set in motion, stir, dis- 
turb, remove; stir up, cause, produce, 
promote ; shake, change ; have an effect 
upon, affect, influence. 
mucro, -onis, m. sharp point or edge of a 
sword; sword; sharpness, edge, point. 

mulct-, see mult-. 

muliebris, -e, [mulier] adj. of a woman, 
tvomanly, feminine ; womanish, effem- 
inate. 

mulier, -eris, f. ^voman, female; icife. 

muliercula, -ae, [dim. of mulier] f. 
little woman ; a mere ivoman, a help- 
less woman. 

multa (mulcta), -ae, i. fine, penalty. 

multittido, -inis, [multus] f. great 

number or numbers, multitude,- crowd, 
throng ; the common people, the masses. 

multo, [abl. n. of multus] adv. by much, 
much, a great deal, JTyfar,far, greatly, 
very. 

multo (mulcto), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[multa] 1 tr. punish. 

multum, [multus] adv. much, very 
much, greatly, far; of ten, frequently . 

multus, -a, -um, comp. plus, superl. 
pltirimus, adj. much; pi. many, a great 
number of, in great numbers, numerous; 
of time, late. As subst. multum, -i, 
n. much; multa, -orum, n. pi. 
many things, much; multi, -orum, m. 
pi. many ])eoj)le, many men, many. 
Comp. plus, pluris, more. As subst. 
plures, -ium, m. pi. more, the majority, 
wMny, a great number, pluris, gen. 
of price, of more value, dearer, higher. 



Superl. plurimus, most, very many, 
very much, quam pltirimi, as many 
as possible. 



Mulvius (Mil-), -a, -um, ad 
pons Mulvius, tlie Mulvian bndge 
across the Tiber near Rome. 

municeps, :ipis, [mtinia, official duties, 
+ capio] c. inhabitant of a free town, 
citizen ; fellow -citizen, fellow-country- 
man. 

municipium, -i, [municeps] n. free 
toivn or city, municipality, a town gov- 
erned by its own laws while possessing 
Eoman citizenship. 

mtinio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [moenia] 4 tr. 

defend by a wall ; fortify, defend, pro- 
tect; guard, secure, strengthen; of roads, 
make open, make passable, pave. 

mtinitio, -onis, [munio] f. a fortifying; 
defence, protection, fortification. 

mtinitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of mtinio] adj. 

fortified, defended, protected ; secure, 
safe. 

munus, -eris, n. duty, service, function, 
office, employment ; j)resent, gift ; spec- 
tacle, entertainment, show of gladiators. 

Murena, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. L. Licinius 
Mtirena, the Roman commander in the 
Second Mithridatic War (83-81 b.c). 

murus, -i, m. wall. 

Mtisa, -ae, [Movo-a] f. Muse, one of the 
goddesses of music, poetry, and other 
liberal arts. 

mutatio, -onis, [muto] f . change, altera- 
tion; exchange. 

Mutina, -ae, f. Modena, chief town in 
Cisalpine Gaul, where Mark Antony 
besieged Decimus Brutus, 43 b.c. 

mtito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
moveo] 1 tr. and intr. move, remove ; 
alter, vanj, change, transform ; change 
for the better; interchange, exchange. 

mtitus, -a, -um, adj. dumb, speechless; 
voiceless, mute; silent, still. 

Mytilenaeus, -a, -um, adj. of Mytilene, 
a city in Lesbos. 



5i6 



VOCABULARY 



N 

nam, conj. /or, no20 (explanation); for 
instance: for certainly, for assuredly. 

nanciscor, -i, nactus or nanctus sum, 

3 (lep. get, get hold of, obtain, leceire; 
meet with, light o/i,fnd. 

narro, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. 7fiake 
known, tell, relate, recount, set foi'th; 
say, speak. 

nascor, nasci, natus sum, 3 dep. be 

born, be p?vduced, be begotten ; be nat- 
urally adapted; aHse, spring up, grow. 

Nasica, -ae, ni. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. E5>p. Publius Comglius 
ScipiS Nasica Serapi5, chiofly known 
as leader of the Senate in the murder of 
the tribune Ti. Gracchus in K^ b.c. 

natalis, -e, [natus] adj. of one's birth, 
birth: natal. 

natiO, -3nis, [cf. natus] f. birth; breed, 
kind, 7'ace; race of people, people, 7ia- 
tion. 

natUra, -ae, [cf. nascor] f. birth; natu- 
ral character, character, nature; dis- 
jiosition, inclination, temper; natural 
course of things, law of natuj'e. 

naturalis, -e, [nattira] adj. natural, by 
birth, innate; of nature, according to 
nature. 

natus, -a, -um, [pfp- of nascor] adj. 
born, made; produced by nature, de- 
signed, destined; constituted by nature; 

- of time, old. 

[natus, -us,] [cf. nascor] ni. used only in 
abl. sing, birth.^ age. maidres natu, 
elders. fathers, ancestors. 

naufragium, -i, [navis, cf. frango] n. 

shipwreck; ruin, loss, destruction; 
shattered remains, wreck. 

naufragus, -a, -um, [navis, cf. frango] 

adj. shipwrecked, wrecked; of broken 

fortunes, ruined. As subst. naufragi, 

-orum, m. pi. shipwrecked persons; 

wrecked and ruined men, ruined men. 

nauta, -ae, [for navita, from navis] m. 
sailor, seaman, boatman. 

nauticus, -a, -um, [vavn/co?] adj. of 
ships, ship-, of sailm's, naval, nautical. 



navalis, -e, [navis] adj. of ships, ship-, 

naval, nautical. 

navicularius, -i, [navicula, dim. of 
navis] ui. ship?naster, boat -owner. 

navigatio, -onis, [navigo] f. sailing, 

navigation ; voyage. 

navigium, -i, [navis, cf. agS] n. vessel, 
boat, bark, ship. 

navigQ, -are, -avi, -atum, [navis, cf. 

ago] 1 tr. and intr. sail, make voyages, 

cruise, sail the sea; proceed. 
navis, -is, f. ship, vessel, boat, galley. 

1. n5, adv. and conj.: 

1. As adv. not. n6 . . . quidem, 
7iot even. 

2. As conj. ino7'der that not, that not, 
from, lest, for fear that. 

2. n6, interj. truly, ve7ily, surely, I am 
sure, indeed. 

-ne, interrog. adv. and conj., enclitic, ap- 
I)ended to the emphatic word : 

1. As adv. introducing direct ques- 
tions, usually not translated. 

2. Ae conj. introducing indirect ques- 
tions, whether. -ne . . . an, -ne 
, . . -ne, whether. . .or. -ne with 
nee, f^ee necne. 

Neapolis, -is, ni. Naples, the name of a 
numl)er of Greek cities ; esp. the Greek 
colony of that name in Campania, Italy. 

Neapolitanus, -a^-um, [Neapolis] ndj. 
of X(i])le!<, Xeai}olit.an. As sul)st. Nea- 
politan!, -orum, ni. pi. the Neapolitans. 

necorneque, [n6-i--que] adv. and conj. 
and not, also 7iot, nor ; nor yet, and yet 
not, nor however, nee . . . nec, neque 
. . . nequc, neither. . .nor. neque (nec) 
. . . non, and certainly, and besides, 
and indeed, neque (nec) . . . et, neque 
(nec) . . . -que, on the one hand not. . . 
and on the other, not only not... but 
also, neque enim, see enim. 

necessario, [necessarius] adv. un- 
avoidably, inevitably, of necessity, 
necessarily. 

necessarius, -a, -um, [necesse] adj. un- 
avoidable, inevitable, indispensable, 
pressing, needful, necessary; connected 



nam— neuter 



517 



hy natural ties. As. subst. c. connec- 
tion^ kinsman., close friend., friend. 

necesse, indecl. adj., only in nom. and 
ace. sing., n. unavoidable, inevitable, in- 
dispensable, necessary. necesse est, 
it is unavoidable, etc., one must, one 
cannot but. 

necessitas, -atis, [necesse] f. necessity; 
iiiLdvoidableness, inevitableness, com- 
jmlsion, exigency; need, want; con- 
nection, relationshi}!, friendship. 

necessittido, -inis, [necesse] f. neces- 
sity, inevitableness, cominilsion; close 
connection, close relations, relationship, 
fnendship, bond^ intimacy. 

necne, [nec + -ne] conj. belonging to tlie 
second member of a disjunctive ques- 
tion, direct or indirect, or not. 

neco, -are, -avi, -atum, [nex] 1 tr. 

put to death. Mil, slay, murder, destroy. 

nefandus, -a, -um, [ne+fandus, from 
for, speak'] adj. unspeakable, unutter- 
able ; impious, execrable, detestable, 
abominable. 

nefarie, [nefarius] adv. impiously, 
heinously, execrably, abominably. 

nefarius, -a, -um, [nefas] adj. imjnous, 
heinous, nicked, execrable, abominable, 
nefarious. 

nefas, [ne + fas] indecl. n. crime against 
divine law, ^in, impious deed, tvrong. 

neglegenter (negli-), [neglegens, 
iroui neglego] adv. heedlessly, care- 
lessly-, negl'tgeritly. 

neglego, -legere, -lexi, neglectum, 

[nee + lego] 3 tr. disregard, not attend 
to, neglect, be regardless of, be indiffer- 
ent to; make light of, slight, care noth- 
ing for. ignore, despii^e, contemn. 

nego, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. 
say no; say... not, deny, refuse, not to 
conseid, decline. 

negotiator, -oris, [negotior] m. luhole- 
sale denier, mer chard, banker, capital- 
ist. 

negotior, -ari, -atus sum, [negotium] 

1 dep. do bu.^ines.'<, carry on bu.'iine.-is; 
act as banker. 



negotium, -i, [nec + otium] n. business, 
employment, occupation; one' s interests 
or affairs; di-Qiculty, trouble; matter, 
thing, affair. 

nem5 (-inis), [ne+hom6] gen. and abi. 
not in use, replaced by forms from ntil- 
lus homo, <^. no man, no one, nobody. 
non nemO, many a one, one and an- 
other, somebody. nemS non, every- 
body. 

nempe, [nam + -pe] conj. certainly, with- 
out a doubt, as everybody knows, ob- 
viously, of course. 

nemus, -oris, n.fcn-est pasture, grove; 
sacred grove. 

nepos, -Otis, m. grandson; spendthrift, 
prodAgal. 

Nepos, -Otis, [nepos] m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. See Metel- 
lus T. 

nequam, indecl. comp. nequior, superl. 
nequissimus, adj. worthless, good for 
nothing, shiftless; vile, bad. 

nequaquam, adv. in no wise, by no 
means, not at all. 

neque, see nec. 

nequior, see nequam. 

nequiquam (nequicquam), [ne + abl. of 
quisquam] adv. in vain, to no purpose, 
fruitlessly; ivithout reason. 

nequissimus, see nequam. 

nequitia, -ae, [nequam] f. ivm^thless- 
ness, shiftlessness, inefficiency; vileness, 
wickedness. 

nervus, -i, m. sinew, tendon, muscle; 
cord, string; sinews, strength, jiowef, 
rigor, force. 

nescio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, — , [ne + scio] 4 

tr. not know, be unaware, be ignorant. 
nescio quis, nescio quid, used as com- 
pound indef. pron. / knoio not who, 
someone; I know not what, something, 
nescio quo modo, I know not how, 
somehow, strangely, oddly enough, un- 
fortunately, nescio an, see an. 

neu, see n6ve. 

neuter, -tra, -trum, gen. neutrius, [ne 
+ uter] adj. neither the one nor the 



5i8 



VOCABULARY 



oth€)\neither; \)\. neithtr j^drty, neither 
side. 

n6ve (neu\ [ne + -ve] conj. and not, 
nor; and that...)iot, and lest. 

nex, necis, t\ violent death, death, mur- 
dtr, assa^Hnatio/i, slaughter. 

nihil or nil, [ne + hilum, a trifle] n. 
iiulecl. nothing; ace. ay adv. not at all, 
by no means, no, not. nonnihil, 
something, somewhat, a little. 

nihilo, [niMl] ndv. by nothing, none, 
no. nihilo minus, none the less, nev- 
ertheless, notwithstanding. 

Nilus, -I, ni. the Xile,\^c river in Egypt. 

nimiruni, [ni + mirum] adv. withmit a 

doubt, unquestionably, certaitdy, surely, 

truly; \vou\cii\\y,f&i'sooth. 
nimis, adv. beyond ineasure, too, too 

viuch, excessively. 
nimium, [nimiusl adv. too much, too. 
nimius, -a, -um, [nimis] adj. beyond 

measure, too much, too great, excessive. 

nisi, [n6+ si] conj. if not, vnless, except. 

nisi v§ro, unless perhaps (ironical), 
niteo, -6re, -ui, , 2 intr. shine, glitter, 

glisten; be sleek, look bright, bloom, 

thjiv. 

nitidus, -a, -um, [cf. niteS] adj. shin- 
ing, gllst^nifig. bright; sleek, hand- 
some, spruce. 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus, 3 dep. 2^ress 
upon, lean, support one's self; strive, 
struggle, labor, endeavor; rely ujx/n, 
depend on, rest. 

nix, nivis, f. snow. 

Nobilior, -oris, [nobilis] m. a Roman 
coniioiiu'H or fnniil}- name. Egp. M. 
Fulvius Nobilior. See Fulvius 2. 

nobilis, -e, [cf. nosco] adj. well-known, 
famous, noted, celebrated, renowned; 
high-born, of noble birth; noble, excel- 
lent. 

nobilitas, -atis, [nobilis] f. celebrity, 
fame, renown; Idgh birth; the nobility, 
nobles, aristocracy ; nobility, excellence. 

nocens, -entis, [noceo] adj. hurtful, 
harmful, injurious; guilty, wicked, 
criminal. 



noceo, -6re, -ui, , fut. part, nocitu- 

rus, 'i tr. and intr. hurt, do Jiarm, tn- 
jure, inflict injury. 

noctft, [cf. nox] adv. in the night, by 
iti'jht. at /light. 

nocturnus, -a, -um, [nox] adj. of the 
/light, in the /tight, by night, /tight //, 
noctur/ial. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, , [n6 + voloJ iii. 

intr. n'Uh...not, will... not, not wi.-h. 
be unwilling. Imperative with an i..- 
finitive, do not. 

n5men, -inis, [cf. n5sc5] n. name, ap- 
pellation, title; gentile name; bond, 
clai/n, debt; fame, renown, repute; pre- 
te/ic^. pretext; account. 

nominatim, [nomino] adv. by /tame, 
one by one, expressly, especially, j/ar- 
ticularly. 

n6min5, -are, -avi, -atum, [nomen] i 

tr. call by na/ne, na//ie, give the ?iamt 
to; make fa//tous, celebrate; nor/iinate, 
designate; me/ttion, repoi't. 

n5n, [n6 + unum] adv. itot not at all, 

by no 1/ieans. adeo non, sec adeO. 
Nonae, see nonus. 
nondum, [non + dum] adv. not yet. 

nonne, [non4--ne] interrog. adv. expect- 
ing an atlirmative answer, in a direct 
question, not ; in an indirect question, 
whether . . ./tot. 

nonnemo, nee nCmS. 

nonnihil, h( e nihil. 

nonntillus, ^ee ntillus. 

nonnumquam (nonnunq-), sec num- 
quam. 

nonus, -a, -um, [novem] adj. ninth. 
Esp. Nonae, -arum, f. pi. the Nones, 
the ninth day (inclusive) before the Ides 
of the month. Sec Idus. 

nos, sec ego. 

nosco, noscere, novi, notum, 3 tr. be- 
come acquainted tvith, learn; in perfect 
tenses, have learned, be acquainted or 
familiar with, k/toiv, understand. 

noster, -tra, -trum, [nos] poss. pron. 
I adj. our, ours, of us, of ours y our own. 



neve— ob 



519 



nota,-ae, [cf. nosco] f. mark, sign, stamp, 
brand; mark, of ignominy, brand of in- 
famy, disgrace. 

noto, -are, -avi, -atum, [nota] l tr. 

mark; indicate, signify; single out, 
designate ; observe, note ; brand, stig- 
matize, censure, reprimand. 

notus, -a, -um, [pf.p- of nosco] adj. 
known, ivell-known, familiar ; famous, 
notorious. 

novem, num. adj. indecl. nine. 

November, -bris, -bre, [novem] adj. 
of X or ember. 

novitas, -atis, [novus] f. newness, 
novelty ; unusualness, strangeness ; 
humble 07'igin, want of noble birth. 

novus, -a, -um, adj. new, young, fresh, 
recent ; novel, unfamiliar, strange, un- 
precedented; ^M^^xA.last, hindermost, ex- 
treme, res novae, new things, inno- 
vations, change of government, revolu- 
tion, novus liom6, self-made man. 
tabulae novae, new account-books, a 
new account cancelling old debts. 

nox, noctis, f. night. 

n^ia, -ae, [noxius, hurtfuT\ f. hurt, 
harm, damage; fault, offence, trespass. 

ntidius, [for nunc dies, sc. est] adv. 
only in phrases of time with an ordinal, 
it is now the... day since. nudius 
tertius, day before yesterday. 

nudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [nudus] l tr. 
make naked, lay bare, strip, uncorer, 
ex])ose; rob, desjJoil, jylunder. 

nudus, -a, -um, adj. naked, bare, un- 
covered, exposed; stHpped, despoiled, 
deprived, destitute., vacant. 

ntigae, -arum, f. '^\. jests, tiifles; jesters, 
jokers, tnflers. 

ntillus, -a, -nm, gen. ntillius, [ne + 
uUus] adj. not any, no, none of. As 
siii)sr. ntillus, -ius, m. no one, nobody. 
non nullus, some one; pi. som.e, several. 

num, interrog. adv. in a direct question 
expecting a negative answer, now, then; 
does. ..? is.. .? suggesting the contrary, 
it is not 60 that. .., is it f; in an indirect 
question, whether. 



Numantia, -ae, f . a city in Spain, cap- 
tured by the younger Scipio in 133 B.C. 

ntimen, -inis, [nuo, nod'] n. nod ; com- 
mand, will ; divine ui'.l, divine poiver, 
divinity, divine majesty; favor of the 
gods. 

numero, -are, -avi, -atum, [numerus] 

1 tr. count, reckon, "take account of ; 

count out, pay out ; account, consider, 

regard. 
numerus, -i, m. number, quantity; rank, 

position, place, estimation, category. 

Numidicus, -a, -um, adj. Numidian. 
Esp. as cognomen or surname, given for 
victories in Xumidia, of Q. Metellus 
Numidicus. See Metellus l. 

nummus, -i, m. coin, money; penny, 
farthing, mere trifle; sestertius, sesterce, 
the Roman unit of account. See se- 
stertius. 

numquam (nunq-), . [ne + umquam] 
adv. at no time, never. 

numquis, see num and quis. 

nunc, [num + -ce, cf. bic] adv. noio, at 
this time, at present ; under these cir- 
cumstances, as it is. etiam nunc, see 
etiam. nunc denique, see denique. 

nunquam, see numquam. 

nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ntintius] 
1 tr. announce, report, make known, 
inform, relate, declare. 

nuntius, -i, ni. messenger, courier ; mes- 
sage, neics, tidings. 

nuper, [novus + per] d^dwlately, recently, 
not long ago, just now. 

nuptiae, -arum, [nupta, bride] f. pi. 
marriage, wedding, nuptials. 

ntitus, abl. -u, [nuo, nod] m., only nom. 

sing, and ace. and abl. sing, and pi. 

in use, 7?oc/, sign; command, will,pleas- 

vre. 
nympba, -ae, \yv\i.^-t\] f . bride, mistress ; 

pi. nymphs. 



6, interj. 0! oh! 

ob, prep, with ace. towards, to ; before ; 
on account of, for, by reason of. 



520 



VOCABULARY 



obduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, [ob + 
dticoj 3 tr. dniH' bfjare. bi-lng fonc'trd; 
cor< /■ orer, orerfj)read, envelop. 

obduresco, -ere, obdtirui, — , [ob + 
duresco, cf. durus] 3 intr. become 
Jtarilened, (jroir visensible, be obdurate. 

obedio, ^e. oboedio. 

obeo, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [ob + eo] in-, tr. 
1111(1 intr. go toimet ; goto, visit, reach ,* 
go over, rerieiv ; go atjont, attend to, 
discharge, jwrfonn, co)mnit, acconi- 
plish; eider ujjon, vndertake, engage in. 

obf-, see off-. 

obicio, -icere, -i6cl, -iectum, [ob + 
iaciol 3 tr. tlirofv before, throw, cast; 
c (xt in the loay, opjX)se ; j)f(t before, 
offer, pre'^eiit, ex]X)se; bnng upon, visit; 
throw up to. reproach with, taunt. 

oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + lacto, 
a'luif\ 1 tr. delight, give pleasure to. 
entertain, amuse, , interest, divert. 

obligS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + ligS, 

bi'i)l\ 1 tr. bi/id up; bind, oblige, put 
under obligation, 7?iake liable ; pledge, 
mortgage; hamper, embarrass. 

oblino, -ere, obl6vi, oblitum, [ob + 
lino, besmear] 3 tr. besnuar. bedaub, 
sufeur. sf(nn; befoul, defile. 

1. oblitus, -a, -um, pf.p. of oblino. 

2. oblitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of obliviscor] 
a Ij. forgetting, forgetful, unmindftd. 
I'fgard'css. indifferent. 

oblivio, -onis, [obliviscor] f. fwget ful- 
ness, ob'irioii, 

obliviscor, -i, oblitus sum, 3 dep. for- 
get, be forgetful ; disregard, lose sight 
of. be indifferent to, neglect. 

obmtitesco, -ere, obmtitui, , [ob + 

mutesco, from mtitus] 3 intr. become 
dumb, be silent. 

obnuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + 
ntintio] l tr. announce, tell; announce 
adverse omens, prevent by omens. 

oboedio (obedio), -ire, -ivi, -itum, [ob 
+ audio] 4 intr. give ear, hearken; give 
Tie-d, obey. l>e obedient, be submissive, 
yield obedience. 

oborior, -oriri, obortus sum, [ob + 
orior] 4 dep. arise, spring up, appear. 



obruo, -mere, -rui, obrutum, [ob + ruQl 

3 tr. overwhelm, cover over, bury; over- 
throw, ruin; overload, oppress. 

obscurg, [obsctirus] adv. darkly, ob- 
scurely, covertly, secretly. 

obscuritas, -atis, [obsctirus] f. ob- 

scui'i ty. i n disti n ct?iess, u ncertain ty. 

obsctiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [obsctirus] 

1 tr. darken, dim, obscure; hide, con- 
ceal, shroud, veil. 

obsctirus, -a, -um, adj. dark, dusky ; 
obscure, dim, indistinct, unintelligible; 
unknou^n, hard to discern, disguised; 
ignoble. ?nean, loiv. 

obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + sacrol 

1 tr. beseech, entreat, i?nplore, suppli- 
cate, adjure. 

obsecundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + 
secundo, tf. secundus] l intr. comply 
with, humor, yield to. sJiowi obedience. 

observe, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + servo] 

1 tr. watch, note, take notice of, heed, 
observe; watch for, keep watch far; re- 
gard, respect, honor. 

obses, -idis, [ob, cf. sedeS] c hostage; 
surety, security, assurance, pledge. 

obsideo, -sid6re, -s6dl, -sessum, [olf+ 
sedeo] 2 tr. and intr. sit, stay; beset, 
besiege, blockade; hem in, hamper; oc- 
cupy, take possession of; look out for, 
ivatchfor, lie in wait for. 

obsidio, -5nis, [obsideo] f. siege, 
blockade. 

obsigno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + signo] 

1 tr. seal, seal up; attest under seal, put 
seal on, sign as ivitness. 

obsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum, [ob + 
sistoj 3 intr. stand before, stand in the 
way; make a stand against, oppose, re- 
sist, ivithstand. 

obsolesco, -ere, obsolgvi, obsoletum, 
[obs (ob) + olesco, grow] 3 intr. groiv 
old, get out of date, fall into disuse, 
become obsolete. 

obstipesco(obstu-), -ere, obstipui, — , 

[ob + inch. of stupeo, be stupefied] 3 
intr. become stupefied, be struck dumb, 
be thtinder struck, be amazed, be 
astounded. 



obdtico— Octavius 



521 



obsto, -stare, -stiti, — , [ob + sto] l 

intr. stand before; stand m the way, 
hinder, icithstand, oppose, resist, 
thicart. 

obstrepo, -ere, obstrepui, — , [ob + 
Strepo, make a noise'] 3 tr. and intr. 
make a noise against, roar at; out- 
baivl, drown by noise. 

obstupefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, 
pass, obstupefio, -fieri, -factus sum, 
[ob + stupefacio, stupefy'] 3 intr. amaze, 
astound, daze, stupefy, benumb. 

obstupesco, see obstipesco. 

obsum, -esse, -fui, [ob + sum] irr. intr. 
be agoAnst; be prejudicial to, injure, 
hurt, hinder. 

obtego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum, [ob + 
tego] 3 tr. cover up, protect; veil, hide, 
conceal. 

obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab + 
tempero] l intr. comply with, confoi^m 
to, submit to, obey. 

obtgstor, -ari, -atus sum, [ob + tester] 

1 dep. call as witness, make appeal to; 
beseech, entreat, implore. 

obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, obtentum, 
[ob + teneo] 2 tr. hold fast, occupy, 
possess; keep,p7'eserve; rnaintain, shmv, 
prove, make good ; get possession of, 
acquire, obtain, hold an office. 

obtingo, -tingere, -tigi, — , [ob + 
tango] 3 tr. and intr. fall to the lot of, 
befall; hap2)en, occur. 

obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + 
tracto] 1 tr. and intr. detract from, be- 
little, disparage, underrate, decry. 

obtuli, see oifero. 

obviam, [ob + viam] adv. in the way, 
toward, against, in the face of, to 
meet. fieri obviam, come to meet, 
meet. 

obvius, -a, -um, [ob + via] adj. in the 
way, so «•* to meet, meeting. obvium 
esse, to meet. 

occasio, -onis, [ob, cf. casus, from 
cado] f. opportunity, convenient mo- 
ment, fit or suitable time, occasion. 



occasus, -us, [occido] m. a going down, 
setting of lieavenly bodies ; sunset, 
luest; doicnfall, ruin, death. 

occidens, -entis, [pr.p. of occido] m. 

sunset, west. 

occido, -cidere, -cidi, occasum, [ob + 
cado] 3 intr. fall down^ fall; die, be 
slain, perish, be lost. 

occido, -cidere, -cidi, occisum, [ob + 
caedo] 3 tr. strike down; cut down, 
kill, slay, murder, massacre. 

occliido, -cltidere, -clusi, occltisum, [ob 
+ claudo] 3 tr. shut up, close. 
occultator, -oris, [occulto] m. hider, 
concealer, harbor er. 

occulte, [occultus] adv. in secret, with 
secrecy, secretly, privately. 

occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
occulo, cover] 1 tr. hide, conceal, secrete. 

occultus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of occulo, core?] 
adj . covered up, concealed, hidden,secret. 

occupatio, -onis, [occupo] f. a taking 
possession, seizure; business, employ- 
ment, occupation. 

occupatus, -a, -um, [pf . p. of occupo] 

adj. engaged, occupied, busy. 

occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob, cf . capio] 

1 tr. take j^ossession of, seize upon, seize, 
occupy; take up, fill, employ. 

occurro, -ere, occurri, occursum, [ob + 
curro] 3 intr. run up, run to meet, meet, 
fall in with, come upon; rush upon, 
attack; resist, oppose, obviate, counter- 
act; present itself, suggest itself, occur, 
be thought of. 

occursatio, -onis, [occurro] f. a run- 
ning to meet; attention, greeting, 
friendly advances; officiousness. 

Oceanus, -i, CQKeai/o?] m. tJie ocean. 

Ocriculanus, -a, -um, adj. of Ocriculum, 
a town on the Via Flaminia near tlie 
junction of the Tiber and the Nar 
rivers. 

Octavius, -i, [octavus] m. a distin- 
guished Roman nomen or gentile name. 
Esp. Cn. Octavius, the consul in 87 
B.C. who was killed by tlie Marians in 
the first civil war. 



52: 



VOCABULARY 



octavus, -a, -umjocto] num. adj. eighth. 
OCtO, iiuin. adj. indccl. eight. 
oculus, -i, m. eye. 
odi, odisse, fut. part, ostirus, def. tr. 

hate, dettd. 
odiosus, -a, -um, [odium] adj. hateful, 

odious, offensive; unpleasant, disagree- 

af)le. vexatious, annoying. 

odium, -i, [cf. odi] n. hatred, grudge, 
ill-irill, animosity, enmity; offence, 
aversion, nuisance; offensive conduct. 

odor, -oris, ni. srnell, scent, odor; inJcIing, 
hint. K'lggestion. 

offendo, -fendere, -fendi, offgnsum, 
[ob + fendol -^ tr. and intr. ////, strike 
against; hit upon, stumble vjx)n, meet 
with; stumble, blunder, make a mis- 
take; fail, be defeated, be unfortunate; 
take offence at, be displeased at; offend, 
be offt /isive, shock, disgust, displease. 

offensio, -5nis, [ofifendo] f. stumbling; 
disfavor, dislike, disgust, aversion, ha- 
tred; accident, mishap, misfoi'tune, de- 
ft (ft. disaster. 

oifgnsus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of offendo] adj. 
offended, incensed, enifnttered; offensive, 
odious. 

ofFero, ofFerre, obtuli, oblatum, [ob + 
feroj irr. tr. b?ing b<fore. present, offer, 
e.vpose; bring forward, adduce; thrust 
upon, cause, inflict; confer^ bestow. 

officio, -ficere, -f6ci, -fectum, [ob + 
facio] 3 tr. stand in the way of, hinder. 
opjx)se, obsti^ict, thwart; be detrimen- 
tal, hurl. 

officiosus, -a, -um, [officium] adj. full 
of courtesy, courteous, obliging, sei'vice- 
able; dutiful, in discharge of one's 
duty, obligatory. 

officium, -i, [opus, cf. facio] n. se^-vice, 
favor, courtesy, kindness, kind offices; 
obligation, duty, function, part, office; 
sense of duty, duti fulness. 

offundo, -ere, offiidi, offusum, [ob + 
fundo] -i tr. j)our out; pour out vpon. 
spread over; fill, pervade. 

olim, [cf. oUus, old form of ille] adv. at 
that time, once upon a time, once, for- 
merly; some day, one of these days. 



omen, -inis, ». token, sign, harbinger, 
omen. 

omitto, -mittere, -misi, omissum, [ob 
+ mitto] 3 tr. let go; lay aside, give 
up, dis?niss; neglect, disregard; let go 
by, ])a.^s over, say nothing of, omit; 
cease, abandon. 

omnino, [omnis] adv. altogether, en- 
tirely, yftcrly, wholly, totally; at all, 
whatever; in all, just, 0)dy; by all 
means, certainly; in general, generally. 

omnis, -e, adj. all, the whole, the entire, 
every. As eubst. omn6s, -ium, c. pi. 
all men, all; omnia, -ium, n. all things, 
everything. 

onus, -eris, n. load, burden; freight, 
cargo; weight, charge, trouble, diffi- 
culty. 

opera, -ae, [opus] f . labor, pains, trouble, 
exertion, efforts; service. operam 
dare, ste do. operae pretium, see 
pretium. 

operio, -ire, operui, opertum, 4 tr. cover, 
cover over. 

Opimius, -i, m, a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Opimius, consul in 
121 B.C. and leader against the Grac- 
clums. 

opimus, -a, -um, adj./«^/ rich, fertile, 
fruitful; abundant, sumptuous, splen- 
did. 

opinio, -onis, [opinor] f. opinion, belief, 
impression, expectation, conjecture, fan- 
cy; esteem, reputation, opinione with 
a comparative, than is supposed, than 
was expected, or the like. 

opinor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. be of the 
ojyinion, believe, think, trow, suppose, 
have an idea, imagine. 

opitulor, -ari, -atus sum, [ops. cf. tuli, 
from fero] 1 dep. bring aid, aid, give 
help, assist, succor. 

oportet, -ere, oportuit, 2 impers. it is 
necessary, it is proper or becoming, it 
behooves, it ought, one must. 

oppeto, -ere, -ivi, -itum, [ob+peto] 3 

tr. go to meet, encounter. 

oppidum, -i, m. town, city. 



octavus— oro 



523 



oppono, -ere, opposui, oppositum, [ob 
+ pono] 3 tr. set against, place opposite^ 
oppose; set before, bring foi^ward^ ad- 
duce, allege; object, adduce in answer. 

opportunitas, -atis, [opportiinus] f. 

fitness, suitableness, convenience; ad- 
vantage, lucky circumstance. 

opportunus, -a, -um, [ob + portus] adj. 
fit, adapted, suitable, convenient, timely, 
opportune; advantageous, useful. 

[oppositus, -us], [oppono] m., only abl. 
sing and ace. pi. a setting against, op- 
position^ i?ite7yosition. 

opprimo, -ere, oppress!, oppressum, 
[ob + premo] 3tr. pi^ess against, jwess 
down; weigh down, burden, oppress; 
put doivn, suppress, quell; overwhelm, 
overpower, crush, subdue; overtake by 
surprise, fall upon; hide, conceal. 

oppugnatio, -onis, [opptigno] f. storm- 
ing, besieging, siege; attack, assault. 

opptigno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + pti- 
gno] 1 tr. fight against, attack, assail, 
assault; storm, besiege^ lay siege to. 

[ops], opis, nom. and dat. sing, not in use, 
f . aid, assistance, help, succor, support; 
power, might, ability, influence, weight; 
pi. often, means, resources, property, 
wealth, riches. 

optabilis, -e, [opto] adj. to be wished 
for, desirable. 

optimas, -atis, [optimus] adj. of the 
beH, aristocratic. As subst. optima- 
tes, -ium, m. pi. the optimates, the 
aristocracy, the nobles, as opposed to 
popular es, the democrats, the party 
representing the masses. 

optime, t^ee bene. 

optimus, see bonus. 

opto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. choose, se- 
lect, prefer; wish, wish for, desire, hope 
for, long for. 

opus, -eris, n. work, labor, toil; works, 
structure, public building, fortifications; 
ivork of art, workmanship; in nom. 
and ace. in phrases with esse, need, 
want, necessity, necessary. magno 
opere, very much, greatly; earnestly, 
heartily, vehemently, urgently, quan- 



to opere, with how great ejfort, hoiv 
carefully; how greatly, how much. 
tanto opere, so much, so very, so ear- 



ora, -ae, f . shore, coast, sea-coast. 

oratio, -onis, [oro] f. speech, discourse ; 
address, harangue, oration ; language, 
style, expression; subject, theme; power 
of oratory, eloquence. 

orator, -oris, [oro] m. speaker, oratoi^ ; 
ambassador, negotiator. 

orbis, -is, m. ring, circle, orbit. orbis 
terrae or terrarum, the whole world, 
earth. 

orbus, -a -um, adj. bereaved, bereft; de- 
prived, destitute, devoid of. 

ordior, -iri, orsus sum, 4 dep. begin, 
commence, start; set about, undertake. 

ordo, -inis, m. row, line, series, oi^der ; 
company, rank, class, grade, degree. 

oriens, -entis, [pr.p. of orior] m. the 
rising sun, morning sun ; the East, the 
Orient. 

orior, -iri, ortus sum, 4 (and 3) dep. 
anse, rise; be descended, beborn; spring 
up, spring, proceed, begin, have its ori- 
gin in. 

ornamentum, -i, [orno] n. apparatus, 
equipment, trapjnngs ; mark of honor, 
decoration, adornment ; distinction, 
honor, ornament. 

ornate, [ornatus] adv. ornately, ele- 
gantly. 

ornatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of orno] adj. 

. fitted out, furnished, well-supplied, 
equipped; excellent, admirable, distin- 
guished, eminent, highly honored. 

ornatus, -us, [orno] m. splendid dress, 

fine attire ; outfit, apparatus ; decora- 
tion, ornament. 

5rno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. fit out, 
furnish, j^rovide, equip, prepare; adorn, 
embellish ; pjvaise, honoi\ add honor to, 
distinguish. 

oro, -ar6, -avi, -atum, [os] 1 tr. and intr. 
speak; treat, argue, plead; pray, beseech, 
entreat, implore. 



524 



VOCABULABY 



ortus, -us, [orior] m. a rising ; rise, he- 
ginning^ origin. ortus soils, sun- 
rise ; the East. 

OS, oris, n. mouth ; face, countenance., 
featiireSy look. 

OS, ossis, n. hone. 

oscitans, -antis, [pr.p. of oscito, yatcn] 
adj. listless, sluggish, lazy, negligent. 

ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum, 
[obs (ob) + tendoJ 3 tr. stretch out, hold 
out, expose to rlezv ; show., point out, 
disclose, display, manifest, exhihit ; in- 
dicate, say, make known^ declare. 

ostento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
ostendo] l tr. shoiv, exhihit ; show off, 
display., make a display of, parade, 
boast; offer, promise. 

Osti6nsis, -e, [ostium] adj. of or at 
Ostia, the port of entry for Rome at the 
mouth of the Tiber. 

ostium, -i, [of. os] n. door; mo^dh, en- 
trance. Oceani ostium, the mouth 
of the Ocean, tlie strait of Gibraltar. 

5tiosus,*-a, -um, [otium] adj. at leisure, 
unoccupied, inactive ; unconcerned, in- 
different, neutral; quiet, calm,. 

5tium, -I, n. leisure; idleness, inactivity, 
ease; peace, repose, rest, quietness. 



P., abbreviation for Publius. 

pacatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of paco] adj. 
pacified, quieted, quiet, peaceful, peace- 
able, submissive. 

paciscor, pacisci, pactus sum, 3 dep. 
ag)ee, covenant, bargain, contract, stip- 
ulate. 

paco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pax] 1 tr. 

7nake peacefid, pacify, quiet, subdue. 

Faconius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. M. Paconius, one of 
the victims of Clodius. 

pactum, -i, [pactus] n. agreement, cov- 
enant, conti^act, compact, stipulation ; 
manner, way, means. quo pacto, Iry 
what means, in what way, how. nescio 
quo pacto, / know not hxnv, somehoiu 



or other, nullo pacto, in no tvaij, by 
no means. 

pactus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of paciscor] adj. 
agreed upon, settled, determined upon, 
stipulated. 

paene, adv. nearly, almost. 

paeniteo, -ere, -ui, , 2 tr. and intr. 

7nake sorry, cause to repent ; repent, be 
sorry. Impers. paenitet, -ere, paeni- 
tuit, it repents, it makes sori"y, it 
giieves, one repents, one regrets ; it dis- 
pleases, it offends. 

paenula (p6n-), -ae, f. travelling cloak, 
mantle. 

paenulatus, -a, -um, [paenula] adj. 
wearing the 2>ci€nula, wrapped in a 
cloak. 

palam, adv. openly, publicly, without 
concealment. 

Palatium, -i, [Pales, Italian goddess of 
shei)herds] n. the Palatine Hill, one of 
the seven hills of Rome, the original 
site, and later a famous residential sec- 
tion of the city. 

Palladium, -i, [dim. of Pallas] n. the 

Palladium or image of Pallas Athena, 
the Roman Minerva, which was said to 
have fallen from the skies, and on the 
preservation of which depended the 
safety of Troy. It was captured by the 
Greeks Ulysses and Diomede. Hence, 
a palladium, bulwark, safeguard. 

palus, -udis, f. marsh, swamp, bog. 
Pampbylia, -ae, f. a small country on 
the southern coast of Asia Minor. 

Pansa, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or v 
family name. Esp. C. Vibius Pansa, v 
a friend of Caesar's and later consul ^k 
w^ith Hirtius in 43 B.C., in which year he '* 
fell in the attack on Mark Antony at 
Mutina. 

Papirius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. M. Papirius Maso, 
killed by the Clodians in 58 b.c. See 
also Carbo. 

Papius, -a, -um, adj. of Papius, Papian. 
Esp. in the phrase l6x Papia, an alien 
law proposed by the tribune C. Papius 
in 65 B.C. 



ortus— patemus 



525 



par, paris, adj. equals like^ alike ^ on a 
par with, a match for, well-matched ; 
suitable, right, proper. par atque, 
see atque. 

parate, [paratus] adv. icith prepara- 
tion, ivith self-jwssession, composedly. 

paratus, -a, -um, [pfp. of paro] adj. 
prepared, ready ; well-prepared, jiro- 
xided, furnished, equipped ; skilled, 
skilful. 

parco, parcere, peperci or parsi, par- 
sum, 3 iiitr. spare, be spaHng ; refrain 
from injuring, treat with forbearance, 
he considerate; refrain, cease, stop. 

parens, -entis, [pario] c. parent, father, 
mother. 

pareo, -ere, -ui, , 2 intr. appear, be 

visible ; be evident, be manifest ; obey, 
be obedient, submit, comply ; gratify, 
yield. 

paries, -etis, m. wall of a house. 

pario, -ere, peperi, partum, fut. part. 

parittirus, 3 tr. bring forth, give birth 

to, iwoduce ; create, effect, accomplish ; 

procure, acquire, obtai?i, get, win, 

secure. 
paro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr: 

77iake ready, prepare, provide, furnl'^h, 

arrange, get ready for; intend, resolve; 

procure, acquire, get. 

parricida, -ae, [pater, cf. caedo] m. 

parricide; murderer, assassin; outlaw, 
desperate criminal. 

parricidium, -i, [parricida] n. parri- 
cide; murder, assassination; high trea- 
son, TvorriJble crime. 

pars, partis, f. part, portion, share, 
divisiori; some, several; party, faction, 
side; character, role; function, office, 
duty; region, district; direction, way, 
degree, aliqua ex parte, in some 
measure. ex omnibus partibus, on 
all sides, in every direction. 

parsimonia (parci-), -ae, [parco] f. 

sparingn ess, frugality , parsimony . 

particeps, -cipis, [pars, cf. capio] adj. 
sharing, partaking. As subst. m. 
sharer, participant, partner, associate. 



partim, [old ace of pars] adv. pa?ily, in 
imrt. partim . . . partim, partly 

. . .2)artly, some. . .others. 

partio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, and partior, 
-iri, -itus sum, [pars] 4 tr. and dep. 

share, divide, apportion, distribute. 

partitio, -onis, [partior] f. partition, 

division, distribution. 

partus, -us, [pario] m. birth, delivery; 
offspring, young. 

parum, comp. minus, superl. minimg, 
[cf. parvus] adv. but little, too little, 
not enough, insufficiently, ill. As subst. 
too little, not enough. 

parvulus, -a, -um, [dim. of parvus] adj. 
very small, Utile, slight, insignificant, 
petty; young. 

parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor, superl. 
minimus, adj. little, small, inconsider- 
able; petty, trifling, insignificant, un- 
important, parvi, gen. of value, of 
little worth, of little account. parvi 
refert, it makes little difference, it 
matters little. 

pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum, 3 tr. and 

intr. feed, nourish, maintain, support; 
feed on, feast, gratify. 

passus, -us, m. step, pace. miUe pas- 
suum, thousand paces, mile. 

pastio, -onis, [pasc5] f . pasturing, graz- 
ing, pasture. 

pastor, -oris, [pascS] m. herdsman, 
shepherd. 

patefacio, -facere, -f6ci, -factum, 
[pateo + facio] 3 tr. lay open, lay bare, 
open, throw open ; disclose, hHng to 
light, expose. 

pateo, -6re, -ui, , 2 intr. stand open, 

lie open, be open; be exposed, be un- 
covered; extend; be clear, bewellknoivn, 
be manifest, be obvious, be patent. 

pater, -tris, m. father, sire. V\. fathers, 

forefathers, ancestors ; senators. 

patr6s cQnscripti, see conscriptus. 

pater familias, Bee familia. 
paternus, -a, -um, [pater] adj. of a 

father, father's, pate7'?ial ; of one's 

fathers, of the fatherland. 



526 



VOCABULARY 



patiens, -entis, [pr.p. of patior] adj. 
Innrf suffenng^ emiuHng^ ]}a(iffit, tol- 

< /((/it. 

patientia, -ae, [patiSns] f. longsHfer- 
ing, ehdurance, submission, patience ; 
forbearance, indulgence, lenity. 

Patina, -ae, ni. a Komaii coguomcn or 
family iiaino. Ei*p. T. Patina, a friend 

of C'lodius. 

patior, pati, passus sum, 8 dop. suffer, 
undergo, endure, bear; put up irifh, 
toltrate; allow, jyermit, let. 

patria, -ae, [patrius] f. fatherland, 
one^s natire land, native place, own 
covnit-y; home. 

patricius, -a, -um, [paterl adj. of fa- 
tlurhj dignity, (f t^tiKitoriid rank; pa- 
trician, noble. Aa bubtit. patricil, 
-orum, ni. pi. the patricians, nobility. 

patrimSnium, -I, [pater] n. inheritance 
from a fatluT. paftrixd estate, ancestral 
estdtf', patrimony. 

patrius, -a, -um, [pater] adj. of a father, 
father's, paternal; of one's fathers, an- 
cestral, faynily- . 

patronus, -I, [pater] m. protector, pa- 
tron; def Older, adrocate. 

patruus, -I, [pater] m. father^ s brother, 
nnclc on tlie fatlicr's eide. 

paucus, -a, -um, adj. few, a few, little. 
As sui)&t. pauci, -orum, m. p\.few^ a 
few. pauca, -orum, n. pi. a few 
tilings, little, a feu: ivords, briefly. 

paulisper, [paulum -»■ per] adv. for a 
little while, for a short time. 

paulo, [abl. of paulum] adv. by a little, 
a little, somewhat. paulo ante, a 
little while ago,jvst7iow. 

paululum, [paululus, very little'] adv. 
a very little, a little, somewhat. 

paulus, -a, -um, adj. little, small, slight, 
insigniflcanf. 

Paulus, -i, [paulus] m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. Esp. : 
1. L. Aemilius Paulus, one of the 
best specimens of the Roman 
nobles, consul 168 b.c, when he 



conquered Porses, the king of 
Macedonia. 
2. L. Aemilius Paulus, praetor in 
53 B.C., an opp(mcnt to Clodius. 

pax, pads, f. peace, treaty of peace, 
reconciliation; concord, harmony; tran- 
quillity, quiet. pac6 tua, by your 
good leave, with your pei^inission. 

peccatum, -i, [pecc6] n. favlt, wrong, 
offence, sin; 7nistakr, blunder. 

pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, l intr. commit 
a fault, do wrong, offend, sin; err, go 
wrong, nialce. a mistake. 

pecto, pectere, pexi, pexum, 3 tr. comb. 

pectus, -oris, n. breast; heart, feelings, 
di.^})i>sition; soul, 7nind, understanding. 

pecuarius, -a, -um, [pecu, cattle] adj. 
of cattle. Ab siibst. pecuaria, -ae, f. 
cattle-breeding. 

pectilatus, -us, [pectilor, embezzle] m. 
end)ezzlement. 

pectinia, ^ae, [pecusj f. property, ivealth; 
mom y, sum (f money. pectiniam 

repetere, see repeto. 
pecuniosus, -a, -um, [pectinia] adj. 

m(nn yed, rich, wealthy. 

pecus, -udis, f. a head of cattle; brute^ 
du>/(b t,east, animal; sheep. ^j 

pedester, -tris, -tre, [p6s] adj. on foot, 7 I 
])edestrian; infantry, foot-; on land, by 
land. 

pedetemptim (-tentim), adv. step by 
step, gradually, cautiously. 

p6ior, sec mains. 
p6ius, see male. 

pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, 3 tr. 
beat, strike, drive; drive away, expel, 
banish; d?'ive back, repel, rmit; move, 
touch, impress. 

Penates, -ium, [cf. penus, provisions] 
m. pi. household gods, the Penates, the 
guardian deities of the family ; home, 
fireside, hearth. 

pendeo, pendgre, pependi, — , [cf. 
pendo] 2 intr. hang, hang down, be sus- 
pended; depend, rest, be dependent; be 
in susjyense, be undecided, hesitate, be 



patiens— perexiguus 



527 



pendo, pendere, pependi, pensum, 3 tr. 

weighs weigh out; pay ^ pay out ; ponder^ 
consider; of a penalty, pay, suffer. 
penes, prep, with acCi icith, at the house 
of; i/i the power of, in the control of in 
the hands of. 

penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and 

intr. enter, penetrate, force one'^sway. 
penitus, adv. inwardly, deeply, deep 
within, far icithin; thoroughly, pro- 
foundly, utterly, entirely. 

pensito, -are, -avi, , [freq. of penso, 

cf . pendo] 1 tr. weigh out, pay. 

per, prep, with ace. through; of space, 
through, throughout, all over, across, 
along, among; of time, through, dur- 
ing, for, in the course of; of means 
and manner, through, by, by the 
agency of, by means of, under pretence 
of, for the sake of, with a view to; in 
oaths and adjurations, by, for the sake 
of. With reflex, per me, etc., by my- 
self, single-handed, alone, in person; so 
far as I am concerned. In composition, 
through, thoroughly, completely, very. 

peradulescens, -entis, [per + adule- 
scens] adj. vein/ young. 

perago, -agere, -egi, -actum, [per + 
ago] 3 tr. pierce through; disturb, agi- 
tate; carry through, carry out, com- 
plete, acco7nplish; go through, relate, 
detail. 

peragro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per, ef. 
ager] l tr. wander through, travel over, 
travel, traverse; spread through, pene- 
trate. 

perangustus, -a, -um, [per + angustus] 

adj. very narrow. 

perbrevis, -e, [per + brevis] adj. very 
short, very biief, concise. 

percallesco, -ere, percallui, , [per 

+ inch, of calleo, be callous] 3 intr. 
become thoroughly hardened, grow cal- 
lous. 

per cello, -ere, perculi, perculsum, 3 tr. 

beat down, strike, down, smite, overturn, 
knock over; discourage, dishearten. 

percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, [per 
+ capio] 3 tr. take in, seize, get, collect. 



reap; perceive, observe; learn, hear, 
understand, know. 

percitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of percieo, from 
per + cieo, 7nove~] adj. deeply moved, 
excited, incensed. 

percommode, [percommodus, from per 
+ COmmodus] adv. xery opportunely, 
most conveniently, by great good for- 
tune. 

percrebresco (-besco), -ere, percrebrui 

(-bui), , [per + crebresco, cf. erc- 

ber] 3 intr. become xery frequent, grow 
prevalent, be spread abroad. 

percutio, -cutere, -cussi, percussum, 
[per + quatio, shake] 3 tr. thrust 
through, run through, pierce, transfix; 
strike hard, beat, hit, smite; kill, slay; 
shock, astound, 

perditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of perdo] adj. 
lost, ruined, hopeless, desperate; aban- 
doned, profligate, corrupt. 

perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditum, 
[per + do] 3 tr. make away luith, waste, 
squander; ruin, destroy; lose utterly or 
irrevocably. 

perdtico, -ducere, -dtizl, -ductum, [per 

+ duco] 3 tr. lead through, lead; bring, 
carry along, guide; lengthen, prolong; 
bring aver, win over, p)ersuade, induce. 

perduellio, -onis, [perduellis, public 
enemy] f. high-treason. 

peregrinor, -ari, -atus sum, [peregri- 

nus] 1 dep. sojourn abroad; travel 
abroad, travel, roam; be abroad, be ci 
stranger. 

peregrinus, -a, -um, [per + ager] adj. 
fcrreign, alien, strange, outlandish. As 
subst. peregrinus, -i, m. foreigner, 
stranger. 

perennis, -e, [per + annus] adj. everlast- 
ing, unceasing, unfailing, perpetual, 
perennial. 

pereo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, [per-f eo] 
irr. mXx.pjass away, disappear, vanish; 
be destroyed, be killed, perish, die; be 
lost, be wasted, be spent in vain. 

perexiguus, -a, -um, [per + exiguus] 

adj. very small, petty, insignificant; 
xery short. 



5- 



VOCABULARY 



perfectio, -onis, [perficio] f. finishing, 
(■nt,ii)lftion, accoinpllsjnnent; complete- 
//< .•<<, ji( /ftctton. 

perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [per + 
fero] wtAy. bear through; bring, carry, 
deliver; bring tidings, report; carry 
through^ carry out, bring about, accom- 
plish; bear, endure, sufer. put up with, 
S'fbfnif to. 

perficio, -ficere, -feci, perfectum, [per 
+ facio] 3 ir. carry out, accomplish, 
])erfor?n; bring about, cause, effect; 
bring to an end, finish, comphti', perfect. 

perfidia, -ae, [perfidus, from per + fi- 
dusl f-.f(fit/ilessncss, tnachtry, /jtrfidy. 

perfringS, -fringere, -fr6gi, -fractum, 
[per H frango] 3 ti. break through, 
bnak in pitCts, shiver, shatter; break, 
violate, iiifring* . 

perfruor, -frul, -fructus sum, [per + 
fruorj 3 dep. enjoy to the full, enjoy, be 
d> lighted. 

perfugio, -ere, perftigl, , [per + fu- 

gioj 3 IwiY.fiee for refuge, take refuge 
in; go over^ desert. 

perfugium, -i, [perfugiS] n. jilace of 

rrfuge. vefii(j<\ t^Iielffr, asylum. 

peri'jngor, -fungi, perfunctus sum, 
[per + fungorl 3 dtp. fxlfi^, perform, 
discharge; go through with, undergo, 
endure; get through ivith, get rid of. 

pergo, pergere, perr6xi, perrectum, 

[per-f regoj 3 tr. ami intr. go on, pro- 
ceed, advance, march; keep on, con- 
tinue; make haste, hasten. 

perhorresco, -ere, perhorrui, , [per 

+ horresoo, incli. of horreo], 3 tr. 
and intr. bnstle up; tremble all over, 
quake with teiTor, shudder at, be filled 
ivifJi dread. 

periclitor, -ari, -atus sum, [pericu- 
lum] 1 dep. try, make a trial of, test; 
imperil, endanger, risk; be imi)e7'illed, 
be in danger, run a risk. 

periculose, [periculosus] adv. danger- 
ously, ivith risk, with peril, perilously. 

periculosus, -a, -um, [periculum] adj. 
dangerous, full of danger, hazardous, 
perilous. 



periculum, -i, n. tnal, attempt, ttst; 
danger, risk., peHl; trial at law, law- 
suit, suit. 

perimo, -imere, -emi, 6mptum, [per + 
emo] 3 tr. annihilate, destroy, put an 
end to. 

perinde, [per + inde] adv. in the same 
manner, just so, just, equally, exactly. 
perinde ac or atque, see atque. 

periniquus, -a, -um, [per + iniquus] 

adj. ctry utfair, most u//jusf; very un- 
icilli/ig, utterly discontented. 

peritus, -a, -um, adj. experienced; of 
great expeiience, practised, trained ; 
skilled, skilful, expert. 

peritirium, -i, [periurus, from per + itis] 
w.falst oa/h, perjury. 

permagnus, -a, -um, [per + magnus] 

adj. vi ry great, vast, l/n/n(/i,^c. 

permaneS, -manSre, -mansi, -mansum, 
[per + maneo] ^ intr. stay, reniain ; hold 
out, last, endure, continue, persist. 

permitto, -mittere, -misl, permissum, 
[per + mittol 3 tr. let go; give up, ha/td 
over, surrender, jmt in the harids of, 
intrust, commit; grant, allow, permit. 

permodestus, -a, -um, [per +modestu8] 

a<lj. viry modest, excessively shy. 

permoveo, -mov6re, -movi, -motum, 
[per + moveo] 2 tr. inove deeply, rouse, 
excite ; influence, incite, lead, prevail 
upon. 

permultum, [permultus] adv. very 
much, very far. 

permultus, -a, -um, [per + multus] 

adj. ve?y much, very many, a great 
many. 

permutatio, -onis, [permiito, from per 
+ muto] f. thorough change, revolution, 
upheaval; exchange, interchange. 

pernicies, -ei, [per + nex] f. destruction, 

overthrow, disaster, ruin ; pest, bane, 

curse. 
perniciosus, -a, -um, [pernici6s] adj. 

destructive, ruinous, baleful, pernicious. 
pernocto, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + 

nocto, cf . nox] 1 intr. stay all night, 

pass the night. 



perfectiO'-pervenio 



529 



peroro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + oro] l 

tr. and iutr. speak from beginning to 
end^ plead ; close, wind up, conclude, 
sum vp. 
perparvus, -a, -um, [per + parvus] adj. 
very small, trifling, minute. 

perpauci, -orum, [per + paucus] adj. 
very few, only a very few. 

perpetior, -peti, perpessus sum, [per 
+ patior] 3 dep. hear patiently, submit 
to, suffer, endure. 

perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. continuous, 
unbroken, uninterrupted, continual, 
constant; lasting, permanent, perpetual; 
entire, whole. in perpetuum, for 
all time, forever . 

perpolitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of perpolio, 

from per + polio] adj . thoroughly pol- 
ished, refined, highly cultivated. 

persaepe, [per + saepe] adv. very often, 
very frequently, many times. 

persapienter, [per + sapienter] adv. 
very wisely, luith great ivisdom. 

perscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- 
turn, [per + scribo] 3 tr. write in full, 
ivrite out ; record ; describe fully, re- 
count, detail. 

persequor, -sequi, persectitus sum, 
[per + sequor] 3 ^o^. follow up, follow 
after, pursue ; copy after, imitate ; 
prosecute, punish, avenge ; follow out, 
accomplish, bring about; set forth, re- 
late, recount. 

Perses, -ae, [nepo-rj?] m. the last king of 
Macedonia, conquered by L. Aemilius 
Paulus in 168 b.c. 

perseverantia, -ae, [persevere] f. 

steadfastness, constancy, persistence, 
perseverance. 

persevero, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + 

severus] l tr. and iutr. continue stead- 
fastly, persist, persevere. 

persolvo, -solvere, -solvi, -soltitum, 
[per + solvo] 3 tr. unloose ; pay in full, 
pay. 

persona, -ae, [per, cf. sono] f. mask; 
part, roll, character; person, personage. 

perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, perspectum, 
[per + specio] 3 tr. look through, look 



into; examine, inspect ; perceive clearly, 
see plainly, observe, note, ascertain. 

perspicue, [perspicuus] adv. clearly, 
plainly, evidently. 

perspicuus, -a, -um, [cf. perspicio] adj. 
clear, plain, obvious, Tnanifest. 

persuades, -suadere, -suasi, persua- 
sum, [per + suadeo] 2 tr. and intr. con- 
vince, persuade ; prompt, induce, pre- 
vail upon. 

per tenuis, -e, [per + tenuis] adj. very 
thin, extremely slight, very weak. 

perterreo, -terrere, -terrui, perterri- 
tum, [per + terreo] 2 tr. frighten 
thcyroughXy, alarm, terrify. 

pertimesco, -ere, pertimui, , [per 

+ timesco, inch, of timeo] 3 tr. and 

iutr. be thoroughly frightened, be great- 
ly afraid, be alarmed ; fear greatly, 
dread. 

pertinacia, -ae, [pertinax] i. persistence^ 
stubbornness, obstinacy, pertinacity. 

pertinax, -acis, [per + tenax, tenacious] 
adj. unyielding, stubtorn, obstinate, per- 
tinacious. 

pertineo, -tinere, -tinui, , [per + 

teneo] 2 intr. stretch out, extend, reach; 
belong, nave to do with, concern, refer ; 
tend, lead, conduce, be conducive. 

perturbs, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + 
turbo, throw into confusion] 1 tr. throw 
into disorder, disturb, confuse, throw 
into confusion ; make anxious, agitate, 
alarm. 

pervado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum, [per 
+ vado] 3 tr. and intr. go through, 
spread through, prevail ; penetrate, 
reach, extend, pervade, fill. 

pervagatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of per- 
vagor] adj. luide-spread, well-known. 

pervagor, -ari, -atus sum, [per + 
vagor] 1 dep. roam through, rove 
about; spread out, extend; pervade. 

pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
[per + venio] 4 intr. come up, arrive, 
reach, get as far as; corM,fall; come to, 
attain. 



530 



VOCABULARY 



pervolgo ^-vulgo), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[per, vf. volgus] l tr. tnake common, 
fpieuil ahroaU, publish. 

pSs, pedis, m.foot. 

pessimg, see male. 

pestifer, -era, -erum, [pgstis + fero] 

adj. destructive, baleful, pernicious, pes- 
tilential. 

pestis, -is, f. ])lague, pestilence : destruc- 
tion, ruin, death ; pest, scourge, mrse, 
bane; plague-spot, r?ionster. 

Petilius, -I, ni. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. Q. PetUius, a juror at 
the trial of Milo. 

petltiS, -Onis, fpetO] f. thrust, blow, at- 
tack ; soliciting Jor office, canvass, can- 
didacy; claim, suit. 

pet5, petere, petivl <>r -ii, petitum, 3 
tr. strive for, sak, aim at, tnj to gtt; 
attack, assault, thrust at ; dtviand by 
lepal action, sue for ^ claim; beg, Ijeseech, 
retjuest, ask; solicit, be a candidate for; 
make for, repair to, go (o; ohtaiii^ get. 

petulantia, -ae, Ipetulaas, saucy] f. 

siiur'ttuss, impudeitct ; Uitntonness. 

Pharsalicus, -a, -um, adj. of Pharsalia, 
the rej^ion abont riiarsaliis in Thesealy 
where Caesar defeated Pouijx?y in 48 b.c. 

Philippus, -I, [*iAirr7ro?] ni. a proper 
liuuie. l'>p. : 

1. Philippus v., king of Macedonia, 
conqiuTL'd b.v the Romans. 

2. L. Philippus, a distinguiBhed Ro- 
man orator, consul in 91 b.c, 

philosophus, -i, [0tA6ao</)os] m. philos- 
cp.'ier. 

Picenus, -a, -um, adj. of Picenu??i, a 
district in eastern Italy northeast of 
Rome. 

pictor, -oris, [cf. pingo] m. painter. 

picttira, -ae, [cf. pingo] f. painting, 
the art of painting; pictiy?^e. 

pig, [pius] adv. dutifully, conscientiously, 
religiously, devotedly. 

pietas, -atis, [pius] f. dutiful conduct, 
devotion, piety ; filial affection, affec- 
tion, love, gratitude, loyalty, patHotism. 



pignus, -oris or -eris, n. pledge, security; 

hostage. 
pila, -ae, f. ball; game of ball. 
pilum, -i, n. hvavy javelin, pilnm. 

pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictum, 3 tr. 

paint; picture, dejacf, portray. 

pinguis, -e, adj. fat; rich, fertile; dull, 
heavy, stupid, coarse. 

Pls5, -Onis, ni. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Calpumius 
Piso Caesonius, consul in 58 li.r., 
Caesar's father-in-law, one of a com- 
mission of three sent by the Senate to 
make terms of peace witli Mark Antony 
at Mutina in 43 b.c. 

Pius, -i, [pius] ni. a name given to Q. 
Metellus. See Metellus 2. 

pius, -a, -um, adj. dutiful, conscientious, 
devout, rtligious^jAous; devoted, filial, 
taring, loyal. 

places, placSre, placul or placitus 
sum, 2 intr. please, be jileasing, be 
agrauttle; be acceptable, meet with one's 
approval, suit, satisfy. Impers. it 
j)leases, one approves; it is ag?red, it is 
settled ; ii seems riglUy it is thought 
tjest, it is decided, it is i^esolved. 

placo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. placeo] i 
tr. (piiif, ^.oothe, apjmise, pacify ; con- 
ciliate, win one's favor, propitiate, rec- 
oncile. 

plaga, -ae, f. bUrw, stroke, strike, thrust; 
injury, adamity, disaster. 

plane, [planus] adv. clearly, plairdy, 
flatly, distinctly ; wholly, quite, en- 
tii^y, utterly. 

planus, -a, -um, adj. flat, level, plane; 
clear, plain, distinct. 

plebeius, -a, -um, [plebs] adj. of the 
common people, of the populace, plebeian. 

plebs, plebis, or plebes, -ei or -i, f. 
comm^on people, commons, the plebeians, 
the people, the populace; masses, multi- 
tude. 

plenus, -a, -um, adj. full, filled; entire, 
complete, finished; rich, plentiful. 

pl6rumque, [plerusque] adv. for the 
most part, mostly, usually, generally, 
very often. 



pervolgo— porro 



531 



plerusque, -aque, -umque, adj. a very 
great jmrt of, the most, the majority, 
most. As sabst. plerique, -orumque, 
m. pi. most people, the majority, a great 
many. 

Plotius, -i, ni. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Plotius Gallus, 

the first Roman teactier of rhetoric, a 
friend of Mariiis. 

Plotius, -a, -um, [Plotius] adj. of 
Plotius, Plotian. lex Plotia, a law 
for the punishment of riotous acts in 57 
B.C., when Cicero was recalled from 
exile. 

plurimum, [pltirimus] adv. very much, 
most, especially; for the most part, 
■generally. 

plurimus, -a, um, see multus. 

plus, pluris, see multus. 

plus, used as comp. of multum, adv. 
more, too much. 

poena, -ae, iiroivri] f. indemnification, 
coinpensation, recompense; x>unishment, 
penalty, retribution. poenas dare, 
see do. 

poenio, see punio. 

Poenus, -a, -um, adj. Punic, Carthagin- 
ian. As sLibst. Poeni, -orum, ni. pi. 
the Carthaginians. 

poeta, -ae, [Trotrjrryg] m. poet. 

polio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4 tr. snfiooth, 
polish ; adorn, emheUish ; refine, im- 
prove. 

polliceor, -eri, poUicitus sum, 2 dep. 
offer, make an offer, promise. 

polluo, -ere, pollui, pollutum, 3 tr.^^o^ 
lute, defile; desecrate, violate, dishonor. 

pompa, -ae, {rtotxinfi] f. solemn proces- 
sion, parade; ostentation, pomp. 

Pompeius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Cn. PompeiuS 
Magnus, Pormpey, the well-known 
general and rival of Caesar. See Ap- 
pendix A, §§18-25. 

Pomptinus (Pont-), -i, m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. Esp.C. Pomp- 
tinus, praetor in 63 b.c. 



pondus, -eris, [cf. pendo] n. weighty 

burden ; imj)ortance, consequence, in- 
fluence, authority. 

pono, ponere, posui, positum, 3 tr. 

put doivn, put, place, set, lay; fix^ 
station ; lay down, lay aside, give up ; 
spend, employ; class, consider, regard; 
appoint, ordain, make ; allege, assert., 
maintain ; propose, offer ; build, base, 
rest. 

pons, pontis, m. bridge. ; 

pontifex, -icis, [pons, (?f. facio] m. 
hiqh-priest, jiontiff, pontifex. ponti- 
fex maximus, the chief priest, to whom 
belonged the general supervision of the 
state religion. 

Pontus, -i, [nofTo?] m. the kingdom of 
Mithridates, south and southeast of 
the Pontus Euxinus, or Black Sea, from 
w^hich it derived its name. 

popa, -ae, m. priest's attendant, inferior 
X)riest. 

Popilius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. C. Popllius, a senator 
convicted of embezzlement. 

popina, -ae, f. eating-house, cook-shop, 
loiv tavern. 

popularis, -e, [populus] adj. of the 
people, for the people, agreeable to the 
people, democratic, popular. As subst. 
popular es, -ium, m. pi. democratic 
party, democrats, as opposed to opti- 
mates, the aristocracy, the nobles. 

populor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep: lay 

ivaste, ravage, devastate, destroy. 

populus, -i, m. a people, a nation, a tribe; 
the people, the masses. populus Ro- 
manus, the Roman people, the whole 
body of citizens, constituting the Ro- 
man state. 

Porcius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. See Cato. 

porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, [per 

(pro) + rego] 3 tr, stretch forth, extend; 

Iwld foi'th, reach out, hand, offer. 
porro, [cf . pro] 2i(i\. forward, farther on, 

afar off; henceforth, hereafter ; again, 

in turn, then again, further. 



532 



VOCABULARY 



porta, -ae, f. cify-gate, gate ; entrance^ 
pasi^age, avenue. 

portentum, -i, [portendo, iwrUnd'] n. 
sign, omen, poj'tent; monster, 7nonstros- 
ity, prodigy. 

ports, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. can^j, con- 
vey, take, bring. 

portus, -us, [cf . porta] m. harbor, haven, 
port. ex portti, from, customs. 

posco, poscere, poposci, , 3 tr. ask 

urgently, beg, demand . claim ; f^ecpnre, 
call/or. 
positus, -a, -um, [pfp. of pono] adj. 

pldced, ait noted, lying. 

possessio, -onis, [por (pr6> + sedeo] f. a 

taking j)ossession, seizing, ocaipying ; 
holding, ocmpation, jwssession ; }X)sses- 
si(nis, property, estates, lands. 

possideo, -sid6re, -s6dl, possessum, 
[por (pro) + sedeo] 2 tr. jxissess, own, be 
master of. hold possession of, occupy ; 
hare, enjoy. 

possum, posse, potui, [potis + sum] irr. 
intr. be able, havt jKfwer, can; be strong, 
have weight or influence, avail. 
post, at^v. and prep, after : 

\. As adv. behind, after; afterwards, 

later, next. 
2. As prep, with ace. after ; of place, 
behind ; of time, after, since ; of 
other relations, after, beneath, in- 
ferior to. next to. post quam, 
see postquam. 
postea, [post + ea] adv. after that, there, 
after, afterwa/ds. later; then, in view 
of that. postea quam, after, with 
following clause. 

posteaquam, sec postea. 

posteritas, -atis, [posterus] f. the 

future, future ages; future generations, 
posterity. in posteritatem,/o7' the 
future, in the future, hereafter. 

posterus, -a, -um, comp. posterior, 
superl. postremus, [post] adj. coming 
after, subsequent, later; next, following. 
As snbst. posteri, -orum, m. pi. coming 
generations, posterity. in posterum, 
for the future. Comp. posterior, -ius, 
later, inferior, of less account. Superl. 



postrgmus, -a, -um, last, hindermost ; 
lowest, basest, worst. postrSmo, abl. as 
adv. at last, lastly, finally. 

posthac, [post + hac] adv. after this, 
hereafter, henceforth, in future. 

postquam, [post + quam] conj. after, as 

soon as, when. 
postrgmo, see posterus. 
postremus, see posterus. 
postridie, [posteri + di6] adv. the next 

day. the day after. 

postulatio, -onis, [postulo] f. de?nand, 

request. 

pSstulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. ask, de- 
mand, claim ; request, desire ; 'require, 
call for. 

pot5ns, -entis, [pr.p. of possum] adj. 
able, strong, powerful, mighty ; in- 
fluential, of influence, potent. 

potentia, -ae, [pot 6ns] f. power, might; 
authority, sway, influence. 

potestas, -atis, Ipotis] i. power, ability, 
capacity ; authority, control, stray, do- 
minion, sovereignty; oflUce, magistracy ; 
ojyportunity, permissiofi, jirivilege. 

potior, potiri, potitus sum, [potis] 4 

dej). become master of, take possessio7i 
of, get control of, get, obtain, acquire ; 
be master of, hold, possess, occupy. 

potis or pote, comp. potior, superl. po- 
tissimus, pos. indecl. adj. able, ca- 
pable ; possible. Comp. potior, -ius, 
better, preferable, superior, more im- 
portant, potius, as adv. rather, 
more. Superl. potissimus, -a, -um, 
chief, principal, most impoi^tant. po- 
tissimum, as adv. chiefly, principally, 
especially, particularly, rather than 
anyone or anything else, above all, most 
of all. 

potissimum, see potis. 

potius, see potis. 

potus, -a, -um, adj. having drunk, 
drunken, intoxicated; gluttonous. 

prae, prep, with abl. before, in front of ; 
in comparison tvith, in view of ; of pre- 
ventive cause, /(9r, because of, on accwint 
of. In composition, befm^e, before others, 
at the head of, very. 



porta— Praeneste 



533 



praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae + 
habeo] 2 tr. /lohl forth, p:vfe}\ offer ; 
give, grant, supj^ly ; give up, yield; 
furnish, affm^d; shoic, display, present. 

praeceps, -cipitis, [prae + caput] adj. 
head-first, headlong, in haste; steep, 
precipitous, abrupt ; hasty, rash, incon- 
siderate, precipitate. 

praeceptum, -i, [praecipio] n. maxim, 
precept, instruction; injunction, direc- 
tion, order, command. 

praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, praeceptum, 
[prae + capio] 3 tr. take beforehand, get 
in advance, anticipate; advise, admon- 
ish, give instructions, en jmn, bid, give 
directions, order. 

praecipue, [praecipuus] adv. chiefly, 
principaUy, especicdly. eminently. 

praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae, cf. capio] 

adj. special, particular. X)eculiar; ex- 
cellent, distinguished, extraxyr dinar y . 

praeclare, [praeclarus] adv. very clear- 
ly; excellently, very well; admirably, 
nobly, gloriously. 

praeclarus, -a, -um, [prae + clams] 

adj. very bright; splendid, magnificent, 
admirable, excellent; very sinking, re- 
markable; illustHous, distinguished, 
famous, renoivned. 

praecltido, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, 
[prae + claudo] 3 tr. shut off, shut close; 
forbid access to. 

praeco, -onis, [prae+voco] m. crier, 
hercdd; eulogist. 

praeconium, -i, [praeconius, from 
praeco] n. proclaiming, heralding; 
ublic laudation, commendation. 

praecurro, -currere, -cucurri, rarely 
-curri, , [prae + curro] l tr. and 

iPxtr. run before, hasten on before, pre- 
cede; outrun, outstrip, surpass, excel. 

praeda, -ae, f. booty, spoil, plunder; 
f/ain, profit. 

praedator, -oris, [praedor, rob] m. 
plunderer, pillager, robber. 

praedicatio, -onis, [praedico] f . public 
proclaiming, proclamation; commenda- 
tion, praise. 



praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, [prae + 
dico] 1 tr. and iutr. make known by 
proclamatioD, proclaim, announce; de- 
clare operdy, assert, say; report, relate; 
praise, commend; vaunt, boast. 

praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, [prae 
+ dico] 3 tr. say beforehand, foretell, 
predict; advise, warn, admonish, in- 
struct, charge. 

praeditus, -a, -um, [prae + datus] adj. 
gifted, endoived, provided, possessing. 

praedium, -i, n.faimi, estate, manor. 

praedo, -onis, [praeda] m. plunderer, 
freebooter, robber. 

praeeo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, — , [prae + eo] 

irr. tr. and intr. go before, precede; re- 
cite beforehand, dictate, prescribe. 

praefecttira, -ae, [praefectus] f. pre- 
fecture, the office of the prefect or gov- 
ernor of a provincial town; also, the 
town BO governed. See praefectus. 

praefectus, -i, [praeficio] m. overseer, 
superintendent; captain; pi^efect, gov- 
eriyyr of an Italian town, appointed an- 
nually and eent out from Rome. 

praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [prae + 
fero] irr. tr. bear before, carry in front 
of; hold forth, hand to; place before,' 
esteem above, prefer; show, manifest, 
reveal. 

praeficio, -ficere, -feci, praefectum, 
[prae + facio] 3 tr. set over, place in 
authority over, place at the head of, 
put in command of. 

praefinio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [prae + fi- 
nio] 4 tr. determine beforehand, fix as 
a limit, ordain, prescribe. 

praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 

[prae + mitto] 3tr. send forward, send 
on, despatch in advance. 

praemium, -i, [prae + emo] n. advan- 
tage, favor; reward, recompense; prize, 
plunder, booty. 

praemoneo, -6re, -ui, -itum, [prae + 
moneo] 2 tr. ivam beforehand, fore- 
warn, admonish beforehand. 

Praeneste, -is, n. one of the most ancient 
and important towns in Latium, strongly 
situated among the hills twenty miles 



534 



VOCABULARY 



southeast of Rome; modern name Pa- 
lestrina. 

praeparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [prae + 
paro] 1 tr. prepare beforehand, pre- 
pare, make preparations for, provide 

f07'. 

praepono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
[prae + ponoj 3 tr. put before, plact 
first; put in charge, set over, place in 
command, appoint; set before, prefer. 

praeripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, 
[prae + rapid] 3 tr. snatch away, carry 
off; seize in advance, carry off prema- 
turely; forestall, anticipate. 

praerogativus, -a, -urn, [praerogO, ask 

first] adj. votinri first. As stibst. prae- 
rogativa, -ae, f. thj; prerogative cen- 
tury; previous choice, preliininary elec- 
tion; a sure sign, an earnest, a token. 

praescribS, -scribere, -scrlpsi, -scrip- 
turn, iprae + scribol 3 tr. arite before; 
prtfix in writing; detennine in ad- 
vance^ ordain, direct, prescribe. 

praesens, -entis, [pr.p. of praesum] adj. 
at hand, j)resen^, here present, in per- 
son; immediate, instant, prompt, im- 
pending; powerful, influential ; favor- 

■ ing, propitious. 

praesentia, -ae, [praesgns] f. presence; 
the present time. in praesentia, at 
the present time. 

praesentio, -sentire, -s6nsl, -s6nsnm, 
[prae + sentio! -i tr. peradve before- 
hand, have a presentiment of, presage, 
divine. 

praesertim, adv. especicdly, particularly. 

praesideo, -ere, praesedi, , [prae + 

sedeo] 2 tr. and intr. sit before; watch 
over, guard, protect, defend; preside 
over, have charge of, direct, superin- 
tend. 

praesidium, -i, [praeses, cf. praesideo] 

n. defence, protection; guard, armed 
force as a guard, escort, garrison; posty 
station, fortification, camp; aid, help, 
assistance; safeguard, bidicark, strong- 
hold. 

praestabilis, -e, [prae + stabilis] adj. 
preeminent, excellent, distinguished. 



praestans, -antis, [pr.p. of praestOl 
adj. preeminent, surpassing, suj)erior, 
excellent, distin g uished. 

praesto, adv. at hand, ready, present, 
here. praestO esse, be at hand. 

praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum, fut. 
part, praestattirus, [prae + sto] l tv. 
and intr. stand before; stand out, 
be at the head, be superior, surpass, 
eTxel; vouch for, answer for, be resjw/t- 
sible for, make good; guarantee, give 
assurance of ; fulfil, discharge, perform; 
maintain, preserve, keep; show, display, 
manifest. Impers. it is better, it is 
preferable. 

praestolor, -ari, -atus sum, l dep. 
stand ready for, wait for, expect. 

praesum, -esse, -ful, [prae + sum] irr. 
intr. be b(fore; be set ovtr, prtside over, 
hare charge of, be in command, com- 
mand, rule. 

praeter, adv., and prep, with ace. past, 
by, on bifore, in front of, along by; con- 
trary to, against; beyond, at)0ve, more 
than ; except, besides, apart from. 

praeterea, [praeter + ea] adv. besides, 
and besides, moreover , further . 

praetereo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, or -itum, 
[praeter + eoj irr. tr. and intr. go by, 
go past, pass by ; pass over, disregard, 
overlook, leave out, omit. 

praeteritus, -a, -um, [pf.p- of prae- 
tereo] adj. go?i,e by, past. As subst. 
praeterita, -orum, n. pi. thej^ast. 

praetermitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, [praeter +mitto] 3 tr. let go by, 
let pass; let slip, omit, leave undone, 
neglect; j^ciss over, ]7ass without notice, 
overlook. 

praeterquam, [praeter + quam] adv. 
except, besides. 

praetextatus, -a, -um, [praetexta] 

adj. wearing the toga praetexta. 

praetextus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of prae- 
texo, border] adj. bordered. prae- 
texta (sc. toga), toga praetexta, the 
purple-edged toga worn by the higher 
magistrates, also by free-bom Roman 
boys until their seventeenth year, when 



praeparo— probitas 



535 



they assumed the toga virilis of plain 
white, in praetexta (sc. toga), in boy- 
hood. 

praetor, -oris, [cf. praeeo] m. praetor, 
one of the higher magistrates of Rome. 
See Appendix C, §6. 

praetorius, -a, -um, [praetor] adj. of 
a praetor, praetorian. cohors prae- 
toria, see cohors. 

praettira, -ae, [praeeo] f • office of prae- 
tor, praetorship. 

pransus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of prandeo, 
breakfast^ adj. that has breakfasted; 
overfed, satiated. 

pra vitas, -atis, [pravus] f . crookedness, 

t irregularity , deformity ; perverseness, 

ticiousness, depravity. 
pravus, -a, -um, adj. crooked, defoi^ied; 
perverse, vicious, bad. 

precor, -ari, -atus sum, [cf . prex] i dep. 
j)ray, supplicate, entreat, beseech, beg ; 
invoke, call upon. 

premo, premere, pressi, pressum, 3 tr. 

press; p)ress hard, j^ress ujjon, pursue 
closely, croicd ; press down, burden, op- 
press ; iveigh down, overivhelm, crush ; 
urge, drive ; check, restrain. 

pretium, -i, n. pii^ce, money, value, 
worth. ; recompense, reward, return. 
operae pretium, worth the efoi^t, ivorth 
one's while. 
■ [prex, precis], f. nom. and gen. sing, not 
in use, prayer, entreaty, request; curse, 
imprecation. 
pridem, adv. long ago, long since, iam 
pridem, long ago,long,for a long time, 
this long time. 

pridie, [cf . prior + die] adv. on the day 

before, the previous day. 
Prilius Lacus, a small lake in Etruria, 

now Lago di Castiglione, near the Via 

Aurelia. 

primarius, -a, -um, [primus] ad^.ofthe 
first rank, supeii^or, eminerd, distin- 
guished. 

1 primo, [primus] adv. at first. 

primum, [^xveoxl^'] ^(ii.\. first, in the first 
place ; for tJie first time, cum pri- 



mum, as soon as. ut primum, as soon 
as. quam primum, as soon as pos- 
sible, ubi primum, as soon as. 

primus, see prior. 

princeps, -cipis, [primus, cf. capio] 

^^]- first, foremost; chief, most distin- 
guished. As subst. m. the first man, 
the first ; chief, leader, prime m&oer ; 
hea d, an thor, founder. 

principatus, -us, [princeps] m. begins 
ning; the first place, leadership, suprem- 
acy; chief command. 

principium, -i, [princeps] n. beginning, 
commencement, origin. 

prior, -ius, gen. -oris, comp., superl. 
primus, adj. former, 2yrevious, before, 
pnor, first ; better, supetixrr. Superl. 
primus, -a, -um, first, forefnost; of the 
first rank, chief, siqjerior, distinguished, 
noble. in primis, see imprimis. 

pristinus, -a, -um, [prius] adj. former, 
original, of old, old-time, jjHsiine. 

prius, [prior] adv. comp. before, sooner, 
first, previously, prius quam, sooner 
than, earlier than, before. 

priusquam, see prius. 

privatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of privo] adj. 

apart, individual, personal, private; 
retired. As subst. privatus, -i, m. 
man in private life, private citizen. 

privo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. deprive, 
bereave, rob, strip; free, release, deliver. 

pro, prep, with abl. before, in front of, in 
the presence of; for, in behalf of, in the 
service of ; in place of, instead of; in 
return for, for; in comparison with, in 
accordance with, according to; in pro- 
portion to; by virtue of, on account of. 
pro eo atque, see atque. 

pro, inter j . ! ah ! alas ! 

proavus, -i, [pro + avus] m. great- 
grandfatJier; forefatJier, ancestor. 

probe, [probus] adv. well, rightly, 

honestly ; fitly, properly ; excellently ; 
vei^ well. 

probitas, -atis, [probus] f. honesty, up- 
rightness, moral worth, iittegnty. 



536 



VOCABULARY 



probo, -are, -avi, -atum, [probus] i tr. 

find good, appi'ove, commend, esteejn ; 
repres€7it as good, recommends 7uake 
acceptable ; shou\ make clear, prove^ 
demonstrate. 

pfobus, -a, -um, adj. good, supey-ior, ex- 

cdltnt, Jionest, upright. 

procedo, -ere, -cSssi, -c6ssuin, [pro + 
C6d6j 3 intr. go forward, advance, pro- 
ceed. 

procella, -ae, f. violent ivind, stoi'm, 
tempest, hunicane ; violence, commo- 
tion, tumult. 

procSssio, -onis, [pr6c6d6] f. a inarch- 
ing on, ad V a) ice. 

procreo, -are, -avI, -atum, [pr5 + creo] 

1 tr. Jn-ing forth, beget, procreate ; gen- 
erate, produce. 

procul, adv. at a distance, afar off, away, 
far aicay. 

proctiratiQ, -onis, fproctiro, take care 
of] f . a caring for, management, super- 
intendence, administratioi} . 

prodeo, -Ire, -il, -itum, [pr5d (proUeo] 

irr. intr. go forth, rome forward, appear; 
go forward, pwceed. 

prodigium, -i, n. prophetic sign, amen, 
jwrtent; prodigy, monster. 

prSdigus, -a, -um, adj. wasteful, lavish, 
prodigal. As subst. prodigus, -I, m. 

spend thnft, prodigal. 

proditor, -oris, [prodQ] m. betrayer, 
traitor. 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum, 
[pro + doj 3 tr. put forth, exhibit ; re- 
veal, disclose, betray; relcde, hand down, 
transmit. 

produce, -ducere, -duxi, productum, 
[pro + duco] 3 tr. lead forth, bring out; 
bring forward, cause to appear, pro- 
duce ; bring forth, beget ; raise, pro- 
mote, advance; prolong, drag out. 

proelium, -i, n. battle, covnbat, fight. 

pro^nus, -a, -um, [pro + fanum] adj. 
not sacred, semlar, common. 

profectio, -onis, [profectus, from pro- 
ficiscor] f. a setting out, starting, de- 
parture. 



profecto, [pro + factS] adv. actually, 
really, truly, surely, Pm sure. 

profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [pro + 
feroj irr. tr. carry out, bring forth, 
produce; put forth, stretch out, extend ; 
put of, defer ; bring forward, adduce, 
discover, make known, reveal; qvot'e, 
cite, in^ntion. 

professi5, -onis, [profit eor] f. acknowl- 
edgment, declaration, pivmise ; pro- 
fession . b usiness. 

proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, [pro + 
facio] 3 tr. and intr. make headway, 
make 2)rogress, advance, have success, 
sitcceed ; accomplish, effect, gain ; be 
useful, do good, avail. 

proficiscor, -i, profectus sum, [pr5ficio] 

3 dep. set out, start, go, depart ; go on, 
pjvceed; begin, commence ; arise, oHgi- 
nate. 

profiteor, profit6ri, professus sum, 
[pro + fateorj 2 dei), declare publicly, 
profess, acknowledge, own ; aroiv one's 
self, profess to be; offer freely, promise. 

profligatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of prSfligo] 

adj. abandoned, vile, corrupt, un- 
principled, profligate. 

profllgo, -are, -avI, -atum, 1 tr. dash 
to the ground, prostrate, overthrow, 
overcome ; destroy, ruin, cimsh. 

profugio, -fugere, profugi, — , [pro + 
fugio] 3 intr. fiee, run aivay, take to 
fligJit, escape ; fiee for refuge, take 
refuge. 

profundo, -fundere, -fudi, profusum, 
[pro + fundo] 3 tr, pour out, poiir forth, 
shed; lavish, waste, dissipate, squander, 
Ihroiv away. 

profundus, -a, -um, [pro + fundus] adj. 

deep, profound; vast, boundless. 

profundum, -i, [profundus] n. depth; 
the depths of the sea, deep sea; abyss. 

progenies, , ace. -em, abl. -e, [pro, 

cf . gigno] f . descent, lineage, family ; 
posterity, offspring, child. 

progredior, -gredi, prcgressus sum, 
[pro + gradior, advance] 3 de^.goforth, 
go, go forward, advance, proceed; m^ke 
headway^ make progress* 



probo— pr5ripio 



537 



prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [pro + habeo] 

2 tr. hold back, check, restrain ; keep off, 
hinder^ prevent; keep, preserve, 2'>rotect^ 
d(-fmd; forbid, prohibit. 

proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [pro + 
iacio] 3 tr. throw or cast forth, throiu ; 
t1y)i»w forward, hold out ; cast out, ex- 
pel, banish ; throw away, sac?ijice, 
abandon; hvrry, precipitate. 

proinde, [pro + inde] adv. hence, accord- 
ingly, therefore, then ; just so, in like 
manner, equally, just. 

prolato, -are, -avi, -atum, [prolatus, 

from profero] l tr. extend ; put off, 

defer, delay, postpone. 
promissum, -i, [promitto] n.jjromise. 
promitto, -mittere, -misi, promissum, 

[pro + mitto] 3 tr. send or putfoi^th ; 

hold out, give hope of, cause to expect, 

assure, pronitse. 

promo, promere, prompsi, promptum, 
[pro + emo] 3 tr. take out, give out, 
bring forth, produce. 

promptus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of promo] adj. 
set forth, apparent, manifest ; at hand, 
ready, quick, prompt. 

promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and 

intr. bnng forward puhlicly, give notice 
of, propose, publish, promulgate. 

pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro + 
nuntio] 1 tr. and intr. proclaim, declare, 
announce, publish ; pronounce, decide ; 
promise, offer. 

propago, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. setfor- 
wai'd, extend, inci^ease ; generate, en-_ 
gender, propagate ; prolong, continue, 
preserve. 

prope, comp. propius, superl. proxime, 
adv. and prep.: 

1. As adv. near, nigh, at hand; 
nearly, almost. 

2. As prep, with ace. near. prope 
modum, nearly, almost, just about. 

^ propemodum, see prope. 

propero, -are, -avi, -atum, [properus, 
quickl 1 tr. and intr. make haste, hasten, 
be quick, go quicklij. 

propinquus, -a, -um, [propel adj. near, 
neighboring, not far (ff ; kindred, re- 



lated. As subst. propinquus, -i, m. 

relative, kinsman. 

propior, -ius, gen. -oris, comp., superl. 
proximus, [of. prope] adj. nearer, 
closer; more nearly related, of more 
concern, of greater impoit. Superl. 
proximus, -a, -um, nearest, very near, 
next; last, latest, most recent; following; 
closest, next of kin. As subst. proxi- 
mus, -i, m. near relative, next of kin. 

propono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
[pro + pono] 3 tr. set forth, place befm^e; 
set before, propose; imagine, conceive; 
point out, adduce, declare, relate; offer, 
present; threaten, denounce; resolve, 
intend, determine, determine upon. 

propraetor, -oris, [pro + praetor] m. 

propraetor, one who governs a province 
after having been praetor. 

proprie, [proprius] adv. personally, in- 
dividually, solely, as one's own; prop- 
erly, accurately, appropriately. 

proprius, -a, -um, adj. one's own, indi- 
vidual, special, peculiar, characteristic; 
exact, appropriate, proper; lasting, en- 
during, permanent. 

propter, [prope] adv. and prep. : 

1. As adv. near, hard by, near at 
hand. 

2. As prep, with ace. near, next to, 
close to; on account of, by reason of, 
because of, for the sake of, for; 
through, by means of. 

propterea, [propter + ea] adv. /or that 
reason, on this account. propterea 
quod, because. 

propugnaculum, -i, [proptigno, from 
pro + ptigno] n. rampart, outworks., 
fortress; bidwark, defence, protection. 

propugnator, -oris, [proptigno, from 
pro + ptigno] m. defender, soldier, 
champion. 

propulso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
propello, from pro + pello] l tr. drive 
buck, repel, rejvil.^e; ward off. avert. 

proripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, [pro 
+ rapi6J 3 tr. drag forth, drag off* 
snatch away. 



5 



j<- 



VOCABULARY 



proscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- 
turn, Ipro + scriboJ 3 tr. make jn/biic, 
puOiifih, j)rociaim, announct ; at/vtrfiite^ 
on flaw, prosc?'ibe. 

proscriptio, -onis, [proscribo] f. public 
m)(k\- of sale, adrertistiiuitt; outlawry, 
cviijiacalion , jnoscr'tptkni . 

prosequor, -sequi, prosecutus sum, 
[prO + sequorj 3 dep. follmr, accom- 
pany, escort; wait upon, atiernf; follow 
vp, purtfue; honor, pay re.^pect, cliatin- 
guUh. 

prospers, fprosperus, pros})€rous] ndv. 
/((nrably, luckily, fortunately, success- 
fully, prosjyei-mtsly . 

prSspiciO, -spicere, -spexi, pr5spec- 

tum, (pro » Speci51 3 tr. and iiitr. l(K>k 
forward, look out, look; look to, htokout 
for, provide for, take care of. 

prdsterno, -ere, prOstravI, prOstra- 
tum, Ipro + sternO; •'> tr. sin ic Ufon. 
cast clown y overthrow., lay low, pros- 
trate; ruin, destroy. 

prosum, prSdesse, proful, fprS + sum] 

irr. iiitr. In f/s^-ful, ftt- (f adrantarje, 
jnojif, do (jooil. In neft, av<nl. 

protraho, -trahere, -traxi, protrac- 
tum, I pro + trah5] -^ fr. draw forth, 
dra'jout. jtroduci ; hr'infj to light, dis- 
clotic, re real. 

prOvidentia, -ae, [provid6ns, from pro- 
vides] f. fotr sight, foi'ethmight, pre- 

ca>it)o}i. 

provideo, -videre, -vidi, provisum, 
[pro + video], ii tr. and intr. si-e bi-f ore- 
hand, foresee; act with foresig Jit, take 
jwecautions or jmins, see to it, be care- 
ful, take care; provide, ?tiake provision, 
malce ready, look after. 

provincia, -ae, f. offi.ce, duty, charge; 
province. 

provincialis, -e, [provincia] adj. of a 

province, in a province, provincial. 

provoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro + voco] 
1 tr. aud intr. call forth, call out, chal- 
lenge; rouse, stirvp, excite, jrrovoke. 

proxime, see prope. 

proximus, see propior. 



' prud6ns, -entis, [for provid6ns, from 
provideo] adj. fortseting; skilled, 
versed, experienced; with knawltdge, 
deliberate; far-seeing, knowing, saga- 
cious, sensible. Judicious, discreet, pru- 
dent. 

prtidentia, -ae, [prudCns] f. foresight; 
knowledge, skill; sagacity, practical 
jvdg?mnt, gooil sense, discretictn, 2)7'u- 
dence. 

pruina, -ae, f. hoarfrost, frost. 
pubes, -eris, ndj. grown vp, adult. As 

8ubsi. puber6s, -um, m. pi. grown men, 

adults, ablt -bodied men. 

pub6s, -is, f- grown vp young men, youth 
able to bear arms, young men. 

publicanus, -a, -um, [publicus] adj. 
of the public nven ue. As su l)st, publi- 
canus, -I, m. fanner of the revenues, 
pidilii (in. 

publicatio, -5nis, [publico] f. confisca- 
tion of private i)r()perly for the sUile. 

publics, 1 publicus] adv. publicly, in the 
name of the state, for or on behalf of the 
state, officially; generally, all together. 

Publicius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or 
j^'oitilc name. Esp. a follower of Cati- 
line's. 

publico, -are, -avi, -atum, [publicus] 

1 tr. adjudge to public use, confiscate. 

publicus, -a, -um, [for populicus] adj. 
of the people, of the stat^, state-, offi- 
cial, public; common, general. r6s pti- 
blica, the commonwealth, the state, 
republic, the government, the ccyuntry; 
piMic buMness, affairs of state; public 
life, politics; public weal, general ivel- 
fare, interests of the country. As subst. 
publicum, -i, n. public property; pub- 
lic treasury, jmblic revenue; public 
place, publicity, carere publico, be in 
retirement, remain at home. 

Publius, -i, ra. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

pudeo, -ere, pudui or puditum est, 2 

tr. and intr. be ashamed; make 
ashamed, put to shame. Usually im- 
pers. (m.e is ashamed, translatjog the 
accusative as subject. 



proscribe— quaestor 



539 



padicitia, -ae, [pudicus, modest] f. 
modesty^ virtue^ chastity. 

pudor, -oris, [pudeo] m. shame, sense of 
shame, feeling of decency, modesty, pro- 
jjriety; sense of honor or rigid, self- 
respect; disgrace, ignomuLy. 

puer, pueri, m. hoy, lad, young man; 
servant, slave. ex pueris, from 
boyhood. 

puerilis, -e, [puer] s^^]. boyish, childish, 
youthful. aetas puerilis, the age of 
boyhood. 

pueritia, -ae, [puer] f. boyhood, child- 
hood, youth. 

pugna, -ae, f. fight, combat, battle, en- 
gagement. 

ptigno, -are, -avi, -atum, [pugna] 1 

»tr. and mti. fight, give battle, engage; 
contend, dispute; struggle with, ojijjose, 
resist; struggle, strive. 

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. beautiful, 
handsome, fair ; attractive, fine, excel- 
lent ; noble, honorable ; glorious, illus- 
trious. 

pulchre, [pulcher] adv. beautifully ; 
finely, excellently; nobly, admirably. 

pulchritudo, -inis, [pulcher] f. beauty; ! 
attractiveness, excellence. 

pulvinar, -aris, [pulvinus, cusJnon] n. 
couch of the gods, a cushioned seat 
spread at a feast of the gods before their 
statues : shHne, temple. 

punctum, -i, [pungo] n. puncture ; 
point. punctum temporis, an in- 
stant, nwment. 

pungo, -ere, pupugi, punctum, 3;tr. 
puncture, punch, pierce, stab; make by 
piercing ; cuinoy, grieve, afflict. 

Punicus, -a, -um, [Poeni] adj. Punic, 
Carthaginian. 

punio (poenio), -ire, -ivi, -itum, 
[poena] 4 tr. punish, chastise; revenge, 
avenge. 

\ punitor, -oris, [punio] m. punisher; 
I avenger. 

ptirgo, -are, -avi, -atum, [purus + 
ago] 1 tr. make, clean., cleanse., purify ; \ 



clear from accusation, exonerate, excul- 
pate, justify; vindicate, establish. 

purpura, -ae, [■nop4>vpa'\ f. purple ; 
purple cloth, purple gcLrment, 

purpuratus, -a, -um, [purpura] adj. 

clad in purple. As subst. purpuratus, 
-i, m. officer of a roycd court, courtier. 

purus, -a, -um, adj. unstained, un- 
spotted, clean, pure; undefiled, chaste. 

puto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. cleanse, 

clear up ; reckon, estimate, 'value ; es- 
teem, regard, consider ; think, believe ; 
suspect, suppose, imagine. 



Q., abbreviation for Quintus. 

qua, [abl. fern, of qui] adv. by tvhich 
way, where, at which place ; by what 
means, how. 

quadraginta, [quattuor] num. adj. 

ind.ec\. forty. 

quadringentiens (-ies), [quadrin- 
genti, four liundred'] num. adv. four 
hundred times. quadringentiens 
(sc. centena milid^)^ forty miUion. 

quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesi- 
tum, 3 tr. seek, look for ; seek to gain, 
try to get, strive after ; gain, get, ac- 
quire; lack, need, want; ask, demand, 
require, call foi' ; make inqiiiry or in- 
vestigation, inquire into, investigate, 
conduct investigations ; put the ques- 
tion to, examine. 

quaesiior, -oris, [quaero] m. inquirer, 

investigator ; prosecuting officer, presi- 
dent of a court of inquiry. 

quaeso, [cf. quaero] def. 3 tr. and intr. 
beg, pray, beseech, entreat ; often paren- 
thetical, quaeso, / beg you, I pray, 
please. 

quaestio, -onis, [quaero] f. exa?7iifla- 
tion, inquiry, investigation ; judicial 
investigation, criminal inquiry, trial, 
court; subject of investigation, question 
on tHal, case. 

quaestor, -oris, [for quaesitor, from 
quaero] m. quaestor. For the duties, 



540 



VOCABULARY 



etc., of the quaestor, see the lutroduc- 
tioD, §§13-16, and Appendix C. 

quaestSrius, -a, -urn, [quaestor] adj. 
of a quaestor^ quaestovian. 

quaestuosus, -a, -um, [quaestus] adj. 
profitable, lucrative, cuivantagtot/.^. 

quaesttira, -ae, [cf. quaero] f. ojice of 
q u (It star, q uaestoi'sh ip. 

quaestus, -us, [cf. quaero] m. acquhi- 
tio/iy gain, profit, advantage, intereat ; 
business, occupation. 

qualis, -e, [qui] pron.adj.,iiiterrog. and 
rel.: 

1. As interrog. of what sort f of irhat 
natuj'ef what sort off 

2. As rel, of .such a kind, such as, 
such. tSlis . . . quails, such ...as. 

quam, [quis, qui] adv. and conj., inter- 
rog. and rel.: 

1. Ai? interrog. how .^ how much f 
quam diu, how longf 

2. As rel. }ion\ how much, as, as much 
as. quam diu, as long as. 

In comparison^?, as, than, rather 
than. tam . . . quam, as ...as, so 
fnuch...a>!. Witli suiKTlativcs, forms 
of possum being expressed or under- 
stood, in the highest ihgree, as... as 
jx)ssible. quam plurimOs, as many as 
po.^aible. 

quamditi, s?oe quam mkI diti. 
quamobrem, adv. phrase : 

1. As interrog. for 2vhat reason? 
2chy? 

2. As rel. for which reason, why, 
wherefore, hence, accordingly. 

quamquam, [quam + quam] conj. 
though, although, notwithstanding 
that; and yet, yet after all, however. 

quamvis, [quam + vis, from volo] adv. 
and conj.: 

1. As adv. as7jou will, as much as you 
icill, however much, no matter hoiv. 

2. As conj. however much, although. 

quando, adv. and conj.: 

1. As adv. interrog. when? at what 
time? ; indef. after n6, num, or si, 
at any time, ever, some time, sovne 
day. 



"l. As conj. 7chen, at the time that ; 
since, as, inasmuch as. 

quandoquidem, [quando + quidemj 

adv. since, Keeifig that. 

quant 0, see quantus. 
quanto opere, see opus, 
quantum, [quantus] adv. : 

1. As interrog. how much? how 
great? how far? ivhat ? 

2. As rel. so much as, to as great an 
extent as, as far as. 

quantus, -a, -um, pron. adj.: 

1. As interrog. how great? how 
much ? what ? 

2. As rel. as great as, as much as, 
as. tantus . . . quantus, as great 
as, as much as. 

As subst. quantum, -I, n. how much ? 
as much as. quanti, ^'en. of price, 
for how much ? at what pnce? at the 
price that. quant5, abl. as adv. 6y 
how much, how ?nuch, ?jy as imich as, 
accoi'ding as. 
quantuscumque, quanta-, quantum-, 
[quantus + cumque] rel. adj. how great 
soever, 0/ whatever size; however small, 
however trifling. 

quapropter, [qua + propter] adv. in- 
terrog. and vv\.for what reason? why?; 
on which account, wherefore, therefore. 

qua r6 <>r quarfi, adv. phrase : 

1. As interrog. by what means? how?; 
on what account? why? 

2. As rel. wherefore, and for that 
reason; by reason of which. 

quartus, -a, -um, [quattuor] num. adj. 

fourth. 
quasi, [qua + si] adv. and conj. as if, 

just as if, as it were, as one might say ; 

about, nearly, proinde quasi, quasi 

Y^TO^just as if, forsooth. 

quasso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
quatio, shake] 1 tr. shake violently, 
brandish; shake, shatter, shiver. 

quattuor, num. adj. mdicc]. four. 

-que, conj. enclitic, and. 

quem ad modum, adv. phrase, interrog. 
and rel. in what manner? how? ; in 
what way, how, as. 



quaest5rius— quisquam 



54t 



queo, quire, quivi or quii, , irr. 

intr. be able, can. 

querela (querella), -ae, [queror] f. 

lamentation, lament; complaming, com- 
plaint, cause of complaint. 

querimonia, -ae, [queror] f. lamenta- 
tion, complaining ; complaint, accusa- 
tion, reproach. 

queror, queri, questus sum, 3 dep. 
lametU, bewail; complain, make a com- 
plaint; complain of , find fault with. 

1. qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, interrog. 
adj. proD. ivhich ? what f ichat kind of? 

2. qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. pron. 
who, which, what, that; whoever, 
whichever, whatever; often, in that, as, 
to. 

qui, [old abl. of qui] adv. interrog. and 
rel. how f by what means? in what 
way? ; wherewith,by means of which, 
how. 

quia, conj. because. 

quicumque, quae-, quod-, [qui + cum- 
que] rel, pron. indef. whoever, which- 
ever, whatever ; whosoever, whatsoever; 
eveinfone who, everything that ; any- 
thing whatever, every possible, every, 
all that. 

quid, see quis. 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam, or as 
adj. quoddam, [qui] rel. pron. a 
certain, a certain one, one, a, a kind of; 
a certain man, someone, something, a 
thing; pi. some, certain, sundry. 

quidem, [qui] adv. indeed, in fact, as- 
suredlij, Tm sure, certainly, most cer- 
tainly, doubtless ; at least, at any rate, 
yet ne . . . quidem, not even. 

quies, quietis, f. rest, repose, inaction, 
sleep; quiet, peace. 

quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietum, [quies] 

3 intr. go to rest, rest, repose, donothing, 
keep quiet, be at iieace; sleep, be asleep. 

quietus, -a, -um, [pfp. of quiesco] adj. 
at rest, in quiet, at peace, peaceful ; in- 
active, neutral; undisturbed, unruffled, 
calm, quiet. 

quilibet, quae-, quod-, and as subst. 
quidlibet, rel. pron. indef. whom you 



ivill, any one, no matter ivho, what you 
please^ anything, 

quin, [qui + -ne] adv. and conj. ivhy 
not? wherefore not? ; but indeed, really, 
nay in fact ; in dependent clauses, 
so that... not, but that, but, without; 
who. ..not, but ; after words of hinder- 
ing, from with Eng. verbal in -ing ; 
after words of doubt or uncertainty, but 
that, that. quin etiam, nay even^ 
in fact. 

quinam, see quisnam. 

quindecim, [quinque + decern] num. 
adj. m^Qci. fifteen. 

quingenti, -ae, -a, [quinque + cen- 
tum] num. adj.^re hundred. 

quinquaginta, [quinque] indecl. num. 
fifty- 

quinque, num. adj. md^cl. five. 
quintus, -a, -um, [quinque] num. adj. 

fifth. 
Quintus, -i, [quintus] m. a Roman 

praenomen or forename. 

quippe, [qui + -pe] adv. of course, no 
doubt, as you see, naturally ; since, for, 
for you see; ironically, /orsoo^A, indeed. 

Quiris, -itis, m. Roman citizen ; esp. in 
voc, -pi. felloiv -citizens. 

quis, quid, interrog. pron. who ? which ? 
what?; quid, often in questions and ex- 
clamations, alone or followed by vero, 
turn, igitur, ergo, leading up to the 
main question, what of this, again, but 
again, why, but r)iark this, listen, etc. 

quis (qui), qua, quid, indef. pron. any 
one, anybody, one, any, anything; some 
one, some ; used chiefly after si, nisi, 
ne, num, and in relative sentences. 

quisnam, quae-, quid-, or as adj., qtil- 
nam, quae-, quod-, [quis (qui) + nam] 
interrog. pron. wJio, pray ? which or 
what, pray? luho, etc., in the world? 
what ? 

quispiam, quae-, quod-, or as subst. 
quidpiam, indef. pron. any one, any- 
body, anything, any ; some one, some- 
body, something, some. 

quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, in- 
def. pron. any one, any man, anybody* 



542 



VOCABULARY 



anythinff, any. neque quisquam, 

and no one, none. 

quisque, quae-, quid-, or as adj. quod- 
que, [quis + -que] iudef. pron. each,, 
each one., every., everybody., every one, 
everything, all. optimus quisque, 
every good man. quotus quisque, see 
quotus. 

quisquis, quidquid or quicquid, or as 
iulj. quodquod, rel. pron. indef. loho- 
ever, whatever, whatsoever, no ?natter 
ivho, no jnatter what, every one who, all 
who. 

quivis, quae-, quid-, or as adj. quod vis, 
[qui + vis, from volo] indef. pron. 
whom you jtlease, ivhat you please, any 
one you please or you like, any one, any- 
thing, any whatever or at all, any ]X)S- 
sible. 

quo, [qui] adv. and conj.: 

1. a. abl. of degree of difference with 
comparatives, by what, by as much 
as, the. /3. abl. of cause with nega- 
tives, for the reason that, because, 
t\at, as if. y. of result chiefly with 
comparatives, wherefore, whereby, 
on account of lohich, and so. 5. of 
purpose, esp. with comparatives, 
that thereby, in order that. quo 
minus, that not, from with Eng. 
verbal in -ing. 

2. a. iuterrog. to ivhat place? whither? 
whereto? /3. rel. to which plcjice, 
whither, and to this point, as far 
as. y. indef. after si or nfi, any 
ivhiOter, to any place. 

quoad, [quo + ad] adv. and conj. as far 
as; till, Until: as long as, while. 

quocirca, [quo + circa, cf.circum] conj. 
for ichich reason, wherefore, and for 
this reason, and therefore. 

quocumque, [quo + -cumque] adv. to 
whattcer place, whithersoever, where- 
ever, whichever way. 

quod, [ace. n. of qui] adv. and conj. with 
respect to which, as to what, in what, 
wherein ; in that, th£ fact that, that ; 
because, inasmuch as, since, for ; as 
for the fact that, as for with Eng. verbal 
in -ing. quod si, but if, and if, now if. 



quominus, sec quo, 1 6. 

quo modo, [quis + modus] adv. phrase, 

iuterrog. and rel. in what manner? 

how?; in the manner that, as, just as. 

quondam, [quom (cum) + -dam] adv. 

0)ice upon a time, once, formerly ; onct 
in a while, sometimes. 

quoniam, [quom (cum) + iam] conj. 
since, seeing that, as, inasmuch as. 

quoque, conj. also, too, as well, even, 
placed after an emphatic word. 

quot, indecl. adj., interrog. and rel. how 
many ?; as many as, as. 

quotannis, [quot + annis, from annus] 
adv. every year, year by year, annually. 

quotidianus, sec cotidianus. 

quotidie, see cotidie, 

quotiens (.-i6s), [quot] adv., interrog. 

and rel. how often? how many times?; 

as often, as often as. 

quotienscumque (quotigs-), [quotiens 
+ -cumque] adv. however often, just as 
offtn as. every time that. 

quotus, -a, -um, [quot] adj. wJiich in 
number, of what number. quotus 
quisque, how many; how few. 

quo usque, adv. phrase, until what time ? 
how long ? 



radix, -icis, f. root; lower part, foot, 
base; basis, foundation, origin, source, 

raeda, -ae, f. a heavy four-wheeled ve- 
hicle. 

raedarius, -I, [raeda] m. coachman, 
driver of a raeda. 

raplna, -ae, [rapio] f . robbery, iilunder- 
ing, plunder, ]nllage, rapine. 

rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, 3 tr. 

seize and carry off ; snatch, drag, drag 
off; snatch away, hurry away, carry 
along, carry away, impel; rob, plun- 
der, ravage, lay waste. 

raro, [rarus, rare\ adv. rarely, seldom, 
nmo and then. 

ratio, -onis, [reor, reckorL\ f. reckoning, 
numbering, calculation, account; trans- 



qtiisque— reciis5 



543 



I 



action, business, affaii\ concern ; ref- 
erence, resiiect, connection; regard, con- 
sideration; relation, condition; course, 
arrangement, method, 'manner, kind, 
style; plan, plan of action, design, plan 
of life, pi'inciple ; judgment, under- 
standing, course of reasoning ; reason, 
motive ; propi^ty, rule, order ; theory, 
doctnne, theoretical knowledge, science; 
view, opinion . rationem habere, see 
habere. 

ratiocinor, -ari, -atus sum, [ratio] l 

dep. reckon, calculate ; reason, argue. 

re- or red", inseparable prefix, again, 

anew, back, against. 
rea, see reus. 
Reatinus, -a, -um, [Reate] adj. of 

Reate, a Sabine town of which Cicero 

was patrouus. 

recede, -cedere, -cessi, recessum, [re- 
+ cedo] 3 intr. go back, fall back, reti7'e, 
withdraw; desist. 

recens, -entis, adj. fresh, young, new, 
still fresh, recent; vigm^ous. 

recensio, -onis, [recenseo, counti f. 
enumeration; census. 

receptor, -oris, [recipio] m. harboi^er, 
concealer; haunt. 

recessus, -us, [rec5do] m. a going back, 
retreating, retiring, withdrawal; re- 
tired spot, nook, corner, retreat. 

recido or reccido, -ere, reccidi or re- 
cidi, fut. part, recasurus, [re- + cado] 

3 intr. fall back, return, relapse; full, 
sink, be reduced; fall to, be handed 
over; recoil, be visited. 

recipio, -cipere, -cepi, receptum, [re- 
-capioj 3 tr. take back, bring back, get 
back, regain, recover; admit, accept, 
receive, welcome ; take upon one'^s self, 
assume; be surety for, promise; take up. 
Undertake. se recipere, witJidraw, 
return., retire, retreat. 

recito, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + cit5] l 

tr. read out, read aloud, declaim, recite. 

reclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + cla- 

mo] 1 tr. and intr. a^y out against, ex- 
claim against, protest. 



recognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, rec6- 
gnitum, [re- + cognosco] 3 tr. know 
again, recognize, recall, recollect; look 
over, review, examine. 

recolo, -colore, -colui, recultum, [re- 
+ C0l6] 3 tr. cultivate again, work over; 
practise again, resume, renew. 

reconciliatio, -onis, [reconcilio] f. a 

reestablishing, restoration, renewal; rec- 
onciliation. 

reconcilio, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
concilio] l tr. regain, recover, restore, 
reestablish; reunite, reconcile. 

reconditus, -a, -um, [pf .p. of recondo] 
adj. put away, out of the way, hidden, 
retired, sequestered; abstruse, recondite. 

recondo, -condere, -condidi, recondi- 
tum, [re--f condo] 3 tr. put back; put 
away, shut up, close, hide, conceal; of 
a sword, sheathe. 

recordatio, -onis, [recorder] f. recollec- 
tion, remembrance. 

recorder, -ari, recordatus sum, [re- + 
cor, hearty 1 dep. recall to mind, recall, 
bethink one's self of, remember, recollect. 

recreo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + creo] l 

tr. re-create; renew, restore, receive, re- 
fresh, invigorate. 

recta, [abl. f. of rectus, sc. via] adv. 
straightway, right on, directly. 

rgcte, [rectus] adv. in a straight^Jine ; 
Hghtly, icith justice, pi^jperly; correct- 
ly, well, duly, suitably. 

rectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of rego] adj. in 
a straight line, straight, direct, unde- 
viaiing; mght, correct, proper, befitting; 
just, upright. 

recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-, cf. 
cupiOj 1 tr. get back, regain, recover. 

recurro, -ere, recurri, , [re- + cur- 

ro] 3 intr. r-un back, hasten back; re- 
turn, revert, recur. 

reciiBatio, -onis, [recuso] f. a declining, 
ref'^isal; objection, protest. 

recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-, causa] 
1 tr. and intr. make objections to, object 
to, object; decline, refuse; reject, repu- 
diate. 



544 



VOCABULARY 



rea-, -oc re-, 
redactus, sec redigo. 

redargue, -ere, redargui, , [red- + 

arguoj 3 tr. and iiitr. du<proit, confute^ 
co)itradict. 

reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum, 
[red- + doj 3 tr. give back, return, re- 
store; cause to be, make, render; repay, 
requite, pay; give up, resign, surrender; 
give, grant, bestoiv. 

red6mpti6, -onis, [redimoj f. a buying 
back, redemption, ransom; cofTupt pur- 
chase, bribery. 

redgmptor, -oris, [redimO] m. cantrac- 

tor. 

redemptus, see redimO. 

redeo, -ire, -il, -itum, [red- + eO] irr. 
intr. go back, turn back, return, come 
back; be brought back, be returned, be 

restored. 

redigo, -ere, redggi, redactum, [red- 
+ agoi 3 tr. drive back, force back, 
bring back; collect, raise, call in; re- 
duce, bring, siibdue. 

redimiS, -Ire, -i^ -Itnin, 4 tr. wreathe, 

encircle, gird, crou-n. 

redimo, -imere, -gini, red6mptum, 
[red- + em5] 3 tr. buy back, redeem, 
ransom; buy off, set free, rescue; take 
by contract, contract for, farm, lease; 
buy, acquire, secure, gain. 

reditus, -us, [redeo] m. a going back, 
re/urn; revenue, income. 

redoleo, -6re, redolui, — , [red- + 
oleo, smell of] '2. tr. aud intr. sm£ll, 
sinell of, be redolent of ; savor of^ ex- 
hale, breathe. 

rediico, -ducere, -duxi, reductum, [re- 

+ duc5] 3 tr. lead back, escort back., 
accompany; biing off, ivithdraw ; 
bnng back, restoi^e, replace. 

redundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [red- + 
undo, from unda, icave] 1 intr. run 
over, overflow; swim, reek; be left, 
redound, abound, be in excess. 

redux, -duels, [cf. reducS] adj. active, 
that bnngs back ; passive, led back, 
brought back, returned, restored. 



refello, -ere, refelli, — , [re- + fall6| 5 

tr. j/rore false, disprove, refute, ex])Of<c. 

refercio, -fercire, -fersi, refertum, 
[re- + farcio, sfuff^] 4 tr. flli up, stuff, 
stuff" up, cra/n full, croicd full, pack. 

refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum, [re- + 
feroj ill", tr. bring back, carry back, 
bring; give back, return, restore, repay; 
renew, revive, repeat; reply, answer; 
report, announce, say; record, register, 
enivll ; ascribe, attribute, refer. ad 
senatum referre,/«y before the senate, 
submit to the senate for consideration, 
pfVj)ose to the senate, consult the senate. 
s6 referre, go back, return, gratiam 
referre, ^^to gratia. 

rgfert, rgferre, rfitulit, [r6 from r6s, 
+ fer6J inji)ers. it is of advantage, it 
proflts, it is one'^s iiderest ; it is im- 
jx)rtant, it matters, it makes a differ- 
ence. 

refertus, t^eo referciO. 

reficio, -ficere, -f6cl, refectum, [re- + 
facioj 3 tr. make again, reconstruct, 
repair; renew, refresh, recrvit, rein- 
vigorate, restore. 

reformidS, -are, — , -atum, [re- + 
formidoj l tr. and intr. fear greatly, 
dread, be afraid of, stand in awe of. 
shrink from. 

refrlgerS, -are, -avI, -atum, [re- + 
frigerQ, cf. frigus] 1 tr. cool off, cool ; 
pass, grow cold, lose freshness. 

refugi5, -fugere, refugi, — , [re- + 
fugio] 3 tr. and intr. flee back, run 
away, escape; flee for safety, take ref- 
uge; avoid, shun, recoil, shrink from. 

refuto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. check, re- 
strain, repel; rebut, disprove, refute. 

rSgalis, -e, [r6x] adj. of ox like a king, 
kingly, royal, regal. 

rggia, -ae, [regius] f. royal palace. 
Esp. Numa's palace on the Via Sacra. 

rSgie, [rggius] adv. royally, in a regal 
manner; tyrannically, despotically. 

Regini (Rhe-), -orum, m. pi. the people 
of Regium. 

regio, -onis, [rego] f. direction, line; 
boundary line, boundary, limits ; guar- 



f 



red- -renovo 



545 



tei\ region^ district, coiuitry ; position, 
situation. 

Regium (Rhe-), -i, n. a Greek city in the 
" toe " of Italy, uow Reggie. 

regius, -a, -urn, [rex] adj. of or like a 
king, kingly, royal, regal. bellum 
regium, war with a king. 

regno, -are, -avi, -atum, [regnum] l 

tr. and iutr. have royal poiver, he king, 
rule, reign ; loj'd it, domineer. 
regnum, -i, [rego] n. royal authority, 
kingship, royalty ; government, domin- 
ion, sovereignty, supreme power, sway; 
arbitrary rule, despotism, tyranny ; 
kingdom, realm. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectum, 3 tr. keep 
straight, guide, direct, control, have 
control of, manage ; ride, govern, he 
master of. 

regredior, -i, regressus sum, [re- + 
gradior, advance'\ 3 dep. go back, turn 
back, return; withdraw, retreat. 

reicio, -icere, -ieci, reiectum, [re- + 
iacio] 3 tr. throw hack, hurl hack ; 
cast off or away, repel, reject; scorn, re- 
fuse, disdain, spurn ; refer, turn over ; 
of juries, set aside, challenge. 

reiectio, -onis, [reicio] f. a throwing 
hack or away, rejection ; challenging, 
challenge. 

relaxo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + laxo, 
open~\ 1 tr. stretch out, open, loosen ; re- 
lax, relieve, lighten, ease, cheer. 

relego, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + lego] 

1 tr. seiid away, despatch, remove, se- 
clude; banish, exile, relegate. 

relevo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + levo] 
1 tr. lift up, raise; make light, lighten; 
relieve, ease, soothe, alleviate, mitigate. 

religio, -onis, [re- + lego] f. coyiscien- 
tiousness, sense of right ; moral obliga- 
tion, duty ; regard for sacred things, 
reverence, devoutness, piety ; religious 
scruple, scruple of conscience, fear of 
the gods, superstitious awe ; worship of 
the gods, religious observance, religion, 
faith, cult ; sacredness, sanctity ; pi. 
objects of veneration, sacred scenes, holy 
places. 

35 



religiose, [religiosus] adv. conscien- 
tiously, scmipidously, carefully; piously .^ 

religiously. 

religiosus, -a, -um, [religio] adj. con- 
scientious, scrupulous, careful, precise; 
reverend, pious, devout ; consecrated, 
holy, sacred, venerated, venerable. 

relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictum, [re- 
+ linquo, leave] 3 tr. leave behind, 
leave; leave alone, let remain; bequeath; 
give up, resign, relinquish ; leave out, 
omit, neglect; abandon, forsake, desert. 

reliquuSy -a, -um, [of. relinquo] adj. 

left, left over, remaining ; future, sub- 
sequent, after ; the rest of, the rest, the 
other, all other. reliquum est ut, 
it remains that, it only remains to. 

remaneo, -ere, remansi, — , [re- + 
maneo] 2 intr. stay behind, remain, he 
left; continue, last, endure, ahide, he. 

remansio, -onis, [remaneo] f . a staying 

behind, remaining, stay. 

remex, -igis, [remus + ago] m. rower., 
oarsman. 

reminiscor, -i, , [re-, cf . memini] 3 

dep. recall to mind, recollect, remember, 
bear in, mind. 

remissio, -onis, [remitto] f. a sending 
back; relaxing, diminution, abatement^ 
remission; relaxation, recreation. 

remissus, -a, -um, [pfp. of remitto] 
adj. relaxed; slack, loose, lax, negligent^ 
remiss; light, merry. 

remitto, -mittere, -misi, remissum, 
[re- + mitto] 3 tr. send hack, let go back, 
cause to return ; throw hack ; give up, 
yield, grant; relax, relieve, release; re- 
mit, grant exemption from. 

remoror, -ari, -atus sum, [re-+moror] 

1 dep. hold hack, detain, delay, retard. 

removes, -movere, -movi, remotum, 
[re- + moveo] 2 tr. move hack, take 
away, ivithdraw, remove ; set aside, 
put off, get out of the way, abolish. 

remus, -i, m. oar. 

renovo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + novo, 
from novus] 1 tr. renew^ restore; re- 
fresh, revive. 



546 



VOCABULARY 



renuiiti5, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
nuntiSj l tr. bruir/ back iconL repoii, 
announce ; report upon, declare, pw- 
claim ; proclaim as chosen, declare 
elected; i^tract, renounce, abandon. 

repello, -ere, reppuli or repuli, repul- 
sum, [re- + pelloJ 3 tr. drive back, repel, 
7'epulse; keep oft\ ward off, avert; reject. 

repente, [x^^^ns^ sudden^ adv.sydde/tlf/. 

unej-jhrf^dl)/. 

repentinus, -a, -um, [rep6ns, sudden] 
adj. suddeh, unt.rpected, unlocked for ; 
ha.<()j, vnp* fuous. 

reperiS, reperire, repperi or reperi, 
repertum, 4 tr. ^fi/ul, niett with ; find 
out^Jind to bt, dificover, learn; hit ujx)n, 
devise, invent. 

repet5, -ere, -ivi, -itum, [re- + peto] 3 

tr. fall upon again, attack anew; tnek 
arjain, return to; demand back, claim, 
ask for ; take hold of again, undertake 
anew, resume, rtiteat; think over, recall, 
recollect ; tract' b<ick, deduce. pe- 
• ctiniam repetere, sue for the recwery 
of money, sue for extortioji. 

repetundae, -arum, [old form of gcr. of 
repeto, sc pecuniae] f. pi. money de- 
manded back, suit for extortion; extor- 
tion. 

reports, -are, -avI, -atum, [re- + porto] 
1 tr. carry back, bHng back ; carry off, 
get. obtain, gain. 

reposco, -ere, , , [re- + posco] 3 

tr. demand back, ask again ; claim, de- 
mand, exact. 

reprehends, -ere, reprehend!, repre- 
hgnsum, [re- + prehendo, ■'<eize'\ 3 tr. 
hold back, hold fast, seize, catch ; re- 
strain, check ; find fault with, blame, 
censure, reprove, rebuke. 

reprehensio, -onis, [reprehendo] f. 

blame, censure, reproof. 

reprimo, -ere, repress!, repressum, 
[re- + prem6] 3 \x. press back, keep back, 
restrain, check, curb, repress ; limit, 
confine. 

repudio, -are, -avi, -atum, [repudium, 

casting off^ 1 tr. cast off ; reject, refme, 
repudiate, scorn, disdain, spurn. 



repugno, -are, -avI, -atum, [re- + 
pugno] 1 intr. resist, make resistance, 
oppose, be in, opposition, contend against. 

repute, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + puto] 
1 tr. count over, reckon up ; think over, 
reflect upon. 

requiesj -6tis, ace. requiStem or re- 
quiem, [re- + qui6s] f • rest, repose, rec- 
reation; respite, int( rmission. 

requigsco, -ere, requievi, requiStum, 
[re- + quiSsco] 3 intr. rest, take rest, 
repose. 

require, -quirere, -quislvi, requisi- 
tum, [re- + quaeroJ 3 tr. and intr. seek 
again, seek, search for ; ask for, de- 
mand ; ask, inquire, seek to know ; feel 
the lack of, jniss, need, be in ivant of. 

r6s, rel, f. thing; matter, affair, business, 
object; event, occurrence, circumstance; 
deed, act, measure; condition, case; 
reality, fact, truth ; effects, property, 
possessiojis, estate ; benefit, profit, ad- 
vantage, interest; cause, reason, ground; 
lauh'iuit, case at law, trial, action. r6s 
gestae, e.vploits, deeds. r6s secundae, 
eet secundus. r6s ptiblica, see publi- 
cus. res familiaris, see familiaris. 
r5s militaris, ^'c militaris. r6s no- 
vae, Hee nevus. The word admits of a 
variety of translations to suit particular 
contexts. 

rescinds, -ere, rescidi, rescissum, [re- 
+ scindS, cut] 3 tr. cut off, cut loose, cut 
down; annul, abolish, repeal. 

reseco, -are, resecui, resectum, [re- + 
seco] 1 tr. cut off, cut away ; check, re- 
strain, stop. 

reservS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + servS] 

1 tr. keep back, save up. reserve, hold in 
reserve; retain, keep. 

resides, -sidere, -sedi, — , [re- + sedeS] 

2 intr. sit back, remain sitting ; remain 
behind, remain, be left, stay, rest; abide. 



resigns, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + signS, 
cf. signum] l tr. unseal, open ; annul, 
cancel, destroy. 

resists, -sistere, restiti, — , [re- + 
sistS] 3 intr. stand back; remain stand' 



renuntio— rogatus 



547 



ing, halt, stop, stand still ; wWistand, 
make a stand against, oppose, resist. 

respicio, -ere, respexi, respectum, [re- 
+ specio] 3 tr. and intr. look back, look 
heliind ; look back at, gaze upon, con- 
template ; have a care for, be mindful 
of, consider, respect. 

respiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + spiro] 

1 tr. and intr. breathe back, breathe out, 
exhale; breathe again, revive, recover. 

respondeo, -ere, respond!, responsum, 
[re- + spondeo] 2 tr. and intr. ansvjer, 
reply, make answer, respond; be a 
match for, be equal to; correspond, 
agree. 

responsum, -i, [respondeo] n. answer, 
reply, response; advice, opinion. 

res publica, see res and publicus. 

respuo, -ere, respui, , [re- + spuo, 

spifl 3 tr. spit back, spit out ; reject, re- 
pel, spurn. 

restinguo, -ere, restinxi, restinctum, 
[re- + stinguo, extinguishi 3 tr. jjut 
out, quench, extinguish ; exteimiinate, 
annihilate, destroy. 

restituo, -ere, restitui, restitutum, 

[re- + statuo] 3 tr. set up again, replace, 
reconstruct, reestablish, restore ; revive, 
renew, repair, remedy; reinstate, recall. 

restitutor, -oris, [restituo] m. restorer, 
rebuilder. 

resto, restare, restiti, — , [re- + sto] 

1 intr. withstand, resist, stand frm ; 
remain, be left. 

retards, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
tardo] 1 tr. and intr. keep back, delay, 
retard; hinder, impede; repress, check. 

reticeo, -ere, reticui, — , [re- + taceo] 

2 tr. and intr. he silent, keep silence, say 
nothing ; leave unsaid, conceal. 

retineo, -tinere, -tinui, retentum, 
[re- + teneo] 2 tr. hold back, keep back, 
detain; holdfast, keep, retain; hold in 
check, restrain, repress ; maintain, up- 
hold, presei^e, keep. 

retorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, retortum, 
[re- + torqueo, twisf] 2 tr. twist back, 
turn back, throw back. 



retraho, -trahere, -traxi, retractum, 
[re- + traho] 3 tr. draw back, drag 
back, bring back ; withdraw, remove, 
divert. 

retundo, -ere, rettudi or retudi, re- 
tusum or rettinsum, [re- + tundo, 
becW] 3 tr. beat back, blunt, didl ; re- 
sti^ain, check. 

reus, -i, m., and rea, -ae, f. [rgs] the ac- 
cused, the defendant, the x>risoner. 

revello, -vellere, -velli, revulsum, 
[re- + vello, iJluck'] 3 tr. pluck away, 
tear aivay, pull off. 

reverter, -i, reverti (active), reversum, 
[re- + vertor] 3 dep. turn back, come 
back, return; go back, revert. 

revinco, -vincere, revici, revictum, 
[re- + vinco] 3 tr. conquer; convict, re- 
fute, disprove. 

revivisco, -ere, revixi, revictum, [re- 
+ inch, of vivo] 3 intr. come to life 
again, be restored to life, revive. 

revoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-+voco] 

1 tr. call again, call back, recall ; call 

off, ivithdraw; renew, regain, recover; 

divert, turn away. 
rex, regis, [cf. rego] m. king ; despot^ 

tyrant. 
Rhenus, -i, m. the Rhine. 
Ehodius, -a, -um, [Rhodus] adj. of 

Rhodes, Rhodian. As sabst. Rhodii, 

-orum, m. pi. the people of Rhodes. 
Rhodus, -i, f. Rhodes, an island off the 

coast of Asia Minor. 

ridi cuius, -a, -um, [rideo, laughl adj. 
laughable, droll, amusing; absurd, 
ridiculous, contemptible. 

ripa, -ae, f . bank of a river. 

robur, -oris, n. oak ; strength, vigor, en- 
durance, force ; best part, pith, flower. 

robustus, -a, -um, [robur] adj. of oak- 
wood; robust, hardy, lusty; firm, solid, 
strong, vigorous. 

rogatio, -onis, [rogo] f. an asking, 
question; request, entreaty; proposed 
laic, resolution, bill. 

[rogatus, -us], [rogo] m. found only in 
abl. sing, request, entreaty. 



548 



VOCABULARY 



rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. ask, in- 
quire, question; ask for, request, beg, 
implore, entreat ; of a resohitiou or 
law, binng forwarti, propose, move, in- 
troduce, sententiam rogare, ask an 
opinion, call npon to vote. 

Roma, -ae, f . Borne. 

Romanus, -a, -um, [Roma] adj. of 
lioim, Roman. As tjubst. Romanus, -i, 
ra. Roman. 

Romilia, -ae, (sc tribus) f. the lio- 
?ni/ian tribe, oue of the tribes of Rome. 

R5scius, -I, ni. a Roman iiomen or pen- 
tile name. Esp. Q. R5scius, the fa- 
mous comic actor of Rome. 

r58trum, -I, [r5d5, gnaw] n. beak. PI. 
the rostra or 7vstrum, a platform for 
8i)cakere in the fonini, adorned with the 
beaks of ships. 

Rudlnus, -a, -um, [Rudiae] adj. of 
Rudiae, a town in ( alnbria, the " heel " 
of Italy, the birthplace of the poet En- 
nius. 

rudis, -e, adj. i-au, wild ; rude, tincvl- 
ti rated, vnpolished, nnskilled, ignoi'ant. 

Rtifio, -Onis, m. name of a slave. 

ruina, -ae, [ru5] f. a tumbling down, 
falling down, downfall, fall ; over- 
throw, disaster, destruction, fniin. 

rUmor, -Oris, m. vague sound, murmur; 
common talk., report, hearsay, rumor ; 
comtnon opinion, 7eputatio7i. 

rumpo, rumpere, rtipi, ruptum, 3 tr. 

break, burst, tear, rtnd : violate, de- 
stroy, annul; break in upon, inteiTupt, 
cut short. 
ru5, ruere, rui, rutum, 3 tr. and intr. 
fall with violence, tumble down, go to 
ruin or destimction, be ruined ; rush 
Juadlong, rush, dash, hurry, run. 

rursus, [for revorsus, cf. revertor] 
adv. turned back ; back again, again, 
once more ; on the contrary, on the 
other hand, in turn. 

rus, ruris, n the county^ ; loc. ruri, in 
the country. 

rtisticor, -ari, -atus sum, [rusticus] 
1 dep. sojourn in the country, rusticate. 



rusticus, -a, -um, [rus] adj. of the coun- 
try, rustic, rural, country-. As subst. 
rusticus, -i, m. count rymati, jieasant. 

S 

Sabinus, -a, -um, adj. of the Sabines, 
Sabine. As subst. Sabini, -5rum, m. 
pi. the Sabines. 

sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj. dedicated, 
consecrated, devoted, sacred. As subst. 
sacrum, -i, n. sotnething sacred, holy 
thing; pi. sacred objects, divine wor- 
ship, sacr<Ml files. 

sacerdos, -otis, Lsacer, cf. d5] c. priest, 
p)'iesf<ss. 

saoramentum, -I, [sacrO] n. deposit, 
forfeit-Dwney, guaranty ; cause, civil- 
suit or process. 

sacrarium, -I, [sacrum] n. shrine, sanc- 
tuary. 

sacrificium, -I, [sacrificus, from sa- 
crum ffacioj n. sacrifce. 

sacrS, -are, -avi, -atum, [sacer] l tr. 
set apart as sacred, consecrate, dedicate, 
devote. 

sacr5sanctus, -a, -um, [sacer + sanc- 

tus] adj. hallowed by religious riles, 
sacred, inviolable. 

sacrum, see sacer. 

saeculum (saeclum), -i, n. race, genera- 
tion, lifetime ; age, century. 

saepe, comp. saepius, superl. saepis- 
simS, fidv . of ten, frequently , repeatedly, 
many times. iterum et saepius, 
again and again. 

saepio ^sSp-), saepire, saepsi, saep- 
tum, [saepes, hedge] 4 tr. hedge in, 
enclose ; fortify, guard, protect. 

saepta, -orum, [saepio] n. fence ; en- 
closure for voting, booths, the polls. 

sagax, -acis, adj. keen-scented ; keen, 
acute, shrewd, sagacious. 

Salaminii, -orum, [Salamis] m. pi. 

the citizens of Salamis. 
saltem, [cf. salvus] adv. at least, at all 

events, at any rate. 

salts, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of salio, 
leap] 1 intr. dance, leap. 



rogS-scaenicus 



549 



saltus, -us, m. forest^ icoodland, forest- 
pasture, wooded height ; mountain- 
pass, defile, glen, glade. 

saltis, salutis, f . soundness, health, tigor; 
welfare, iirosi>erity, safety ; preserxa- 
iion, deliverance; greeting, salutation. 

saltitaris, -e, [salus] adj. healthful, 
u-holesome, beneficial, salutary; useful, 
serviceable, advantageous, valuable. 

saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, [salus] l tr. 

gi^eet, salute, hail; call upon, visit, pay 
one's respects to. 

salvus, -a, -um, adj. sound, in good 
healthy well, in good condition, un- 
harmed, uninjured^ safe; solvent. 

Samos, -i, f. an island off the coast of 
Asia Minor; also the city on the island. 

sancio, sancire, sanxi, sanctum, 4 tr. 

make sacred, render inviolable, conse- 
crate; solemnly establish, decree, enact, 
appoint; ratify, approve. 

sancte, [sanctus] adv. solemnly, con- 
scientiously, piously, reverently. 

sanctitas, -atis, [sanctus] f. sacred- 
ness, sanctity, inviolability; purity, 
piety, virtue, honor. 

sanctus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of sancio] adj. 
cohfiecrated, sacred, inviolable; vener- 
able, revered, Jioly, divine; pmre, con- 
scientious, upnght, just. 

sane, [sanus] adv. soundly, discreetly; 
doubtless, certainly, by all means, Tm 
sure, of course, truly, very, pretty. 

sanguis, -inis, n. blood; bloodshed, mur- 
der ; stock, race ; vigor, force, life. 

sanitas, -atis, [sanus] f. soundness, 
health; sound mind, right reason, good 
sense, discretion. 

sano, -are, -avi, -atum, [sanus] 1 tr. 
make sound, restoi^e to health, heal, 
cure; correct, repair, allay. 

sanus, -a, -um, adj. sound, whole, 
healthy, well; sane, rational, sensible, 
discreet. 

sapiens, -entis, [pr.p. of sapio] adj. 
wise, sensible, discreef, of discretion. 
As subst. m. sage, philosopher. 



sapienter, [sapiens] adv. wisely, icith 
wisdom, discreetly, prudently. 

sapientia, -ae, [sapiens] f . good sense, 
discernment, discretion, intelligence; 
wisdom, philosophy. 

sapio, sapere, sapivi, , 3 tr. and intr. 

taste, have taste; have discernment, be 
discreet, be wise. 

sarcio, sarcire, sarsi, sartum, 4 tr. re- 
pair, mend; make good, make amends 
for, correct. 

Sardinia, -ae, f . a large island in the 
Tuscan Sea, west of Italy. 

satelles, -itis, c. attendant, follower; 
minion, tool, assistant, accomplice. 

satietas, -atis, [satis] f. sufiUciency, 
abundance; satiety, satisfi£d desire, 
weariness, disgust. 

satio, -are, -avi, -atum, [satis] l tr. 
satisfy, appease; satiate, sate, fill, glut; 
cloy, disgust. 

satis, adj. n; indecl. enough, sufficient.^ 
ample, adequate, satisfactoi'y . As sabst. 
enough, a sufficiency. As. adv. enough., 
sufficiently, adequately, quite, fully., 
tolerably, somewhat. Comp. satius, 
better, preferable. satis facere, see 
satisfacio. 

satisfacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, [sa- 
tis +faci 5] 3 iniv. do enough foi\ give 
satisfaction, satisfy, content; make 
amends, make reparation. 

Saturnalia, -iorum, [Saturnus] n. pi. 

the Saturnalia, or feast of Saturn, be- 
ginning on December 17th and lasting 
several days. 
Saturninus, -i, ni. a Roman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. L. Apuleius 
Saturninus, a democratic agitator, 
tribune of the people in 100 e.g., crushed 
by M.-irius. 

saucius, -a, -um, adj. wounded, hurt; 
injured, enfeebled, sick. 

saxum, -i, n. large stone, rock, boulder. 

scaena (sc6n-), ae, f. ■'<fage, scene. 

scaenicus, -a, -um, [scaena] adj. of the 

stage, scenic, dramatic. scaenici 

artifices, see artifex. 



550 



VOCABULARY 



Scaevola, -ae, [^lim. of scaevus, the 

kft-fianded] m. a Komau coirnonu'ii or 
family name. Esp. P. Mucius Scae- 
vola, the famous jiiritiit, consul in V^^ 
B.C. Jle was grandfather to M\ Glabrio. 

scalae, -arum, [cf. scando, climb vp] f. 

\>\.Jli<j?d of steps, stairs, staircase. 

Scantia, -ae, f- name of a woman in- 
juietl by Clodius. 

Scaums, -I, in. a Roman cocrnomen or 
family name. Esp. M. Aemilius Scau- 
ms, champion of the nobles, consul in 
117 and 115 b.c. He was father to 
Aemilia, wife of M\ Glabrio. 

scelerate, [sceleratus] adv. impiously, 
wickedly, scandalously. 

sceleratus, -a, -um, [pfp. of scelerO, 
j)olluft] adj. polluted, profaned; im- 
pious, wicked, villa nous, infamous, ac- 
cursed. As subst. sceleratus, -I, m. 
scoundrel, villain. 

scelus, -eris, n. wicked deed, crune, sin; 
wlckidness, villany. 

scenicus, see scaenicus. 

Schola, -ae, m. a Roman name. Sec 
Causinius. 

sciens, -entis, [pr.p. of sci5] adj. knoic- 
ing, i/iltUif/tnt, i cell informed, ex- 
perienced, skilful; often adverbially, 
knoicinr/Iy, wittingly, pmposely. 

scientia, -ae, [sci6ns] f. knowledge, ac- 
quaintance icith a thing; science, art, 
skill. 

scilicet, [for scire licet] adv. you may 
know; of course, naturally, evidently, 
undoubtedly, certainly; ironically, for- 
sooth, doubtless. 

scio, scire, scivi, scitum, 4 tr. knoic, 
have knowledge of, understand; be 
aware, perceive. 

Scipio, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp.: 

1. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus 
Maior, "the elder Scipio," who 
conquered Hannibal and tlius ended 
the Second Punic War in 202 b.c. 

2. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus 
Minor, ''the younger Scipio," who 



ended tlie Third Punic War with the 
destruction of C'arthage in 140 b.c. 
3. P. Scipio Nasioa, see Nasica. 

scortum, -i, n. harlot, prostitute. 

scriba, -ae, [scriboj f. clerk, secretary. 

scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, "i 

tr. and intr. scratch, engrave; wrih, 
write out, draw up, compose; write, 
((bout, give an account of in writing; 
name in a will, appoint in writing. 

scriptor, -6ris, [scribo] m. one who 
writes; wnter, author. r6rum scrip- 
tor, historian. 

scripttira, -ae, [scribo] f. a writing, 
comjiosiCion ; pasture-tax, money paid 
for right of ])asture on public lands. 

scrutor, -ari, -atus sum, [scrtita, trash] 
1 dep. ransack, search carefully, ex- 
amine thorovghly ; inquire into, in- 
vestigate. 

scutum, -i, n. shield. 

S6, ace. and abl. of sul. 

S6 or s6d, [perhaps abl. of sul] prep, used 
mostly in composition, apart, away 
fron), aside. 

s6c6d6, -cedere, -c6ssl, s6c6ssum, [s6 + 
C6d0] 3 iutr. go aside or away, with- 
draic, retire. 

sScerno, -cernere, -crgvi, s6cr6tum, 
[se + cernol 3 tr. put apart, separate, 
sever; set apart, dissociate, distinguish; 
set aside, reject. 

secessio, -onis, [s6cedo] f. withdrawal; 
})oUtical withdrawal, secession. 

secius, gee secus. 

seco, secare, secui, sectum, 1 tr. cut. 
sector, -ari, -atus sum, [freq. of sequor] 
1 (lv\). folio tv eagerly, pursue, attend. 

secundum, [secundus] prep, with ace. 
following; immediately after, after, 
next to ; in accordance with, accord- 
ing to. 

secundus, -a, -um, [sequor] adj. follLw- 
ing, ?;ext, second; favorable, propitioui^, 
fortunate, successful. res secundae, 

prosperity. 

I securis, -is, [seco] f. axe. 



Scaevola— sententia 



551 



secus, [sequor] adv. othenvise, diffei^- 
ently ; otherwise than is right, not well, 
hadly. Comp. secius, less. 

sed, see se. 

sed (set\ conj, hut, hut on the contrary, hut 
for all that; hut also, hut even; however, 
yet. non modo or non solum . . . sed 
or sed etiam, not only, not merely... 
hut, hut also, hut even. 

sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, 2 intr. sit, 
remain seated ; sit still, sit idle ; iire- 
side, hold court. 

sedes, -is, [cf . sedeo]' f. seat ; dwelling- 
place, residence, ahode, home ; jHace, 
foundation, ground, site. 

seditio, -onis, [sed + eo] f . dissension ; 
civil discord, insurrection, vjJi^sing, 
mutiny, sedition. 

seditiose, [seditiosus] adv. seditiously, 
to excite a riot. 

seditiosus, -a, -um, [seditio] adj. se- 
ditious, factious, turhulent, mutinous. 
homo seditiosus, agitator, demagogue. 

sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. sedeo] l tr. 
hring to rest, check, stop ; settle, still, 
quiet, allay, appease. 

sedtico, -ducere, -duxi, seductum, [se 
+ dtico] 3 tr. lead aside, take apart. 

sedulitas, -atis, [sedulus, diligent] f. 
assiduity, diligent attention, persistency, 
earnestness. 

seges, -etis, f • cornfield; crop of growing 
grain ; field, ground, soil. 

segnis, -e, adj. slow, inactive, sluggish. 

segniter, [segnis] adv. slowly, slug- 
gishly, lazily. 

segrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [se + grego, 
from grex] 1 tr. separate from the 
flock; separate, remove, exclude. 

seiungo, -iungere, -itinxi, -itinctum, 
[se + iungo] 3 tr. disjoin, separate, dis- 
connect. 

sella, -ae, f. seat, chair; stool, ivo7'k- 
stool. sella curulis, curule chair, 
chair of state. 

semel, adv. once, a single time, once only, 
once for ail. 



semen, -inis, [cf. sero, sow] n. se-ed; es- 
sence, principle, source. 

seminarium, -i, [semen] n. nursery; 
hotbed, school. 

semiustilatus, -a, -um, [semi-, half + 
ustulatus, [cf. ustus, from uro, hum] 
adj. half-hurned. 

semper, adv. always, all the time, con- 
tinually, forever; at all times, every 
time. 

sempiternus, -a, -um, [semper] adj. 
everlasting, eternal, imperishahle. 

Sempronius, -a, -um, adj. of a Sempro- 
nv(s, Sempronian. lex Sempronia, 

a law passed by the younger Gracchus, 
whose gentile name was Sempronius, 
reaffirming the old principle of appeal 
in capital cases. 

senator, -oris, [cf. senex] m. senator, 
m£mher of the Senate. 

senatorius, -a, -um, [senator] adj. of a 
senator, of the senators, of th£ Senate, 
senatomal. 

senatus, -us, [senex] m. council of the 
elders. Senate. senatus consultum, 
decree or order of the Senate. 

senectus, -litis, [senex] f. old age. 

senex, gen. senis, adj. old, aged, ad- 
vanced in years. As subst. m. old man. 
Comp. as subst. senior, -oris, m. elder, 
elderly man. 

senilis, -e, [senex] adj. of an old man, 
of old age, aged. 

senior, see senex. 

senium, -i, [senex] n. old age, weakness 

or decline of old age, senility; vexation, 

grief, affliction. 

sensim, [sentio] adv. just perceptibly, 
gradually, little by little. 

sensus, -us, [sentio] m. a perceivi?ig, 
feeling, sensation ; perception, sense, 
consciousness ; feelings, sentiment, dis- 
position; opinion, view, notion. 

sententia, -ae, [sentio] f. way of think- 
ing, opinion, view, sentiment ; will, de- 
sire; purpose, determination; judgment .^ 
decision, vote, sentence. 



552 



VOCABULARY 



sentina, -ae, f. bUge-ivatei^ cessjwol ; 
(IrtQtt, officounngs. 

sentiS, sentire, s6nsi, sensum, 4 tr. 

ptj'Ctive by the ^^iw^'^'^, feel ; peireive, 
see, hear, uiiderstand, observe, find by 
experience; think, judge, be of opinion; 
think it best, decide. 

sgparatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of s6paro] 
adj. separated, sepa?'at€, distinct, dif- 
ferent. 

sgparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [s5 + paro] 

1 tr. separate, divide ; considtv sepa- 
rately, distinguish. 

sepeliS, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultum, 

4 tr. hurij, inftr ; oV( rirhe!//), ruin, put 

an end to, destroy. 
septem, num. adj. indecl. seven. 
Septimius, -I, m. a Roman iioiiuMi or 

p'Mtile name. Esp. P. SeptimiuS, a 

corrupt senator. 

Septimus, -a, -um, [septem] num. adj. 

seventh. 

sepulcrum (-chrum\ -I, [cf. sepeli5] n. 
bunal-place, tomb, grave, sepulchre. 

sepulttira, -ae, [ef. sepeliSl f. burial, 
burial rites, fufieral obsequies. 

sepultus, sec sepeliO. 

sequester, -tris, [sequor] m. dejyositai-y 

of money for bribery, agent of bribery, 

go-between. 

sequor, sequi, sectitus sum, 3 dep. 
follow, attend, accompany ; come after, 
come next; resnlt, ensue; comply with, 
conform to, be guided by, adopt, obey; 
chase, jmrsne; stnve aft^r, aim at. 

Sergius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. : 

1. L. Sergius Catilina,i*ee Catilina. 

2. T. Sergius Gallus, the owner of 
an estate near Bovillae on the Via 
Appia. 

sermo, -onis, m. conxersation, talk, 

speech ; discourse, discussion ; utter- 
ance, remark ; common talk, rumor, 
report; gossip, scandal. 
sero, [serus] adv. late, at a late hour, at 
a late period ; too late. Comp. serius, 
later, too late. 



serpo, serpere, serpsi, serptum, 3 intr. 
creep, crawl; extend gradually, ivind 
its way, spread abroad. 

Sertorianus, -a, -um, [SertSrius] adj. 
Sertorian, of Sertorius, the Marian 
leader in Spain during the civil war be- 
tween Sulla and the democrats. 

serta, -5rum, [sero, entwine'] n. j)!. 
wreaths of Howere, gaiiands. 

s6rus, -a, -um, adj. late, belated, long 
delay el; too late. 

servilis, -e, [servus] adj. of a slave, of 
slaves, slavish, servile. 

Servilius, -I, ni. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp.: 
1. C. Servilius Ahala, see Ahala. 
^. C. Servilius Glaucia, sec Glau- 

cia. 
3. P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, 
consul in 79 B.C. 

servi5, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, [servus] 4 
intr. be a servant, be enslaved, serine; 
be subsei'vient to, be influenced by ; de- 
vote one'^s self to, labor for, aim at ; 
court, humor. 

servitium, -I, [servus] n. slavery, servi- 
tude; body of slaves, slaves. 

servitus, -litis, [servus] f. slavery, 
serfdom, servitude. 

Servius, -I, m. a Roman praenomen or hJ 
forename. ■ 

serv5, -are, -avI, -atum, 1 tr. save, 
preserve, keep ; guard, protect, watch ; 
maintain, observe. 

servus, -i, m. slave, servant. 

S6s5, see sui. 

sestertius, -a, -um, or HS, [s6mis, 
tertius] num. adj. two and a half. As 
subst. sestertius, -i, gen. pi. sgster- 
tium, (sc. nummus) m. sesterce, a 
small silver coin, originally two and a 
half asses, between four and five cents. 

Sestius (Sextius), -i, ni. a Roman nomen 
or gentile name, Esp. P. S6stius, a 
friend of Cicero's, tribune in 57 b.c. 

seu, see sive. 

severs, [sevSrus] adv. gravely, seii- 
ously; rigidly, severely, with severity. 



sentina— sin 



553 



severitas, -atis, [severus] f. gn 

seriousness ; strictness^ sternness^ se- 
verity. 

sev6rus, -a, -um, adj. grave., serious ; 
strict., rigid., stem., severe., harsh. 

sex, num. adj. indecl. six. 

sexaginta, num. adj. indecl. sixty. 

Sextilis, -e, [sextus] adj. sixth ; of the 
sixth month., of August. 

Sextius, see Sestius. 

sextus, -a, -um, [sex] num. adj. sixth. 

si, coiij. (/", in case., supposing that ^ in 
indirect questions, whether; after verbs 
and sentences implying trial, to see if, 
to try whether., that if possible. quod 
si, see quod. 

Sibyllinus, -a, -um, [Sibylla, a proph- 
etess'l adj. Sibylline. fata Sibyllina, 
the Sibylline books of prophecy sold to 
Tarquiuius Super bus by the Cumaean 
&2byl. 

sic, [si + -ce, cf. hie] adv. so, thus, in this 
luay, in such a manner ; just so, in the 
same way. ut . . . Sic, with clause of 
contrast, while. . .yet, though. . .still. 

sica, -ae, f . dagger, poniard. 

sicarius, --i, [sica] m. assassin, mur- 
derer, cut-throat, bi'avo. 

Sicilia, -ae, [2i/ceA.ca] f . Sicily. 

Siciliensis, -e, [Sicilia] adj. of or in 
Sicily, Sicilian. As subst. Siciliensis, 
-is, m. a Sicilian. 

Siculus, -a, -um, [^t^eAd?] adj. of Sicily, 
Sicilian. As subst. Siculus, -i, m. a 
Sicilian. 

sicut or sicuti, [sic + ut, uti], adv. so 
a<i,just as, as; as it iver€,just as if. 

Sigeum, -i, [2tyeioi/] n. a promontory on 
the coast near Troy. 

signifer, -eri, [signum + ferS] m. 

standard-bearer, ensign ; leader, head. 

significatio, -onis. [significc] f. indi- 
cation, expression, sign, signal, token. 

significo, -are, -avi, -atum, [signum 
+ facio] 1 tr. and intr. make signs, 
indicate y show, point out, express, make 



known, intimate ; portend, mean, sig- 
nify. 

signum, -i, n. sign, indication, mark^ 
token ; military standard, ensign, ban- 
ner; image, statue; seal, signet. 

Silanus, -i, ni. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. D. Itinius Silanus, 
consul-elect in 63 b.c, prominent in the 
debate in the Senate concerning the 
punishment of the Catilinarians. 

silentium, -i, [silens, from sileo] n. 
silence, stillness, quiet. 

sileo, silere, silui, , 2 tr. and intr. be 

silent, keep silence, say nothing ; keep 
silent about, pass over in silence, not 
speak of. 

silva, -ae, f. ivood, woods, forest. 

Silvanus, -i, [silva] m. a Roman cogno- 
men or family name. Esp. M. Plautius 
Silvanus, tribune in 89 b.c. 

silvestris, -e, [silva] adj. of a wood, 
ivooded, ivoody. 

similis, -e, adj. like., resembling^ similar. 

similiter, [similis] adv. in like manner., 
in the same way, likewise, similarly. 

similitudo, -inis, [similis] f. likeness, 
resemblance, similarity. 

simplex, -icis, adj. simple, single, plain, 
unmixed ; frank, straightforward, 
guileless, sincere. 

simpliciter, [simplex] adv. simply, with 
simplicity, plainly; in a straightfoi- 
ward manner, frankly, ingenuously. 

simul, adv. at the same time, together ; 
also, likewise. simul atque (ac), as 
soon as. 

simulacrum, -i, [simulo] n. likeness, 
image, figure, statue; semblance, imita- 
tion, pretence. 

simulatio, -onis, [simulo] t false show, 
shamming, pretence, insincerity, deceit. 

simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [similis] 1 

tr. make like, imitate, copy ; make a 
pretence of, pretend, feign, simulate. 

simultas, -atis, [simul] f. Hvalry, 
jealousy, grudge, enmity, hatred. 

sin, [si + n6] conj. but if, if however, if 
on the contrary. 



554 



VOCABULARY 



sincSrus, -a, -um, adj. pure, clean, \tn- 
conta?ninattd, iniinjiired, whole ; gemt- 
itie, truthful. 

sine, prep, with abl. without, free from. 

singularis, -e, [singuli] adj. one by one, 
one at a time, single ; solitary, alone, 
exclusive ; matchless, extraordinary, 
vnparalleled, remarkable, peculiar. 

singuli, -ae, -a, adj. one at a time, single* 
several: one to each, separate; often ad- 
verbially, severally, separately, individ- 
vally. in digs singulos, each suc- 
cessive day, every day. 

sino, sinere, sivl, situm, 3 tr. let dozen, 
set, situate ; let, allow, give leave, jier- 
mit, suffer. 

Sin5p6, -6s, [Sn-uin-rj] f. a Greek colony 
on the Euxine (Black Sea), the residence 
of Mithridates. 

sinus, -us, m.fold, hollow; fold of a toga, 
lx)soni, lap ; bay, inlet, gulf; love, affec- 
tion, protection. 

si quandO, eee si and quandS. 

si quidem, conj. if indeed, if it is ti^ie 
that ; since indeed, since. 

si quis, ^eo si and quis. 

sis, [for si vis] :h1v. phrase, if you please, 
will you ; often strengthening an im- 
perative. 

sisto, sistere, stiti, statum, 3 tr. and 

intr. cause to stand, place, i<tt,fix; check, 

stop, put an end to. 
sitis, -is, ace. -im, f. thirst. 
situs, -a, -um, [pf.p. of sino] ei(^y placed, 

situated ; laid at rest, buried ; lying, 

resting, dependent. 

situs, -us, [sinS] ni. situation, position, 

location. 
sive or seu, [si + -ve] conj. or if, if, or. 

sive . . . sive, ichether, . .or, either. . . 

or. 

Smyrnaeus, -a, -um, [Smyrna] adj. of 
Smyrna, a city in Ionia. As subst. 
Smjnrnaei, -orum, m. pi. people of 
Smyrna. 

sobrius, -a, -um, [se + ebrius] adj. not 
drunk, sober ; moderate, temperate ; 
self -possessed, prudent, sensible. 



socer, -eri, m.father-i?i-law. 

socia, -ae, [socius] f. shai^er, partner, 

associate. 

societas, -atis, [socius] f. fellowship, 
association, union, society / co-partner- 
ship, association in business ; league, 
alliance, confederacy. 

socius, -i, m. sharer, partner, companion, 
associate ; co-partner, associate in busi- 
ness; ally, confederate. 

SOdSlis, -is, c. associate, comrade, inti- 
mate, crony, boon-companion. 

S5l, sSlis, ni. the sun. 

solacium, -i, n. comfort, relief, consola- 
tion, solace. 

soleQ, sol6re, solitus sum, 2 scmi-dep. 
use, be wont, be accustomed, be in the 
habit of. 

sSlitiido, -inis, [s51us] f . loneliness, soli- 
tude, seclusion ; lonely place, desert, 
wilderness; ivant, destitution. 

sollemnis, -e, [sollus h annus] adj. 
every year, annual; stated, established, 
appointed; sacred, consecrated, relig- 
?ot/s, solemn. 

sollicitatio, -onis, [sollicitS] f. vexa- 
tion, anxiety ; inciting, instigation, 
solicitation. 

sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum, [sollicitus] 

1 tr. disturb, trouble, make anxious, 
distress; stir up, rouse, incite, instigate, 
urge, tempt, solicit. 

sollicittido, -inis, [sollicitus] f . anxiety, 
care, apprehension, solicitude. 

sollicitus, -a, -um, [sollus + citus, from 
cieo, move'] adj. thoroughly moved, agi- 
tated ; disturbed, disquieted, troubled; 
alarmed, apprehensive, uneasy, restless, 
anxious, solicitous; distressing, painful, 
alarming. 

solum, -I, n. bottom, base, foundation ; 
ground, soil; country, region, place. 

solum, [solus] adv. alone, only, merely. 

non solum, not only, not merely. 
solus, -a, -um, gen. sollus, adj. alone, 

ordy, single, sole; lonely, solitary, for- 



sinc§rus— spolio 



555 



solutio, -5nis, [solvo] f. loosing, relaxa- 
tion; payment. 

soltitus, -a, -um, [pr.p. of solvo] adj. 
unbound, unfettered, unembarrassed, 
free ; lax, remiss, careless. 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum, [se + 
luo] 3 tr. loose, unbind, release, free, set 
free; exempt; acquit, absolve; annul, 
abolish ; impair, weaken, destroy, end ; 
pay, discharge, fulfil, accomplish, com^ 
plete, perform. 

somnus, -i, [sopio] m. sleep, slumber. 

sono, sonare, sonui, sonitum, [sonus] 

1 tr. and intr. make a noise, sound, re- 
sound; speak, utter, express; celebrate 
with sound, sing. 

sonus, -i, m. noise, sound. 

sopio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4 tr. deprive of 

sense, make unconscious, stun; put to 

sleep, lull, calm. 
[sordes, -is], in sing, only ace. and abl. 

in use, f. dirt, fdth, squalor ; vileness, 

baseness, meanness, soi^didness ; pi. 

mourning garment, mourning. 

sordidatus, -a, -um, [sordidus, from 
sordes] adj. in dirty clothes, shabby; 
in mourning attire, clad in mourning. 

soror, -oris, f . sister. 

sors, sortis, f. lot; casting of lots, draw- 
ing, decision by lot; oracular response, 
prophecy; fate, destiny, for tune. 

sortior, sortiri, sortitus sum, [sors] 
4 dep. cast lots, draw lots; draw lots 
for, assign by lot; allot; obtain by lot, 
get. 

sortitio, -onis, [sortior] f. a casting of 
lots, drawing, allotment. 

Sp., abbreviation for Spurius. 

spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum, 3 

tr. strew, throw about, scatter; dis- 
tribute, spread abroad, extend, dissemi- 
nate. 

spatium, -i, n. space, room, extent; dis- 
tance, interval; path, course, track; 
space of time, period of time; time, 
leisure, opportunity. 

species, gen. lacking, ace. -em, abl. -6, f . 
appearance, aspect, look, mien; sight, 



spectacle; show, seeming, semblance, 
pretence; display, splendor, beauty. 
spectaculum, -i, [specto] n. seat in a 
theatre; sJiow, sight, spectacle; public 
sJioiv. 

spectatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of specto] adj. 
tried, tested, pr&ced; esteertud, respect- 
ed, worthy. 

specto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
specie] 1 tr. and intr. look at, behold, 
observe, see; gaze at, watch; look, face, 
lie; look to, bear in mind, keep in view, 
aim at; tend, incline, be directed; try, 
test, prove. 

specula, -ae, [specie] f . lookout, watch- 
tower, in speculis, on the lookout, 
on the watch. 

speculator, -oris, [speculor] m. look- 
out, spy, scout. 

speculor, -ari, -atus sum, [specula] 1 
dep. spy out, watch, observe, explore, 
reconnoitre. 

spero, -are, -avi, -atum, [spes] l tr. and 
intr. hope, look for, trust, expect. 
bene sperare, see bene. 

spes, -ei, f. hope, hopes; anticipation., 
expectation. 

spiritus, -us, [cf. spiro] m. breathing, 
breath; the air we breathe; inspira- 
tion; the breath of life, life; high spirit, 
courage; haughtiness, pride, arro- 
gance. 

spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr. 
bi^eathe, draw breath; live, be alive. 

splendidus, -a, -um, adj. bright, shin- 
ing, brdliant; splendid, magnificent, 
grand; illustrious, distinguished, no- 
ble. 

splendor, -oris, m. bi^illiancy, lustre; 
splendor, magnificence; distinguished 
merit, brilliant character^ dignity, 
eminence. 

spoliatio, -onis, [spolio] f. a pillaging, 
plundeHng, spoliation; unjust depi^va- 
tion, robbery. 

spolio, -are, -avi, -Stum, [spolium] 1 
tr. and intr. strip, bare; rob, plunde^\ 
despoil, deprive. 



556 



VOCABULARY 



spolium -i, 11. hide; arms stripped from 
an enemy, booty, spoil. 

spondeo, spondere, spopondi, spon- 
sum, 2 tr. and intr. 2>ro7nise solemnly, 
vow, pledge one'^s self; vouch, become se- 
curity. 

[spons, spontis], [cf. spondeo] f. found 
only in abl. sing, usually with poss. 
pron.; sponte, of one's own accord, 
voluntarily, ivillingly; by one's self, 
ivithout aid, alone; of itself, sjwufa- 
neously. 

Spurius, -i, [spurius, bastard] m. a Ro- 
man praenomen or forename. 

squaleo, squal6re, squalui, — , 2 intr. 
be rough; be filthy, be neglected; go or 
be in mourning, wear the garb of sor- 
roiv. 

squalor, -oris, [cf. squaleo] m. rough- 
ness; dirtiness, fit thiness, squalor; as a 
sign of mourning, neglected raiment, 
filthy garments, mourning. 

stabilio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [stabilis] 4 

tr. make firm, confirm, supjmi; firmly 
establish, establish, fix, secure. 

stabilis, -e, [stoj adj. fiim, steadfast, 
steady, stable, fixed; enduring, immu- 
table, umcareritig. 

stabilitas, -atis, [stabilis] f. steadfast- 
ness, firmness; durability, security, 
stalnlity. 

Statilius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Statilius, one of 
the Catilinarian conspirators. 

statim, [cf. sto] adv. steadily; on the 
spot, at once, forthwith, straightway, 
immediately. 

Stator, -oris, [sisto] m. the Stayer, the 
'Stablisher, a title applied to Jupiter. 

statua, -ae, [cf. sisto] f. image, statue. 

status, statuere, statui, statutum, 
[status] 3 tr. set up, set, station ; erect, 
make, build; establish, fix, settle; con- 
stitute, appoint, ordain; decide, make 
up one's mind, determine, resolve, re- 
solve upon, pwi^ose; decree, order., 
enact; be of opinion, hold, be convinced, 
conclude, think. 



status, -a, -um, [pf.p. of sisto] adj. 
set, fixed, appointed. 

status, -us, [sto] m. station, position, 
place; posture, attitude; state, condi- 
tion, rank. 

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratum, 3 tr. 

spread, scatter, strew; cover, lay; cast 
doivn, lay loic, prostrate. 

Stimulus, -i, m. goad, spur; incentive, 
encouragement, stimulus. 

stipendiarius, -a, -um, [stipendium] 

adj. tributary, liable to impost, subject 
to tribute. 

stipendium, -i, [stips, gift, cf. pendo] 
n. paying of tax, tax, tribute; income, 
salary, pay; military service, cam- 
paigning. 

stipo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. crowd to- 
gether, 2)ress, ])ack; surround with a 
crowd, accompany, attend. 

stirps, stirpis, f. stock, stem, root; race, 
family, lineage; source, m^igin, cause. 

sto, stare, steti, statum, l intr. stand, 
stand ifp; stand upriglit, be erect; stand 
fiiin, be unshaken, abide, remain, con- 
tinue; linger, delay. 

strepitus, -us, [strepo, make a noise] 
m. noise, din, clash, rattling, murmur. 

studeo, stud6re, studui, — , 2 tr. and 
intr. be eager, be zealous ; give atten- 
tion to, take pains; strive after, be bent 
on, desire, luish ; be devoted to, favor. 

studiosg, [studiosus] adv. eagerly, 
zealously, devotedly ; carefully, stu- 
diously. 

studiosus, -a, -um, [studium] adj. 
eager, zealous, anxious ; devoted, fond, 
friendly, partial. 

studium, -i, [cf. studeo] n. eagerness, 
zeal, enthusiasm; desire, inclination; 
pursuit, study ; devotion, friendliness, 
favor. PI. often, party spirit, party 
zeal, factional strife; scholarly pursuits, 
scholarly tastes. 

stultitia, -ae, [stultus] f. folly, foolish- 
ness, stupidity. 

stultus, -a, -um, adj. foolish, silly, 
stupid. 



spolium— sui 



557 



stuprum, -i, n. defilement by lust, lust^ 
lewdness, dehauchei^j ; dishonor^ dis- 
grace. 

suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum, 2 tr. 
and intr. advise^ recommend, urge, per- 
suade; advocate, support. 

sua vis, -e, adj. siveet, agreeable, pleasant, 
grateful. 

sub, prep, with ace. and abl. under. 

1. With ace. of place whither, under, 
below, beneath, up to, close to, to- 
wards ; of time, just about, until, 
immediately after, after ; of condi- 
tion, under, under the power of. 

2. With abl, of place where, under, 
beloiv, beneath, at the foot of, at, by; 
of other relations, under, during, 
under the power of, subject to. 

In composition, under, beneath; some- 
what, a little; secretly, underhandedly . 

subactus, -a, -um, see subigo. 

subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [sub + eo] irr. 
tr. and intr. go under, enter ; come up, 
draw near, approach ; undergo, en- 
counter, sustain, suffer; submit to, 
yield to. 

subf-, see suff-. 

subicio, -icere, -ieci, subiectum, [sub 
+ iacio] 3 tr. throw under, place under, 
cast below ; present, submit ; forge ; 
make subject, subject, expose to; bring 
forivard, propose, suggest. 

subiector, -oris, [subicio] m. forger. 

subigo, -igere, -egi, subactum, [sub + 
ago] 3 tr. drive up ; bring under, sub- 
ject ; put doivn, subdue, conquer, sub- 
jugate, reduce; force, compel. 

subito, [subitus] adv. suddenly, unex- 
pectedly, all at once. 

subitus, -a, -um, adj. sudden, unex- 
pected, surprising. 

sublatus, -a, -um, see toll5. 

sublevo, -are, -avi, -atum, [sub + levo] 

1 tr. lift from beneath, lift up, support; 
lighten, mitigate, alleviate ; sustain, 
assist, encourage. 

subolSs, -is, f . sprout, shoot ; offspring, 
posterity, issue, lineage. 



subp-, see supp-. 

subsellium, -i, [sub + sella] n. lo2u 

bench, seat. 
subsidium, -i, [sub, cf . sedeo] n. reserve, 

auxiliary forces ; aid, help, assistance, 

relief, support, protection. 

subside, -sidere, -sedi, subsessum, 
[sub + sido, settle'\ 3 intr. settle down, 
crouch down ; crouch doivn on the 
watch, lie in wait, lie in ambush. 

subsortior, -iri, subsortitus sum, [sub 
+ sortior] 4 dep. choose a substitute by 
lot, substitute by lot. 

substrtictio, -onis, [substruo, build 
beneatli\ i. foundation, substructure. 

subsum, -esse, — , [sub + sum] irr. 
intr. be under ; be near, be close by, be 
at hand ; impend, approach; be under- 
neath, lie at the bottom, lurk in. 

subterfugio, -fugere, -ftigi, , [sub- 

ter, under, + fugio] 3 tr. and intr. 
escape, evade, avoid, shun. 

suburbanus, -a, -um, [sub + urbanus] 

adj. near the city, suburbaJi. As snbst. 
suburbanum, -i, (sc. praedium) n. 
suburban villa, estate near Rome. 

succedo, -cedere, -cessi, successum, 
[sub + cedo] 3 tr. and intr. go below, 
come under; follow, come next, take tlie 
place of, succeed; approach, draw neai ; 
be successful, prosper. 

succenseo, see suscenseo. 

succurro, -currere, -curri, succursum, 
[sub + curro] 3 intr. run under, run to 
help, rush to the aid of, assist, succor ; 
run to meet, remedy, relieve. 

suffers, -ferre, sustuli, sublatum, 
[sub + fero] irr. tr. undergo, bear, 
sufer. 

sufEragatio, -onis, [sufEragor, vote for] 
t. recommendation to office, support, 
suffrage. 

suffragator, -oris, [suffragor, vote for] 
m. supporter for an office, partisan. 

suffragium, -i, [sub, cf frango] n. 

fragment ; ballot, vote, suffrage ; right 
of voting, right of suffrage. 
SUl (gen.), dat. sibi, ace. and abl, s6 or 
(more emphatic) s6s6, reflex pron. 



5SS 



VOCABULARY 



h'un^e'j\ herstlf, ItaJf, themselvts ; he, 
>hf. if, etc. inter S6, ench other, one 
a lofher, mvtually. 
Sulla, -ae, ni. a Roman corjnoinen or 
family name. Esp. L. Corn6lias Sulla, 
the great dictator. See Appendix A, 

S'jlpicius, -I, "^- 1^ Roman nomen or 
^'entile name. Esp.: 
1. P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune in 88 

11. c. 

*-\ C. Sulpicius Galba, praetor ().3 b.c. 
3. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, the learnetl 
jiirij«t, best known ;»s the author of 
the famous ktter of consolation to 
Cicero on the death of his daughter 
Tullia. See Note preceding text of 
the ''Ninth Philippic." 
sum, esse, ful, f"t. part, futurus, f"t. 
inf. fore or futurum esse, ii r. inir. Ih\ 
txi/<t, iter ; ffai/ : conn, f nil : uith gen. 
be the part of, be one' a place, be the duty 
of, belong to, hare, be rained at, cmt ; 
with dat. sei've for, be regarded as, be- 
long to. est Ut, it h true that, there 
is reason for. est cflr, there is reason 
why. 

Bumma, -ae, [f. of summus] f. chief 
place, leadership, i^npreviacy ; main 
thing, chief point, sum and substance ; 
amount, sum, total. 

summus, -a, -um, ^eo superus. 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum, [sub 
+ em0j -J tr. (((ke, lay hold of ; take up, 

■ take upon, assume, enter ujton, begin; 
exact, inflict; choose, select; claim; em- 
ploy, spe?id, coDsmnf; cite, tnention. 

sumptu5s6, [sumptuosus] adv. expen- 
sively, sumptuouiily, extravagantly. 

sumptuosus, -a, -um, [sumptus] adj. 
rety expensive, costly, sumptuous ; ex- 
travagant, lavish. 

sumptus, -us, [sumo] m. outlay, expense, 
cost, charge. 

superb e, [superbus] adv. proudly, 
h augh tily, supei-ciliously. 

superbus, -a, -um, adj. proud, haughty, 
arrogant, supercilious, insolent. 

superior, see superus. 



supero, -are, -avi, -atum, [superus] i 
tr. and intr. go crrer, jise above, over- 
top; be in e.rcess, abi>und ; remain, sur- 
vive ; surpass, excel, outdo, outstrip ; 
get the upper hand of, overcome, sifbdue, 
defeat, conquei, vanquish. 

supersum, -esse, -ful, [super, above + 
sum] irr. intr. be over and above, bt' left, 
rtinain over, remain; live after, outlive, 
survive. 

superus, -a, -um, romp, superior, 
supcrl. suprSmus or summus, [super, 
abovt] ailj. above, upper, hightr. 
Comp. superior, -ius, hightr, upper; 
former, past, previous, preceding; elder, 
senior; superior, victorious, greater, 
better. Superl. suprSmus, -a, -um, 
highest, loftitst ; last, fnal, dying. 
AIho euperl. summus, -a, -um, upper- 
most, highest, topmost ; the top of, the 
hlghtst part of; greatest, most im- 
jwrtant, of the utmost importance, best, 
jieifect, supreme, utmost, extreme. 

suppeditS, -are, -avI, -fitum, [sub + 
p6s] 1 tr. and intr. give in abundance, 
supply freely, prrnide ; abound, be in 
store, be at hand; suffice. 

suppet5, -ere, -IvI, -Itum, [sub + petO] 
3 intr. be on hand, be in store, be avail- 
able; be sufficient for, suffice. 

Bupplex, -icis, [sub + plic5, fdd] adj. 
knerling in enfna/y, en treating, begging, 
(iuppliant ; humble, submiKsive. As 
Bubst. ni. suppliant, humble petitioner. 

supplicatiS, -onis, [supplies] t. public 
prnytr (jr thanksgiving, day of prayer. 

supplicium, -i, [supplex] n. a kneeling; 

prayer, supplication ; death penalty, 
execution; punishment, torture, suffer- 
ing. 

supplico, -are, -avi, -atum, [supplex] 

1 tr. and intr. kneel down, pray humbly, 
beseech, intplore. 

suppono, -ponere, -posui, suppositum, 
[sub + pono] 3 tr. set under ; put in 
place of, substit ate for ; substitute falsely , 
forge, falsify. 

supra, [for supera, abl. f. of superus] 
adv. and prep, abo^e, before, beyond, 
over^ ?no^e. 



Sulla— tamen 



559 



supremus, see superus. 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, 
[sub 4- rego] 3 tr. and intr. rise, arise, 
get irp, stand vj). 

surripio (subr-), -ripere, -ripui, sur- 
reptum, [sub + rapio] 3 tr. snatch 
away secretly, steal. 

susc€iiseo (succ-), -censere, -censui, 

, [sus (sub) + censeo] 2 intr. he 

angry, be indignant, be provoked. 

suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, susceptum, 

[sus (sub) 4- capio] 3 tr. take ?/;; ; 
undertake, enter upon, engage in ; 
undergo, submit to, suffer, bear; incur, 
bring upon one's self. 

suspectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of suspicio] 

adj. mistrusted, suspected. 

suspicio, -ere, stispexi, suspectum, 
[sub + specif] 3 tr. and intr. look up at; 
look up to, admire, respect; look askance 
at, mistrust, suspect. 

suspicio, -onis, [cf . suspicio] f . mistrust, 
distrust, susjncion. 

suspicor, -ari, -atus sum, [cf . suspicio] 
1 dep. mistrust, have a suspicio?!, sus- 
pect; conjecture, surmise, suppose. 

sustento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
sustineo] l tr. uphold, sustain, main- 
tain, support; hold out, endure, sufer ; 
put off, delay. 

sustineo, -tinere, -tenui, sustentum, 
[sus (sub) + teneo] 2 tr. and intr. hold 
up ; sustain, maintain, support ; hold 
back, restrain, check ; hold out, with- 
stand, endure, undergo. 

suus, -a, -um, [cf. sui] poss. pron. adj. 
his, her, its, their ; his oivn, her own, 
etc.; of his, of hers, etc. As subst. sui, 
-orum, m. pi. one^s people, one's country- 
men, one's associates, one'^s friends, etc. ; 
sua -orum, n. pi. one''s goods, one's 
property, one's possessions. 

sympboniacus, -a, -um, \<jvix^i,iviaK6<i] 
adj. of concerts, musical. pueri sym- 
pboniaci, choristers. 

Syracusae, -arum, [2vpaKou<rat] f. pi. 
Syracuse, the chief city of Sicily. 



Syria, -ae, [Supta] f. the coiuitry in Asia 
on the eastern coast of the Mediterra- 



T., abbreviation -for Titus. 

tabella, -ae, [dim. of tabula] f. little 

board; voting-tablet, ballot, vote; letter, 

epistle; document, record. 
taberna, -ae, f. hut of boards, cabin ; 

booth, shop, office; inn, tavern. 

tabesco, -ere, tabui, , [inch, of 

tabeo, inelt aivay'] 3 intr. waste away, 
melt, decay; pi?ie, languish. 

tabula, -ae, f. board; writing-tablet, 
slate ; writing, memorandum, list, ac- 
count ; record, document; painting, 
picture. tabulae novae, see novus. 

tabularium, -i, [tabula] n. public reg- 
istry, depository of records, archives. 

taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitum, 2 tr. 

and intr. be silent, keep silence, say noth- 
ing, hold one's peace; pass over in silence, 
keep silent about, leave unsaid. 
tacite, [tacitus] adv. silently, in silence. 

taciturnitas, -atis, [taciturnus] f. si- 
lence, taciturnity. 

taciturnus, -a, -um, [tacitus] adj. si- 
lent, quiet, of few words, taciturn. 

tacitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of taceo] adj. 

pai^sed over in silence, not sjjoken of ; 

tacit, implied; secret, hidden; silent, 

not speaking, still, mute. 
taedet, taedere, , — , 2 impers. it 

excites loathing, it disgusts. 

taeter, -tra, -trum, adj. offensive, dis- 
gusting, repulsive, foid, loathsome; 
shameful, base, abominable. 

talaris, -e, [talus, ankWl adj. of the 

ankles, reaching the ankles. 
talis, -e, adj. such, of such a kind, so 

great ; the following, such as this. 

talis . . . qualis, such. . .as. 
tam, adv. in such a degree, so, so much, 

so very. tam . . . quam, as., .as, so 

much., .as. 

tamen, adv. notwithstanding, neverthe- 
less, for cdl that, yet, however -^ still. 



560 



VOCABULARY 



tametsi, li"! tainen etsij conj. uotwith- 

/-.'(f/idiiifj that, altfi(»if/h, though ; and 

//. f. 

tamquam or tanquam, [tarn + quam] 

adv. as^ much as, just as, just like, like ; 
as if, so to speak, jusf as if. 

tandem, [tain + -demj adv. at length, at 
laat, finally; in eajj;ti- or impatient ques- 
tions, pray, pray tell me', 1 beg, now. 

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, 3 tr. 

touch; bordt r on. adjoin; reach, ar- 

7 ire at, come to; move, ajfect, i?np/ess; 

touch uj)on, mention. d6 cael5 tangi, 

siv caelum. 

tanquam, -^er tamquam. 

tanto, ^-i' tantus. 

tanto opere, m*- opus. 

tantum, [tantus] adv. so much, so 
greatly, so far; only so much, only, 
merely. 

tantum modo, adv. phrase, o^^iy, merely. 

tantus, -a, -um, adj. so great, so large, 
such; so very great, so imjx>rtant; this 
great, that great, this imj/ortant, tha* 
intjKfrtant; so small, so tnvial. As 
snbst. tantum, -I, n. so much, so jnany. 
tanti, gen. of value, of such value, 
north so mvch ; of so little account, so 
unimpo/fa/d. tanti est, it is worth 
while, tanto, abl. witli a comparative, 
hy so much, so much the. tantum 
boni, see bonus, tantus . . . quantus, 
f/.N- gi tat ((.<, as much as. 

tardS, [tardus] adv. slowly, tardily, 
late. 

tarditas, -atis, [tardus] f. sloivfiess, 
sluggishness, tardiness. 

tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tardus] l tr. 

retard, delay, Jiindei-, check. 

tardus, -a, -um, adj. slow, sluggish, 
tardy. 

Tarentini, -orum, [Tarentum] m. 

])]. tJie people of Tarentum, a Greek 
colony. 

tectum, -i, [tego] n. covered stimcture, 
building, shelter, house, abode; cover- 
ing, roof. 



tego, tegere, texi, tectum, 3 n. co,,i, 
covtr octr; hide, conceal; cloak, veil, 
dissemble; protect, guard., defend. 

t6lum, -i, n. ?nissile weapon, missile; 
dart, spear, javelin; weapon of offence, 
sword, dagger, axe. 

temerarius, -a, -um, [temer6] adj. r((sh, 
)tckless, thoughtless, indiscreet. 

temerS, adv. by chance, at random, with- 
out purpose; rashly, recklessly, though t- 
Itsdy, indiscreetly. 

temeritas, -atis, [temerC] f. chance, 
accident; rashness, recklessness, fool- 
h a rdi n ess , tho ugh flesi> ntss, i n disci 'e- 
tion. 

temperantia, -ae, [temperans, from 
tempers] f. moderation, temperance, 

self-control, discretion. 

tempero, -are, -avi, -atum, [tempus] i 

tr. and intr. be inodtrate, restrain ont\s 
self, control one's self , forbear, refiain; 
divide jnoperly, temper; rule, regulate, 
control, govern. 

tempestas, -atis, [tempus] f. p<rfion of 
time, time, season, period; iv tat her; 
bad weather, storm, te7nj,c^; ; <.i<luib- 
ance, calamity, misforiune. 

tempestlvus, -a, -um, [tempestas] a<ij. 

timely, seasofiable, opjtortuiic, aj/jno- 
])ri(tte, suitable; betimes, early. 

templum, -I, n. open place for observa- 
tion of auguries; conseciated jjlace, 
sacred enclos^rre, sanctuary; temple, 
shrine. 

tempto (tento), -are, -avi, -atum, [ii.- 
tens. of tendo] 1 tr. handle, try, at- 
tempt; make attempts vipon, attack, 
assail; tempt, sound, tamper icith; 
icorry, agitate, distress. 

tempus, -oris, n. division of time, time, 
period, season; appointed lime, right 
time, fit season, opportunity, occasion; 
state, condition, times, circumstances of 
the times, circumstances ; aisis, emer- 
gency, extremity. ex tempore, ofi'- 
hand, on the spvr of the moment, id 
temporis, see is. 

tendo, tendere, tetendi, t6nsum or 
teutum, 3 tr, aud intr. stretchy stretch 






tamet si— Titus 



561 



out^ extend; direct one'^s course^ tend, 
go; aim at, strive, endeavor. 

tenebrae, -arum, f. darkness; gloomy 
lilace, lurking-place; gloom, obscurity. 

Tenedos (-us), -i, [TeVeSo?] f. an island 
off the coast of Asia Minor. 

teneo, tenere, tenui, (tentum), 2 tr. and 
intr. hold, holdfast, keep; grasp, take in, 
understand; have, possess, he master of, 
control, occupy; uphold, support, main- 
tain, preserve; ivcdch, guard, defend; 
hold hack, retain, restrain; hind, he 
hinding on. 

tener, -era, -erum, adj. soft, delicate, 
tender, yielding, sensitive; of tender 
age, young. 

tento, see tempto. 

tenuis, -e, adj. thin, slender, fine; slight, 
trifling, insignificant; poor, mean, in- 
ferior, weak, 

ter, [cf. tres] num. adv. three times, 
thrice. 

tergiversatio, -onis, [tergiversor, 
from tergum + verto] f. a declining, 
refusing; suhterfuge, pretence. 

tergum, -i, n. the hack; hinder part, 
rear. a tergo, hehind, in the rear. 

termino, -are, -avi, -atum, [terminus] 

1 tr. set hounds to, hound, limit; finish, 
end, close. 
terminus, -i, m. houndary, hound, limit; 
end, conclusion. 

terra, -ae, f. the earth; the land, the 
ground, the soil; land, country, region, 
territory. terra marique, on land 
and sea. orbis t err arum, see orbis. 

terreo, t err ere, terrui, territum, 2 tr. 

frighten, alarm, scai^e, terrify. 

terrestris, -tre, [terra] adj. of the earth, 
on land, land-. 

terribilis, -e, [terreo] adj. frightful, 

dreadful, terrihle. 
terror, -oris, [terreo] m. great fear, 

flight, dread, alarm, terroi\ 

tertius, -a, -um, [ter] mnn. adj. third. 

'testamentum, -i, [tSstor] n. iviU, tes- 
tament. 



testilicatio, -onis, [testificor, bear wit- 
ne.-^s] f. a hearing witness, giving evi- 
dence; evidence, p)r oof . 

testimonium, -i, [testis] n. witntss, 
evidence, testiiiwny, proof; testimonial. 

testis, -is, c. witness. 

tester, -ari, -atus sum, [testis] l dep. 

caU to witness, invoke, appeal to; make 

known, declare; shxrw, prove. 
tetrarches, -ae, [Terpapxi??] m. tetrarch, 

petty prince. 

Teutoni, -orum, or Teutones, -um, m. 

the Teutons, a Germanic people of whom 
a branch invaded the Roman Empire 
with the Cimbri and were defeated by 
C. Marius in b.c. 102. 

Tbemistocles, -is or -i, ace. -em or -en, 
[0e)ato-TOKA%] m. a famous Athenian 
commander and statesman in the time 
of the wars with Persia. 

Tbeopbanes, -is, [deo^avT??] m. a scho- 
larly Greek of Mytilene, who wrote 
about Pompey's campaigns. 

Ti., abbreviation for Tiberius. 

Tiber inus, -a, -um, [Tiberis] adj. of 

the Tiher. 
Tiberis, -is, m. the Tiher, the river on 

which Rome is situated. 

Tiberius, -i, ni. a Roman praenomen or 

forename. 
Tigranes, -is, [TtypavT)?] m. king of 

Armenia, son-in-law and ally of Mithri- 

dates. 
timeo, timbre, timui, , 2 tr. and 

intr. fear, he afraid, he alai^med ; he 

afraid of, dread; he anxious for or 

about, he apprehensixie of. 

timide, [timidus] adv. timidly, with 
timidity. 

timiditas, -atis, [timidus] f. timidity, 
faint-heartedness., cowardice. 

timidus, -a, -um, [timeo] adj. timid, 

faint-hearted, coivardly. As subst. 

timidus, -i, m. timid person, coward. 
timer, -oris, [cf. timeo] m.fear, dread, 

apjjrehension, anxiety, alarm. 
Titus, -i, ni. a Roman praenomen or 

forename. 



S62 



VOCABULARY 



toga, -ae, [tego] i'. hgd, f/oivn, cifiz(n\< 
diKik ; peace. Soo praetextus. 

togatus, -a, -um, [toga] adj. weanng 
the toga, dad in the toga ; in the garb 
of peace, in civil life, unarmed. 

tolerabilis, -e, [tolero] adj. that can be 
borne, endurahlt, toLrable. 

tolerandus, -a, -um, [fut. part. pass, of 
tolero J adj. endurable, tolerable. 

tolero, -are, -avi, -Stum, [cf. toll5] 
1 tr. bear, endure, sttpjjort, sustain. 

toUo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum, 3 tr. 

n/t, lift up, raUe ; el-rate, e.ralf, e.vtol ; 
take up, carry ; take away, remove, 
?nake away with : do away icith, al>olish, 
put an eml to. (bstroy. in caelum 
tollere, sec caelum. 
Tolumnius, -I, m. a king of the Veieiites. 

Tongilius, -i, i". a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esj). a friend of Cati- 
line's. 

tormentum, -I, n. instrument of torture, 

}ack; torture, torment. 

Torquatus, -I, [torquatus, wearing a 
lurklace'] m. a Roman (((ixnoinon or 
family name. Esp. L. Manlius Tor- 
quatus, consul in 65 b.c. 

torqueo, -6re, torsi, tortum, 2 tr. turn, 
twisf ; torture, torment. 

tortor, -oris, m. torturer, executioner. 

tot, nam. adj. indecl. so 7nany, such a 
?i umber of. 

totigns (toti6s), Ltot] num. adv. so often, 
so many times. 

totus, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj. all, all 
the, the whole, the whole of, entire, 
total: often translated adverbially, al- 
together, wholly, entirely. 

tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
traho] 1 tr. draw violently, drag ; 
handle, manage, conduct, practise ; 
treat, conduct one's self towards. 

trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum, 
[trans + do] 3 tr. give up, hand over, 
deliver ; consign, intrust, confide ; de- 
liver up, surrender; hand down, 2^ass 
on, 7'elate. 



tradtico (transduco), -ducere, -duxi, 
-ductum, [trans + ducoj 3 tr. lead 
across, lead over, carry over, bring 
through, tram^tport ; transfer, remove ; 
draw over, win over ; expose, dishonor. 

tragoedia, -ae, [rpayw^ta] f . tragedy ; 
commotion, disturbance. 

traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, 3 tr. 
draw, drag; carry of^ plunder; lead 
on, influence, attract, allure ; drag out, 
pivtract, prolong: dtrire, get. 

tranquillitas, -atis, [tranquillus] f. 

Quietness, stillness, calmness, tranquil- 
lity: quiet, serenity, rest, jieace. 

tranquillus, -a, -um, adj. quiet, still, 
calm, tranquil ; undisturbed, serene, 
peaceful. 

trans, prep, with ace. acro.^><, over : be- 
yond, on the other side of. 

Transalpinus, -a, -um, [trans + Al- 
pinusl ailj. beyond the Alps, Trans- 
alpine. 

transcendo, -ere, transcendi, tran- 
scSnsum, [trans + scando, cliinb] 3 tr. 
climb over, cross, surmount : overstep, 
fransr/res^:, transcend. 

transducS, see traducS. 

transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [trans + eo] 

irr. tr. and intr. go over, go across, cross 
over, cross; jxiss over, pass by, pass. 

transfers, -ferre, -tuli, translatum, 
[trans + ferS] irr. tr. carry over, trans- 
port ; transfer, turn ; put off-, defer, 
postpone. 

transigo, -ere, trans6gi, transactum, 
[trans + agoj 3 tr. drive through ; 
carry through, carry out, accomplish., 
perform, do, transact; bring to an end, 
finish, settle, conclude ; come to a settle- 
ment, reach an understanding, agree. 

transmarinus, -a, -um, [trans +mari- 
nus, from mare] adj. beyond the sea, 
from over the sea, transmarine. 

transmitto, -mittere, -misi, trans- 
missum, [trans + mitt6] 3 tr. and intr. 
send over, send across, despatch ; carry 
over, bring across ; go across, cross, go 
through, traverse ; hand over, give up, * 
commit, intrust. 



■ 



toga— turpis 



563 



Tremellius, -i, m. a Eoman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Cn. Tremellius, 
a juror in the trial of Verres. 

tremo, -ere, tremui, , 3 intr. tremble^ 

quake, shake. 

tres, tria, gpu. trium, num. adj. three. 

tribunal, -alls, [tribunus] n. judg- 
ment-seat, tribunal, a raised platform 
for the seats of magistrates. 

tribunatus, -us, [tribunus] m. office of 
tribune, tribunesMp. 

tribtinicius, -a, -um, [tribunus] adj. 
of a tribune, of the tribunes, tribunicial. 

tribunus, -i, [tribus] m. tHhune. tri- 
buni aerarii, tribuni aerarii, treasury 
officials, tribunus militaris or mili- 
tum, military tribune, tribunus ple- 
bis, tribune of the people. Fpr the duties, 
etc., of the last-named, see the Introduc- 
tion, §§13-16, and Appendix C. 

tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tribtitum, 

[tribus] 3 tr. assign; bestovj, confer, 
give; grant, sJwiv, render; yield, con- 
cede, allow; devote, spend. 

tribus, -us, [cf . tres] f . originally a third 
V art of the people ; tribe. 

tributum, -i, [tribuo] n. tribute, tax. 

triciens (-ies), [triginta, thiriyi num. 
adv. thirty times. HS triciens (sc. cen- 
tenamilia\ tJiree iniUion sesterces. 

triduum, -i, [tres + dies] n. three days' 
time, three days. 

triennium, -i, [tres + annus] n. three 
years' time, three years. 

triginta, indecl. num. thirty. 

tristis, -e, adj. sad, sorrouful ; stern, 
harsh, severe ; dismal, unhappjy. 

triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum, [tri- 
umph-us] 1 tr. and intr. celebrate a tri- 
\nnph, march in triumphal j)rocession, 
have a tnumph; triumph, exult. 

triumphus, -i, m. tmumphal procession, 
triumph, celebration of a great victory 
by the public entrance of the comman- 
der into Rome; celebration, of victory, 
victory. 

tropaeum, -i, \rp6naiov] n. memjorial of 



trucido, -are, -avi, -atum, [trux, 5a^;- 
tf^^e + caedo] 1 tr. slaughter, butcher, 
massacre, cut down ivithout mercy. 

tti, gen. tui, pi. vos, pers. pron. thou, 
you. 

tuba, -ae, f . trumpet. 

Tubero, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. Q. Aelius Tu- 
bero, prosecutor of Ligarius. 

tueor, tueri, tutus (tuitus) sum, 2 dep. 
look at, gaze upon, behold, watch; look 
to, care for, watch over, guard, protect, 
defend, preserve, maintain, k£ep. 

Tullius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. M. Tullius Cicero, 
see Cicero. 

TuUus, -i, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Volcatius Tul- 
lus, consul 66 B.C. 

tum, adv. then, at that time, .in those 
times; in that case, cum . . . tum, 
see cum. etiam tum, see etiam. 
iam tum, see iam. quid tum, see 
quis. 

tumultus, -us, [cf. tumeo, sioell] m. 
uproar, commotion, confusion, tuiwM; 
uprising, insurrection, civil war. 

tumulus, -i, [tumeo, swelTl m. heap of 

earth, inound, hill; sepulchral mound, 

grave, tomb. 
tunc, [tum-H-ce, cf. hie] adv. then, at 

that time, just then, on that occasion; 

thereupon, accordingly. tunc . . . 

cum, ji^5^ at the time when, just when; 

only v:hen. 

tunica, -ae, f . undergarment, tunic. 

turba, -ae, f. tumult, commotion, dis- 
turbance, uproar; crowd, throng, mob; 
common crowd, truLSS. 

turbulentus, -a, -um, [turba] adj. dis- 
turbed, boisterous, stormy; restless, con- 
fused, disorganized; turbulent, fac- 
tious, seditious. 

turma, -ae, f . troop, throng, crowd; troop 
of cavalry, squadron. 

turpis, -e, adj. ugly, unsightly, foul, 
filthy; shameful, base, disgraceful^ in- 
"■ 110U8. 



564 



VOCABULARY 



turpiter, [turpis] atlv. in an unsightly 

■ inanner ; basely, disgracefiiUy, dis- 
honorably' 

turpittido, -inis, [turpis] f. nnsightli- 
ness, rfpulsiveness; shamefulness, base- 
ness, base conduct, disgrace, dishonor, 
infamy. 

tuto, [ttitus] adv. safely, in safety, se- 
curely. 

tutor, -ari, -atus sum, [tueor] l dry), 
cratch over, guard, defend, protect. 

ttitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of tuecr] adj. 
guarded, safe, secure, out of danger; 
watchful, prudent. 

tuus, -a, -um, [tu] poes. pron. adj. thy, 
thine, your, yours, of yours. 

tyrannus, -I, [rvpawos.] m. absolute 
ruler, monarch, king; despot, tyrant. 



tiber, -eris, n. pap, udder, breast. 
uber, -eris, [cf. tiber, udder] adj. rich, 

fruitfui, fertile, productive; plentiful, 

abundant. 

fibertas, -atis, [uber] f . richness, fruit- 
f}dnts,<, fertility, productiveness; plenty, 
abundance. 

ubi, adv. of place, in which place, ivhere; 
of time, 2vh£n, ivhenever, a.t soon as; in 
place of a rel. pron. in ivhich, by ivhich, 
by or ivith whom. ubi primum, as 
soon as. 

ubinam, [ubi + nam] interrop;, adv. 
7rhere on earth f ivhere, in the world ? 
where f 

ubique, [ubi + -que] adv. anywhere, 
everywhere. 

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, 3 dep. 
avenge one'^s self on, take vengeance 
upon; avenge, punish, repay. 

tillus, -a, -um, gen. ullius, adj. any. 
As subst. tillus, -ius, m. any one, any- 
body. 

ulterior, -ius, gen. -oris, [cf. ultra] 
adj. comp. farther, beyond, more re- 
mx)te. Superl. tiltimus, -a, -um, adj. 
farthest, most remote, uttermost, ex- 
treme, last; of time, earliest, fli'st, last. 



j ultor, -oris, [cf. ulciscor] m. avenger. 

tiltra, adv., and prep, with ace. beyond. 

tiltro, [cf. tiltra] adv. to the farther side, 
beyond; besides, ?}ioreover; of one's o?r/i 
accord, unsought^ voluntai'Uy. 

Umbrgnus, -i, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. P. Umbr6nus, an 
accomplice in the Catiliuarian cont>i)ir- 
ac}'. 

umerus, -i, m. s/toulder. 

umquam (unquam\ adv. at any time, 
ever. 

flna, [tinus] adv. in the sajne j^lace, at 
the same time, together, along with one, 
also.. 

unde, adv. //w/i ivhich place, tvhence, 
where; from which, from or through 
whom. 

tindecimus, -a, -um, [tindecim, eleven] 
num. adj. eleventh. 

tind5quinquag6simus, -a, -um, [tind6- 

quinquaginta, /o/Vy-zu/id] num. adj. 
forty-)iinth. 

undique, [unde + -que] adv. from eve?^ 
quarter, from all sides, on all sides, 
everywhere. 

unguentum, -i, [unguS, anoint] n. oint- 
ment, perfume. 

tinicS, [tinicus] adv. singly, uniquely^ 

especially. 
unicus, -a, -um, [unus] adj. sole, single, 

only, unique. 

tini versus, -a, -um, [unus + versus] 

adj. all together, all in one, in a body, 

as a whole, whole, entire ; general., wni- 

versal. 
unquam, see umquam. 
tinus, -a, -um, gen. tinius, num. adj. 

one, a single, one only, only, alone ; the 

same, one and the same. 

urbanus, -a, -um, [urbs] adj. 0/ the city, 

in the city. 
urbs, urbis, f. ivalled-town, city. 

urgueo or urgeo, -ere, ursi, , 2 tr. 

and intr. press, push, drive, urge on; 
press hard, beset; oppress, weigh, doivn, 
burden; urge, insist. 



turpiter— valeo 



565 



usitatus, -a, -um, [usitor, freq. of utor] 
adj. usual, wonted, customary, com- 
mon. 

usquam, adv. anywhere, at any place. 

usque, adv. all the way, right on, even, ; 
all the time, continually, until, even till; 
even to, as far as. usque adeo, see 
adeo. 

ustor, -oris, [tiro, burn'] m. burner of 
the dead, co7'pse-bujmer, undertaker's 
assistant. 

tisura, -ae, [cf . utor] f . use, enjoyment ; 
interest on a debt, usui^. 

ustirpo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tisus + 
rapio] 1 tr. seize for use, seize upon ; 
make use of, use, employ, practise ; 
speak of, talk of; adopt, ass^ume. 

tisus, -us, [utor] m. use, employment, 

enjoyment ; practice, exercise ; experi- 
ence, training, skill ; intercourse, inti- 
macy ; u.<efulness, profit, advantage, 
service. usus est, there is need, it is 
necessary. 

ut or uti, adv. and conj. of place, where; 
of time, as, when, as soon as; of manner, 
interrog. hoic f in what way f in ichat 
manner f relative, as, for example, con- 
sidering that, as if. ut primum, 
when first, as soon as. 

ut or uti, conj. with subj., of result, that, 
so that ; of design, that, in order that, 
to, for the purpose of with Eng. verbal 
in -ing; of concession, granted that, 
though, although. 

uter, utra, utrum, gen. utrius, adj. 
which of the two, which; whichever one, 
the one who; either of two. 

uterque, utra-, utrum-, gen. utriusque, 

[uter + -que] adj. erKh, either, both ; 

pi. each of two sides, each party, both. 

Cf. ambo. 
uti, see ut. 
TJtica, -ae, f . the capital of the Roman 

province of Africa, near Carthage. 

utilis, -e, [utor] adj. useful, serviceable, 
helpful; profitable, of advantage, ad- 
vantageous, expedient. 

titilitas, -atis, [utilis] f. usefulness, 
use; j^rofit, advantage, expediency. 



utinam, [uti (ut) + nam] adv. would 
that! oh, that! if only ! I icish! 

utor, uti, usus sum, 3 dep. iise, make 
use of, employ ; profit by, take advan- 
tage of, serve one's self with, enjoy; pjer- 
form, exercise, j^ractlse ; with two ab- 
latives, use as, employ for, find to be. 
The word admits of a variety of transla- 
tions, such as ham, have the advantage 
of, avail one's self of, find, follow, ac- 
cording to the context. 

utrum, [uter] adv. and conj. in the direct 
question, not translated; in the indirect. 
whether, utrum . . . an, whether. . .or. 

uxor, -oris, f . ivife. 



vacillo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 intr. totter, 
stagger; v:aver, hesitate, vacillate. 

vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 intr. be empty, 

be vacant ; be ivitlwut, be free from ; be 
unoccupied, be idle, be at leisure. 

vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, 
[vacuus + facio] 3 tr. make empty, 
vacate, clear, free. 

vacuus, -a, -um, [cf. vaco] adj. empty, 
vacant ; devoid of, ivithout,free from ; 
idle, unoccupied, at leisure. 

vadimonium, -i, [vas] n. bail-bond, bail, 
security. vadimonium deserere, 

forfeit one's bail. 

vagina, -ae, f. scabbard, sheath. 

vagor, -ari, -atus sum, [vagus] 1 dep. 
wander about, ramble, rove ; spread 
abroad, extend, be diffused. 

vagus, -a, -um, adj. roving, unsettled; 
ivavering, inconstant, uncertain. 

valde, [for valide, from validus, strong] 
adv. strongly, intensely, very, very much, 
exceedingly. 

valens, -entis, [pr.p. of valeo] adj. 
strong, stout, vigorous, powerful, 
m^ighty. 

valeo, -6re, -ui, — , fnt. part, valitti- 
rus, 'i intr. be strong, be vigorous; be in 
health, be weU; have power, have weight 
or infiuence, prevail, succeed ; be strong 
eiufugh^ be able^ avail. 



566 



VOCABULARY 



Valerius, -i, m. a Roman nomon or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Valerius Flaccus, 
consul 100 B.C. See Flaccus. 

valgttido, -inis, [valeo] f. state of health , 
health ; good-health ; ill -health, weal- 
ness, infirmity. 

vallo, -are, -avi, -atum, [vallum, 

rampa^'l] 1 i^'-fortiff/ with a rampart, 
intrench; fortify, protect, defend. 

varietas, -atis, [varius] f. difference, 
diversity, variety; vicissitude, incon. 
stancy, fickleness. 

vario, -are, -avi, -atum, [varius] l tr. 
and intr. diversify; vary, alter, change. 

varius, -a, -um, adj. variegated, motley, 
diverse, various ; varying, changing, 
changeable, fickle, inconstant. 

Varius, -I, ni. a Roman iiomen or gentile 
name. Esp. P. Varius, juror at the 
trial of :Milo. 

Varus, -I, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. P. Attius Varus, 
the Pompeian propraetor in Africa. 

vas, vadis, m. bail, security, surety. 

vastatio, -onis, [vastS] f. a laying 
waste, desolation, devastation. 

vastitas, -atis, [vastus] f. 2caste, des- 
ert; desolation, d^ra.<:tat(0fi, ruin. 

vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, [vastus] 1 tr. 
make i)npty; lay icastc, desolate, dev- 
astate, ravage, destroy. 

vastus, -a, -um, [cf vac5] adj. empty, 

waste, desolate; vast, huge. 
vates, -is, c. soothsayer, seer, prophet. 
-ve, [weaker form of vel] enclitic conj. 

or at most, or if you please, or even, or. 

vectigal, -alis, n. revenue, tax, duty. 

vectigalis, -e, [vectigal] adj. of the 
reuenue, of taxes; paying tribute, sub- 
ject to imposts, tiibutary. 

vehemens, -entis, adj. impetuous, vio- 
lent; active, powerful, potent, forcible, 
emphatic, effective. 

vehementer, [vehemens] adv. iinjiet- 
uously, earnestly, violently, vehemently ; 
strongly, forcibly, vetnf much, exceed- 
ingly. 



vehiculum, -i, [veho] n. carriage, ve- 
hicle. 

veho, -ere, vexi, vectum, 3 tr. bear, 
carry, convey, draw. 

V6ient6s, -um, [V6ii] m. pi. Veientians; 
inhalnfants of Veii, a city of Etruria. 

vel, [old imp. of volo = you 7nay choose] 
cjnj. or if you choose, or if you will, or 
even, or. vel . . , vel, either. . .or. 

vel, [conj. vel] adv. or even, even, cer- 
tainly, indeed; the very, the utmost, 
used with superlatives intensifying their 
meaning. 

v6lox, -ocis, adj. swift, fleet, quick. 

v6lum, -i, [cf. veho] n. sail; covering, 

curtain, veil. 

velut or veluti, [vel + ut] adv. even as, 
just as; as, for instance; just as if, as 
if. velut si, just as if. 

v6na, -ae, f . blood-vessel, vein ; artery ; 
pi. the veins, the heart. 

vgndito, -are, -avi, , [freq. of v5n- 

do] 1 tr. keep offeiing for sale, try to 
sell; deal in, sell; give for a bribe; rec- 
ommend, praise. 

v6nd5, v5ndere, v6ndidi, vCnditum, 
[v6num, sale-k-^o] 3 tr. t<ell. 

vengficus, -a, -um, [vengnum+facio] 

adj. poisonous. As subst. vengficus, -i, 
m. poisoner. 
vengnum, -i, u. jmson. 

vgneo, -ire, -ii, , [v6num, sale + Qo^] 

irr. intr. go to sale, be sold. 

veneror, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. rever- 
ence, venerate, worship, adore; entreat, 
su])plicate. 

venia, -ae, f. indulgence, favor; privi- 
lege, permission; fo7'bearance, forgive- 
ness, pardon. 

venio, venire, veni, ventum, 4 intr. 
come, go; fall; occur, happen. ve- 
nire in mentem, see mens. 

ventus, -i, m. wind. 

venustas, -atis, [venus, beauty] f. 

beauty, charm, grace; artiMc grace, 

art. 
TT^r, vSriR. n. the spring. 



Valerius— veto 



567 



verber, -eris, n. lush, whip, scourge; pi. 
often, stripes, bloivs, la-^hing, flogging. 

verbero, -are, -avi, -atum, [verber] 

1 tr. beat, lash; whip, f.og, scourge; 
plagne, tornunt, harass. 

verbum, -i, n.. word; saying, expres- 
sion, verba facere, see facio. 

vere, [verusj adv. with truth, truly, 
really, in fact; rightly, justly, properly. 

verecundia, -ae, [verecundus, from 
vereor] f. bashfulness, shyness, mod- 
esty; sense of shame. 

vereor, -eri, veritus sum, 2 dep. rever- 
ence, respect, stand in awe of; fear, he 
afraid, dread. 

Veritas, -atis, [verus] f. truth, truth- 
fulness, verity; sincerity, candor; in- 
tegrity, uprightness; reality, fact. 

vero, [verus] conj. used to heighten the 
statement and often untranslatable, in 
truth, in fact, certainly, indeed; how- 
ever, now, on the other hand, but in 
fact, but. quasi vero, just as if, 
forsooth, minime vero, not in the 
least, by no means, assuredly not. iam 
vero, moreover, again, but further, 
now finally, immo vero, nay on the 
contrary, nay rather, nay even, no in- 
deed, at vero, but then, but on the 
other hand, an vero, or really, or is 
i t possible that f sed vero, but actually. 
nisi vero, see nisi, quid vero, see 
quid. 

VerrSs, -is, a Roman cognomen or family 
name. Esp. C. Cornelius Verres, 
propraetor in Sicily, 73-71 b.c. 

versiculus, -i, [dim. of versus] m. little 
line, mere line, verse. 

verso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of ver- 
to] 1 tr. turn often, keep turning, turn 
over, revolve; vex, agitate. Pass, as 
dep. move about, dwell, stay, live; be, 
be situated, be found; occupy one's self, 
be engaged, be busied, be employed; con- 
duct one'^s self. 

versus, -a, -um, see vertS. 

versus, [verto] adv. and prep, in tJte 
direction of, towards. 

versus, -us. [verto] m. line, verse. 



verto, vertere, verti, versum, 3 tr. and 

intr. turn, direct; turn back, turn 
about; change, alter, convert; turn out, 
result. Pass, be turned, be directed; 
depend, rest; revolve. 

verum, [verus] conj. but in ti^th, but 
notwithstanding, but yet, but. n5n 
modo . . . verum etiam, not only. . .but 
also. 

verus. -a, -um, adj. true, real, genuine, 
icell-grounded ; right, proper, fitting, 
reasonable. As subst. verum, -i, n. 
truth, reality, fact. 

vesper, -eri or -eris, ace. vesperum, m. 

the evening-star ; the evening, eventide. 

vespera, -ae, [cf. vesper] f. the evejiing, 
eventide. 

Vesta, -ae, f. goddess of the domestic 
and of the national hearth, daughter of 
Saturn and Ops. 

Vestalis, -e, [Vesta] adj. of Vesta, 
Vestal. virgo Vestalis, Vestal Vir- 
gin, one of the priestesses of Yesta, who 
preserved the sacred fire, the extinction 
of which was thought to involve the 
ruin of the state. 

vester, vestra, vestrum, [vos] poss. 
pron. adj. your, yours, of you, of yours. 

vestibulum, -i, n. entrance-court, fore- 
court, the enclosed space between the 
entrance of a house and the street ; 
entrance, opening, beginning. 

vestigium, -i, n. sole of the foot ; foot- 
step, footprint, track ; trace, mark, 
vestige ; of time, moment, instant. PI. 
often, ruins, remains. 

vestimentum, -i, [vestis] n. clothing, 

dress, garment. 

vestio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [vestis] 4 tr. 
cover with a garment, clothe, dress ; at- 
tire, array, deck. 

vestis, -is, f. clothes, clothing, attire. 

vestitus, -us, [vestio] m. clothing, 

clothes, apparel, attire. 

veteranus, -a, -um, [vetus] adj. old, 
veteran. As subst. veterani, -orum, 
m. pi. veteran soldiers, veterans. 

veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum, 1 tr. 7iot 
permit, forbid. 



568 



VOCABULARY 



vetus, -eris, adj. ohl, agal ; of long 
standing: expenenced: of a former 
time, former, rarlier, ancient. 

vetustas, -atis, Lvetus] f. old age, age, 
long eocistence; ancient times, antiquity; 
long duration, great age : future ages, 
posterity. 

vexatio, -onis, [vexo] f. troubling, 
liarassing, persecution ; trouble, annoy- 
ance, hardship. 

3xator, -uiis, [vexo] m. tronbler, 
harasser, jyersecutor; opjX)ser. 

3x5, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of vehS] 
1 tr. shake violently ; harry, lay waste, 
plunder ; harass, plagve, persecute, 
tivuble, vex, annoy, disturb. 

La, -ae, f. way, route, road, street; 
march, jourmy; method, manner, 
course. Via Appia, Via Aur6lia, 
sre Appius, Aurglius. 

lator, -oris, [via] m. wayfarer, travel- 
ler; magistrate's attendant, summoner. 

ibiSnus, -I, "i. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. C. Vibi6nus, a Ro- 
man senator who [Kirislieil during the 
troubles following the death of Clodius. 

vibr5, -are, -avI, -atum, l tr. and intr. 
brandish, shake; wield, thrwv, hurl; 
glimmer, gleam, flash. 

vic6simu8, -a, -um, [viginti] num. adj. 
the tu'e)itieth. 

vicinitas, -atis, [vicinus] f. nearness, 
ricinity; neighlK)rhood, region. 

vicinus, -a, -um, [vicus] adj. of the 
ndghboring, in the ricinity. As snbst. 
vicinus, -i, m. neigJibor. 

vicissim, [vicis, change'] adv. on the 

other ha}id. again, in turn. 

vicissitudo, -inis, [vicis, change] f. 
change, (dteration, succession, vicissi- 
tude. 

victor, -oris, [vinco] m. conqueror, 
vanquisher, victor ; in apposition, with 
force of adj. conquering, victoi^ious. 

victoria, -ae, [victor] f. victory; suc- 
cess, triumph. 

victus, -a, -um, see vinco. 



victus, -us, [cf. vlv5] ni. sustenance, 
nourishment, victifals ; way of living, 
mode of life. 

vicus, -i, m. abode; row of houses, street, 
quarter of a city, ward; village, hamlet. 

videlicet, [for vid6re licet] adv. one 
may see, obviously , plainly , manifestly, 
of course; ironically, it is very plain, of 
course, fe)r sooth. 

video, vidSre, vidi, visum, 2 tr. see, 
discewn, perceive; observe, notice; under- 
stand, comprehend ; see to, take care, 
make s^ure. Pass, as dep. be seen, seem, 
appear, be looked upon, be regarded; 
seem p?vper, seem best. mihi videor, 
I seem to myself, methinks, T fancy. 

viggsco, -ere, vigui, — , [inch, of 
vigeo, be lively] 3 intr. become lively, 
be quickened, tJii^ive, flourish. 

vigilans, -antis, [pr.p. of vigilo] adj. 
watchful. Oft the watch, ivide-aivake, 
vigilant, careful, anxious. 

vigilia, -ae, [vigil, awake] f. lying 
awake, wakefulness, ^catching ; watch, 
guard ; ivatch, a fourth part of the 
night ; watchfulness, vigilance ;'\)\. the 
watch, ivatchmen, sentinels. 

vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum, [vigil, awake] 
1 tr. and intr. lie awake, be wakeful; 
watch, be ivatchfid, be vigilant. 

viginti, num. adj. indecl. twenty. 

vilis, -e, adj. of small price, cheap ; of 

trifling value, poor, paltry, m£an, 
worthless. 

vilitas, -atis, [vilis] f . lowness of price, 
cheapness. 

villa, -ae, [dim. of vicus] f. country- 
house, country-seat, farm, villa. 

vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum, 4 tr. 

bind, bind fast, fetter; confine, restrain; 
encircle, gird. 

vinclum, see vinculum. 

vinco, vincere, vici, victum, 3 tr. and 

intr. conquer, overcome, defeat, subdue, 
vanquish; get the better of, prevail oper; 
prevail, have one's way, win, be victoi^i- 
ous; surpass, excel. 



vetus— volo 



569 



vinculum <^vinclum\ -i, [vincio] n. 

hand, fetter, cord, chain; bond, tie. 
PI. o lien, prison, imjMsoniiunt. 

vindex, -icis, c. defender, protector, de- 
Iirorer. xindicator: avenger, punisher. 

vindiciae, -arum, [vindex] f. pi. legal 
daiJii to the possession of something, 
fjrnial demand, suit. 

vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, [vindex] 

1 tr. assert claim to, demand formally , 
ask judgment for; claim, demand, ar- 
rogate, assume; defend, protect, deliver, 
save; avenge, seek redress for-, take ven- 
geance for, punish. 

vinum, -i, n. wine. 

violo, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. treat ivith 

violence, injure, abuse; violate, prof ane, 

dishonor, outrage. 
vir, viri, ni. man; husband. 
vires, see vis. 
virga, -ae, f . twig, sprout; rod, switch, 

scourge. 
virgo, -inis, f . maid, maiden, virgin; 

young woman, girl; Vestal Virgin, see 

Ves talis, 
virilis, -e, [vir] adj. of a man, like a 

man, manly, viHle; of manhood, mas- 
culine; bold, spirited, noble. 

virtus, -utis, [vir] f. manliness; cour- 
age, pluck; brave deeds, prowess, valor- 
ous conduct, valor; soldierly qualities, 
generalshiii; worth, merit, noble char- 
acter, virtue. 

vis, — , ace. vim, abl. vi, pi. vires, 
-ium, f. strength, force, vigor, power, 
energy; violence, compulsion; quantity, 
supply, number. PI. force, energy, 
vigo7\ bodily strength; military forces, 
troops. 

viscus, -eris, n. intm^nal organs, entrails, 
viscera; the flesh; vitals, bowels, heart, 
inmost part. 

viso, visere, visi, — , [freq. of 
vide5] 3 tr. look at attentively, s^ui^ey; 
go to see, visit. 

vita, -ae, [c^ vivo] f. life; way of life, 
way of living, manners; course of life, 
career; existence, being ^ 



vitium, -i, n. flaio, defect, blemish; fault., 
failing, crime, vice. 

vito, -are -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr. 

shun, seek to escape, avoid, evade. 

vituperatio, -onis, [vitupero] f. fault- 
finding, blaine, censure, vitujieration; 
accusation, charge; blam£ivorthy con- 
duct. 

vitupero, -are, -avi, , [vitium + 

paro] Itr.fiJid fault ivith, blame, cen- 
sure, reproach. 

vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, 3 intr. live, 
be alive; be still alive, survive; support 
life, sustain one'^s self; pass one's timcy 
dwell. 

vivus, -a, -um, [cf. vivo] adj. alive, 
living. 

vix, adv. tuith difficulty, hardly, scarcely, 
barely. 

vixdum, [vix + dum] adv. hardly then, 
scarcely yet, but just. 

voco, -are, -avi, -atum, [vox] 1 tr. and 
intr. call, summon, invoke; call together, 
convoke ; invite, bid ; call by name, 
nam.e. 

volgaris (vulg-), -0, [volgus] adj. of 
the masses or multitude, ordinary, 
common; commonplace, low, mean, vul- 
gar. 

volg5 (vulgo), [volgus] adv. anwng 
the multitude, commonly, ordinarily, 
generally, everywhere. 

volgus (vulgus), -i, n. the masses, the 
multitude, people, public; crowd, rab- 
ble, mob. 

volito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of volo, 
fly'] 1 intr. fty to and fro, flit about, 
hover about. 

volnero (vul-), -are, -avi, -atum, [vol- 
nus] 1 tr. wound, hurt, injure, maim; 
harm, pain. 

volnus (vul-), -eris, n. wound; blow, 
injury, calamity, defeat, disaster. 

volo, velle, volui, irr. tr. and intr. ivill, 
wish, desire, ivant, be minded, deter- 
mine, think it best, resolve, intend, 
m^an; claim, pretend, assume; be will- 
ing, be ready; with inf. often, loill have 
it, maintain. 



570 



VOCABULARY 



Volturcius, -i, m. a Eoraan name. Esp. 
one of the Catilinarian conspirators in 
63 B.C. 

voltus (vnltus), -us, m. expression of 

countenance, looks, mien, air; counte- 

nan<^e, visage^ features, face. 
volubilis, -e, [cf. volvo, revolve] adj. 

7'evolvlfig, whirling; fuent, voluble; 

changeable, inconstant, fickle. 

voluntarius, -a, -um, [voluntas] adj. 

ivllling, voluntary; wilful, intentional. 
As subst. voluntarius, -i, m. volun- 
teer. 

voluntas, -atis, [volo] f. ivill.free-zvill; 
wish,, desire; inclination., disposition; 
pu}'pftse, aim; good-will, favor. 

voluptas, -atis, \cf. volo] f. jtleas^re, 
enjoyment^ delight. 



VOS, see til. 

vosmet, [vos + -met] pers. pron. t 
pliatic form of vos, you yourselves, y. 
See -met. 

votivus, -a, -um, [v5tum] adj. prom- 
ised by a vow, votive. ludi votlvi, 
see Indus. 

votum, -i, [voveo] n. promise to a god^ 
solemn pledge, vow; wish, longing, 
prayer. 

voveo, vov6re, vovi, votum, 2 tr. and 
intr. vow, pledge solemnly, consecrate; 
make a voio. 

vox, vocis, f. voice, sound of the voice, 
tone; call, cry; utterance, word, saying, 
speech. 

VUl-, sec vol-. 



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